Redalyc.Lista De Especies De Passifloraceae De Colombia

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Redalyc.Lista De Especies De Passifloraceae De Colombia Biota Colombiana ISSN: 0124-5376 [email protected] Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos "Alexander von Humboldt" Colombia Hernández, Alexandra; Bernal, Rodrigo Lista de Especies de Passifloraceae de Colombia Biota Colombiana, vol. 1, núm. 3, diciembre, 2000, pp. 320-335 Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos "Alexander von Humboldt" Bogotá, Colombia Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=49110302 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto Biota320- ColombianaPasifloráceas 1 (3) 320 de Colombia - 335, 2000 Hernández & Bernal Lista de Especies de Passifloraceae de Colombia Alexandra Hernández y Rodrigo Bernal Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Apartado Aéreo 7495, Bogotá D.C. - Colombia. [email protected]; [email protected] Palabras Clave: Colombia, Passifloraceae, Lista de Especies Las pasifloráceas son una familia muy llamativa des- Planchon, Sodiro y Harms. Pero el trabajo más conocido y de varios puntos de vista, entre los que se cuentan el eco- extenso sobre las especies americanas es el de Killip (1938). nómico y el ornamental. Algunas especies, como Passiflora En Colombia, Uribe (1955b, 1957, 1958) describió varias es- edulis (maracuyá), P. ligularis (granadilla) y P. mollissima pecies nuevas y Escobar (1988a) realizó la revisión para el (curuba), son de importancia económica por sus frutos co- país de los subgéneros Tacsonia, Rathea, Manicata y mestibles. Otras son cultivadas por la vistosidad de sus Distephana, además de numerosos artículos, especialmen- flores y la curiosa forma de sus hojas, lo que ha propiciado te de pasifloras andinas. Su última publicación (Escobar la aparición de numerosos híbridos. 1994) fue una clave para las especies del subgénero Astrophea (las pasifloras arbóreas). Al momento de su Las pasifloráceas son lianas o enredaderas que trepan por muerte, tenía casi terminada la revisión del subgénero medio de zarcillos, aunque existen especies arbóreas o Astrophea, que aún permanece inédita. arbustivas. Sus hojas son alternas y con estipulas. Los pecíolos pueden o no llevar glándulas, las cuales pueden La presente lista anotada registra en Colombia 141 especies ser sésiles o estipitadas y casi siempre pareadas. Las lámi- pertenecientes a 3 géneros: Passiflora con el 97% y Dilkea nas foliares generalmente son enteras o 2-3 lobadas. Algu- y Ancistrothyrsus con el 3% restante (Cuadro 1). Dilkea y nas especies de Passiflora presentan en la lámina unas Ancistrothyrsus son géneros amazónicos, mientras que glándulas llamadas ocelos, que cumplen la función de en- Passiflora se encuentra en las cinco regiones, con una gran gañar a las mariposas de la subfamilia Heliconiinae que se diversificación en la Región Andina. Esta última región al- alimentan de ellas, y evitar así que pongan sus huevos berga el mayor número de especies (72% del total), sobre sobre la planta. Las flores tienen un androginóforo promi- todo en alturas mayores a los 1500 m (Cuadro 2), de las nente, con menos frecuencia solamente ginóforo, y en po- cuales 81 son exclusivas y 25 se comparten con alguna de cas especies el ovario es sésil. Poseen una corona las demás regiones. El Cuadro 3 muestra el número de espe- extraestaminal bien desarrollada, que ayuda a atraer cies que son compartidas por cada una de las cinco regio- polinizadores, aunque en algunas especies se reduce a una nes biogreográficas. Además, hemos incluido en la lista fila de pequeños tubérculos o dientecillos. Los frutos son cuatro especies conocidas en zonas fronterizas y cuya pre- bayas o raramente cápsulas. sencia en el país es casi segura. Sin embargo, estas cuatro especies no se tuvieron en cuenta para los porcentajes y Las pasifloráceas tienen distribución pantropical y com- totales de especies. prenden 17 géneros y ca. 660 especies (Jørgensen, com. pers.). En América se encuentran representadas por cuatro Colombia posee 48 especies de Passifloraceae endémicas, géneros (Ancistrothyrsus, Dilkea, Mitostemma y Passiflora) 45 de ellas exclusivamente andinas y una compartida con la y alrededor de 500 especies, la mayoría de ellas del género región Pacífica (Cuadro 2); esto implica un alto riesgo para Passiflora (Escobar 1988a). estas especies si se tiene en cuenta que esta región es la más alterada del país. Según el Instituto Alexander von El primer trabajo sobre el grupo fue realizado por Linneo, Humboldt (Calderón 2000) aproximadamente 20 especies quien creó el género Passiflora y en 1753 describió 24 es- de pasifloráceas andinas presentan algún grado de amena- pecies en su Species Plantarum. A él siguieron autores za, y cinco especies (P. mutisii, P. cremastantha, P. como Jussieu, De Candolle, Roemer, Masters, Triana y mariquitensis, P. pamplonensis y P. purdiei) ya se consi- Biota Colombiana 1 (3), 2000 Hernández & Bernal Passifloras of Colombia - 321 deran extintas, pues son conocidas únicamente a partir de mente el caso