DOCSLIB.ORG

The Case of Hezbollah in Lebanon by Mohamad Ibrahim BA, Lebanese

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Case of Hezbollah in Lebanon by Mohamad Ibrahim BA, Lebanese Survival through restrained institutionalization: The case of Hezbollah in Lebanon by Mohamad Ibrahim B.A., Lebanese American University, 2017 A THESIS submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree MASTER OF ARTS Department of Security Studies College of Arts and Sciences KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY Manhattan, Kansas 2019 Approved by: Major Professor Dr. Carla Martinez-Machain Copyright © Mohamad Ibrahim 2019. Abstract This thesis is an in-depth exploration of the evolving nature of domestic strategies adopted by Lebanon’s Hezbollah since its foundation in 1985 until the contemporary time. Based on Joel Migdal’s contributions to the literature on state-society relations, and Samuel Huntington’s understanding of institutionalization, it seeks to highlight and explain important transformations in Hezbollah’s political program, its sustained acquisition of arms, its social mobilization strategy, and its sensitive relationship with a de jure sovereign yet de facto weak Lebanese consociational system. The study proposes an explanation that combines Hezbollah’s ability to take advantage of the segmental autonomy that characterizes the power-sharing arrangements governing the Lebanese political system, and the overall existing political opportunity structure. The core argument is that Hezbollah has been able to become a powerful non-state actor through a process of restrained institutionalization which takes into consideration the need to sustain popular support on one hand, and the sensitive intricacies of Lebanon’s consociational system on the other hand. In other words, Hezbollah has invested its capacities in a way that maximizes its power in the existing political system, while remaining institutionally autonomous to a relative extent from it, and therefore becoming able to pursue its independent interests. However, the line demarcating the boundaries between Hezbollah and the Lebanese government has become finer. That said, study also aims to address the conceptual ambiguity resulting from Hezbollah’s penetration of the Lebanese political system, thus becoming a hybrid actor whose power encompasses both state and non-state attributes. iii Table of Contents List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ vi List of Abbreviations .................................................................................................................... vii Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................... viii Dedication ...................................................................................................................................... ix Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Literature Review............................................................................................................................ 4 Motive ........................................................................................................................................... 14 Theoretical Tripod ........................................................................................................................ 17 A) State-in-Society Model: ....................................................................................................... 17 B) Institutionalization: .............................................................................................................. 18 C) Political Opportunity Structure: ........................................................................................... 21 D) Knitting All the Threads Together: ..................................................................................... 24 Research Strategy.......................................................................................................................... 26 A) Issues of Conceptualization and Operationalization: .......................................................... 26 B) Methods ............................................................................................................................... 28 C) A Discussion of the Approach’s Strengths: ......................................................................... 30 D) A Discussion of the Approach’s Shortcomings: .................................................................. 