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THE INFLUENCE OF BACKWARD CLASS MOVEMENT ON INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT IN THE PRINCELY STATE OF MYSORE

Prof. Nirmal Raj1

1Professor, Department of History, Mangalore University, Mangalore, , India.

ABSTRACT he Princely State of Mysore has been recognized as the ‘progressive’ and ‘Model’ state T in the British colonial empire, which played a unique role in Indian national movement. Due to the Nagara Insurrection in 1830 the Mysore kingdom was annexed with the colonial empire. From 1831 to 1881 for a period of half a century it was ruled by different British Commissioners and brought many changes in administration as well as education and Socio- economic conditions. These developments created a new awareness among the socially marginalized sections of the society and resulted to organize backward class movements in the Princely State of Mysore which were supported to the national movement of India. Very soon after the end of the British Commissioner rule in 1881 and beginning of the Restoration of Wodeyars of Mysore rule in the kingdom, the representative assembly was established in 1881, four years prior to the establishment of the Indian National Congress in 1885. Yet, it could not become a nucleus for political movement in the Princely State of Mysore though it became more articulate and played a dominant role in mobilizing the people. The wants and the grievances of the people were expressed in the assembly and the government gave them due consideration. However, there were forces across the borders which were influencing the backward class people in the state to organize them politically and socially to achieve their development. This paper focuses on the emergence of backward class movement in the Princely State of Mysore in early 20th century towards nationalism and to take part in Indian National Movement. KEYWORDS: Indian national movement, Vokkaligara Sangaha, Praja Mitra Mandali, Lingayats.

www.epratrust.com March 2015 Vol - 3 Issue- 3 189 EPRA International Journal of Economic and Business Review INTRODUCTION Dewan’s address to the Repersentative Assembly on Mysore for Mysoreans an agitation was 19-10-1907 stated “The Vokkaligara Sangaha tried to started in 1910 with the Brahmin community promote the material intellectual and moral interest demanding preferential treatment for entry into the of the great population”.3 In 1909 “the administrative services of the state. 1 To secure the Vokkaligara Patrike, a weekly organ of the services of brilliant young men as recruits to the Vokkaligara Sangha, was started. This paper had a administrative services. The Mysore Civil Service long and uninterrupted life.”4 This weekly paper examination was started in 1891. This examination created a sense of awareness among the Vokkaligara was open to all Indian citizens. This competitive Community. system created some uneasiness among the people Following the lead given by Vokkaligara of Mysore because during the Dewanship of Sir K. Sangha, other communities organized their own Sheshadri Iyer most of the higher services were filled associations. The most significant among them were by the recruits from Madras province. Most of the the central Mahammaden Association which came administration was controlled by people belonging into existence in 1908. The Mysore Lingayat Education to Madras. The Infiltration of Madrasis and the open Fund Association in 1909, Aryavysya Mahasabha in competition for recruitment were vigorously opposed 1915 and the Indian Christain Association in 1920. by several members of the Representative Assembly Also the Adi-Dravida Abhivridhi Sangha in 1920, the under the leadership of Sri Vekatakrishnaiah. This Jaina Education Fund Association in 1921 and the resulted in bringing into the forefront a rift between Kurubara Sangha in 1922 were founded.5 all these the Mysoreans and the non-Mysoreans. The agitators associations were striving hard to secure the demanded that all appointments must go to the sons betterment of their respective communities in matters of the soil. Mysore for Mysoreans became their pertaining to administration, public service, social slogan. This agitation provided the breeding ground and economic growth. Even the most backward and for the backward class movement in the Princely State downtrodden people like untouchables put forth their of Mysore. claim for social and economic uplift. Gradually DISCUSSION leaders emerged in their community. In the year 1916, The Formation of Caste Associations in the the budget debate in Mysore legislative council was Princely State of Mysore was also strongly supported rendered very lively by a speech made by Mr. H. for the organization of backward class movement. Narasinga Rao, championing the interests of the The conflict between the Madras