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Cover_Sp2010 3/17/2010 11:30 AM Page 1 Dædalus coming up in Dædalus: the challenges of Bruce Western, Glenn Loury, Lawrence D. Bobo, Marie Gottschalk, Dædalus mass incarceration Jonathan Simon, Robert J. Sampson, Robert Weisberg, Joan Petersilia, Nicola Lacey, Candace Kruttschnitt, Loïc Wacquant, Mark Kleiman, Jeffrey Fagan, and others Journal of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences Spring 2010 the economy Robert M. Solow, Benjamin M. Friedman, Lucian A. Bebchuk, Luigi Zingales, Edward Glaeser, Charles Goodhart, Barry Eichengreen, of news Spring 2010: on the future Thomas Romer, Peter Temin, Jeremy Stein, Robert E. Hall, and others on the Loren Ghiglione Introduction 5 future Herbert J. Gans News & the news media in the digital age: the meaning of Gerald Early, Henry Louis Gates, Jr., Glenda R. Carpio, David A. of news implications for democracy 8 minority/majority Hollinger, Jeffrey B. Ferguson, Hua Hsu, Daniel Geary, Lawrence Kathleen Hall Jamieson Are there lessons for the future of news from Jackson, Farah Grif½n, Korina Jocson, Eric Sundquist, Waldo Martin, & Jeffrey A. Gottfried the 2008 presidential campaign? 18 Werner Sollors, James Alan McPherson, Robert O’Meally, Jeffrey B. Robert H. Giles New economic models for U.S. journalism 26 Perry, Clarence Walker, Wilson Jeremiah Moses, Tommie Shelby, and others Jill Abramson Sustaining quality journalism 39 Brant Houston The future of investigative journalism 45 Donald Kennedy The future of science news 57 race, inequality Lawrence D. Bobo, William Julius Wilson, Michael Klarman, Rogers Ethan Zuckerman International reporting in the age of & culture Smith, Douglas Massey, Jennifer Hochschild, Bruce Western, Martha participatory media 66 Biondi, Roland Fryer, Cathy Cohen, James Heckman, Taeku Lee, Pap Ndiaye, Marcyliena Morgan, Richard Nisbett, Jennifer Richeson, Mitchell Stephens The case for wisdom journalism–and for journalists surrendering the pursuit Daniel Sabbagh, Alford Young, Roger Waldinger, and others of news 76 Jane B. Singer Journalism ethics amid structural change 89 plus on the military &c. Michael Schudson Political observatories, databases & news in the emerging ecology of public information 100 Jack Fuller What is happening to news? 110 Paul Sagan The Internet & the future of news 119 & Tom Leighton Susan King Improving how journalists are educated & how their audiences are informed 126 Loren Ghiglione Does science ½ction suggest futures for news? 138 poetry Greg Delanty In a Diner Above the Lamoille River 151 U.S. $13; www.amacad.org Cherishing Knowledge · Shaping the Future Cover_Sp2010 3/17/2010 11:31 AM Page 2 Book_Sp2010:Shinner.qxd 3/17/2010 11:16 AM Page 1 Inside front cover: Front page of the ½nal print edi- tion of the Seattle Post-Intelligencer in Seattle, Wash- ington, March 17, 2009. The Hearst Corporation, which failed to ½nd a buyer for the venerable daily, planned to move some of the newspaper’s workers to the new, free online business, while offering oth- ers severance packages. The fate of the Seattle Post- Intelligencer, which Hearst said is the largest daily newspaper to evolve entirely into an online ver- sion, highlights the impact of a digital-age revo- lution that has news readers and advertisers in- creasingly moving from print to online products. Photograph © reuters/Marcus R. Donner. Book_Sp2010:Shinner.qxd 3/17/2010 11:16 AM Page 2 Loren Ghiglione, Guest Editor Phyllis S. Bendell, Managing Editor and Director of Publications Micah J. Buis, Associate Editor Board of advisers Steven Marcus, Editor of the Academy Rosanna Warren, Poetry Adviser Committee on Publications Jerome Kagan, Chair, Jesse H. Choper, Denis Donoghue, Linda Greenhouse, Jerrold Meinwald; ex of½cio: Leslie Berlowitz Dædalus is designed by Alvin Eisenman. Book_Sp2010:Shinner.qxd 3/17/2010 11:16 AM Page 3 Dædalus Journal of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences Design for the hedge maze is by Johan Vredeman de Vries, from Hortorum viridariorumque elegantes & multiplices formae: ad architectonicae artis normam affabre delineatae (Cologne, 1615). Dædalus was founded in 1955 and established as a quarterly in 1958. The journal’s namesake was renowned in ancient Greece as an inventor, scien- tist, and unriddler of riddles. Its emblem, a maze seen from above, symbol- izes the aspiration of its founders to “lift each of us above his cell in the lab- yrinth of learning in order that he may see the entire structure as if from above, where each separate part loses its comfortable separateness.” The American Academy of Arts & Sciences, like its journal, brings togeth- er distinguished individuals from every ½eld of human endeavor. It was chartered in 1780 as a forum “to cultivate every art and science which may tend to advance the interest, honour, dignity, and happiness of a free, inde- pendent, and virtuous people.” Now in its third century, the Academy, with its nearly ½ve thousand elected members, continues to provide intellectual leadership to