32 Historical Background on Shiite Political Mobilization and Hezbollah’s Emergence ................. 35 Empirical Analysis ........................................................................................................................ 41 I. Foundational Stage (1985*-1990)- Hezbollah as a Latecomer to War-torn Lebanon .......... 42 A) Hezbollah, the State, and Society: ................................................................................... 43 B) The Hezbollah-Syria-Iran Triangle: ................................................................................. 53 C) Brief Summary and Closing Remarks: ............................................................................ 59 II. Experimental stage (1991-2000): Hezbollah’s Evolution and Exploration of Domestic Politics: ..................................................................................................................................... 61 A) From Lebanese Civil War to Post-war Syrian Hegemony: ............................................. 61 B) Into the Game of Politics: Hezbollah’s Strategic Adjustments in Post-War Lebanon: ... 65 C) Summary and Discussion: ................................................................................................ 81 III. Confrontational Stage (2000-2009): Hezbollah in An Environment of Conflict ............... 83 iv A) Israel Withdraws, Hezbollah Celebrates:......................................................................... 84 B) Syria Withdraws, Hezbollah Reacts: ............................................................................... 89 C) The July 2006 War: .......................................................................................................... 97 D) Consolidation through Violence: May 2008 Crisis and Doha Accords ........................ 104 E) Summary and Discussion: .............................................................................................. 110 IV. Continuity and Change in Hezbollah’s Domestic Strategy (2011 – today): .................... 111 A) Into the Syrian Crisis: .................................................................................................... 112 B) Hezbollah and the Dilemma of Domestic Power: .......................................................... 117 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................. 122 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................... 125 v List of Figures Figure 1: Elements of Social Control (Migdal, 1988) .................................................................. 26 Figure 2: Indicators of Institutionalization (Huntington, 1968) .................................................... 27 Figure 3: Pillars of Consociationalism (Lijphart, 1977) ............................................................... 27 vi List of Abbreviations FPM: Free Patriotic Movement FTO: Foreign Terrorist Organization GCC: Gulf Cooperation Council GCL: Grand Confederation of Labor HIFPAA: Hizballah International Financing Prevention Amendments Act IDF: Israeli Defense Forces IRGC: Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps IRSO: Islamic Resistance Support Organization ISIL: Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant LAF: Lebanese Armed Forces LCP: Lebanese Communist Party LNM: Lebanese National Movement LNRF: Lebanese National Resistance Front LRB: Lebanese Resistance Brigades MB: Muslim Brotherhood MNF: Multinational Forces MoU: Memorandum of Understanding PLO: Palestinian Liberation Organization PR: Proportional Representation QSG: Qornet Chehwan Gathering SG: Secretary-General SLA: South Lebanon Army SSNP: Syrian Socialist Nationalist Party STL: Special Tribunal for Lebanon TBCC: Treaty of Brotherhood, Cooperation, and Coordination UN: United Nations US: United States UNSCR: United Nations Security Council Resolution vii Acknowledgements First, I would like to express my gratitude to my advisor, Dr. Carla Martinez-Machain, for her valuable efforts and support in my MA Thesis research. It was during a course I attended under her supervision that I came to delve into the literature on non-state actors. The feedback she provided was insightful, critical, and straightforward. Also, I would like to thank my thesis committee members, Dr. Jeffrey Pickering and Dr. Andrew Long, for their helpful comments and timely recommendations that significantly improved this project. Besides my committee, I am grateful for the Fulbright Foreign Student Program, through which I had the opportunity to pursue my graduate degree at Kansas State University. I am also delighted to mention Dr. Bassel Salloukh, Associate Professor at the Lebanese American University, whose excellent perspective and interesting lectures still resonate in my memory. Lastly but most importantly, this work wouldn’t have been accomplished without the endless support of my family and friends, in Lebanon and beyond. They always
