The Last Hindu Emperor: Prithviraj Chauhan and the Indian Past, 1200–2000 Cynthia Talbot Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-11856-0 - The Last Hindu Emperor: Prithviraj Chauhan and the Indian Past, 1200–2000 Cynthia Talbot Index More information

Index

Ā’īn-i Akbarī, 69, 71, 94, 98, 100, 103–4, 147, Chahamana, 17, 33, 35, 36n20, 41, 42, 91, 92, 163, 214 93, 123, 205n75. See also Chauhan; Abu al-Fazl, 69–70, 74, 93–5, 97–100, 121, Vigraharaja IV 143, 163, 183 Chalukya, 35n15, 35, 123, 169, 174 Advani, L. K., 16, 262 Chand Bardai Ahmad, Aziz, 70 as author of PrthvīrājRāso, 19, 150n11, _ Aibak, Qutb al-Din, 45, 46n64, 79, 87, 95 187, 211, 212, 214, 219, 220, 225, 233, Aitken, Molly, 159, 181, 190n27 237, 277, 280 Ajmer as vernacular poet, 281 as Prithviraj’s capital, 17–19, 73, 84, 201–2 attributed to, 205, 215 history of, 33, 81, 83–4, 84n52, 159 in PrthvīrājRāso, 2, 14, 57, 63–4, 112, 116– _ memorial park, 1–3, 16–21 17, 128, 130, 138 Akbar, 69, 71, 82, 84, 88, 99–100, 139, 157, in Purātana Prabandha Saṅgraha, 54, 59 163–4 Chandella, 39, 123, 205n75, 206 Alha epic, 39, 202–5, 215, 243 Chandra, Satish, 161, 221 Ali, Daud, 187 Chandra, Sudhir, 235n55, 243 Amar Singh II, Maharana, 146, 150, Charan, 20, 163, 224, 232 179–81 Charlemagne, 5, 7 Anooshahr, Ali, 98n106 Chatterjee, Kumkum, 214n114, 259 apsarā, 114–15, 126n45 Chatterjee, Partha, 6, 259 Ārā’ish-i Mahﬁl, 214 Chattopadhyaya, Brajadulal, 42, 92n84, 119 Arthur, King of Britain, 5 Chauhan, 15, 54, 68, 94, 100, 123, 165n61, Asiatic Society of Bengal, 148, 209–10, 213, 178, 232. See also Chahamana 216, 223, 229 Chishti, Mu’in al-Din, 84, 200–1. See also Suﬁ Assmann, Jan, 10–11, 273 hagiography Chittor, 90, 146, 153, 155, 157, 177 bakhar, 257–8 coins, 45n61, 97n102, 97 Bayly, C. A., 221 colonial knowledge, 49, 184–5, 187, 199, 216, Beames, John, 209, 210–11n92, 210–11, 212, 222, 258 214n115, 216, 231 Cubitt, Geoffrey, 8, 272n23 Bednar, Michael, 44, 95n93, 120, 176n111 Cunningham, Alexander, 79n31, 79, 80, Bengali, modern literature, 243–4 80n34, 96n96 Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), 2, 16–17, 262, Currie, P. M., 201 265 Bhim (Bholabhim), 108, 174, 176n113 Dalmia, Vasudha, 235n56, 236, 260 Bikaner, 100, 106, 133, 147, 283, 285–6 Das, Shyamsundar, 237, 239, 245 Birla Mandir, 250 Davis, Richard H., 23 Bora, Rajmal, 148n4, 238n71, 280, 284, Delhi 285 as political symbol, 82 Brajbhasha, 61, 139, 150, 163, 212 as Prithviraj’s capital, 20, 70–1, 85n57, 90, Bühler, Georg, 229 94, 95, 104, 140, 202, 253, 264–5, 265 Busch, Allison, 105, 119n23, 135n77, 158n33, (see also Qila Rai Pithora: Qutb Minar 281n24 complex) 312

