Studying the European Commission: a Review of the Literature

Project-No. 513416

EU – CONSENT

Wider Europe, Deeper Integration? Constructing Europe Network

Network of Excellence Priority 7 – Citizens and Governance in the Knowledge-based Society

Studying the European Commission: A review of the literature

Paper based on ‘WORKSHOP ‘The Commission and the European Civil Service’ 21-22 JUNE 06 PARIS’ (Deliverable No. ‘17’)

Organisation name of lead contractor for this paper Patrycja Szarek and John Peterson, University of Edinburgh [Partner No. 39]

Due of deliverable: 31/05/07 Actual date of submission: 29/01/07

Start date of project: 01/06/2005 Duration: 48 months

Project co-funded by the European Commission within the Sixth Framework Programme (2002-2006) Dissemination Level PU Public X PP Restricted to other programme participants (including the Commission Services) RE Restricted to a group specified by the consortium (including the Commission Services) CO Confidential, only for members of the consortium (including the Commission Services) Studying the European Commission – A review of the literature

Authors’ note

This working paper is purely bibliographical, as opposed to analytical or evaluative. It collects together in one place a critical mass (certainly not all) of the academic literature published on the European Commission. We have compiled and ‘published’ it for a number of reasons:

x our work – as Project Manager and Leader (respectively) – for a research team on ‘The Commission and European Civil Service’ for the EU-Consent Network of Excellence1 led us to the view that there was a need to consider the state of our existing knowledge of the Commission, and how our team could generate new knowledge. Generating a (fairly) comprehensive bibliography of (mostly) recently published work seemed a logic first step.2 We know of no similar bibliographical compilation of work on the Commission. x we wanted to generate a sort of public good for students (especially PhD students) and scholars interested in finding out what we already know about the Commission and (crucially) how our knowledge might be expanded. x we felt this project was reflective of and (potentially) a contribution to growing academic interest in international administrations more generally. We, along with all students of the Commission, take a keen interest in particular in work which compares different international secretariats. The Commission is, of course, sui generis in many respects, as much of the literature makes clear. However, it attracts attention precisely for this reason, and because it is still probably the most powerful multinational administration in an age when there are reasons to believe that international administrations are gaining power and influence. x we have learned quite a lot about the existing literature that we did not know before compiling this article. For example, it turns out that quite a lot more research has been done – especially over the past few years – on reform of the Commission than on the Commission’s contribution to the EU policy process.

We had hoped to provide abstracts for each of the bibliographical listings, but this aspiration fell foul of copyright restrictions. Each work listed has been placed within a specified category of topic to make retrieval easier but some works obviously defy rigid categorisation.

We have placed a priority on works published in the past 15 or so years, so our list may omit some classic works. We also are sure that there is a wealth of literature published in languages other than English which is not included here, even though we have had helpful suggestions of major works to include from our French colleagues, particularly Didier Georgkakakis and Marine de Lassalle. We are also grateful to Dr Andrea Birdsall for her assistance in preparing the final version.

We would be pleased to know of works that have been omitted or references that are incorrect or incomplete. Please send all correspondence to the email address listed below.

PS and JP [email protected]

1 Team 7 in Work Package IV (‘Institutions and Political Actors: New Forms of Governance’). For background, see http://www.eu-consent.net/content.asp?ContentId=534. 2 In fact, we plan to make the next step an analytical article that offers a review and assessment of the literature referenced in this article, which we no doubt will need to supplement with work published post-2006. 1 Studying the European Commission – A review of the literature

1. General works on the Commission

Abélès, Marc, Irène Bellier, and Maryon McDonald (1993) Approche Anthropologique de la Commission, rapport pour la Commission Européenne, multigraphié, 1993.

Christiansen, T. (1996) “A Maturing Bureaucracy? The Role of the Commission in the Policy Process” in Richardson, J. J. (ed.) European Union Power and Policy-Making, London and New York: Routledge: 77-95.

Christiansen, T. (2001) “The European Commission: Administration in Turbulent Times”, in Richardson, J. (ed.) European Union: Power and Policy Making, 2nd Edition, London-New York: Routledge: 95-114

Cini, M. (1996) The European Commission: Leadership, Organisation and Culture in the EU administration, Manchester: Manchester University Press.

