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El Colegio De La Frontera Sur El Colegio de la Frontera Sur Diversidad de arañas del suelo en cuatro tipos de vegetación del Soconusco, Chiapas, México TESIS presentada como requisito parcial para optar al grado de Maestría en Ciencias en Recursos Naturales y Desarrollo Rural por David Chamé Vázquez 2015 DEDICATORIA A mi familia, de quien he aprendido a nunca rendirme, a levantarme una y otra vez no importando las veces que las dificultades nos hayan abatido y continuar en la persecución de nuestros sueños. "Once more into the fray Into the last good fight I'll ever know. Live and die on this day. Live and die on this day." GMSG Sin ti la vida sería una equivocación AGRADECIMIENTOS Al Consejo de Ciencia y Tecnología por la beca proporcionada para continuar con mis estudios de posgrado. Al Dr. Guillermo Ibarra por sus enseñanzas, perseverancia y apoyo durante toda la tesis. A la Dra. María Luisa Jiménez y al M en C. Héctor Montaño quienes contribuyeron en la dirección de la tesis y por sus atinados comentarios y sugerencias. A Gabriela Angulo, Eduardo Chamé, Héctor Montaño y Gloria M. Suárez por su ayuda en el trabajo de campo y laboratorio lo que permitió culminar esta tesis. Al M. en C. Juan Cisneros Hernández, Dra. Ariane Liliane Jeanne Dor Roques y Dra. Lislie Solís Montero por sus comentarios y sugerencias que ayudaron a mejorar el presente documento. Al M. en C. Francisco Javier Valle Mora por su asesoría estadística. A G. Angulo, K. Bernal, E.F. Campuzano, L. Gallegos, F. Gómez, S. D. Moreno y G. Sánchez por su desinteresada amistad y apoyo durante mi estancia en la colección. INDICE Página Introducción 1 Capítulo de artículo enviado 4 Conclusiones 48 Literatura citada 49 INTRODUCCIÓN La notable diversidad de ecosistemas y especies del estado de Chiapas es producto de su posición geográfica, amplitud latitudinal, complejidad fisiográfica e historia geológica (González-Espinosa y Ramírez-Marcial, 2013). La región Soconusco está ubicada en el sureste del Estado de Chiapas, comprende 15 municipios y es importante desde el punto de vista socioeconómico y en recursos naturales. La región es ambientalmente heterogénea, está compuesta principalmente de llanuras y sierras, con elevaciones de hasta 4,080 msnm, sus suelos de profundos a delgados, pueden ser salitrosos o con rocas de origen volcánico. Los climas son cálidos, semi-cálidos y templados, todos con lluvias abundantes en verano (Gobierno de Chiapas, 2011). Esta inmensa heterogeneidad ambiental permite la existencia de múltiples comunidades vegetales y el desarrollo de diversas actividades agropecuarias, como la producción de cacao, café, plátano, mango, caña de azúcar, maíz, palma de aceite, entre otros (Fernández-Bello, 2008). Las arañas son un componente importante de la diversidad biológica del Soconusco, por su riqueza de especies y su amplia distribución, tanto en los hábitats naturales como en los modificados por el ser humano. Las arañas como depredadores, son elementos comunes y de gran importancia en el equilibrio ecológico de poblaciones de invertebrados en los bosques tropicales (Coddington y Levi, 1991). En sentido amplio las arañas han tomado relevancia como organismos controladores de plagas en agroecosistemas (Riechert y Bishop, 1990; Ibarra, et al., 2001). En otras regiones del continente americano algunas especies de Ctenidae, Lycosidae y Sparassidae han 1 demostrado su utilidad y han sido utilizadas como organismos indicadores de disturbio humano (Bonaldo y Dias, 2010; Rego, Venticinque y Brescovit, 2005). A pesar de su importancia y utilidad en estudios ecológicos existen pocos trabajos que indaguen a las arañas del suelo. En México, los trabajos conocidos se han realizado en algunos ecosistemas naturales como en selva baja caducifolia (Nieto-Castañeda, 2000); en bosque de Pinus-Quercus (Medina, 2002), en humedales de Baja California (Nieto-Castañeda, 2004), en matorral desértico (Jiménez y Navarrete, 2010), en bosque mesófilo de montaña (Chamé-Vázquez, 2011), así como en agroecosistemas como cacaotales (Ruiz, 2004). En México sólo existe un trabajo sobre la diversidad de arañas en un paisaje fragmentado en el sureste del país. Pinkus-Rendón, León-Cortés e Ibarra-Núñez (2006) estudiaron las arañas de un paisaje compuesto por 18 tipos de hábitats, y observaron que la riqueza de especies y la densidad de las arañas difirieron entre hábitats, con los valores de riqueza más altos en hábitats prístinos. Además, señalaron a la cobertura del bosque y la forma de vida de las plantas como las variables más importantes que afectaron la diversidad de arañas de la vegetación, pero no se encontró ninguna correlación entre las arañas del suelo y las variables ambientales analizadas. A diferencia del trabajo anterior, otros estudios han destacado la influencia de otros factores relevantes en la distribución de las arañas del suelo. El tipo de hojarasca, el grado de cobertura arbórea, el tipo de vegetación y la humedad a nivel del suelo afectan al ensamble de arañas, de acuerdo a la temporada del año (Ziesche y Roth, 2008). Sereda y colaboradores (2012) observaron que la distribución de cuatro especies