Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-84646-2 - An Introduction to Karyn L. Lai Index More information

Index

alchemy 5, 15, 203 Bianzhe 5, 6, 9, 112–113, 114–123, 136–139 Analects of Confucius (Lunyu) 19–21, 45 practical concerns 15 contemporary applications of 20, 51 Bingfa (Art of War) 15 analysis, method of (see also synthesis) Book of History (Shu Jing) 21 16, 31 Book of Lord Shang 176–178 arbitrariness Book of Odes (Shi Jing) 21, 200 a concern in later Mohist philosophy 127 Buddhism 1–2 of distinctions, in Daoist philosophy 103 Chan 261–267 of names, in 149–150 Chinese 1, 267–268 argument 66 Consciousness-only 253–255 suggestive imagery 16–17, 72 Flower Garland 257–261 argument by analogy 60 introduction into China 235, 244–250 115 Pure Land 251 later Mohist philosophy 127, 129–130 Three Treatise 251–253 argument by appeal to authority, rejected Tian Tai 255–257 in later Mohist philosophy 138 Buddhist philosophy 236–243 argument by method of inference, in later action (karma) 241–242 Mohist philosophy 129–130, 133 and Daoist philosophy 244 argumentation apologetic texts 246–247 Chinese philosophy 15–17 bodhisattva 243 later Mohist philosophy 113 Brahmanic infl uences 241 Mohist philosophy 69 concept matching (geyi) 245–246 role of language (see also Daoist concept of existence 239, 241 philosophy, role of language) 56 craving 237–238 Baijia zhi xue (Hundred Schools eightfold noble path 238, 241 of Learning) 3, 8 enlightenment 250, 257, 261, 263–264, Ban Biao 204 265–266 Ban Gu 211–212 extra-sensory perception 237, 240 basic disposition (zhi) 27 extra-sensory phenomena 236 bian (discrimination) fourfold noble truth 237–238 later Mohist philosophy 126 Hinayanist infl uences 243, 250, 258 Mohist philosophy 67, 68 ignorance 237 Zhuangzi 149, 154 interdependence (see also causality) bian (disputation) 9 259–261 Bianzhe 112, 125–128, 136 Jainist infl uences 236, 241 56, 68 Mahayanist tradition 243, 250, 256, 257 300

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-84646-2 - An Introduction to Chinese Philosophy Karyn L. Lai Index More information

Index 301

meditation 237, 253, 261 Confucian paradigmatic person (junzi) middle-path approaches 240, 249, 19, 23, 49–51 254–255, 256, 268 independent of contemporary norms Nirvana 242 49–50 paradigmatic person (arahant) 238 Confucian philosophy paradoxes in Chan (gongan) 266–267 contexts of social engagement 31 rebirth (samsara) 236, 242 cultivation of skills 15, 24, 49–51 suffering 237 education 35 Theravadin tradition 243, 250 family relationships 8, 21, 23, 24 translation into Chinese 244–246 loyalty 9, 21, 24 Upanisadic infl uences 236, 239, 240 meritocracy 45 yoga practices 253, 255 music 28, 49 refi nement (wen) 27 causality refl ection (si) 41, 50 Buddhist philosophy 239–241, 242 shame 51 Chinese philosophy 276 zhong (commitment, being one’s best) 23 later Mohist philosophy 131–132 Confucianism, Han 2, 212 Zhuangzi 167 Confucians, as traditionalists (see also Ru) change (see also Yijing) 10–11, 223 19 anticipation of 11, 224–226, 228 Confucius 1, 19, 35 constant and ceaseless 223, 230 consciousness, in Buddhist philosophy 236, inevitability of 14, 78, 89 241–242, 253–255, 264 Chinese philosophy 1–17, 272–276 context (environment) and intellectual history 16, 136, 204 importance of 6, 12, 213 characteristics 4–17 place of humanity 8 contemporary signifi cance 273 convention (see also Daoist philosophy, development of 1, 55 against convention) 5, 97, 103, 108 empirical character 12, 128 and language use 111 human nature 37 correlative thinking (see also ) 10, interpretive approach 14, 220–223 212–228 cosmological thinking (see also Yijing) 7, refl ective enquiry 17, 220, 273 210–211 Civil Service Examinations 5, 35, 193 collectivist focus, Confucian philosophy dao 13, 93 (see also individualist and collectivist, all-embracing 9, 216 and Mohist philosophy) 32, 48 and de 85–89 complementation (see also opposites) 13 as power 85–86 Confucian and Mohist (Ru-Mo) debates chang dao (unchanging, absolute dao) 7, 8–9, 55–56, 60–69, 125, 145–146 74–75 Confucian government 7 ineffability 74–75, 102 accountability 47–49 intuitive grasp of 5, 104 attention to socio-political likened to uncarved wood 75, 103 infrastructure 47 method 94 commitment to people 47 nameless 74–75 cultivated person as practitioner of origin 75, 76 good government 5, 35, 47–49 principle 76