Brahmins and the backward communities. He argued for scholarships Mysore Brahmins made a great impact on the Non- for these communities in order to make them more Brahmin communities. After the Mysore for Mysore self-reliant. Almost all the backward class Brahmins agitation, Mysore Brahmins got the Representative Assembly members demanded 6 monopoly of Mysore administration. English educational reforems. The growth of the caste education gave a fillip to the awakening of the people associations may be taken as an indication of and helped to build community associations. As a expanding primordial loyalties from1900 and result, a number of community associations came onwards. In 1906-09=3, 1915-19=2, 1920-22=8, 1923- into existence in Mysore state. In Mysore State the 25=18, 1926-28=9, 1929-31=5, 1932-34=10, 1935- untouchables constituted the largest community but 37=12, 1938-40=13, 1941-43=19, 1944-46=35, Caste 7 due to ritual, economic, educational and also Associations came in to existence. organizational factors they have until recently been A small number of professional men, politically irrelevant. The two dominant castes in merchants, retired civil servants and land holders Mysore State have been the and the began to organize associations to further the interests Lingayats, the latter better educated ritually higher of their communities. In 1909, CR Reddy, an ardent and organized, took lead in state politics.2 In the champion of the non-Brahmin movement in Madras year 1906 some of the leading public spirited men of was appointed Professor in Maharaja’s college in the community with the aim of ameliorating the Mysore. His personal dynamism and reputation as a conditions of the cultivation classes who constituted scholar made him very popular in the intellectual the backbone of the agriculture and industry of the circles and gained him easy access to the Royal state organized the Vokkaligara Sangha with the family of Mysore. He created new leaders from encouragement of the Dewan V.P.Madhava Rao. The backward communities. “Mr. Reddy directed his non- www.epratrust.com March 2015 Vol - 3 Issue- 3 190 p - ISSN : 2349 - 0187 e - ISSN : 2347 - 9671 Prof. Nirmal Raj Brahmin campaign to get special treatment for non- “(i) Any necessary changes in the existing Brahmins and gradually forged the leaders of rules and recruitment to Vokkaliga, Lingayat and Muslim communities into The public services. formal political association. This campaign gained (ii) Special facilities to encourage high and momentum on 18th November 1917 when the non- professional education Brahmins organized the state’s first Political meeting Among the backward classes. in ”8 called Praja Mitra Mandali. (iii) Special measures to increase the The foundation of Praja Mitra Mandali representation of the backward political party in the Princely State of Mysore greatly Classes in the public services without influenced on the backward class movement. The materially affecting founding of the Praja Mitra Mandali- the first non- Efficiency.”13 Brahmin party in Mysore- took place at about the The leaders of all the backward communities same time as the Justice party in Madras. “In Mysore were to met the Miller Committee and press their the castes most fit to replace the Brahmin power betterment. The Miller Committee constituted in monopoly were the Lingayats and the Vokkaligas” 9 August 1918 submitted its report in July 1919. The The Praja Mitra Mandali was formed on 6th December members of the committee were convinced of the 1917 with the leadership of M. Basavaiah, Mahammed necessity of special treatment to the backward classes Kalami, H. Chennaiah, Mahammed jafar, M. Subbaiah, in matters of public service and recommended spiral Mahammed Abbas Khan, A.V. Nanjundashetty, favors to the backward classes. The Princely State of Moganna, Thimmaiah, Mahammed, Banumaiah, M. Mysore was the first state to appoint a committee to Narayanaiah, Dhanakotishetty, Nanjappa and others go in to the demands of the backward classes, the were the members of the Mandali”10 During the realization of which would break the monopoly of a twenties the non-Brahmins were a very loosely dominant minority in the intellectual field. organized group, primarily interested in patronage. The establishment of Praja Paksha in the As pointed out by Dushkin the leaders of the Praja Princely State of Mysore is also very significant event Mitra Mandali were “self-appointed spokesmen for which was also influence on the organization of their rural community fellows but appear to have been backward class movement. “Around 1930 a new particularly active in asserting the interests of town leadership emerged in the non-Brahmin movement, dwellers like themselves”. after the emergence of a leadership which Dushkin ‘Class of 02.”14 As she Mandali ‘The star of Mysore’ was started by Yajaman