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Estudio De La Comunidad De Arañas En Alcaucil Y Su Rol Como Bioindicadoras De Disturbios Ecológicos a Través De Su Susceptibilidad a Plaguicidas

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Estudio De La Comunidad De Arañas En Alcaucil Y Su Rol Como Bioindicadoras De Disturbios Ecológicos a Través De Su Susceptibilidad a Plaguicidas ESTUDIO DE LA COMUNIDAD DE ARAÑAS EN ALCAUCIL Y SU ROL COMO BIOINDICADORAS DE DISTURBIOS ECOLÓGICOS A TRAVÉS DE SU SUSCEPTIBILIDAD A PLAGUICIDAS Lic. Cecilia Sofía Gabellone Directores: Dra. González Alda Dra. Schneider Marcela Inés Universidad Nacional de La Plata Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo Tesis Doctoral – 2019 – La Plata Índice Cecilia S. Gabellone - 2019 ÍNDICE ÍNDICE ......................................................................................................................... I AGRADECIMIENTOS ................................................................................................... III RESUMEN .................................................................................................................. IV ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................... VIII CAPÍTULO 1 ................................................................................................................ 1 1. INTRODUCCIÓN .............................................................................................................. 1 1.2. Alcaucil: orígenes, variedades y características ................................................. 4 1.3. Biodiversidad de los sistemas agrícolas ............................................................. 7 1.4. Arañas .............................................................................................................. 10 1.5. Control químico de plagas: plaguicidas ........................................................... 11 1.6. Objetivos ........................................................................................................... 15 1.6.1. Objetivo general ........................................................................................ 15 1.6.2. Objetivos específicos ................................................................................. 15 1.7. Hipótesis ........................................................................................................... 16 1.8. Bibliografía ....................................................................................................... 17 CAPÍTULO 2 .............................................................................................................. 24 2. COMUNIDAD DE ARAÑAS ASOCIADAS AL CULTIVO DE ALCAUCIL ............................................... 24 2.1 Introducción ....................................................................................................... 24 2.2 Área de estudio.................................................................................................. 24 2.2.1 Características particulares de cada cultivo ............................................... 27 Cultivo de alcaucil de 1 año de edad (CA1) ..................................................... 27 Cultivo de alcaucil de 4 años de edad (CA4) .................................................... 28 2.3 Material y métodos ........................................................................................... 28 2.3.1 Diseño de Muestreo ................................................................................... 29 Método del aspirador (ASP) ............................................................................. 31 Trampas de caída (TRC) ................................................................................... 31 2.3.2 Actividades de laboratorio ......................................................................... 32 2.3.3 Análisis de datos ......................................................................................... 34 Análisis de diversidad alfa ................................................................................ 36 Métodos paramétricos ........................................................................... 37 Métodos no paramétricos ...................................................................... 38 Análisis de diversidad beta .............................................................................. 41 Análisis multivariante....................................................................................... 42 Estructura de gremios ...................................................................................... 43 2.4. Resultados ........................................................................................................ 45 2.4.1 Abundancia relativa estacional ............................................................... 49 2.4.2 Análisis de diversidad alfa ....................................................................... 49 I Índice Cecilia S. Gabellone - 2019 2.4.3 Analisis de diversidad beta ..................................................................... 62 2.4.4 Análisis multivariante ............................................................................. 64 2.4.5 Estructura de gremios ............................................................................. 70 2.4.6 Flora espontánea .................................................................................... 73 2.5. Discusión ........................................................................................................... 74 2.6. Bibliografía ....................................................................................................... 84 CAPÍTULO 3 .............................................................................................................. 93 3. EFECTOS ECOTOXICOLÓGICOS DEL INSECTICIDA IMIDACLOPRID EN MISUMENOPS MACULISSPARSUS 93 3.1 Introducción ....................................................................................................... 93 3.2 Material y métodos ........................................................................................... 93 3.2.1 Colecta a campo ......................................................................................... 93 3.2.2 Cría y mantenimiento de colonias en laboratorio ...................................... 95 3.2.3 Elección y Preparación de las arañas para el ensayo ................................. 96 3.2.4 Insecticida evaluado ................................................................................... 97 Preparación de soluciones insecticidas ........................................................... 97 3.2.5 Métodos de exposición del organismo diagnóstico al insecticida ............. 98 Vías de contaminación por ingestión .............................................................. 99 Vías de contaminación residual ..................................................................... 102 Vía de contaminación tópica por contacto .................................................... 104 3.2.6 Puntos finales de evaluación .................................................................... 105 3.2.6 Análisis estadístico .................................................................................... 107 3.3. Resultados ...................................................................................................... 109 3.3.1. Exposición por ingestión .......................................................................... 109 Ingestión a través del agua de beber en esponja .......................................... 109 Análisis de susceptibilidad entre estados de desarrollo ....................... 114 Ingestión a través del agua de beber por gota .............................................. 114 Ingestión a través de presa tratada ............................................................... 115 3.3.2. Exposición residual .................................................................................. 115 Exposición residual a través de papel de filtro seco ...................................... 115 Exposición residual a través de papel de filtro húmedo ................................ 117 3.3.3. Exposición tópica por contacto ............................................................... 118 Exposición tópica ........................................................................................... 118 3.3.4 Evaluación de afectación neurotóxica-recuperación ............................... 118 3.4. Discusión ......................................................................................................... 119 3.5. Bibliografía ..................................................................................................... 125 CAPÍTULO 4 ............................................................................................................ 131 4. CONCLUSIONES .......................................................................................................... 131 II Agradecimientos Cecilia S. Gabellone - 2019 Agradecimientos Al Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) por el otorgamiento de la beca y al Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (CEPAVE) por el lugar de trabajo como instituto y por el día a día a los integrantes. A la Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP) y a la Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo (FCNyM) por la posibilidad de realizar el doctorado. A mis directoras Tita y Marcela, por aceptarme como becaria, darme un espacio, apoyo, ayuda y enseñanza en estos cinco años. A mi familia, Julia, Salvador y en especial a mis padres, María Adela y Néstor, por su apoyo incondicional desde mi primer día de facultad hasta hoy. Siempre incondicionales y al pie del cañón. A Guido Borzi por la compañía, apoyo, ayuda y el día a día de todos los años. A la familia Durante por dejarme muestrear en sus cultivos durante dos años, la
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