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Letter of Transmittal GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF MICHIGAN. APPENDICES. APP. A. Observations on the Ontonagon Silver- LOWER PENINSULA Mining District and the Slate Quarries of Huron Bay, 1873-1876 by C. Rominger ..............................................................59 ACCOMPANIED BY A GEOLOGICAL MAP. APP. B. Report on the Salt Manufacture of Michigan, by S. S. Garrigues, Ph.D., State Salt Inspector...........65 VOL. III. PART I. GEOLOGY LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. BY C. ROMINGER STATE GEOLOGIST VIEWS. Limestone Bluffs, Little Traverse Bay.......................................1 PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY OF THE LEGISLATURE OF Quarry of the Grandville Plaster Co. ......................................40 MICHIGAN. UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE Quarry of the Grand Rapids Plaster Co. ................................42 BOARD OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Works of the Buffalo Salt Co. .................................................73 NEW YORK JULIUS BIEN 1876 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1876, by GOVERNOR J. J. BAGLEY, for the State of Michigan, in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. TABLE OF CONTENTS. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL .................................................... 1 CHAPTER I.—Geographical Position and Surface Configuration of Lower Peninsula. ............................... 2 CHAPTER II.—Geological Structure of Lower [Limestone Bluffs, Little Traverse Bay] Peninsula. ........................................................................ 5 CHAPTER III.—Soils of the Lower Peninsula. ................. 7 [Letter of Transmittal] CHAPTER IV.—Palæozoic Rock Series. .......................... 9 To the Honorable the Board of Geological Survey of the CHAPTER V.—Helderberg Group. .................................. 10 State of Michigan. CHAPTER VI.—Hamilton Group...................................... 15 GENTLEMEN: CHAPTER VII.—Black Shales of Ohio............................ 25 I have much pleasure in submitting to your honorable CHAPTER VIII.—Waverly Group. .................................... 27 body my final Report, giving the results of the Geological Survey of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, commenced CHAPTER IX.—Carboniferous Limestone..................... 40 in the spring of 1873, and prosecuted without CHAPTER X.—Coal Measures......................................... 47 interruption during the past four years. For several reasons, but especially as so many of the results of this survey had to be attained through the combination of observations, made at different times and in far localities, it was found impossible to call any one to my assistance without danger of incurring endless complications, and of arriving, in many instances, at most unsatisfactory conclusions. Therefore, with exception of the special report on the salt production of the State (Appendix B), I may claim the Volume III, Part I – Page 1 of 84 work as all my own. That report has been elaborated by four miles, its width about ten miles. A landspur, parallel my friend, Dr. S. S. Garrigues, the State Salt Inspector, a with the longitudinal axis of the bay, divides it into two gentleman who, from his long official connection with arms; the length of the spur is sixteen miles, with a that industry, must be better qualified than any other to breadth of one to three miles. On both sides of the bay, treat of it in a work of this character. and only a short distance from it, are inland lakes of very elongated form, which evidently owe their origin to the Very respectfully yours, same erosive forces which carved out the bay. On the C. ROMINGER, east side of the peninsula, in the same latitude with Big State Geologist. Traverse Bay, Thunder Bay indents the coast in a ANN ARBOR, July 1st, 1876. northwestern direction; its length is about ten miles, equal to the width at the entrance. Fifty miles further south is the entrance of Saginaw Bay. Its direction is CHAPTER I. southwest, its length forty-five miles, and its width, GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION AND SURFACE between Point of Barques and Ottawa Lighthouse Point, CONFIGURATION OF THE LOWER PENINSULA. twenty-seven miles. THE Lower Peninsula of Michigan comprises an area of The rise of the peninsula from the level of the lakes is about 35,000 square miles. It is situated between 82° generally gradual, and in a few places only is it abrupt. 