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-84646-2 - An Introduction to Chinese Philosophy Karyn L. Lai Index More information

Index302

dao (cont.) Dong Zhongshu 206 teaching 94 dualism (see also opposites) 13 way (path) 71–72, 93–94 Zhuangzi 160 ecology, ecological thinking 31 Dao-de School 4 environment (see context) Daodejing (or Dao De Jing) 7, 71–72, 73, 102 natural, in Daoist philosophy as a primitivist tract 97, 100 79–80, 86, 104 discussed by 184 epistemological questions, in Zhuangzi’s Guodian version 71 philosophy 145–152, 166 Mawangdui version 71 epistemology Daoism Daoist philosophy 104 philosophical 5 later Mohist philosophy 128 religious 5 ethical scepticism, in Zhuangzi’s Daoist philosophy 9 philosophy 155–156 against anthropocentricism 9, 78 ethics Chinese philosophy 5–6, 273–275 against convention 72, 95, 98, 99, 103, Confucian philosophy 31 105, 156, 158, 163 Zhuangzi (see also Ziran and Wuwei) complementation 13 166–167 disagreement with Confucian philosophy 95–97 (penal law), in Legalist philosophy 40, individual in contextual environment 88 175–178 infant metaphor 104 fa (standard) 9, 174–175 overturning existing norms/convention Legalist philosophy 176–177, 184 5, 81, 83, 105, 156 Mohist philosophy 63–69, 111, 127 responsiveness 108 fa san fa, three standards (see Mohist reversion (fan) 81 philosophy) role of language 95–97 Fa Zang 257–261 role of language in instilling attitudes feminine, in Daoist philosophy 104 96–97 feminist ethic of care 31 simplicity (pu) 102, 104 fi lial piety (xiao) 24 submissiveness 105 Five Classics (Wu Jing) of Confucianism 200, telos 103 206–207 vacuity 101 Four Books (Si Shu) of Confucianism 36, 212 withdrawal from life 97–98 Daojia (dao school, or dao doctrine) 73 Ganying (mutual resonance) 10, 13–14, Daojiao (dao religion) 73 83–84, 218–219 de Gaozi 37 power, integrity 84–87, 554 giant bird (peng) and the cicada, in virtue 51, 84–85 Zhuangzi 146–147 114 Gongsun Longzi 114 litigation 114 40, 43, 118–123, 136, 142 Dialecticians (see Bianzhe) metaphysics 118–122 dichotomy, dissolution of 82 universals 121 diversity (see plurality) White Horse debate 118–123 divination (see Yijing) growth and birth, sheng 75

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-84646-2 - An Introduction to Chinese Philosophy Karyn L. Lai Index More information