Cohen, Antonin (1999) Histoire d’un groupe dans l’institution d’une « communauté » européenne (1940-1950), thèse de science politique, Université Paris I – Sorbonne

Coombes, David,1970. Politics and Bureaucracy in the European Community. A Portrait of the Commission of the E.E.C. London: Allen and Unwin.

Dimitrakopoulos, D.G. (ed) (2004) The Changing European Commission, Manchester: Manchester University Press.

Egeberg, Morton, 2004, “An organisational approach to European integration: Outline of a complementary perspective”, European Journal of Political Research, 43 (2): 199-219.

Egeberg, Morten. (ed) (2006) Multilevel Union Administration. The Transformation of Executive Politics in Europe. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

Hooghe, Liesbet (2001) The European Commission and the Integration of Europe, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

King, T. (1999) The European Commission: administration or government?, London : Centre for Policy Studies.

Michalski, Anna (2002) Governing Europe: the future role of the European Commission, The Hague: Netherlands Institute of International Relations (‘Clingendael’).

Nugent, Neill (1995) “The Leadership Capacity of the European Commission”, Journal of European Public Policy, vol 2, n°4, p. 602-23

Nugent, Neill (ed) (2000) At the Heart of the Union: Studies of the European Commission, New York and Basingstoke: St. Martin's Press and Palgrave, 2nd edition.

Nugent, Neill (2001) The European Commission, Basingstoke: Palgrave.

2 Studying the European Commission – A review of the literature

Peters, B. Guy (1992) "Bureaucratic Politics and the Institutions of the European Community" in A. Sbragia (ed) Euro-Politics: Institutions and Policy-Making in the 'New' European Community, Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 75-122.

Smith, Andy (ed) (2004) Politics and the European Commission: actors, interdependence, legitimacy”, London; New York : Routledge. Spence, David with Geoffrey Edwards (eds.) (2006) The European Commission, London: John Harper Publishing, 3rd edition.

2. The Commission as an administration

Egeberg, M. (1996) “Organization and Nationality in the European Commission services”, Public Administration, Vol. 74, No. 4: 721-735.

Georgakakis, Didier (2004) “Les syndicats de fonctionnaires et la construction de la fonction publique européenne”, in Renaud Dehousse et Yves Surrel (eds) L’institutionnalisation de l’Europe, l’harmattan (version disponible sur le site de l’AFSP/congrès de Lille).

Hooghe, Liesbet (2005) "Several Roads Lead to International Norms, but few via International Socialization. A Case Study of the European Commission". International Organization (Special Issue) Vol. 59 (Fall): 861-898.

Kassim, Hussein (2004) “The Secretariat General of the European Commission, 1958-2003 : a singular institution” in A. Smith (ed) Politics and the European Commission: actors, interdependence, legitimacy”, London; New York : Routledge.

Kassim, H. (2006) “The Secretariat General of the European Commission”, in D. Spence with G. Edwards (eds) The European Commission, 3rd Edition, London: John Harper Publishing: 75- 97

2.1. The College of Commissioners

Donnelly, M. and Ritchie, E. (1997) “The College of Commissioners and their cabinets” in D. Spence and G. Edwards (eds) The European Commission, 2nd edition, London: Cartermill.

Egeberg, M. (2006) ‘Executive politics as usual: role behaviour and conflict dimensions in the College of European Commissioners’, Journal of European Public Policy, Vol. 13, No. 1: 1- 15.

Gerven, W. van, (2000) “Ethical and Political Responsibility of EU Commissioners”, Common Market Law Review, Vol. 37, No.1: 1–6.

Gerven, W. van, (2005) “Political Accountability of EU Commissioners” in Gerven, W. Van (ed) The European Union. A Polity of States and Peoples, London: Hart Publishing

3 Studying the European Commission – A review of the literature

Joanna, Jean et Smith Andy (2002) Les commissaires européens : technocrates, diplomates ou politiques ?, Paris: Presses de Sciences Po.

