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Peran Dan Perjuangan Sultan Iskandar Muda (1607- 1636 M) Dalam Membangun Kejayaan Kesultanan Aceh

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Peran Dan Perjuangan Sultan Iskandar Muda (1607- 1636 M) Dalam Membangun Kejayaan Kesultanan Aceh PERAN DAN PERJUANGAN SULTAN ISKANDAR MUDA (1607- 1636 M) DALAM MEMBANGUN KEJAYAAN KESULTANAN ACEH SKRIPSI Disusun Oleh : CHILYATUN NAFISAH NIM 14123141127 JURUSAN SEJARAH KEBUDAYAAN ISLAM FAKULTAS USHULUDDIN ADAB DAKWAH INSTITUT AGAMA ISLAM NEGERI SYEKH NURJATI CIREBON 2016 M/1437 H ABSTRAK Chilyatun Nafisah. NIM 14123141127. “PERAN DAN PERJUANGAN SULTAN ISKANDAR MUDA (1607-1636) DALAM MEMBANGUN KEJAYAAN KESULTANAN ACEH”. Skripsi. Cirebon : Fakultas Ushuluddin Adab Dakwah, Jurusan Sejarah Kebudayaan Islam, Juni 2016. Dalam skripsi ini penulis mendeskripsikan tentang kondisi Kerajaan Aceh Darussalam pada masa Sultan Iskandar Muda yang merupakan sultan yang paling berkuasa dari tahun 1607-1636. Saat itu Aceh mempunyai armada perang yang sangat kuat, strategi perang yang jitu serta dasar-dasar politik luar negeri yang mengantarkan Aceh mencapai kejayaan pada masa pemerintahan Sultan Iskandar Muda. Hal tersebut dibuktikan dengan daerah kekuasaannya yang semakin besar dan reputasi Internasional sebagai pusat perdagangan dan pembelajaran agama Islam. Pelabuhan besar yang telah dimiliki Aceh bukan semata hanya titik pertemuan dagang antar negara. Sultan Iskandar Muda telah berhasil mengatur semua aspek kehidupan sedemikian rupa dalam Kerajaan Aceh Darussalam. Dalam skripsi ini penulis merumuskan tujuan penelitian yang membahas tiga aspek saja yakni untuk mengetahui Kerajaan Aceh, mengetahui Kerajaan Aceh masa Sultan Iskandar Muda dan mengetahui peran dan perjuangan Sultan Iskandar Muda dalam membangun kejayaan Kesultanan Aceh Darussalam. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan library research dengan metode studi historis yang melalui empat tahapan. Pertama, pencarian/pengumpulan data (heuristik). Kedua, verifikasi sumber data yang di dapat. Ketiga, Interpretasi data yang telah ada, dan keempat, penulisan data-data (historiografi). Dari hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa sejak Sultan Iskandar Muda diangkat sebagai sultan ke dua belas, pada tahun 1607-1636 M, kerajaan mengalami kemajuan yang sangat pesat, baik dalam bidang politik ekonomi dan kebudayaan. Salah satu yang sangat menonjol yang dilakukan Sultan Iskandar Muda ialah memimpin suatu kegiatan yang teratur dalam menentang Portugis di kawasan Selat Malaka. Di samping itu juga telah berjasa dalam bidang politik yaitu menyusun undang-undang untuk mengatur ketatanegaraan Kerajaan Aceh yang dikenal dengan nama Adat Meukuta Alam. Sultan juga telah berhasil mengangkat derajat kehidupan sosial ekonomi dan kebudayaan masyarakat Aceh pada zamannya sehingga di bawah pemerintahannya Kerajaan Aceh dapat mencapai puncak kejayaannya, hingga mencapai peringkat kelima di antara kerajaan Islam terbesar di dunia, yakni setelah kerajaan Maroko, Isfahan, Persia dan Agra. Kata Kunci : Sultan Iskandar Muda, Setrategi Perang, Politik. ii PENGESAHAN Skripsi berjudul uPeran Dtn Perjucngan Sultan Iskandar Muda (1607- 1636) Dalom Membangun Kejayoan Kesultanon Aceh" oleh Chilyatun Nafisah. NIM 14123141127 telah