Index 303

Guan Zhong 162, 172, 175 inner–outer (nei–wai) debate 27 145, 162 interdependent self 8, 10, 49 Confucian philosophy 32, 49 Han Fei 172, 173, 174, 184–186 Daoist philosophy 107 Han Fei Zi (or Han Fei Tzu) 174 Han thought 203 Ji Zang 252–253 Happy Fish Debate, in Zhuangzi 152–154 Jianai (see Mohist philosophy) harmony 8–10 Jixia 16, 40 and change 11 Junzi (see Confucian paradigmatic person) Daoist philosophy 9 health 210–211, 217, 221–222, 229 know-how heart–mind (see xin) later Mohist philosophy 129 heaven (tian) 7 Zhuangzi 153, 157 Mohist philosophy 58, 65 knowledge heaven and earth 209, 215–216 Buddhist philosophy 237–238 Daoist philosophy 76, 78 Daoist philosophy 102–103, 167–168 heaven and humanity later Mohist philosophy 113, 128–129, 133 Confucianism 45–47 Legalist philosophy 194 Daoist philosophy 100 Mohist philosophy 68 Mencius 37, 38–39 skill of an intuitive nature (knack), in 47 Zhuangzi 154, 157–159, 161, 163–164 Yang Zhu 46 knowledge, objects of (in later Mohist Zhongyong 45 philosophy) 128–129 heaven, earth and humanity Kumarajiva (Jiumoluoshi) 249, 251 Confucian philosophy 7, 13, 206, 214–215 Daoist philosophy 13 language 275–276 Yijing 202 language and reality holistic perspective 10, 12–13, 214–215 later Mohist philosophy 111, 136–137 Hu Shih 125 Zhuangzi 148–149, 159, 166 145, 164, 208, 209–210 Lao-Zhuang philosophy 142 Huangdi Neijing 211 Laozi 72, 73 Huang-Lao philosophy (see also Legalist later Mohist Canons 123–125 philosophy) 144, 173, 181–182, 205–206 later Mohist philosophy (see also Hui Neng 262–266 argument by appeal to authority and Hui Shi 114, 115–118, 127, 136 argument by method of inference) in debate with Zhuangzi 152–154 113, 123–139 paradoxes 115–118 compound names 129–131 human nature ke-buke (admissible, not admissible) 126 Confucian philosophy (see also Mencius, lei (a particular kind) 127–128 Xunzi) 36 necessity (bi) 132–133 Confucian–Legalist debates 186–187 ran-buran (so, not-so) 126 impartial adjudicator (privileged observer), role of explanation (shuo) 128 criticised in Zhuangzi 146, 147 shi-fei (this, not-this) 126, 134 individual and whole 8, 88 tong-yi (same, different) 126–127 individualist and collectivist 7–8, 104 universal concern (jianai) 130, 134–136

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-84646-2 - An Introduction to Chinese Philosophy Karyn L. Lai Index More information

Index304

leadership and music 26 Confucianism 5 and relationships 26 Daoist philosophy 93–94 and ren (see ren and li) learning as conduit for feeling 29 and morality 5 concrete instantiation 25 Confucian philosophy (see also self normative codes of conduct 25 religious ritual 25 cultivation) 4 Liezi 5, 73 Daoist philosophy 102–105 Lunyu (see Analects) from experiences 21 Lüshi Chunqiu 208–209 Legalist philosophy 194 Legalist (fa) doctrine (see also Legalist measurement philosophy) 4, 172 astronomer’s gnomon (post) 68 Legalist philosophy 9, 172–196 carpenter’s square 68 against (Confucian) benevolent of happiness, in later Mohist philosophy government 172, 188–192 135 and Daoist philosophy 102, 181–182 wheelwright’s compass 68 relativity of, in Hui Shi 116, 117, 127, antagonism between state and people 152–154 188–189, 193 Mencius 45 concept of dao 182 Mencius (see also Xin) 35 concept of wuwei 165, 173, 180–181 child about to fall into well example 39, concern about population (numbers) 177, 40 180, 188 extension of human fellow-feeling (tui) control of people 9, 175, 177, 193 60–61 establishing a political system 178–181 goodness as innate disposition 39 fi xing names (xing ming) 179–180 goodness as the possession of a fi xing standards (dingfa) 177, 180 capacity 39 human nature and development human nature 36–40 186–189, 195–196 intrinsic goodness 37 political strategy or technique (shu) 15, theory of compassionate government 178–181 (ren zheng) 36, 40 power of ruler (shi) 9, 179, 182–184 transcendent basis for human goodness punishment (xing) 175 37 universal goodness 37, 39 punishment and reward 177 Mencius and Xunzi ruler’s control of bureaucracy 189–193 disagreements 41 secrecy of political technique 193–194 human perfectibility 44–45 the Five Vermin 185–186 Mingjia, Ming school (see also names) 4, li (benefi t) 112–139 later Mohist philosophy 134, 135 Mo (Mohist) school 4 Mohist philosophy 57 Mohist philosophy 55–69 Yijing 227 against partiality 8, 59 li (propriety) 25–27, 29, 31 altruism 8–9 aesthetic dimension of 26 arguments against belief in fate 58 and fa 26, 43 arguments against music 58