de P. mutisii y P. cremastantha cuyas locali- sus especímenes tipo y no han sido coleccionadas de nue- dades originales han sido bien exploradas; segundo, pue- vo durante más de 70 años. Dos de ellas, P. mariquitensis y de tratarse de especies que no son realmente distintas, como P. mutisii solo se conocen a partir de dibujos realizados es el caso de P. mariquitensis descrita por Uribe (1955a), durante la Real Expedición Botánica del Nuevo Reino de con base en una lámina de la Expedición Botánica, pero Granada, es decir, de ejemplares coleccionados hace más tratada por Escobar (inéd.) como sinónimo de P. pittieri; y de doscientos años. La falta de colecciones más recientes tercero, puede ser un simple reflejo del desconocimiento de esas especies puede deberse a tres situaciones: primero, florístico de ciertas zonas del país. que efectivamente se hayan extinguido, como es probable- A Species List of Passifloraceae of Colombia Alexandra Hernández and Rodrigo Bernal Key Words: Colombia, Passifloraceae, List of Species Pasifloraceae is an interesting family from several work about the group. He was followed by authors like points of view, such as the economic and the ornamental. Jussieu, De Candolle, Roemer, Masters, Triana & Some species like Passiflora edulis (passion fruit), P. ligularis Planchon, Sodiro & Harms. But Killip (1938) made the (granadilla) and P. mollissima (curuba), are of economic most extensive and widely known work about the American importance because of their edible fruits. Others are species. In Colombia, Uribe (1955b, 1957, 1958) described cultivated for their striking flowers and the curious shape several new species, and Escobar (1988a) reviewed for of their leaves, propitiating the apparition of numerous Colombia the subgenera Tacsonia, Rathea, Manicata and hybrids. Distephana and wrote many articles, mainly about Andean passifloras. Her last contribution (1994) was a species Passifloras are lianas or vines that climb by tendrils, key of the subgenus Astrophea (arboreous passifloras). although some arboreous or shrub-like species can be At the moment of her death, she had almost finished the found. Their leaves are alternated, and stipulate petiols review of the subgenus Astrophea, that remains may have glands or not; if glands are present, they can be unpublished. sessile or stipitate. Leaf blades usually are entire or 2-3 lobed. Some species of Passiflora exhibit glands (called 141 species are recorded in this list, belonging to 3 gene- ocelli) in their blades, whose function is to deceive ra in Colombia: Passiflora with 97% and Dilkea and Heliconninae butterflies, avoiding by this way the adult Ancistrothyrsus with the remaining 3% (Box 1). Dilkea egg laying over the plant and the posterior leaf attack by and Ancistrothyrsus are Amazonian, while Passiflora can their caterpillars. The flowers have a prominent be found in all the biogeographic regions with a great androgynophorum (a gynophorum alone is less frequent), diversification in the Andean region, which holds most of and few species present sessile ovary. They have a well the species (72%), especially over 1500 m (Box 2); of these developed extrastaminal crown that helps to attract species, 81 are exclusive, and 25 are shared with any of pollinators, although in some species it is reduced to a the other regions. The numbers of shared species between line of little tubers or teeth. Fruits are berries or -less each one of the five biogeographic regions of the country, frequently- capsules. are presented in Box 3. Other four species have been included because they are known in neighboring zones of The passifloras are pantropical, including 17 genera and the country and its presence in Colombia is almost sure. near to 660 species (Jørgensen, pers. com.). In America However, these four species were not considered for the they are represented by four genera (Ancistrothyrsus, percentages and total of species. Dilkea, Mitostemma, and Passiflora) and almost 500 species, most of them belonging to the genus Passiflora Colombia has 48 endemic Passifloraceae species, 45 of (Escobar 1988a). them exclusively Andean (Box 2), implying a high extinction risk because it is the most altered region of the Linneo, who created the genus Passiflora, and in 1753 country. According to the Instituto Humboldt (Calderón described 24 species in his Species Plantarum, did the first 2000) approximately 20 species of Andean passifloras Biota Colombiana 1 (3), 2000 322- Pasifloráceas de Colombia Hernández & Bernal present some threat degree, and five species are considered of these species: First, the species effectively are extinct, extinct (P. mutisii, P. cremastantha, P. mariquitensis, P. as P. mutisii and P. cremastantha whose original localities pamplonensis and P. purdie) because they are known only have been well explored. Second, species are not different by their type specimens, and have not been collected again from others, as in the case of P. mariquitensis described by for more than 70 years. Two of them, P.
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