also emphasizes the emergence of this new Veerupakshaiah from Mysore for spreading the aims leadership signified important changes in the political and objectives of the Praja Mitra Mandali. situation. The Constitute of Miller Committee in 1918 The conference of the non-Brahmin by Krishnaraja wodeyar IV is a landmark event of the movement, in 1929 leading men in the state brought history of the Princely State of Mysore. The into existence of Praja Paksha. “D.S. Mallappa, H.B. government of Maharaja Nalvadi krishnaraja wodeyar Gundappa Gowda, B.N. Boranna gowda, V.Venkatappa, became sympathetic to the aspirations of the backward B.N.Guptha, H.C. Dasappa, D.H. Chandrashekaraiah, section of the people and was trying to promote their Rao Saheb Chennaiah, Devegowda H. Siddaiah, and educational and economic interests by the way of subbaiah were the leading leaders of the Praja reserving seats in school and also by providing Paksha.”15 To say that during the early 1930s several scholarships and hostel facilities to the backward and leading members of the Praja Paksha had developed depressed communities make them progress. In this networks of supporters within their home districts direction the other important measure was is not to say that the Praja Paksha itself had taken constitution of a committee consisting of both root in the district. “The first session of the Praja Brahmin and non-Brahmin members under the Paksha was held at Channapatna under the president chairmanship of Sir C. Miller, Chief Judge of the ship of D.S Mallappa. The second session of the Mysore High Court. Other members were Dewan Bahadur C. Srikanteswara Iyer, Rao Bahadur M. Prajapaksha was held at Mysore under the President Muthanna, Rao Bahadur M.C. Rangaiyengar, and Rao ship of H. B. Gundappa gowda. The members of the Saheb H. Channaiah. Navab Gulam Ahmed Kalami Prajapaksha tried to establish powerful local links by and Mr. Basavaya”12 The Miller Committee was to contesting District Board Elections. The leading non- investigate and report on the problems concerning. Brahmin leaders were elected as Presidents of district www.epratrust.com March 2015 Vol - 3 Issue- 3 191 EPRA International Journal of Economic and Business Review boards. On 1930 out of eight districts seven district Samyukta paksha merged with Mysore Pradesh board presidents were non-Brahmins.”16 The non- congress party and majority of the leaders of the Brahmin members of the representative Assembly backward classes joined to congress party. To sum demanded formulation of schemes for the overall up the emergence of the Backward Classes Movement development of the backward classes B.N. Guptha in the Princely State of Mysore, in early 20th century started the newspaper ‘Prajamatha’ from Madras, for the backward class movement was influenced both spreading the aims and objectives of the Prajapaksha. by the non-Brahmin movement of the Madras The formation of Praja Samyutha Paksha in presidency and by the conflict that erupted in the 1935 is also greatly encouraged the backward class princely State of Mysore between the Mysore movement in the Princely State of Mysore. H.K. Brahmins and the Madras Brahmins. Veerannagowda who was a prominent member of the The English education and the new party who later became the president of the Karnataka opportunities opened up during the early 20th century Congress highlighted in an article ‘Praja Paksha and led to the formation of the caste associations in the Brahmins’ their consistencies of the aims and actions princely State of Mysore. Several Backward Caste of the party. “He argued that it was not possible to members began get mobilized during the early 20th achieve responsible government by having both love century. They founded The Praja Mitra Mandali which of the country and love of the community and pleaded became the first political organization of the state that leaders of the party should strive for communal with the name Prajapaksha. The Backward Class harmony.”17 This appeal touched the head and heart movement and appointment of the Miller Committee of many leaders of praja paksha and prajamitra and its favorable report led to the mobilization of mandali. To make a more constructive approach to the masses on political lines which were in fact helpful politics and to serve as an effective opposition to to the national movement. The new leaders had much the autocratic government the prajapaksha and the wider political commitments. They were influenced prajamitra mandali were merged. Thus established by all India political events and Gandhian in January 1935 a new political party called praja satyagrahas and constructive programmes. In contrast samyuktha paksha or people’s federation. by their predecessors they were anti-British and The membership campaign of the praja demanded responsible government in the Princely