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New Testament Theology: History, Method, and Identity

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New Testament Theology: History, Method, and Identity New Testament Theology: History, Method, and Identity FRANK J. MATERA The Catholic University of America Washington, DC 20064 NEW TESTAMENT THEOLOGY is often viewed as the culmination and goal of exegesis, a discipline by which exegetes mediate the fruit of their research in a comprehensive manner to a wider audience. From its inception, NT theology has been a Protestant project intended to assist and renew dogmatic theology, though, in recent years, Catholics have contributed to the discipline as well.1 The ideals of reaching a wider audience and of assisting dogmatic theology, however, are sel­ dom realized, in part, because NT theology suffers from something akin to an 1 For a history of the growth and development of biblical and NT theology, see D. A. Car- son, "New Testament Theology," in Dictionary of the Later New Testament & Its Developments (ed. Ralph P. Martin and Peter H. Davids; Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity, 1997) 796-814; Wilfrid J. Harrington, The Path of Biblical Theology (Dublin: Gill & Macmillan, 1973); Gerhard Hasel, New Testament Theology: Basic Issues in the Current Debate (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1978); Hans-Joachim Kraus, Die biblische Theologie: Ihre Geschichte und Problematik (Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag, 1970); Heikki Räisänen, Beyond New Testament The­ ology: A Story and a Program (2nd ed.; London: SCM, 2000). For recent trends in NT theology, see Gerhard Barth, "Über Probleme und Trends bei neutestamentlichen Theologien," KD 48 (2002) 261-75; John R. Donahue, S.J., "The Changing Shape of New Testament Theology," TS 50 (1989) 314-35; idem, "The Literary Turn and New Testament Theology: Detour or New Direc­ tion?" JR 76 (1996) 250-75; Robert Morgan, "New Testament Theology," in Biblical Theology: Problems and Perspectives (ed. Steven J. Kraftchick, Charles D. Myers, Jr., and Ben C. Ollen- burger; Nashville: Abingdon, 1995) 104-30; Mogens Müller, "Neutestamentliche Theologie als biblische Theologie: Einige grundsätzliche Überlegungen," NTS 43 (1997) 475-90; Dan O. Via, What Is New Testament Theology? (GBS New Testament Series; Minneapolis: Fortress, 2002). 1 2 THE CATHOLIC BIBLICAL QUARTERLY I 67,2005 identity crisis about its task, method, and goal.2 Since there has been a renewed interest in NT theology in recent years, especially in Germany, it seems appropri­ ate (1) to review the history of the discipline, (2) to examine some newer works, and (3) to raise the issue of identity anew. I. History and Method of New Testament Theology A. Founding and Refounding the Discipline Although others were already engaged in the work of biblical theology, Johann Philipp Gabler's inaugural lecture to the faculty «pf Altdorf in 1787 is usu­ ally regarded as the programmatic statement for modern biblical theology.3 Con­ vinced that the Scriptures (especially the NT) were "the one clear source from which all true knowledge of the Christian religion is drawn" (p. 134), Gabler called for a biblical theology, "pure and unmixed with foreign elements" (p. 142), that would provide dogmatic theology with the universal and unchanging truths of Scripture. He distinguished between biblical theology, which is historical in origin, and dogmatic theology, which is didactic in nature, "teaching what each theologian philosophises rationally about divine things, according to the measure of his ability or of the times, age, place, sect, school, and other similar factors" (p. 137). Biblical theology, as befits its historical approach, is "always in accord with itself," even though it may be elaborated in different ways, whereas dog­ matic theology is subject to change. The first task of a true biblical theology, then, is to provide an accurate historical description of the ideas found in the sacred writings. The second task is to compare these ideas with each other in order to determine which are universal and enduring. In this way, biblical theology can provide dogmatic theology with the enduring and universal truths of Scripture.4 2 There is a crisis of identity for the entire field of biblical theology, of which OT and NT theology are subdisciplines. For an insightful analysis of the problems, see James Barr, The Con­ cept of Biblical Theology (Minneapolis: Fortress, 1999). The collection of essays edited by Scott J. Hafemann {Biblical Theology: Retrospect & Prospect [Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity, 2002]) provides a helpful evangelical perspective on the discipline. 