25' and 86° 50' of longitude, west from Greenwich, and The surface is of an undulating, hilly character; the hills 41° 44' and 45° 47' of northern latitude. are rounded and never attain a very great height above the surrounding country. The southern part of the On the west it is bounded by Lake Michigan, on the peninsula is lower than the northern. The swell of the north by the Straits of Mackinac, on the east by Lake land, forming the water-shed of this southern division, Huron, Lake St. Clair Lake Erie, besides the coincides with a line drawn in a southwest direction from intermediate, river-like arms connecting the three lakes. Port Austin at the entrance of Saginaw Bay, to the The southern limits are formed by the State lines of Ohio southwest corner of Hillsdale County, where it enters the and Indiana, In a north and south direction, the greatest boundaries of the State of Ohio. Within the limits of length of the peninsula is two hundred and seventy-five Tuscola and Sanilac counties, the known surface miles. In an east and west direction, the greatest width, elevation of this water-shed is about 400 feet above the coincident with a line drawn from Port Huron to Grand lake; in Lapeer and Oakland counties it rises to 500 feet; Haven, is about 200 miles. further south, in Washtenaw and Jackson counties, it falls again to about 400 feet; while in Hillsdale, not far Lake Michigan is 320 miles in length and 100 miles from the southern State line, some points with an broad at the widest part, its total area being 22,000 elevation of 600 feet are recorded, but the water-shed is square miles. Lake Huron is 260 miles long; 160 miles probably not over 500 feet high. The ascent from the is the maximum of its breadth, and 20,400 square miles lakes to the height of this water-shed is so gradual that a its surface extent. Both lakes have about an equal traveller, in crossing the peninsula from either lake to the elevation above the ocean level, which is 578 feet. The other, if he follows the river valleys, can scarcely elevation of Lake Erie above the ocean is 565 feet. perceive it. The northern division of the peninsula rises These immense sweet-water basins, carved out in some to almost double the height of the southern part; its places to a depth of over 900 feet, are evidently the surface is more broken, and diversified by steeper result of eroding forces, acting on the sedimentary strata toward the lakes from terrace to terrace. Its highest which once were spread without interruption across this points in the vicinity of Otsego Lake are, according to the entire lacustrine area, and these forces undoubtedly records of the railroad surveys, 1100 feet above the lake were identical with those by which the heavy masses of level Otsego Lake has a length of about five miles by a rock débris, known by the name of drift, were width of not quite one mile; it lies directly west of accumulated over a large zone of the northern Thunder Bay, in the median line, and not far from the hemisphere in this and in other continents. The northern terminus of an extensive high plateau with longitudinal axes of Lake Michigan and of Lake Huron undulating surface and an average elevation of from 700 approximately have a north and south direction. to 800 feet. Coincident with them is the long axis of the Lower Peninsula which they inclose. Its north end is indented All the rivers of the northern part of the peninsula have by two large bays. their sources within this plateau, which is dotted with a number of in land lakes, some of which, like Lakes One of them, Little Traverse Bay, extends fourteen miles Higgins, Houghton, and St. Helen's, are of large size. from west to east, with a width in the centre of about six The terraces by which the descent from the plateau is miles; its geographical position is in latitude 45° 25', and made, form a succession of broad belts; their sides are longitude 85°, at their intersection in the centre of the moderately steep and finely timbered; the lowest are bay. Only a short distance south of the small bay is the wider, gradually slanting toward the shore or overlooking entrance of Big Traverse Bay, which has a north and it in bluffs of from 40 to 60 feet. In some places on the south direction. Its length from Lighthouse Point to west side, the bluffs are from 100 to 200 feet high; and Traverse City, situated at the head of the bay, is thirty- Sleeping Bear Point, a promontory facing Lake Volume III, Part I – Page 2 of 84 Michigan, west of Big Traverse Bay, is said to have an Grand Haven into Lake Michigan. On the east side of elevation of 500 feet. Opposite this point, twelve miles this water-shed a few more rivers deserve notice. out in the lake, the Manitou Islands rise abruptly to a Huron River collects its waters from innumerable lakes height of 200 feet above the water. South of the second and marshes in Livingston and Oakland counties; first it correction line, the plateau rapidly declines toward flows southwest; at Dexter it turns southeast and retains Saginaw Bay. Between the north and south parts of the this direction, passing through Washtenaw and Wayne peninsula, a depressed strip of land extends from counties, until it enters Detroit River in the northern Saginaw Bay to the mouth of Grand River on Lake corner of Monroe County. Michigan, having rarely more than 100 feet elevation. Its position is indicated by the river-beds of Bad River, Clinton River drains the eastern part of Oakland County which comes by its water shed in connection with the and all of Macomb County, entering Lake St.
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