samyukta paksha, a new party was open to all State of Mysore through Mysore chalo or palace communities including Brahmins. The striking Satyagraha. innovation of this new party was mobilization of rural The move demanding Mysore for Mysoreans support by organizing Ryots’ conference in every taluk started in 1910 with the Brahmin community of the state to hear and act upon agrarian grievances. demanding preferential treatment for entry into the 1 The first conference of the people’s Federation was administrative services of the state. To secure the held in Hassan under the president ship of Sri K.C. services of brilliant young men as recruits to the Reddy; H.B. Gundappa gowda played a dominant role administrative services. The Mysore Civil Service in organized this conference with the support of his examination was started in 1891. This examination Hassan young fellow supporters. During this time was open to all Indian citizens. This competitive several temple entry movements took place in system created some uneasiness among the people Mysore. In this year 1935 Mr. Sangappa, who was got of Mysore Mysore because during the Dewanship of B.A. degree and he belong to mocha community who Sir K. Sheshadri Iyer most of the higher services were was entering Belur temple with his fellowmen.”18 The filled by the recruits from Madras province. Most of members of the federation organized inter caster the administration was controlled by people belonging marriages and inter dinning. In the year 1937 October to Madras. The Infiltration of Madrasis and the open 16 Mysore People’s Federation merged with the competition for recruitment were vigorously opposed Mysore Congress. This merger completed the by several members of the Representative Assembly evolution of a nationalistic political party with wider under the leadership of Sri Vekatakrishnaiah. This base in Mysore State. resulted in bringing into the forefront a rift between Thus, the backward class movement was the Mysoreans and the non-Mysoreans. The agitators emerged as a new sprit in the Princely State of Mysore demanded that all appointments must go to the sons and influenced and the organization of National of the soil. Mysore for Mysoreans became their movement to a great extent. Ultimately the Praja slogan. This agitation provided the breeding ground for the backward class movement. www.epratrust.com March 2015 Vol - 3 Issue- 3 192 p - ISSN : 2349 - 0187 e - ISSN : 2347 - 9671 Prof. Nirmal Raj The formation of Caste Associations in the In the year 1916, the budget debate in Mysore princely state of Mysore caused to the conflict legislative council was rendered very lively by a between various castes and communities. I.e., the speech made by Mr H.Narasinga Rao, championing conflict between the Madras Brahmins and the the interests of the backward communities. He argued Mysorean Brahmins made a great impact on the Non- for scholarships for these communities in order to Brahmin communities. After the Mysore for make them more self-reliant. Almost all the backward Mysoreans agitation, Mysore Brahmins got the class representative Assembly members demanded monopoly of Mysore administration. English educational reforms.6 The growth of the caste education gave a fillip to the awakening of the people associations may be taken as an indication of and helped to build community associations. As a expanding primordial loyalties from1900 and result, a number of community associations came onwards, as can be seen from the table below. into existence in Mysore state. Year of No. of Community In Mysore the untouchables who constitute Registration Associations the largest community but due to ritual, economic, 1906-09 educational and also organizational factors they have 1915-19 until recently been politically irrelevant. The two 1920-22 3 dominant castes in Mysore have been the Vokkaligas 1923-25 2 and the Lingayats, the latter better educated ritually 1926-28 8 higher and organized, took lead in state politics.2 In 1929-31 18 the year 1906 some of the leading public spirited men 1932-34 9 of the community with the aim of ameliorating the 1935-37 5 conditions of the cultivation classes who constituted 1938-40 10 the backbone of the agriculture and industry of the 1941-43 12 state organized the Vokkaligara Sangha with the 1944-46 13 encouragement of the Dewan V.P.Madhava Rao. The A small number of professional19 men, Dewan’s address to the Representative Assembly on merchants, retired civil servants 35and land holders 19-10-1907, stated “The Vokkaligara Sangaha tried to began to organize associations to further the interests promote the material intellectual and moral interest of their communities. In 1909, C.R.Reddy, an ardent 3 of the great vokkaligar population”. In 1909 “the champion of the non-Brahmin movement in Madras Vokkaligara Patrike, a Kannada weekly organ of the was appointed Professor in Maharaja’s college in Vokkaligara Sangha, was started. This paper had a Mysore. His personal dynamism and reputation as a 4 long and uninterrupted life.” This weekly paper scholar made him very popular in the intellectual created a sense of awareness among the Vokkaligara circles and gained him easy access to the Royal Community. Following the lead given by Vokkaligara family of Mysore. He created new leaders from Sangha, other communities organized their own backward communities. “Mr. Reddy directed his non- associations. “The most significant among them were Brahmin campaign to get special treatment for non- the central Mahammaden Association which came Brahmins and gradually forged the leaders of into existence in 1908. The Mysore Lingayat Education Vokkaliga, Lingayat and Muslim communities into Fund Association in 1909, Arya vysya Mahasabha in formal political association. This campaign gained 1915 and the Indian Christian Association in 1920. momentum on 18th November 1917 when the non- Also the Adi-Dravida Abhivridhi Sangha in 1920, the Brahmins organized the state’s first Political meeting Jaina Education Fund Association in 1921 and the in Bangalore”8 called Praja Mitra Mandali. Kurubara Sangha in 1922 were founded. All these The founding of the Praja Mitra Mandali- the associations were striving hard to secure the first non-Brahmin party in Mysore- took place at about betterment of their respective communities in matters the same time as the Justice party in Madras. “In pertaining to administration, public service, social Mysore the castes most fit to replace the Brahmin and economic growth. Even the most backward and power monopoly were the Lingayats and the downtrodden people like untouchables put forth claim Vokkaligas” 9 The Praja Mitra Mandali was formed for social and economic uplift. Gradually leaders on 6th December 1917 with the leadership of M. emerged in their community. Basavaiah, Mahammed Kalami, H. Chennaiah, Mahammed jafar, M. Subbaiah, Mahammed Abbas www.epratrust.com March 2015 Vol - 3 Issue- 3 193 EPRA International Journal of Economic and Business Review Khan, A.V.Nanjundashetty, Moganna, Thimmaiah, emerged in the non-Brahmin movement, a leadership Mahammed, Banumaiah, M. Narayanaiah, which Dusking ‘Class of 02.”14 As she also emphasizes Dhanakotishetty, Nanjappa and others were the the emergence of this new leadership signified members of the Mandali”10 During the twenties the important changes in the political situation. non-Brahmins were a very loosely organized group, In 1929 the non-Brahmin conference of the primarily interested in patronage. As pointed out by leading men in the state brought into existence Praja Dusking the leaders of the Praja Mitra Mandali were Paksha. “D.S.Mallappa, H.B.Gundappa Gowda, B.N. “self-appointed spokesmen for their rural community Boranna gowda, V.Venkatappa, B.N.Guptha, H.C. fellows but appear to have been particularly active in Dasappa, D.H. Chandrashekaraiah, Rao Saheb asserting the interests of town dwellers like Chennaiah, Devegowda H. Siddaiah, and subbaiah themselves”.11 after the emergence of Mandali ‘The were the leading leaders of the Praja Paksha.”15 To star of Mysore’ was started by Yajaman say that during the early 1930s several leading Veerupakshaiah from Mysore for spreading the aims members of the Praja Paksha had developed networks and objectives of the Praja Mitra Mandali. of supporters within their home districts is not to The government became sympathetic to the say that the Praja Paksha itself had taken root in the aspirations of the backward section of the people district. “The first session of the Praja Paksha was and was trying to promote their educational and held at Channapatna under the president ship of D.S economic interests by way of reserving seats in school Mallappa. The second session of the Prajapaksha was and also by providing scholarships and hostel held at Mysore under the President ship of H. B. facilities to the backward and depressed communities Gundappa gowda. The members of the Prajapaksha make progress in this direction the other important tried to establish powerful local links by contesting measure was constitution of a committee consisting District Board Elections. The leading non-Brahmin of both Brahmin and non-Brahmin members under leaders were elected as Presidents of district boards. the chairmanship of Sir C. Miller, Chief Judge of the On 1930 out of eight districts seven district board Mysore High Court. Other members were Dewan presidents were non-Brahmins.”16 The non-Brahmin Bahadur C. Srikanteswara Iyer, Rao Bahadur members of the representative Assembly demanded M.Muthanna, Rao Bahadur.M.C, Rangaiyengar, and formulation of schemes for the overall development Rao Saheb H. Channaiah, Navab Gulam Ahmed Kalami of the backward classes B.N. Guptha