3 Johann Philipp Gabler, Oratio de iusto discrimine theologiae biblicae et dogmaticae regundisque recte utriusque finibus ["On the Proper Distinction between Biblical and Dogmatic Theology and the Specific Objectives of Each"]. Page numbers refer to the English translation pro­ vided by John Sandys-Wunsch and Laurence Eldredge, "J. P. Gabler and the Distinction between Biblical and Dogmatic Theology: Translation, Commentary, and Discussion of His Originality," 57733(1980)133-58. 4 Gabler later distinguished between biblical theology in a broader and narrower sense. The first, "true biblical theology," has the task of developing a historical and systematic exposition of biblical religion; the second, "pure biblical theology," would then present the unchanging teaching of the Bible. See Hendrikus Boers, What Is New Testament Theology? The Rise of Criticism and NEW TESTAMENT THEOLOGY 3 Scholars quickly embraced the first part of Gabler's project, a historical pre­ sentation of the theology in the Scriptures. Georg Lorenz Bauer produced a four- volume work that marked the beginning of NT theology as an independent discipline.5 Ferdinand Christian Baur provided a controversial interpretation of early Christian history and doctrine in terms of a struggle between Gentile and Jewish Christianity,6 and Bernhard Weiss and Heinrich Julius Holtzmann wrote comprehensive handbooks of NT theology that meticulously examined the doc­ trinal systems (Lehrbegriffe) of the various NT writers.7 But the second part of Gabler's project—providing dogmatic theology with the universal truths of Scripture—was abandoned. Instead of becoming a servant of dogmatic theology, biblical theology soon became its rival. Disappointed with the direction of NT theology in the handbooks of Weiss and Holtzmann, William Wrede wrote an essay in 1897 entitled "The Task and Methods of 'New Testament Theology.'" He called for a purely historical approach.8 In his view, NT theology should be "totally indifferent to all dogma and systematic theology" (p. 69), no longer confined by the limits of the canon or the doctrine of inspiration. Whereas Holtzmann's NT theology sought to set forth "in a scientific way the religious and ethical content of the canonical writings of the New Testament," Wrede advocated "the history of early Christian religion and theology" (p. 84). New Testament theology should explain ''what was believed, thought, taught, hoped, required and striven for in the earliest period of Chris­ tianity; not what certain writings say about faith, doctrine, hope, etc." (pp. 84-85; emphasis in original). Wrede concluded that the name of the discipline, "New the Problem of a Theology of the New Testament (GBS: New Testament Series; Philadelphia: Fortress, 1979) 33-35. 5 Georg Lorenz Bauer, Biblische Theologie des Neuen Testaments (4 vols.; Leipzig: Wey- gand, 1800-1802). For a summary of its contents, see William Baird, History of New Testament Research, vol. 1, From Deism to Tubingen (Minneapolis: Fortress, 1992) 188-94. 6 Ferdinand Christian Baur, Vorlesungen über neutestamentliche Theologie (ed. F. F. Baur; Leipzig: Fues, 1864). For a summary of Baur's interpretation of early Christianity, see Baird, His­ tory of New Testament Research, 1. 262-69. 7 Bernhard Weiss, Biblical Theology of the New Testament (2 vols.; Edinburgh: Clark, 1882; German original, Berlin: Wilhelm Hertz, 1880, first published 1868); Heinrich Julius Holtz­ mann, Lehrbuch der neutestamentlichen Theologie (2 vols.; 2nd ed.; Tübingen: Mohr [Siebeck], 1911; first published 1896-97). Although it was not as imbued with the approach of the doctrinal system, one should also note the work of Willibald Beyschlag, New Testament Theology or Histor­ ical Account of the Teaching of Jesus and of Primitive Christianity according to the New Testa­ ment Sources (2 vols.; Edinburgh: Clark, 1895; German original, Halle, 1891-92). 8 Page references are to "The Task and Methods of 'New Testament Theology,'" in The Nature of New Testament Theology (ed. Robert Morgan; SBT 2nd series 25; Naperville, IL: Alec R. Allenson, 1973; German original, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1897), 69-116. The German title, Über Aufgabe und Methode der sogenannten neutestamentlichen Theologie, is more revealing of Wrede's viewpoint than is the English title. 4 THE CATHOLIC BIBLICAL QUARTERLY I 67,2005 Testament Theology," was wrong in both of its terms. New Testament theology should be more concerned with religion than with theology, and it should not restrict itself to the canonical writings of the NT. The appropriate name for the subject matter is "early Christian history of religion, or rather: the history of early Christian religion and theology" (p. 116). B. Proposals for Founding the Discipline Anew Wrede's project was never brought to completion.9 The rise of dialectical theology after the First World War resulted in a renewed interest in the theological dimension of NT theology, which found its greatest achievement in Rudolf Bult­ mann's Theology of the New Testament.10 A fascinating marriage of existential philosophy and a history of religion
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