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Monthly-Issue113-DECEMBER 2011 English
    PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS DRAFT LAW (2) COST OF LIVING INDEX LEBANON’S TELECOMMUNICATIONS December 2011 | SECTOR 113 THE MONTHLY INTERVIEWS iimonthly THE SPANISH AMBASSADOR TO www. .com # Published by Information International sal LEBANON JUAN CARLOS GAFO issue number THE STATE APPROPRIATES PRIVATE LAND AND SELLS ITS OWN Lebanon 5,000LL | Saudi Arabia 15SR | UAE 15DHR | Jordan 2JD| Syria 75SYP | Iraq 3,500IQD | Kuwait 1.5KD | Qatar 15QR | Bahrain 2BD | Oman 2OR | Yemen 15YRI | Egypt 10EP | Europe 5Euros INDEX 4 THE STATE APPROPRIATES PRIVATE LAND AND SELLS ITS OWN 7 PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS DRAFT LAW (2) 11 COST OF LIVING INDEX 12 CHARLES HELOU TERMINAL 15 LEBANON’S TELECOMMUNICATIONS SECTOR 17 MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT BUILDING 18 MINISTRY OF INDUSTRY 20 CLERGY IMMUNITY Page 28 Page 7 21 BEIRUT MUNICIPALITY WORKERS UNION 23 SAINT GEORGE SCHOOL- ZALKA 25 THE DEMENTIAS BY DR. HANNA SAADAH 26 A PARABLE ABOUT HUMANITY BY DR. SAMAR ZEBIAN 27 WHERE COULD THE SECRET OF LIFE BE FOUND? Page 12 BY ANTOINE BOUTROS 28 THE MONTHLY INTERVIEWS: THE SPANISH AMBASSADOR TO LEBANON JUAN CARLOS 41 SYRIAN ACCUSATIONS AGAINST FUTURE GAFO MOVEMENT 30 ARMENIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH 42 OCTOBER 2011 TIMELINE 32 HOW DOES ONE BECOME AN ARMENIAN 46 SHURA COUNCIL ELECTIONS IN THE ORTHODOX CLERGYMAN? SULTANATE OF OMAN 33 SAFADI FOUNDATION 47 REAL ESTATE PRICES IN LEBANON - OCTOBER 2011 35 POPULAR CULTURE 48 FOOD PRICES - OCTOBER 2011 36 MYTH #52: SIMILARITY OR OPPOSITION 50 OLIVE OIL 37 MUST-READ BOOKS: SEXUAL ENCOUNTERS IN THE MIDDLE EAST 50 BEIRUT RAFIC HARIRI INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT - OCTOBER 2011 38 MUST-READ CHILDREN’S BOOK: “ENJOYS PLAYING” 51 THE MONTHLY’S RECEPTION 39 LEBANON FAMILIES: HAYMOUR FAMILIES 40 DISCOVER LEBANON: JAJ 3 | EDITORIAL NOUHAD’S REMAINS OR LEBANON’S Nouhad Nasser Eddine was unaware that a terrible person begging employment fate was awaiting her on the dawn of October 15, and hospitalization of his/her 2011 on the “so called” Byblos-Beirut highway “Zai’m”.
    [Show full text]
  • Mount Lebanon 4 Electoral District: Aley and Chouf
    The 2018 Lebanese Parliamentary Elections: What Do the Numbers Say? Mount Lebanon 4 Electoral Report District: Aley and Chouf Georgia Dagher '&# Aley Chouf Founded in 1989, the Lebanese Center for Policy Studies is a Beirut-based independent, non-partisan think tank whose mission is to produce and advocate policies that improve good governance in fields such as oil and gas, economic development, public finance, and decentralization. This report is published in partnership with HIVOS through the Women Empowered for Leadership (WE4L) programme, funded by the Netherlands Foreign Ministry FLOW fund. Copyright© 2021 The Lebanese Center for Policy Studies Designed by Polypod Executed by Dolly Harouny Sadat Tower, Tenth Floor P.O.B 55-215, Leon Street, Ras Beirut, Lebanon T: + 961 1 79 93 01 F: + 961 1 79 93 02 [email protected] www.lcps-lebanon.org The 2018 Lebanese Parliamentary Elections: What Do the Numbers Say? Mount Lebanon 4 Electoral District: Aley and Chouf Georgia Dagher Georgia Dagher is a researcher at the Lebanese Center for Policy Studies. Her research focuses on parliamentary representation, namely electoral behavior and electoral reform. She has also previously contributed to LCPS’s work on international donors conferences and reform programs. She holds a degree in Politics and Quantitative Methods from the University of Edinburgh. The author would like to thank Sami Atallah, Daniel Garrote Sanchez, John McCabe, and Micheline Tobia for their contribution to this report. 2 LCPS Report Executive Summary The Lebanese parliament agreed to hold parliamentary elections in 2018—nine years after the previous ones. Voters in Aley and Chouf showed strong loyalty toward their sectarian parties and high preferences for candidates of their own sectarian group.