dominantes de 2 arañas, en un ambiente heterogéneo del suelo del bosque, estaba determinada por la cobertura de la hojarasca y cobertura de musgo. Entre otros factores determinantes también se han señalado: la proporción de área desprovista o cubierta con hojarasca, la cantidad de ramas o piedras, la forma de las hojas y profundidad de la hojarasca (Bultman y Uetz, 1982; Stevenson y Dindal, 1982; Uetz, 1975) y el tipo de suelo (Gasnier y Höfer, 2001). Dado que la diversidad y composición de los ensambles de arañas del suelo pueden depender de las características estructurales del suelo y de la vegetación, estudios en regiones donde el paisaje es muy heterogéneo podrían brindar información relevante sobre las variables de mayor importancia que intervienen en la integración de los ensambles de arañas. Por ello, en este estudio analizamos las diferencias en la diversidad y composición de los ensambles de arañas en cuatro tipos de vegetación en la región Soconusco. 3 CAPITULO DE ARTÍCULO ENVIADO Carta de recepción de la revista “Agricultural and Forest Entomology” para el artículo “Soil spiders diversity in four plant communities in the Soconusco region, Chiapas, Mexico.” 4 1 Title: Soil spiders diversity in four plant communities in the Soconusco region, Chiapas, 2 Mexico. 3 4 5 Authors’ names: David Chamé-Vázquez, Guillermo Ibarra-Núñez 6 7 8 Authors’ affiliations: El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR). Unidad Tapachula. 9 Carretera Antiguo Aeropuerto Km. 2.5, Tapachula, Chiapas 30700, México. 10 11 12 Contact information: Guillermo Ibarra-Núñez; [email protected]; tel (52) (962) 13 6289800 ext. 5420; Fax (52) (962) 6289800 ext. 5001 14 15 Runing title: Soil spiders diversity in four plant communities 16 17 Keywords: agroecosystem, Araneae, assemblage structure, seasonality, soil spider, 18 species diversity 19 5 20 Abstract: 21 1. Environmental heterogeneity is one of the most important factors that explain 22 patterns of species diversity and composition. 23 2. We characterized the structure of soil spider assemblages in a landscape 24 dominated by agroecosystems such as: coffee, cocoa, mango and a medium 25 evergreen forest. Spiders were sampled using pitfall traps and leaf litter samples 26 processed in Berlese funnels. 27 3. We found 139 morphospecies, 105 genera and 39 families. We found differences 28 in diversity among sites and seasons (wet and dry seasons). The coffee 29 agroecosystem had the lowest (q=0) diversity and the mango plantation had the 30 highest (q=1) diversity. Coffee plantation was the only site without differences 31 between seasons. Abundance differed between sites (cacao site had more 32 individuals than mango site) but not between seasons. Structure of the spider 33 assemblage in the coffee plantation had the lowest similarity to the other sites, 34 while cocoa and medium evergreen forest were the more similar sites. 35 4. We could not establish relationships among the environmental factors evaluated 36 in this study and the diversity patterns of spider assemblages. Further research is 37 required to advance our knowledge about the factors that influence how soil 38 spider communities are structured in complex tropical landscapes. 39 40 6 41 Introduction 42 Biodiversity is defined as the variety of living organisms on earth and implies three 43 traditional levels: intraspecific, interspecific and ecosystem diversity (Dirzo & Mendoza, 44 2008; Swingland, 2001). A historic, partial and descriptive measurement of the diversity 45 has typically been the number of species present of a site or habitat. However, the 46 simple task of count the number of species at a site requires a huge effort (Dirzo & 47 Mendoza, 2008; Swingland, 2001). 48 49 Anthropogenic activities such as natural resource exploitation and habitat modification or 50 destruction are the principal causes of biodiversity loss (Dirzo & Mendoza, 2008). These 51 activities may cause species extinction, including those species that have never been 52 discovered, named and without any knowledge of their function in the ecosystem 53 (Wennekes et al., 2012). In this context, the importance of conducting studies that 54 explain diversity patterns, spatial and seasonal variations has been emphasized, 55 particularly as there is no consensus on the theories that explain diversity gradients and 56 how communities are structured (Hsieh & Linsenmair, 2012; Wennekes et al., 2012). 57 58 Environmental heterogeneity is one of the most important factors that explain distribution 59 patterns of species diversity and this relationship can be either positive or negative 60 (Stein et al., 2014). Heterogeneity is defined as a non-random, unequal distribution of 61 the objects that can take many forms and combinations; therefore, the analysis of this 62 pattern is fundamental for the understanding of ecological processes and complex 63 systems functionality (Farina, 2006; Kolasa & Rollo, 1991). Environmental heterogeneity 7 64 is characteristic of a landscape mosaic, it exists at any scale and it is divided into three 65 categories: spatial, temporal and functional (Farina, 2006).
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