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Index 313

history of, 81–2, 91 Hindi king in Indo-Persian histories, 86, 88 language, 208–9, 212, 236, 239 Delhi Sultanate, 1, 44, 49–50, 81–2, 92 modern literature, 211, 244–5 94 See also PrthvīrājkīĀṅkheṁ; Prthvīrāj _ _ Deshpande, Prachi, 247n100, 257–8, 259 Rāso: modern retellings; Vīrpatnī vā Rānī Deyell, John S., 97 Samyogitā _ Dharti ka Veer Yodha Prithviraj Chauhan, Hindu identity, 222, 234, 236, 244 266, 268 Hindu nationalism, 2, 234, 241, 244, 247, 249, Digby, Simon, 84 267 Dodson, Michael, 236 Hindu-Muslim relations, 24, 29–31, 70, 88–9, 258 Dwivedi, Hazariprasad, 279, 282 historical consciousness, 6, 12, 85, 148, 226 historical method, modern, 227–8, 240 East India Company, 15, 198, 208–9 historiography, modern, 258–9, 275 Eaton, Richard M., 23n62, 106 Hoernle, A. F. Rudolf, 211n96, 216n122, 231n39, 237 Firishta, 49, 87 Hooja, Rima, 221 Flood, Finbarr B., 30n4, 31, 79n29, 97n104, 102, 266n11 Iltutmish,Shamsal-Din,46n64,79,81,95,97n104 Freitag, Jason, 196n46, 198, 236n60 Indo-Persian historiography, 3n10, 44, 49, 67, 85, 88, 95, 98, 183, 226, 233, 236. gāndharva. See marriage: gāndharva See also Ā’īn-i Akbarī; Firishta; Tabaqāt-i Ganguly, D. C., 220 Nāsirī; Tāj al-Ma’āsir; Tārīkh-i _ Ghaznavid, 35–6, 36n20, 43 Mubārakshāhī Ghurid, 36–7, 81, 168 inscription(s) Gobind Rai, lord of Delhi, 86–7. See also as historical source, 226–7 Delhi: king in Indo-Persian histories Chahamana, 37–9, 43, 45n60, 74, 90, 91 Goswami, Manomohan, 247, 269 Delhi/Delhi Sultanate, 79, 92, 96n100, 97n104 Growse, F. S., 210n89, 210–11, 212, 213, Mewar, 156, 161, 181 231 on Prithviraj image, 1–3, 17, 252, 265 Guga Chauhan, 202 Iron Pillar, 20, 74n14, 77–80, 79n29, 255 Guha, Sumit, 176n111, 265n10 Gupta, Gangaprasad, 246–7, 269 Jackson, Peter, 46n64, 48, 120 Gupta, Mataprasad, 279–80, 283–4 Jagat Singh I, Maharana, 150n10, 150, 158, Gyanchandra, 186, 192n35, 192 159, 160n42 Jagmohan (Malhotra), 263 Halbwachs, Maurice, 9–10, 72 Jain, 39, 51–2, 54–5, 80–1, 91, 163, 177, 283, 286 Hallisey, Charles, 198 Jaychand Hammīra Mahākāvya, 45n60, 52–3, 54, characterization of, 25, 267 55–6, 85 history, 110, 124 Hansen, Kathryn, 243 in non-Rāso story, 56, 73n10, 102–3, 204, Hara, Minoru, 130 207n80 Hardy, Peter, 49 Rāso episodes, 107–8, 111–12, 115–17, Harishchandra, 222, 234, 235n54, 236n62, 130–1, 169, 172 245 Jinavijaya, Muni, 278n10, 278, 279, 280 Hawley, Jack, 161n43 Joffee, Jennifer, 158–9 Hem Chander Bhargava press, 253n119, 253, Juzjani, Minhaj Siraj, 46, 82 255 heroic ethos Kachhwaha, 101, 105, 124, 155n23, 165, 170, bride as trophy of war, 129–32 182, 285 death in battle, 125–8, 156, 174 Kanauj fame, 128 history of, 33, 110 in Kanauj episode, 109 PrthvīrājRāso episode, 14, 107, 111–18, _ moustache, 175 137, 269–70, 285, 290 See also Rajput: identity/status; Rajyashri; version of Alha epic, 203, 207n80 svāmi-dharma See also heroic ethos: in Kanauj episode; Hiltebeitel, Alf, 141 Jaychand