MacMullen, A. L. (1996) "Evaluating Integration Theory: The Appointment of European Commissioners", Diplomacy & Statecraft, vol. 7, no. 1: 221-243.

MacMullen, A. (2000) ‘European Commissioners: national routes to a European elite’, in Nugent, N (ed.). At the Heart of the Union: Studies of the European Commission, Basingstoke: Macmillan Press.

Page, E. C., and Wouters, L. (1994) “Bureaucratic Politics and Political Leadership in Brussels”, Public Administration, vol 72, no. 2: 445-59.

Peterson, J. (2006) ‘The College of Commissioners’, in J. Peterson and M. Shackleton (eds) (2006) The Institutions of the European Union, 2nd edition, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.

Smith A. (2003) ‘ Why European Commissioners Matter’, Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol. 41, No. 1: 137-155.

Spence, D. (2006) “The President, the College and the Cabinets”, in D. Spence with G. Edwards (eds) The European Commission, 3rd Edition, London: John Harper Publishing: 25- 74.

2.2. Election of the Commission President

Hix, S. (1997) “Executive Selection in the European Union: Does the Commission President Investiture Procedure Reduce the Democratic Deficit?”, European Integration online Papers (EIoP) Vol. 1, No. 21, available at http://eiop.or.at/eiop/texte/1997-021a.htm

Hix, S. (2000) “Executive Selection in the European Union: Does the Commission President Investiture Procedure Reduce the Democratic Deficit?’’ in Neunreither, K., Wiener, A. (eds.) (2000) European Integration After Amsterdam - Institutional Dynamics and Prospects for Democracy’, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press

Laver, M.J., Gallagher, M., Marsh, M., Singh, R. & Tonra, B. (1995) “Electing the President of the European Commission”, Trinity Blue Papers in Public Policy: 1, Dublin: Trinity College.

4 Studying the European Commission – A review of the literature

2.3. Senior Commission officials

Bellier, Irène (1994) "La Commission Européenne: Hauts Fonctionnaires et "Culture Du Management"." Revue Française d'Administration Publique, 70: 253-62.

Georgakakis, D. et de Lassalle, M. (2005 “Les directeurs généraux de la Commission européenne : premiers éléments d’une enquête prosoppographique”, Regards Sociologiques, p. 6-33.

Georgakakis, D. et de Lassalle, M. (2006) “L’européanisation du personnel politico- administratif européen : sociographie des directeurs généraux de la Commission européenne”, in O. Baisnée et R. Pasquier (eds) L’européanisation des sociétés nationales, Paris:CNRS, sous presses

Georgakakis, D. (1999) “Les réalités d’un mythe : figure de l’eurocrate et institutionnalisation de l’Europe politique ” in D. Dulong et V. Dubois (eds), La question technocratique, Strasbourg: Presses Universitaires de Strasbourg, collection “ science politique de l’Europe ”, pp. 109-128

Hooghe, L. (1997) ‘Serving 'Europe' – Political Orientations of Senior Commission Officials’, European Integration online Papers (EIoP) Vol. 1, No. 8, available at http://eiop.or.at/eiop/texte/1997-008a.htm

Hooghe, L. (1998) ‘Supranational Activists or Intergovernmental Agents? Explaining the Orientations of Senior Commission Officials Towards European Integration’, EUI Robert Schuman Centre, 1998/36.

Hooghe, L. (1999), “Images of Europe: Orientations to European Integration among Senior Officials of the Commission”, British Journal of Political Science, Vol. 29 Issue 2: 345-367.

Hooghe, L (1999), “Supranational Activists or Intergovernmental Agents? Explaining the Orientations of Senior Commission Officials towards European Integration”, Comparative Political Studies, 32 (4), 435-463.

2.4. Jacques Delors’ Commission and Cabinet

Drake, H. (2000) Jacques Delors: Perspectives on a European Leader, London and New York: Routledge.

Drake, Helen, 2002, Jacques Delors en Europe, Histoire et sociologie d'un leadership improbable, (traduit de l'anglais par Thomas Liébault), Strasbourg: Presses universitaires de Strasbourg.