    [Show full text]
  • Report on Fact-Finding Mission to Lebanon 2 - 18 May 1998
    The Danish Immigration Service Ryesgade 53 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Phone: + 45 35 36 66 00 Website: www.udlst.dk E-mail: [email protected] Report on fact-finding mission to Lebanon 2 - 18 May 1998 List of contents Introduction 1. Political situation A. General political situation in Lebanon at present Continued Israeli presence Taif agreement and Syrian influence Main political issues and events B. Presence of Syrians C. Main Palestinian organisations in Lebanon and their significance D. Lebanese view of Palestinians at present and in future Official position Views of independent sources Palestinian comments Conditions for Palestinians in Syria and Jordan 2. Security conditions A. General security situation in Lebanon at present, including southern Lebanon Territory under the authorities' control Situation in southern Lebanon Security in the camps B. Palestinians' relationship with Lebanese C. Palestinians' relationship with Syrians D. Inter-Palestinian conflicts 3. Palestinians' legal status A. Residence status Legal basis Types of residence status B. Obtaining of identity papers and travel documents, including renewability etc. Travel documents and laissez-passers C. Naturalisation legislation D. Lebanese legal system E. Law enforcement Crime trends Report on fact-finding mission to Lebanon Syrian authority 4. Social and economic conditions A. General living conditions B. Palestinians' access to and entitlement to take up employment and self-employment Legal basis Actual access to employment Self-employment C. Palestinians' entitlement and access to education and training D. Palestinians' access to housing and right to own property E. Other civil rights and duties for Palestinians F. Freedom of movement for Palestinians 5. UNRWA A. UNRWA's role and activities Health Education Social and emergency aid B.
    [Show full text]
  • Public Transcript of the Hearing Held on 28 April 2015 in the Case Of
    20150428_STL-11-01_T_T142_OFF_PUB_EN 1/57 PUBLIC Official Transcript Procedural Matters (Open Session) Page 1 1 Special Tribunal for Lebanon 2 In the case of The Prosecutor v. Ayyash, Badreddine, Merhi, 3 Oneissi, and Sabra 4 STL-11-01 5 Presiding Judge David Re, Judge Janet Nosworthy, 6 Judge Micheline Braidy, Judge Walid Akoum, and 7 Judge Nicola Lettieri - [Trial Chamber] 8 Tuesday, 28 April 2015 - [Trial Hearing] 9 [Open Session] 10 --- Upon commencing at 11.06 a.m. 11 THE REGISTRAR: The Special Tribunal for Lebanon is sitting in an 12 open session in the case of the Prosecutor versus Ayyash, Badreddine, 13 Merhi, Oneissi, and Sabra, case number STL-11-01. 14 PRESIDING JUDGE RE: Good morning to everyone. We are sitting 15 today to hear the evidence of Dr. Atef Majdalani who will shortly be 16 joining us. First could we start with appearances for the parties, 17 starting with the Prosecution. 18 Good morning, Mr. Cameron. 19 MR. CAMERON: Good morning, Your Honour. It's Graeme Cameron for 20 the Prosecution, assisted by Ms. Skye Winner. 21 PRESIDING JUDGE RE: For the Legal Representatives of Victims. 22 MR. HAYNES: Good morning, Your Honour. Peter Haynes for the 23 participating victims with Joanna Spek this morning. 24 PRESIDING JUDGE RE: For the Defence. 25 MR. AOUN: [Interpretation] Your Honours, good morning. Good Tuesday, 28 April 2015 STL-11-01 Interpretation serves to facilitate communication. Only the original speech is authentic. 20150428_STL-11-01_T_T142_OFF_PUB_EN 2/57 PUBLIC Official Transcript Procedural Matters (Open Session) Page 2 1 morning to all.