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-84646-2 - An Introduction to Chinese Philosophy Karyn L. Lai Index More information

Index 305

economy 57–58 plurality impartiality 60–63 Daoism 9–10 jianai (utility) 55, 57, 59–63, 66–67 later Mohist philosophy 133–134, maximising collective good 55 137 three standards (san fa) 56, 65 Zhuangzi 147–148, 150–152, 154, moral sensitivity 108 167, 275 morality rejection of, in Mohist philosophy 57 Confucian philosophy 35 practical orientation, of Chinese focus on situational elements 5 philosophy (focus on effi cacy) 2, 5–6, idea of good 6 11, 14–15, 227–228 Mohist philosophy 68 practical wisdom, in Confucian philosophy Mozi 56–59 24, 31, 50 Mozi (see also Mohist philosophy) 40 multiplicity (see plurality) qi (see also Yijing) 76, 210–211 Zhuangzi 160, 162–163

name reality and reality, in Bianzhe discussions 9, 112 Buddhist philosophy 256 and referent 116 dao 71–72, 74–80 and things (ming-shi), in later Mohist underlying, in Hui Shi 117 philosophy 128, 136 reciprocity, mutuality (shu) 23 names (see also philosophy of language) 43 rectifi cation of names (Zhengming) Zhuangzi 142 (see also Xunzi) 111 necessary and suffi cient conditions, in refl ective thinking later Mohist philosophy 132 Analects 17, 21 nei–wai (see inner–outer) Daodejing 104 Neo-Confucianism 2, 229 Zhuangzi 17 non being (see wu) relational proximity (fen), in later Mohist normative ethics, contrast with Daoist philosophy 135 approach 108 relationships (see also interdependent self) normative principles or standards 6, Chinese philosophy 8 20, 77 Confucian philosophy 32, 48 constitutive of identity 24, 48, 88 observation Daoist philosophy 7, 107 Chinese philosophy 12, 213–214, 276 ren 21–25 Confucianism 50 as ethical wisdom 24–25 Daoist philosophy 104 as love 22 later Mohist philosophy 131 identifi ed with Christian love 22 one thread (yiguan), of Confucius 23 in Mohist philosophy 61–63 opposites as complements, in Daoist special relationships 23–24 philosophy 13, 81–84 the golden rule 22–23 the silver rule 23 partiality (see Mohist philosophy) ren and li 27–32 philosophy of language analogous to language competence 30 Gongsun Long 118–123 in contemporary debates 30–32 later Mohist philosophy 129–131, 136, 137 interdependent concepts 30

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-84646-2 - An Introduction to Chinese Philosophy Karyn L. Lai Index More information

Index306

Ru (literati) school, doctrine 4, 19, 55 sincerity (xin) 50 Ru-Mo debates (see Confucian–Mohist Zhongyong 46 debates) son of heaven (tianzi) 7, 25 sophistry, in the arguments of the Bianzhe sage king, in Confucian philosophy 8 15, 112, 114, 115 scepticism, in Zhuangzi 152–156 spontaneous, spontaneity (see also Ziran) scholar-offi cials (shi) 3, 19, 192 statecraft, in Daoist philosophy 100 scientifi c approach, contrast with Daoist strategy (manipulative), in Daoist approach 104, 167 philosophy 100, 101, 167 scientifi c thinking, in later Mohist syllogisms, later Mohist philosophy 128, philosophy 113, 131–134, 137 130–131, 133, 137 self 6–8, 273–274 syncretist philosophy (see also Zhuangzi) Buddhist philosophy 237–239, 241 205 contextually situated, embedded synthesis, method of 4, 16, 275 6–8, 12 creativity 7 ten thousand things (wanwu) 75, 78, 86, 89, interdependent (see interdependent self) 93, 229 relational 6–8 tian (see heaven) responsibility 7 time, in Yijing 225–226 roles 7 transformation (see change) shaped by experiences 6 self cultivation (xiushen) 4–6, 35 utility (see Mohist philosophy, jianai) Confucian philosophy 35, 48, 49–51 Daoist philosophy 103 Daoist philosophy 5, 156 developmental nature of 5, 6 Wang Bi 71 discipline of body 5 esoteric practices 5 wanwu (see ten thousand things) Mohist philosophy 5 wei (see also wuwei) leader 35 to act 98 sheng (growth) in Mencius 39 to deem or regard 98–99 signifi cance of ren and li 31 western philosophy 2, 28, 31, 108, 113, understood as socialisation 29–30 121, 227, 273 virtue 4, 19 word and deed (see also sincerity) 24 172, 173, 175–178, wu (nothing, non being) 76–77 187, 190, 192–194 wuwei (see also ziran and wuwei) 97–105 40, 172, 173, 178–181, active aspect of 98–99 192, 193 as ethical concept 72, 105–108 40, 102, 172, 181–184, 189–190 going with the fl ow 98, 102 shi-fei (admissible, not admissible) government 99–102 (see also later Mohist philosophy) no action 97 57, 64 non interference 107 Zhuangzi 148, 159 passivity 97–98 Siddhartha Gautama 236, 242–243 unconditioned action, non-coercion 5, Sima Qian 73 15, 95 Sima Tan 4, 204 wuxing (fi ve phases) 134, 207–208, classifi cation of six schools 4, 172 218, 224