Endo, K. (1999) The Presidency of the European Commission under Jacques Delors : the politics of shared leadership, Basingstoke and New York: Macmillan Press and St. Martin’s Press in association with St. Antony’s College, Oxford

5 Studying the European Commission – A review of the literature

Grant, Charles (1994) Jacques Delors. The House that Jacques Built. London: Nicholas Brearly.

Ross, G. (1994) ‘Inside the Delors Cabinet’, Journal of Common Market Studies 32, No. 4: 499-523.

Ross, G. (1995) Jacques Delors and European Integration. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press

3. Reform of the Commission

Bauer, M. W. (2002) “Reforming the European Commission – A (missed?) Academic Opportunity”, European Integration online Papers (EioP) Vol. 6 No. 8; http://eiop.or.at/eiop/texte/2002-008a.htm.

Bearfield, D. (2004) “Reforming the European Commission: Driving Reform from the Grassroots”, Public Policy and Administration, Vol. 19, No. 3: 13-24.

Christiansen, T and Gray, M. (2003) “The Convention on the Future of the EU The European Commission and Treaty Reform”, Eipascope 2003/3: 10-18.

Cini, M. (2000) “Organizational Culture and Reform: The Case of the European Commission under Jacques Santer”, EUI Robert Schuman Centre, 2000/25.

Cini, M. (2001) “Reforming the European Commission: an Organisational Culture Perspective”, Queen’s Papers on Europeanisation, No 11/2001.

Cini, M. (2004) “ Norms, Culture and the Kinnock White Paper: The Theory and Practice of Cultural Change in the Reform of the Commission” in D. G. Dimitrakopoulos (ed) The Changing European Commission, Manchester: Manchester University Press.

Cini, M. (2004) “The Reform of the European Commission: An Ethical Perspective”, Public Policy and Administration, Vol. 19, No. 3: 42-54.

Coull, J. and Lewis, C. (2003) “The Impact of the Staff Regulations in Making the Commission a More Modern and Efficient Organization: an Insider’s Perspective”, Eipascope, 2003 Vol. 3: 2-9.

Cram, L. (2001) “Whither the Commission? Reform, renewal and the issue attention cycle”, Journal of European Public Policy, Vol. 8, No. 5: 770-786.

Davignon, E. (1995) “The Challenges that the Commission must confront” in Philip Morris Institute, What future for the European Commission?, Brussels: Philip Morris Institute.

Dercks, L. (2001) “The European Commission’s business ethics: a critique of proposed reforms”, Business Ethics: A European Review, Vol. 10, No. 4: 346-359.

6 Studying the European Commission – A review of the literature

Dimier, V. (2004) “Administrative Reform as Political Control Lessons from DG VIII, 1958- 1975” in D. G. Dimitrakopoulos (ed) The Changing European Commission, Manchester: Manchester University Press.

Dimitrakopoulos, D. G. and H. Kassim (eds) (2004) “Domestic Preference Formation and EU Treaty Reform”, Special Edition of Comparative European Politics, Vol. 2, No. 3: 241-60.

Dimitrakopoulos, D. G. and H. Kassim (2005) “Inside the European Commission: Preference Formation and the Convention on the Future of Europe”, Comparative European Politics, Vol. 3, No. 2: 180-203.

Georgakakis, Didier (2002) "Une mobilisation formatrice : les eurofonctionnaires contre la réforme du statut (printemps 1998)" in D. Georgakakis (ed) Les métiers de l’Europe politique. Acteurs et professionnalisations de l’Union européenne, Strasbourg: Presses universitaires de Strasbourg: 55-84.

Gray, B. (2004) “The Commission’s Culture of Financial Management and its Reform”, Public Policy and Management, vol. 19, no. 3: 55-60.

Hine, D. and McMahon, R. (2004) “Ethics management, cultural change, and the ambiguities of European Commission reform”, Oxford: Paper of the Department of Politics and International Relations.

Joerges, C. (2002) ‘The Commission’s White Paper on Governance in the EU: A Sympton of Crisis?’, Common Market Law Review Vol. 39, Issue 3: 441-445.