314 Index

Kanha Chauhan, 123, 154, 170, 175, 181 Muhammad Ghuri Kānhadade Prabandha, 50n75, 55n89 characterization of, 2n6, 30, 40, 52, 53, 60, _ Kaymas/Kadambavasa/Kaimbasa, 40–1, 53–4, 92, 102, 166–7, 258, 268 56–9, 125, 137, 153, 155, 170, 267, 279 history of, 1, 35–6, 45–6 Kharataragaccha-pattāvalī, 39, 50n75, 91n78 in Indo-Persian histories, 29, 44–5, 47–8, __ King, Christopher R., 236 78n27, 86, 94, 133 Kolff, Dirk H. A., 120–1, 142 Rāso episodes, 14, 111, 169–70, 179 kshatriya status, 121, 129–32, 158 Mukherjee, Meenakshi, 243n85, 246 Kumar, Sunil, 43, 95n92 Muslims, attitudes toward, 24, 40–3, 52, 92n84, 165–6, 168–9, 171, 179n120, 218, Laine, James W., 23 246, 252, 258, 268 Losty, J. P., 158 See also Hindu identity; Hindu-Muslim Lothspeich, Pamela, 243, 243n83 relations; Muhammad Ghuri: characterization of Mahābhārata, 71, 98, 129, 132, 137–40, 162, 243 Nagaripracharini Sabha, 148, 237, 239, 288 MahārājPrthvīrājJīvan Caritra, 253–6 Nainsi, Mumhata, 119, 163, 173–4 _ Mahoba, 39, 202, 204. See also Alha epic Nora, Pierre, 3–4, 9, 72 Mahobā Samay, 187, 205n77, 205–6, 215 Novetzke, Christian, 23n63 Mantena, Rama, 217 marriage Ojha, Gaurishankar Hirachand, 238, 248 gāndharva, 132–4 Orsini, Francesca, 88n69, 223n9, 235n60, 250 Krishna and Rukmini, 133, 135 of Pritha, 153–5 Padmavati, 131n62, 133, 134, 210, 290 Prithviraj, 130–1, 132n65, 133, 135, 136, Pandya, Mohanlal Vishnulal 141, 249 (see also Prithviraj: wives) historical method, 230–1, 234 rāksasa, 129–31, 134, 136–7 life of, 231–2, 239, 243, 288 _ See also Rajyashri; Rajput: marriage on PrthvīrājRāso, 215, 230, 237 _ Mayaram, Shail, 198n56, 202n66, 218, 258 on Shyamaldas, 219–20, 232–3 McCarter, Elliott, 66n122 See also PrthvīrājRāso: historicity _ McGregor, R. S., 281, 283 Pāsanāha-cariu, 80, 81n38 _ memory, collective/cultural/social, 3–12, 20, Pauwels, Heidi, 133n70, 136n79 68, 72, 93, 108, 149, 185–6, 199, 240–1, Peabody, Norbert, 190n30, 196 249, 270–4 Petievich, Carla, 70n3 See also Assmann, Jan; Cubitt, Gregory; Pinch, William, 165n61, 176n115 Halbwachs, Maurice; Nora, Pierre Pinney, Christopher, 253, 256 Menariya, Motilal, 231n42, 232, 277, 279, 282 Pollock, Sheldon, 30n5, 41–2, 43, 62, 139 Mers, 201 prabandha, 51, 55 Mewar Prabandha Cintāmani, 39n30, 51–2, 54, 55 _ art & architecture, 157–8 Price, William, 208, 213, 218 historical literature, 150, 162–3, 165–6(see Pritchett, Frances, 58 also Rājapraśasti; Rājaratnākara; Pritha, 147, 233 See also marriage: of Pritha Rājvilās) Prithviraj history, 157, 161, 176, 182 as archer, 2, 19, 53, 57–9, 190, 255–6, kingdom, 120, 146, 233 268 See also Amar Singh II, Maharana; Jagat as last Hindu emperor, 3, 16–17, 21, 45, 183, Singh I, Maharana; Raj Singh, Maharana; 217 Sajjan Singh, Maharana; Samar Singh; as nationalist hero, 1, 21, 242, 249, 252, 262 Sisodiya dynasty; Tod, James: on Mewar blinding of, 57, 59–60, 102–3, 167–8, 187 Mishra, Baldevprasad, 236n60, 244–50 history of, 38–9, 67 Mohansimha, Kavirav, 288 manner of death, 2–3, 49, 52–4, 247–8 Mughal court modern characterization, 249, 265, 267 composite culture, 70, 98–9, 101, 104–5, 165 oral traditions, 201–3, 207 interest in history, 71, 143, 163 scholarship on, 22 See also Ā’īn-i Akbarī; Abu al-Fazl; Akbar visual image of, 181, 190, 223, 250–5, 263