started the and Mr. Basavayya”12 The Miller Committee was to newspaper ‘Prajamatha’ from Madras, for spreading investigate and report on the problems concerning. the aims and objectives of the Prajapaksha. (i) Any necessary changes in the existing rules H.K. Veerannagowda who was a prominent and recruitment tothe public services. member of the party who later became the president (ii) Special facilities to encourage high and of the Karnataka Congress highlighted in an article professional education Among the backward ‘Praja Paksha and Brahmins’ their consistencies of classes. the aims and actions of the party. “He argued that it (iii)Special measures to increase the was not possible to achieve responsible government representation of the backwardClasses in the by having both love of the country and love of the public services without materially affecting community and pleaded that leaders of the party efficient. should strive for communal harmony.”17 This appeal All the backward community leaders were to touched the head and heart of many leaders of praja met the Miller Committee and press their betterment. paksha and prajamitra mandali. To make a more The Miller Committee constituted in August 1918 constructive approach to politics and to serve as an submitted its report in July 1919. The members of effective opposition to the autocratic government te the committee were convinced of the necessity of prajapaksha and the prajamitra mandali were merged. special treatment to the backward classes in matters Thus established in January 1935 a new political party of public service and recommended spiral favors to called praja samyuktha paksha or people’s federation. the backward classes. Mysore was the first state to The membership of this new party was open appoint a committee to go in to the demands of the to all communities including Brahmins. The striking backward classes, the realization of which would break innovation of this new party was mobilization of rural the monopoly of a dominant minority in the support by organizing farmers and Conferences in intellectual field. “Around 1930 a new leadership every taluk of the state to hear and act upon agrarian www.epratrust.com March 2015 Vol - 3 Issue- 3 194 p - ISSN : 2349 - 0187 e - ISSN : 2347 - 9671 Prof. Nirmal Raj grievances. The first conference of the people’s REFERENCES Federation was held in Hassan under the president st ship of Sri K.C. Reddy; H.B. Gundappa gowda played 1. Native Newspapers Report-1834-1936, Sadhvi, Jan 1 1910 a dominant role in organized this conference with (Tamilnadu State Archieves Egmore, Chennai). the support of his Hassan young fellow supporters. 2. Ibid.., P.133 During this time several temple entry movements 3. Dewans Address to Representative Assembly MRA took place in Mysore. 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History of Freedom Movement Vol. 78. Madras Newspaper Classes Movement in Princely Mysore in early 20th Report And James Mannor-Political Change, in an Indian century, I must say that the Mysore movement was State, Mysore- 1917-1955, p.59. Manohar Publication. New influenced both by the non-Brahmin movement of Delhi, 1977. the Madras presidency and by the conflict that erupted 9. Bjorn Hettne-op.cit., p.143. in princely Mysore between the Mysore Brahmins 10. K. Veerathappa-Mysore Samsthanda Swathantrya and the Madras Brahmins. The English education and Chaluvali.p.7. Vijay Ravi prakashana- Bangalore. 1977 the new opportunities opened up during the early 11. Dushkin, L, .op. cit,.p.11 th 20 century led to the formation of the caste 12. Miller Committee Report, p. 1 and Dr. S. Chandrasekhar associations in princely Mysore. Several Backward Domentions of Socio Political change in Mysore 1918-40, p Caste members began get mobilized during the early 54 Ashish Publishing House, New Delhi, 1985. th 20 century. They founded the Praja Mitra Mandali 13. R. Ramakrishna, op. cit, p 49 which became the first political organization of the 14. Bjorn Hettne-op.cit., p.153. state with the name Prajapaksha. The Backward Class 15. R.V. Ravindranath-Dheemanta Raja Thantragna, K.C. Reddy, movement and appointment of the Miller Committee Pp.20-21. Raviprakashana, Kolar, 2002 and its favorable report led to the mobilization of 16. Dr. K.S. Mune Gowda, op.cit.. Pp.111-112 the masses on political lines which were in fact helpful 17. Dr. K.S. Mune Gowda, op.cit.. pp. 112 to the national movement. The new leaders had much 18. Mysore Legislative Assembly Proceedings 1935.pp.106-107 wider political commitments. They were influenced by all India political events and Gandhian satyagrahas and constructive programs and finally assimilated with Indian national congress party. In contrast by their predecessors they were anti-British and demanded responsible government.

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