Cover_Summer 2013 6/26/2013 3:06 PM Page 1 Dædalus coming up in Dædalus: American Gerald Early, Patrick Burke, Mina Yang, Todd Decker, Daniel Geary, Music Maya Gibson, Charlotte Greenspan, Ellie Hisama, Nadine Hubbs, Dædalus John McWhorter, Ronald Radano, Guthrie Ramsey, David Robertson, Terry Teachout, Sherrie Tucker, and others Journal of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences Summer 2013 What Humanists Do Denis Donoghue, Francis Oakley, Gillian Beer, Michael Putnam, Henri Cole, J. Hillis Miller, Patricia Meyer Spacks, Rachel Bowlby, Karla FC Holloway, James Olney, Ross Posnock, Scott Russell Sanders, & the Future of America Summer 2013: Immigration and others Immigration Douglas S. Massey America’s Immigration Policy Fiasco 5 & the Nancy Foner Immigration Past & Present 16 Growing Pains Elizabeth Perry, Deborah Davis, Martin Whyte, Mary Gallagher, Future of America Charles Hirschman The Contributions of Immigrants to in a Rising China Robert Weller, William Hsiao, Joseph Fewsmith, Ching Kwan Lee, American Culture 26 Barry Naughton, William Kirby, Guobin Yang, Jeffrey Wasserstrom, Marta Tienda Latin American Immigration to Mark Frazier, Elizabeth Economy, Benjamin Liebman, and others & Susana M. Sánchez the United States 48 Victor Nee Why Asian Americans plus The Invention of Courts, From Atoms to the Stars &c & Hilary Holbrow are Becoming Mainstream 65 Audrey Singer Contemporary Immigrant Gateways in Historical Perspective 76 Mary C. Waters Immigrants in New York: Reaping the & Philip Kasinitz Bene½ts of Continuous Immigration 92 Helen B. Marrow Assimilation in New Destinations 107 Frank D. Bean, Immigration & the Color Line Jennifer Lee at the Beginning of the 21st Century 123 & James D. Bachmeier Rubén G. Rumbaut Immigration & Language Diversity & Douglas S. Massey in the United States 141 Richard Alba Schools & the Diversity Transition 155 Alejandro Portes Determinants & Consequences & Adrienne Celaya of the Brain Drain 170 Michael Jones-Correa The Illegality Trap: The Politics of & Els de Graauw Immigration & the Lens of Illegality 185 Karen Manges Douglas The Criminalization of Immigrants & Rogelio Sáenz & the Immigration-Industrial Complex 199 Cristina M. Rodríguez Immigration, Civil Rights & the Evolution of the People 228 U.S. $13; www.amacad.org Cherishing Knowledge · Shaping the Future Cover_Summer 2013 6/26/2013 3:07 PM Page 2 Book_Summer 2013_Shinner.qxd 6/18/2013 10:08 AM Page 1 Inside front cover: A naturalization ceremony at Fen- way Park in Boston, September 17, 2008. More than 3,000 people took the oath of citizenship during the ceremony. © AP Photo/Steven Senne/Corbis Images. Book_Summer 2013_Shinner.qxd 6/28/2013 5:41 PM Page 2 Douglas S. Massey, Guest Editor Phyllis S. Bendell, Managing Editor and Director of Publications D Micah J. Buis, Senior Editor and Associate Director of Publications Peter Walton, Senior Editorial Assistant J Committee on Studies and Publications Jerrold Meinwald and John Mark Hansen, Cochairs; Jesse H. Choper, Denis Donoghue, Gerald Early, Carol Gluck, Linda Greenhouse, John Hildebrand, Jerome Kagan, Philip Khoury, Neal Lane, Steven Marcus, Eric Sundquist Dædalus is designed by Alvin Eisenman. Book_Summer 2013_Shinner.qxd 6/18/2013 10:08 AM Page 3 Dædalus Journal of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences Nineteenth-century depiction of a Roman mosaic labyrinth, now lost, found in Villa di Diomede, Pompeii Dædalus was founded in 1955 and established as a quarterly in 1958. The journal’s namesake was renowned in ancient Greece as an inventor, scien- tist, and unriddler of riddles. Its emblem, a maze seen from above, symbol- izes the aspiration of its founders to “lift each of us above his cell in the lab- yrinth of learning in order that he may see the entire structure as if from above, where each separate part loses its comfortable separateness.” The American Academy of