Index 315

wives, 152 literature, 105–6, 119, 119n23, 163, 164 See also Ajmer: as Prithviraj’s capital; Delhi: marriage, 136, 151, 155 as Prithviraj’s capital; heroic ethos: bride See also Chauhan; heroic ethos; Kacchwaha; as trophy of war; marriage: Prithviraj Rathor; Sisodiya dynasty Prithviraj Chauhan (comic book), 266, 268–9 Rajsamand, 158–60 PrthvīrājkīĀṅkheṁ, 249 Rājvilās, 150–1, 162n48, 163 _ PrthvīrājRāso Rajyashri, 134–5, 135n77 _ as regional epic, 108–9, 139–44, 205 rāksasa. See marriage: rāksasa _ _ 207 Rathor, 100, 106, 124, 133, 147, 163, 172, 182 circulation of, 61–3, 143, 147, 185, 189, Romanticism, 188 204, 213–14, 239, 250, 289 Rudolph, Lloyd I., 196n45, 197, 227n23 dating, 64–6, 220–1, 227, 237–9, 277–82 Rudolph, Susanne Hoeber, 196n45, 197 development of, 60–1 Dharanojwali manuscript, 65, 118n19, 283, Sajjan Singh, Maharana, 227, 235 284, 285 sāmant, 112 historicity, 185, 188, 194, 207, 219–23, as group, 108, 112, 115–16, 118–19, 136, 225–34, 237–9, 248, 257, 277 143, 155, 168, 170–1, 249, 270 in Hindi literature, 185, 208, 211–12, 218 individual, 122–5, 153, 155, 170, 172 manuscripts, 66n122, 66, 100, 138, 142, 146, Samar Singh, 135, 147, 151–7, 171, 178, 227, 148, 150, 189, 210, 213, 214–15n115, 214– 230, 232–3, 249 15, 215, 215n119, 283, 285–6, 286–7, 286 SamrātPrthvīrāj Cauhān, 266–8 _ _ modern retellings, 242, 244–50, 248n103, Samyogita, 14, 20, 40, 57, 112–14, 117, 130, 132, 249 132n63, 137, 187n11, 207n80, 246, 269 recensions, 63, 100, 111, 148–9, 151–2, Saran, Richard, 172n87, 173n98, 174 168–9, 171, 178–9, 282–8 Schulz, Suzanne, 262n2 synopsis, 13–14, 117 Sengupta, Indra, 187 translation from, 56–8, 75–6, 107, 113–16, Sharma, Dasharatha, 3n7, 40, 220, 221, 118, 126–7, 146, 153–5 238n71, 278 See also Chand Bardai; heroic ethos: in Sharma, Sunil, 89 Kanauj episode; Jaychand: Rāso episodes; Shihab al-Din Muhammad bin Sam. See Kanauj: PrthvīrājRāso episode; Kanha Muhammad Ghuri _ Chauhan; Kaymas/Kadambavasa/ Shrinathji, 160 Kaimbasa; Mahobā Samay; Muhammad Shukla, Ramchandra, 238 Ghuri: Rāso episodes; Padmavati; sāmant; Shyamaldas, Kaviraj Samar Singh life of, 222–3, 227–9, 238, 240 Prthvīrāja Vijaya,29–30, 35, 37n22, 37, 39– on James Tod, 230 _ 43, 43, 67, 74, 229 on PrthvīrājRāso, 220, 225–6, 241 _ Purātana Prabandha Saṅgraha,53–6, 59–60, other’s assessment of, 237, 257 85n57, 278–80 Singh, Namwar, 64, 279–80, 283, 285 Sisodiya dynasty, 147, 151, 158, 161, 164, Qila Rai Pithora 166, 176, 178n118, 179, 189. See also new park, 97, 262–5 Amar Singh II, Maharana; Jagat Singh I, Qutb Minar complex, 95–7 Maharana; Raj Singh, Maharana; Sajjan Qutb Minar/Mosque complex, 77–80, 95, 255, Singh, Maharana 264n8 Spiegel, Gabrielle, 7–8 Sreenivasan, Ramya, 24, 134n75, 157n31, Raj Singh, Maharana, 150, 158–61, 165 174n102, 177, 179, 243 Rājapraśasti, 151, 161, 162n48, 163 statue of Prithviraj Chauhan. See Ajmer: Rājaratnākara, 165 memorial park; Birla Mandir; Prithviraj: rājasūya, 14, 107–8, 112, 137 visual image of; Qila Rai Pithora: new park Rājāvalī, 214 Suﬁ hagiography, 183, 200–1, 207. See also Rajput Chishti, Mu’in al-Din clans, 122–5 Surjan Hada, 99, 147 identity/status, 33, 109, 119–22, 142, 144, Surjanacarita, 68, 72, 99, 102, 147 150, 164, 170, 218, 272 svāmi-dharma, 171–7, 179