    [Show full text]
  • U.S. Department of State
    1998 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices -- Lebanon Page 1 of 10 The State Department web site below is a permanent electro information released prior to January 20, 2001. Please see w material released since President George W. Bush took offic This site is not updated so external links may no longer func us with any questions about finding information. NOTE: External links to other Internet sites should not be co endorsement of the views contained therein. U.S. Department of State Lebanon Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 1998 Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, February 26, 1999. LEBANON Lebanon is a parliamentary republic in which the President is by tradition a Maronite Christian, the Prime Minister a Sunni Muslim, and the Speaker of the Chamber of Deputies a Shiâa Muslim. The Parliament consists of 128 deputies, equally divided between Christian and Muslim representatives. In October Parliament chose a new president, Emile Lahoud, in an election heavily influenced by Syria. He took office in November. The judiciary is independent in principle but is subject to political pressure. Non-Lebanese military forces control much of the country. These include about 25,000 Syrian troops, a contingent of approximately 2,000 Israeli army regulars and 1,500 Israeli-supported militia in the south, and several armed Palestinian factions located in camps and subject to restrictions on their movements. All undermine the authority of the central Government and prevent the application of law in the patchwork of areas not under the Governmentâs control. In 1991 the governments of Syria and Lebanon concluded a security agreement that provided a framework for security cooperation between their armed forces.
    [Show full text]
  • American University of Beirut Hizballah
    AMERICAN UNIVERSITY OF BEIRUT HIZBALLAH: THE SURVIVAL OF GROWTH by MARCUS BURKE HALLINAN A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts to the Department of Political Studies and Public Administration of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences at the American University of Beirut Beirut, Lebanon July 2016 AMERICAN UNIVERSITY OF BEIRUT THESIS, DISSERTATION, PROJECT RELEASE FORM Student Name: Hallinan Marcus Burke Last First Middle Master’s Thesis Master’s Project Doctoral Dissertation I authorize the American University of Beirut to: (a) reproduce hard or electronic copies of my thesis, dissertation, or project; (b) include such copies in the archives and digital repositories of the University; and (c) make freely available such copies to third parties for research or educational purposes. I authorize the American University of Beirut, three years after the date of submitting my thesis, dissertation, or project, to: (a) reproduce hard or electronic copies of it; (b) include such copies in the archives and digital repositories of the University; and (c) make freely available such copies to third parties for research or educational purposes. __________________________________________________ Signature Date ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I first would like to thank my family, my mother, Kelly, father, Gerald, Jesse, Emily, Lola and Cali, who had been supportive of this life changing decision to attend the American University of Beirut in 2013. I could not have done it without you. Thank you and I love you. I would also like to thank Catherine Batruni for the countless proof readings of this paper, responding to my endless questions and for being a truly great friend.
    [Show full text]
  • Lebanon: Managing the Gathering Storm
    LEBANON: MANAGING THE GATHERING STORM Middle East Report N°48 – 5 December 2005 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS................................................. i I. A SYSTEM BETWEEN OLD AND NEW.................................................................. 1 A. SETTING THE STAGE: THE ELECTORAL CONTEST..................................................................1 B. THE MEHLIS EFFECT.............................................................................................................5 II. SECTARIANISM AND INTERNATIONALISATION ............................................. 