dimunaqasahkan pada ll Agustus 2016 di hadapan dewan penguji dan dinyatakan lulus. Skripsi ini telah rrlernenuhi salah satu syarat untuk memperoleh gelar Sarjana Humaniora Islam (S. Hum.I) pada jurusan Sejarah Kebudayaan Islam Fakultas Ushuluddin Adab Dakwah IAIN Syekh Nurjati Cirebon. Cirebon, Agustus 2016 Panitia Munaqosah Tanggal Tanda Tangan Ketua Jurusan Dedeh Nur Ilamidah. M.Ae 2? -8- totL Fm. 19710404 2001,12 2 001 Sekretaris Jurusan Zaenal Masduql. M.As. M.A. 2q -8 -2et[ --/-T- htIP. 19720928 200312 I 003 ,/ -u ,/ Penguji I 'fA- Dedeh Nur Hamidah. M.Ae 2r -8 - 2otL NIP. 197104A4 2001,2 2 A0t Penguji II lo -B - aot ,y,: I Aah Svafa'ah. M. As 4l'/ NrP. 19730130 200212 2001 Pemhimhino I H. Didin Nurul Rowidin. MA.Ph.D V" -8 -cotl. Yrfu'' NrP. 19730404 199803 I 00s -"al' Pe.mhimhino ff Zaenal Masduqi. M.Ag._M.d ll-rP. 19720928 2003t2 I 003 Mengetahui, ruluddin Adab Dakwah DAFTAR ISI Cover dalam ……….…………………………………………….........…..............i Abstrak……………………………………………………………………………ii Persetujuan ………..…………………………………………………………….iii Nota Dinas………...……………………………………………………………...iv Pernyataan Otentisitas Skripsi ………...……………………………………….v Pengesahan ……..………………………………………………………….........vi Riwayat Hidup …………..……………………………………………………..vii Motto ………...…………………………………………………………………viii Persembahan ………..…………………………………………………………..ix Kata Pengantar ………………………………………………………………...xi Daftar Isi ……………………………………………………………………...xii Daftar Lampiran ……………………………………………………………...xv BAB I PENDAHULUAN A. Latar Belakang.............................................................................................1 B. Rumusan Masalah........................................................................................6 C. Tujuan Penelitian..........................................................................................8 D. Kegunaan Penelitian……………………………………………………….8 E. Kajian Pustaka..............................................................................................9 F. Kerangka Pemikiran...................................................................................11 G. Metode dan Sumber Penelitian...................................................................13 H. Sistematika Penulisan.................................................................................16 BAB II KERAJAAN ACEH SEBELUM SULTAN ISKANDAR MUDA A. Sejarah Berdirinya Kerajaan Aceh Sebelum Sultan Iskandar Muda…….18 xiii B. Perkembangan Kerajaan Aceh Sebelum Sultan Iskandar Muda…………22 1. Sultan Ali Mughayat Syah, 916-936 H (1530-1539M)……………….22 2. Sultan Salahuddin, 939-945 H (1530-1539 M)……………………….25 3. Sultan Alaiddin Riayat Syah al-Qahhar, 945-979 H (1539-1571 M)…26 4. Sultan Husain Alaiddin Riayat Syah III, 979-987 H (1571-1579 M)...29 5. Sultan Muda, (1579 M)……………………………………….………30 6. Sultan Mughal Seri Alam Pariaman Syah, 987 H (1579 M)…….……30 7. Sultan Zainal Abidin, 987-988 H (1579-1580 M)………………….…31 8. Sultan Alaiddin Mansyur Syah, 989-995 H (1581-1587 M)………….31 9. Sultan Mughayat Bujang, 995-997 H (1587-1589 M)………………..33 10. Sultan Muda Ali Riayat Syah IV, 997- 1011 H (158-1604M)…….…34 11. Sultan Muda Ali Riayat Syah V, 1011-1015 H (1604-1607 M)……..34 BAB III SULTAN ISKANDAR MUDA DAN KEJAYAAN KERAJAAN ACEH A. Biografi Sultan Iskandar Muda…………….…………………………….36 1. Masa Kanak-Kanak Sultan Iskandar Muda………..…………………..38 2 Nama Seorang Sultan………………………………….