meet the critical challenges facing our world. Book_Sp2010:Shinner.qxd 3/17/2010 11:16 AM Page 4 Dædalus Spring 2010 Subscription rates: Electronic only for non- Issued as Volume 139, Number 2 member individuals–$41; institutions–$108. Canadians add 5% gst. Print and electronic © 2010 by the American Academy for nonmember individuals–$46; institu- of Arts & Sciences tions–$120. Canadians add 5% gst. Outside Introduction: the future ofnews the United States and Canada add $23 for © 2010 by Loren Ghiglione postage and handling. Prices subject to change News & the news media in the digital age: without notice. implications for democracy © 2010 by Herbert J. Gans Institutional subscriptions are on a volume- What is happening to news? year basis. All other subscriptions begin with © 2010 by Jack Fuller the next available issue. Does science ½ction–yes, science ½ction– Single issues: current issue–$13; back issues suggest futures for news? for individuals–$16; back issues for institu- © 2010 by Loren Ghiglione tions–$32. Outside the United States and In a Diner Above the Lamoille River Canada add $6 per issue for postage and han- © 2010 by Greg Delanty dling. Prices subject to change without notice. Editorial of½ces: Dædalus, Norton’s Woods, Claims for missing issues will be honored free 136 Irving Street, Cambridge ma 02138. of charge if made within three months of the Phone: 617 491 2600. Fax: 617 576 5088. publication date of the issue. Claims may be Email: [email protected]. submitted to [email protected]. Mem- Library of Congress Catalog No. 12-30299 bers of the American Academy please direct all questions and claims to [email protected]. isbn 978-0-262-75109-4 Advertising and mailing-list inquiries may be Dædalus publishes by invitation only and as- addressed to Marketing Department, mit sumes no responsibility for unsolicited manu- Press Journals, 238 Main Street, Suite 500, scripts. The views expressed are those of the Cambridge ma 02142. Phone: 617 253 2866. author of each article, and not necessarily of Fax: 617 258 5028. Email: journals-info@ the American Academy of Arts & Sciences. mit.edu. Dædalus (issn 0011-5266; e-issn 1548-6192) Permission to photocopy articles for internal is published quarterly (winter, spring, summer, or personal use is granted by the copyright fall) by The mit Press, Cambridge ma 02142, owner for users registered with the Copyright for the American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Clearance Center (ccc) Transactional Report- An electronic full-text version of Dædalus is ing Service, provided that the per-copy fee of available from The mit Press. Subscription $12 per article is paid directly to the ccc, and address changes should be addressed to 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers ma 01923. The mit Press Journals, 238 Main Street, Suite 500, fee code for users of the Transactional Report- Cambridge ma 02142. Phone: 617 253 2889; ing Service is 0011-5266/10. Address all other u.s./Canada 800 207 8354. Fax: 617 577 1545. inquiries to the Subsidiary Rights Manager, Printed in the United States of America by mit Press Journals, 238 Main Street, Suite 500, Cadmus Professional Communications, Cambridge ma 02142. Phone: 617 253 2864. Science Press Division, 300 West Chestnut Fax: 617 258 5028. Email: journals-rights@ Street, Ephrata pa 17522. mit.edu. Newsstand distribution by Ingram Periodicals The typeface is Cycles, designed by Sumner Inc., 18 Ingram Blvd., La Vergne tn 37086, and Stone at the Stone Type Foundry of Guinda Source Interlink Distribution, 27500 Riverview ca. Each size of Cycles has been sep arately Center Blvd., Bonita Springs fl 34134. designed in the tradition of metal types. Postmaster: Send address changes to Dædalus, 238 Main Street, Suite 500, Cambridge ma 02142. Periodicals postage paid at Boston ma and at additional mailing of½ces. Book_Sp2010:Shinner.qxd 3/17/2010 11:22 AM Page 5 Loren Ghiglione Introduction: the future ofnews Abc News vows to cut its news ly casts a skeptical eye on the power- staff by three hundred to four hun- ful and provides original, reliable re- dred, about 25 percent. More than porting. one-quarter of the public now gets This issue’s ½rst article–by Herbert J. news from cell phones. Bankruptcies, Gans, the Robert S. Lynd Professor Emer- buyouts, and bolting advertisers send itus of Sociology at Columbia Universi- one message: The sky, ½lled with pink ty–calls for rethinking the theory of the slips for reporters, is falling on main- press as a bulwark of democracy. Kath- stream news media. leen Hall Jamieson, Director of the An- Three magazines displayed next to nenberg Public Policy Center at the Uni- each other at a bookstore blame differ- versity of Pennsylvania, and Jeffrey A. ent culprits for the mainstream news Gottfried, senior researcher at the Cen- media’s plight. A New Yorker Nostrada- ter, follow with an article that credits mus describes an entertain-or-die me- news media with traditionally educating dia world of nonstop news on the Web citizens about national issues.