8 A. FROM SYRIAN TUTELAGE TO WESTERN UMBRELLA?............................................................8 B. SHIFTING ALLIANCES..........................................................................................................12 III. THE HIZBOLLAH QUESTION ................................................................................ 16 A. “A NEW PHASE OF CONFRONTATION” ................................................................................17 B. HIZBOLLAH AS THE SHIITE GUARDIAN?..............................................................................19 C. THE PARTY OF GOD TURNS PARTY OF GOVERNMENT.........................................................20 IV. CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................. 22 A. A BROAD INTERNATIONAL COALITION FOR A NARROW AGENDA .......................................22 B. A LEBANESE COURT ON FOREIGN
    [Show full text]
  • Walid Jumblatt Is Included As an Edited Transcript of His Remarks and May Be Cited As Such
    Proceedings of the 2007 Weinberg Founders Conference Autumn of Decisions: A Critical Moment for American Engagement in the Middle East October 19–21, 2007 Proceedings of the 2007 Weinberg Founders Conference Autumn of Decisions: A Critical Moment for American Engagement in the Middle East October 19–21, 2007 The Washington Institute for Near East Policy 1828 L Street NW, Suite 1050, Washington, DC 20036 (202) 452-0650 All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. © 2008 by the Washington Institute for Near East Policy Published in 2008 in the United States of America by the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 1828 L Street NW, Suite 1050, Washington, DC 20036. Design by Daniel Kohan, Sensical Design and Communication Photography by Stan Barouh Editor’s Note Most of these conference proceedings are presented as edited summaries of speeches and panel discussions; text designated as such should not be cited as actual transcripts of speaker remarks. The presentation by Vice President Rich- ard Cheney is included as an unedited transcript of his speech and may be cited as such. The presentation by Walid Jumblatt is included as an edited transcript of his remarks and may be cited as such. Table of Contents Preface ix The Speakers xi The Struggle for Freedom and Democracy in Lebanon 1 Edited Transcript Walid Jumblatt Chairman, Progressive Socialist Party, Lebanon Turkish Foreign Policy: Western or Not? 15 Rapporteur’s Summary Soner Cagaptay Director, Turkish Research Program, The Washington Institute Asli Aydintasbas Former Ankara bureau chief, Sabah newspaper America’s Future Direction in Iraq 19 Rapporteur’s Summary J.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of Platforms in Lebanon's 2018 Parliamentary Election
    ا rلeمtركnزe اCل لبeنsانneي aلbلeدرLا eساThت LCPS for Policy Studies r e p a 9 Analysis of Platforms 1 P 0 2 y a y M in Lebanon's 2018 c i l o Parliamentary Election P Nizar Hassan Founded in 1989, the Lebanese Center for Policy Studies is a Beirut-based independent, non-partisan think tank whose mission is to produce and advocate policies that improve good governance in fields such as oil and gas, economic development, public finance, and decentralization. Copyright© 2019 The Lebanese Center for Policy Studies Designed by Polypod Executed by Dolly Harouny Sadat Tower, Tenth Floor P.O.B 55-215, Leon Street, Ras Beirut, Lebanon T: + 961 1 79 93 01 F: + 961 1 79 93 02 [email protected] www.lcps-lebanon.org Analysis of Platforms in Lebanon's 2018 Parliamentary Election 1 1 Nizar Hassan The author would like to thank Sami Nizar Hassan is a former researcher at the Lebanese Center for Policy Studies. He Atallah, John McCabe, and Georgia Dagher for their contributions to this paper. holds an M.Sc. in Labour, Social Movements and Development from the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. At LCPS, his work focused on Lebanese political parties and movements and their policy platforms. His master’s research examined protest movements in Lebanon and he currently researches political behavior in the districts of Chouf and Aley. Nizar co-hosts ‘The Lebanese Politics Podcast’, and his previous work has included news reporting and non-profit project management. 2 LCPS Policy Paper Introduction Prior to the May 2018 Lebanese Parliamentary Election, a majority of 2 2 political parties and emerging political groups launched electoral Henceforth referred to as 'emerging platforms outlining their political and socioeconomic goals and means groups'.