316 Index

svayamvara, 14, 20, 112, 129, 132, 134n76, Tripathi, Vaidyanath, 248 _ 134, 136, 137, 269 Tripathi, Vishvanath, 248 Swami, Narottamdas, 64, 148n4, 151, 156n29, 278n7, 279, 280, 281, 281n27, 286, 287 Udaipur, 157, 186, 189, 235 Upadhyay, Jayantiprasad, 248 Tabaqāt-i Nāsirī, 2n5, 43, 46–9, 81, 86, 91, 226 _ Tāj al-Ma’āsir, 2n5, 29, 30, 43, 44–6, 46n63, Varma, Ramkumar, 249 110n6 Veer Yodha Prithviraj Chauhan, 266–7 Tarain, battles of, 2n5, 37, 43, 44n58, 44–5, vernacular language 47–9, 81, 86, 267 modern literature, 235 (see also Hindi: Tārīkh-i Mubārakshāhī, 3n10, 48, 86, 87 modern literature) Thapar, Romila, 8–9, 23 precolonial, 162–3, 184–5 Tivari, Jagdishprasad, 248 scholarship, 207, 221, 236, 241, 244, 248, Tod, James 257, 259–60 inﬂuence, 15–16, 184, 216–18, 222, 230, 240 Vigraharaja IV, 17, 37–8, 79n29, 90, 91 life, 15, 189–92, 192n35 Vijayanagara, 77, 83 modern reception, 235, 237, 243–6 Vīrpatnī vā Rānī Samyogitā, 246 _ on Mewar, 197–8 Vīrvinod, 228n26, 238 on Prithviraj, 15, 183, 187–8 Vyas, Narottam, 248 on PrthvīrājRāso, 122, 138, 142, 146, 148, _ 183–4, 186–9, 194–5, 198, 213, 217 Wagoner, Phillip B., 23n62, 23n64, 83, 89, on Rajputs, 122, 125, 173, 194–7, 199, 242 106 on Samar Singh, 192–4 Warangal, 77, 89 See also Prithviraj: as last Hindu emperor White, David Gordon, 127n47 Tomar Wink, André, 35n18, 48 Anangpal, 13, 74–6, 76n22, 79, 80, 94, 96n99, 187, 255 Ziegler, Norman, 155, 163, 171, 174 dynasty, 76, 91–2, 94, 97, 123, 139