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-84646-2 - An Introduction to Chinese Philosophy Karyn L. Lai Index More information

Index 307

xiao (see fi lial piety) Yin-yang School 4 xin (heart–mind) youwei (opposite of wuwei) (see also wuwei) and human nature 38 98–99 intrinsic and distinctive feature of you (being, existence) (see also wu) 76–77 humanity 38 Mencius 38 Zengzi 27 Zhuangzi 159–160 zhengming (see rectifi cation of names) xiushen (see self cultivation) Zhi Yi 255, 256 Xuan Zang 253–254 Zhu Xi 212 Xunzi 35, 40, 45 Zhuangzi 3, 7, 9, 73, 142–145, 205 Xunzi (see also Mencius and Xunzi) 40–45 and Daodejing 142–143 behavioural propriety (li) 41–43 Inner Chapters (Neipian) 143, 145, 155 brothers vying for property example 40 Miscellaneous Chapters (Zapian) 143 dispelling superstition 47 Outer Chapters (Waipian) 143 fa 41–43 Zhuangzi 40, 115, 142 human nature (xing e) 36, 40–41 against Confucian theory of names 149 li and fa 42–43 disagreement with Bianzhe 13 role of government 44 engagement with the world 163 selfi shness in human nature 41 fasting the mind-heart 160 zhengming 43–45, 96 great knowledge (dazhi) and small knowledge (xiaozhi) 161 Yang Zhu 5, 157 involvement in government 163, 164–165 egoism (weiwo) 5, 46–47 liberation 161–162 in debate with Confucians 47 no value-free perspectives 147 unadulterated self 5 place of humanity 155 Yanhui 27 Primitivist strain of philosophy 144 yi (righteousness), in Mohist philosophy 65 problem of limited (lodged) perspectives yi (rightness) 150, 151–152 Confucian philosophy 31 shi (momentum, situation) 163 Mohist philosophy 57, 64 sitting and forgetting (zuowang) 160, 164 Yi Zhi 61–62 spiritual dimension 161, 162, 167 yiguan (see one thread) Syncretist strain of philosophy 144, 152, Yijing (Book of Changes) 2, 7, 10, 11–15, 157–158, 165–166 199–203, 212 Yangist strain of philosophy 144, 157, Commentaries 11, 213–228 164–165 correspondences, correlations (see also (genuine person) 155–156, 161 correlative thinking and ganying) 7, ziran (nature, natural) 78–80, 105–106 207–212, 229–230 ziran (spontaneity, freedom from undue divination 10, 11, 14, 199–200, 201, 203, coercion) 5, 106–108, 156, 163 212–213, 219–221, 222, 224–227 ziran and wuwei 105–108 hexagram 199–200, 201, 220–221 Zisi 36 Ten Appendices or Wings (Shi Yi) 200, Zixia 27, 55 202–203 Ziyou 27, 55 yin-yang 134, 207, 216, 222, 223 Zizhang 27 and wuxing 208 Zou Yan 208

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org