Arts & Sciences, like its journal, brings togeth- er distinguished individuals from every ½eld of human endeavor. It was char- tered in 1780 as a forum “to cultivate every art and science which may tend to advance the interest, honour, dignity, and happiness of a free, independent, and virtuous people.” Now in its third century, the Academy, with its nearly ½ve thousand elected members, continues to provide intellectual leadership to meet the critical challenges facing our world. Book_Summer 2013_Shinner.qxd 6/18/2013 10:08 AM Page 4 Dædalus Summer 2013 Subscription rates: Electronic only for non- Issued as Volume 142, Number 3 member individuals–$44; institutions–$123. Canadians add 5% gst. Print and electronic for © 2013 by the American Academy nonmember individuals–$49; institutions– of Arts & Sciences $136. Canadians add 5% gst. Outside the United Latin American Immigration to the United States States and Canada add $23 for postage and han- © 2013 by Marta Tienda & Susana M. Sánchez dling. Prices subject to change without notice. Contemporary Immigrant Gateways in Historical Perspective Institutional subscriptions are on a volume- © 2013 by Audrey Singer year basis. All other subscriptions begin with the next available issue. Editorial of½ces: Dædalus, Norton’s Woods, 136 Irving Street, Cambridge ma 02138. Single issues: $13 for individuals; $34 for insti- Phone: 617 491 2600. Fax: 617 576 5088. tutions. 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Each size of Cycles has been sep arately designed in the tradition of metal types. Book_Summer 2013_Shinner.qxd 6/18/2013 10:09 AM Page 5 America’s Immigration Policy Fiasco: Learning from Past Mistakes Douglas S. Massey Abstract: In this essay I discuss how and why U.S. policies intended to stop Latin American immigration to the United States not only failed, but proved counterproductive by ultimately accelerating the rate of both documented and undocumented migration from Mexico and Central America to the United States. As a result, the Latino population grew much faster than demographers had originally projected and the undocumented population grew to an unprecedented size. Mass illegality is now the greatest barrier to the successful integration of Latinos, and a pathway to legalization represents a critical policy challenge. If U.S. policy-makers wish to avoid the failures of the past, they must shift from a goal of immigration sup- pression to one of immigration management within an increasingly integrated North American market. Following the landmark immigration reforms of 1965, which sought to eliminate the taint of racism from U.S. immigration law, America’s immigration and border policies took an increasingly restrictive turn. For the ½rst time, hard numerical limits were imposed on immigration from the Western Hemi- sphere. These limits were tightened in subsequent years, drastically reducing opportunities for legal entry from Mexico, our neighbor and the largest contemporary source of immigrants to the United DOUGLAS S MASSEY . , a Fellow States. Inevitably, these restrictions gave rise to of the American Academy since mass undocumented migration.1 In response to the 1995, is the Henry G. Bryant Pro- fessor of Sociology and Public rising tide of apprehensions, U.S. policy-makers Affairs at Princeton University. increased border enforcement exponentially, scal- His publications include Brokered ing up deportations to record levels. The immigra- Boundaries: Creating Immigrant Iden- tion enforcement industry presently costs the U.S. tity in Anti-Immigrant Times (with government an estimated $18 billion per year; Magaly Sánchez R., 2010), Categor- employs more than 20,000 Border Patrol Of½cers ically Unequal: The American Strat - (an all-time high); and deports an unprecedented i½cation System (2007), and Beyond 2 Smoke and Mirrors: Mexican Immigra - 400,000 undocumented migrants per year.