……………….39 B. Kerajaan Aceh Pada Masa Sultan Iskandar Muda Naik Tahta……….….40 BAB IV KEBIJAKAN-KEBIJAKAN SULTAN ISKANDAR MUDA A. Perluasan Wilayah Pada Masa Sultan Iskandar Muda…………….……..54 1. Wilayah Aceh Raja………………………………………………….....54 2. Daerah Luar Aceh Raja………………………………………………..55 3. Daerah yang Berdiri Sendiri…………………………………………...55 B. Pengembangan Ekonomi………………………………………………....58 C. Sistem Hukum Dan Kemajuan Pada Masa Sultan Iskandar Muda………61 BAB V PENUTUP A. Kesimpulan................................................................................................64 B. Saran...........................................................................................................65 DAFTAR PUSTAKA……………………………………………………............66 LAMPIRAN…………….………………………………………………………..69 xiv BAB I PENDAHULUAN A. Latar Belakang Aceh merupakan negeri istimewa. Aceh memiliki keunikan yang sangat kental akan nilai-nilai Islam yang telah menjadi urat nadi dalam kehidupan masyarakatnya sejak dulu sampai sekarang. Kegemilangan Aceh yang diraih sejak dulu hingga sekarang telah banyak memberikan inspirasi, yang tidak hanya bagi Indonesia, melainkan juga menjadi inspirasi bagi bangsa lain, dalam bentuk perjuangannya. Aceh merupakan salah satu bangsa yang berada di Pulau Sumatera yang memiliki tradisi militer, sekaligus pernah menjadi bangsa terkuat di Selat Malaka, meliputi wilayah Sumatra yang merupakan bagian paling utara dan paling barat dari kepulauan Indonesia. Di sebelah barat terbentang Lautan Hindia, sedangkan di sebelah utara dan timurnya terletak Selat Malaka, yang merupakan jalan perniagaan yang begitu ramai, yang telah dilalui banyak kapal- kapal pedagang dari berbagai negeri di Asia terutama dari Indonesia, Tiongkok dan India. Tidak heran jika kemudian, banyak bangsa lain yang ingin masuk dan menjajah (menguasai) negeri tersebut, karena di sana terdapat kekayaan rempah- rempah yang begitu laris diburu dari berbagai negara manapun. Sebagai kerajaan yang terletak di pinggiran pantai, Aceh mempunyai peran politik yang jitu dan mempunyai armada laut yang kuat, sehingga dengan mudah ia dapat mengawasi para pedagang yang singgah di daerah kekuasaannya. Dalam sebuah karya yang ditulis oleh orang asing dan penulis Indonesia mengenai sejarah Aceh disebutkan bahwa, Sultan Iskandar Muda merupakan seorang pemimpin yang paling terkenal dari deretan nama-nama sultan yang memerintah di Kerajaan Aceh. Di bawah pemerintahan sultan, Kerajaan Aceh dapat mencapai kejayaan dalam bidang politik, agama, ekonomi, hukum dan kebudayaan.1 1 Rusdi Sufi, Pahlawan Nasional Sultan Iskanda Muda, (Jakarta: proyek Inventarisasi dan Dokumntasi Sejarah Nasional, 1995) hlm. 1 1 Tindakan yang telah dilakukan oleh Sultan Iskandar Muda merupakan lanjutan dari sultan-sultan sebelumnya. Meskipun dalam uraian yang terbatas akan mengenai Sultan Iskandar Muda, topik ini tetap menyangkut dan menyinggung masa-masa sesudahnya. Dalam penulisan biografi tersebut penulis mencoba menonjolkan peranan dari seorang sultan dalam memerintah Kerajaan Aceh. Peran sultan merupakan salah satu faktor penentu bagi perkembangan sebuah kerajaan. Pada masanya ia harus mengatur, menyusun kebijakan dan bertindak sesuai dengan situasi yang menjadikan sebuah kerajaan yang berjaya.
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