    [Show full text]
  • Zahle and Bar Elias: Municipality-Led Evictions in Central Bekaa Conflict Analysis Report – September 2018
    Empowered lives. Resilient nations. Zahle and Bar Elias: Municipality-Led Evictions in Central Bekaa Conflict Analysis Report – September 2018 Supported by: This report was written by an independent researcher as part of a conflict analysis consultancy for the UNDP “Peace Building in Lebanon” Project to inform and support UNDP Lebanon programming, as well as interventions from other partners in the framework of the Lebanon Crisis Response Plan (LCRP). Through these reports, UNDP is aiming at providing quality analysis to LCRP Partners on the evolution of local dynamics, highlighting how local and structural issues have impacted and interacted with the consequences of the Syrian crisis in Lebanon. This report has been produced with the support of the Department for International Development (UKDFID). For any further information, please contact directly: Tom Lambert, UNDP Social Stability Sector Coordinator at [email protected] and Joanna Nassar, UNDP “Peace Building in Lebanon” Project Manager at [email protected] Report written by Bilal Al Ayoubi The views expressed in this publication are solely those of the authors, and do not necessarily reflect the views of UNDP, nor its partners. UNDP © 2018 All rights reserved. Cover Photo © UNDP Lebanon, 2018 Empowered lives. Resilient nations. Zahle and Bar Elias: Municipality-Led Evictions in Central Bekaa Conflict Analysis Report – September 2018 Supported by: 1 Zahle and Bar Elias: Municipality-Led Evictions in Central Bekaa Conflict Analysis Report – September 2018 Table of Contents
    [Show full text]
  • Building Moderate Muslim Networks
    THE ARTS This PDF document was made available CHILD POLICY from www.rand.org as a public service of CIVIL JUSTICE the RAND Corporation. EDUCATION ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT Jump down to document6 HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit NATIONAL SECURITY research organization providing POPULATION AND AGING PUBLIC SAFETY objective analysis and effective SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY solutions that address the challenges SUBSTANCE ABUSE facing the public and private sectors TERRORISM AND HOMELAND SECURITY around the world. TRANSPORTATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE WORKFORCE AND WORKPLACE Support RAND Purchase this document Browse Books & Publications Make a charitable contribution For More Information Visit RAND at www.rand.org Explore RAND Center for Middle East Public Policy View document details Limited Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law as indicated in a notice appearing later in this work. This electronic representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for non- commercial use only. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of our research documents. This product is part of the RAND Corporation monograph series. RAND monographs present major research findings that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors. All RAND mono- graphs undergo rigorous peer review to ensure high standards for research quality and objectivity. Building Moderate Muslim Networks Angel Rabasa Cheryl Benard Lowell H. Schwartz Peter Sickle Sponsored by the Smith Richardson Foundation CENTER FOR MIDDLE EAST PUBLIC POLICY The research described in this report was sponsored by the Smith Richardson Foundation and was conducted under the auspices of the RAND Center for Middle East Public Policy.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethnicity and Values Among the Lebanese Public: Findings from Avalues Survey
    ETHNICITY AND VALUES AMONG THE LEBANESE PUBLIC: FINDINGS FROM AVALUES SURVEY Mansoor Moaddel In the spring of 2008, Mansoor Moaddel, in collaboration with researchers in Lebanon— Hilal Khashan, Political Science Professor of American University in Beirut, Johan Gärde from Ersta Sköndal University College/Sweden, and Jean Kors of the International Center for Organizational Development, Beirut, Lebanon—launched the first world values survey in Lebanon. The objective of this project was to understand the mass-level belief systems of the Lebanese public. The project was designed to provide a comprehensive measure of all major areas of human concerns from religion to politics, economics, culture, family, and inter-ethnic and international relations. This survey used a nationally representative sample of 3,039 adults from all sections of Lebanese society. The sample included 954 (31%) Shi’is, 753 (25%) Sunnis, 198 (7%) Druze, 599 (20%) Maronites, 338 (11%) Orthodox, 149 (5%) Catholics, and 48 (2%) respondents belonging to other religions. It covered all six governorates in proportion to size— 960 (32%) from Beirut, 578 (19%) from Mount Lebanon, 621 (20%) from the North, 339 (11%) from Biqqa, and 539 (18%) from the South and Nabatieth. The interviews took approximately 50 minutes to complete and were conducted face-to-face by Lebanese personnel in the respondents’ residences. The total number of completed interviews represented 86% of attempted observations. Data collection started in April 2008 and was completed at the end of September 2008. Turbulent political and security situation in Lebanon in the spring and summer prolonged the survey period. The respondents had an average age of 33 years, 1,694 (55.7%) were male, and 998 (32.8%) had a college degree.
    [Show full text]