Kassim, Hussein (2004) “A historic accomplishment ? The Prodi Commission and administrative reform”, in Dimitrakopoulos, D G, 2004, p. 33-62.

Kassim, H (2004) “The Kinnock Reforms in Perspective: Why Reforming the Commission is an heroic, but thankless, task”, Public Policy and Administration, 19 (3): 25-41.

Kinnock, N. (2002) “Accountability and Reform of Internal Control in the European Commission”, Political Quarterly, 73 (1): 21-28.

Kinnock, N. (2003) “Confused Expectations: a Reply”, Public Money and Management, 23 (2): 80-82.

Kinnock, N. (2004) “The Reform of the European Commission”, Eipascope, No.1: 6-9.

Kinnock, N. (2004) “Reforming the European Commission: Organisational Challenges and Advances”, in Public Policy and Administration, 19 (3): 7-12

Lebessis, N. and Paterson, J (1999) “Improving the Effectiveness and the Legitimacy of EU Governance: A Review of the Geneva Workshop of 21-22 May 1999 and a Possible Reform Agenda for the Commission”, Forward Studies Unit Working Paper, CdP (99).

7 Studying the European Commission – A review of the literature

Levy, R. (2003) “Critical Success Factors in Public Management Reform: The Case of the European Commission”, International Review of Administrative Sciences, Vol. 69, No. 4: 553-566

Levy, R (2004) “Between rhetoric and reality: implementing public management reform in the European Commission”, International Journal of Public Sector Management, 17 (2): 166- 177.

Levy, R. P. (2006) “European Commission overload and the pathology of management reform: garbage cans, rationality and risk aversion”, Public Administration, Vol. 84, No. 2: 423-39.

Metcalfe, L. (1999) “Reforming the Commission”, Eipascope, No.3: 3-9.

Metcalfe L. (2000) “Reforming the Commission: Will Organizational Efficiency Produce Effective Governance?”, Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol. 38, No. 5: 817-841.

Metcalfe, L (2004) “European policy management: future challenges and the role of the Commission”, Public Policy and Administration, Vol. 19, No. 3:77-94.

Peterson, J. (2004) “The Prodi Commission: fresh start or free fall?” in D. G. Dimitrakopoulos (ed) The Changing European Commission, Manchester: Manchester University Press.

Schön-Quinlivan, E. (2002) “Breaking down the barriers? New public management in the European Commission”, Journal of Public Affairs, Vol. 2, No. 2: 19-32.

Schön-Quinlivan, E. (2006) ‘Administrative reform of the European Commission: from rhetoric to re-legitimisation’, EU-CONSENT on-line paper, available from http://www.eu- consent.net/content.asp?contenttype=Publications.

Schön-Quinlivan, E. (2006) “The impact of new public management on the European Commission: A matter of rhetoric?” Paper delivered in June 2006 at the second EU- CONSENT workshop of Package IV, Sciences Po, Paris, http://www.eu- consent.net/content.asp?contenttype=Publications.

Schön-Quinlivan, E. (2006) “Preparing for EU enlargement: an analysis of institutional change and administrative reform in the European Commission (1958-2000)”, paper prepared for EU-CONSENT PhD school, Budapest, 29 April – 6May 2006, http://www.eu- consent.net/content.asp?contenttype=Publications.

Spence D. (2000) “Plus ca change, plus c’est la meme chose? Attempting to reform the European Commission”, Journal of European Public Policy, Vol. 7, No. 1: 1-25.

Stevens, H. and A. Stevens (2006) “The internal reform of the Commission”, in D. Spence with G. Edwards (eds) The European Commission, London: John Harper Publishing, 3rd edition: 454-480.

Vos, E. (2000) “Reforming the European Commission: What Role to Play for EU Agencies?”, Common Market Law Review, Vol. 37, No. 5: 1113-34.

8 Studying the European Commission – A review of the literature

Wincott, D. (2001) “Looking Forward or Harking Back? The Commission and the Reform of Governance in the European Union”, Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol. 39, No. 5: 897–911.

4. The Commission and EU Policy

4.1. The Commission and monetary integration

Jabko, N. (1999) “In the name of the Market: how the European Commission paved the way for monetary union’, Journal of European Public Policy, Vol. 6, No. 3: 475 – 495

Maes, Ivo (2004) “Macroeconomic and Monetary Thought at the European Commission in the 1960s’, EUI RSC 2004/01.

Maes, Ivo, (2006) “The ascent of the European Commission as an actor in the monetary integration process in the 1960s”, Scottish Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 53 Issue 2: 222- 41.

4.2. The Commission and Justice and Home Affairs

Lewis, R and Spence, D. (2006) “The Commission’s role in freedom, security and justice and the threat of terrorism” in D. Spence with G. Edwards (eds) The European Commission, 3rd Edition, London: John Harper Publishing: 293-312.

Monar, J (1994) “The evolving Role of the Union Institutions in the Framework of the Third Pillar” in J. Monar and R. Morgan (eds) The Third Pillar of the European Union, Brussels: European Interuniversity Press: 69-75

Nilsson, H. G. (2004) “The Justice and Home Affairs Council” in M. Westlake and D. Galloway (eds) The Council of the European Union, London: John Harper.

Ucarer, E. M. (2001) “From the Sidelines to Center Stage: Sidekick No More? The European Commission in Justice and Home Affairs”, European Integration online Papers (EIoP) Vol. 5, No. 5, available at http://eiop.or.at/eiop/texte/2001-005a.htm

Boswell, C. (2006) ‘The European migration network and the symbolic functions of expert knowledge’, EU-CONSENT on-line paper, available at: http://www.eu- consent.net/content.asp?contenttype=Publications&page_no=2&sortby=&advsrchpage=0

4.3. The Commission and EU foreign policy

Bruter M. (1999) “Diplomacy without a state: the external delegations of the European Commission”, Journal of European Public Policy, Vol. 6, No. 2: 183-205.

Dimier, V. and McGeever, M. (2006) “Diplomats Without a Flag: The Institutionalization of the Delegations of the Commission in African, Caribbean and Pacific Countries”, Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol. 44, No. 3: 483-505.

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Nugent N. and Saurugger, S. (2002) “Organizational structuring: the case of the European Commission and its external policy responsibilities”, Journal of European Public Policy, Vol. 9, No. 3: 345 – 364.

Nuttall, S. (2006) “The Commission and European Political Cooperation”, in D. Spence with G. Edwards (eds) The European Commission, 3rd Edition: John Harper Publishing: 341-355.

Smith, M. (2006)“The Commission and external relations”, in in D. Spence with G. Edwards (eds) The European Commission, 3rd Edition: John Harper Publishing: 313-340

Spence, D. (2004) “The Commission’s External Service”, Public Policy and Administration, Vol.19, No. 3: 61-76.

Spence, D. (2006) “The Commission’s External Service”, in D. Spence with G. Edwards (eds) The European Commission, 3rd Edition, London: John Harper Publishing: 396-425

Spence, D. (2006) “The Commission and the Common Foreign and Security Policy”, in D. Spence with G. Edwards (eds) The European Commission, 3rd Edition, London: John Harper Publishing: 356-395.

4.4 The Commission and cohesion policy

Hooghe, L. (1996) “Building a Europe with the Regions: The Changing Role of the European Commission”, in Hooghe, L (ed) Cohesion Policy and European Integration: Building Multi- Level Governance, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.

Hooghe, L. (1996) “The Politics of the European Commission under the Structural Funds”, in L.Hooghe (ed) Cohesion Policy and European Integration: Building Multilevel Governance, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press

Hooghe, Liesbet (1997) "A House with Different Views. The European Commission and Cohesion Policy," In Nugent, 1997

4.5 The Commission and competition policy

From, J. (2002) “Decision-making in a complex environment: a sociological institutionalist analysis of competition policy decision-making in the European Commission”, Journal of European Public Policy, Vol. 9, No. 2: 219-37.

Wilks, S. (2005) “Agency Escape: Decentralization or Dominance of the European Commission in the Modernization of Competition Policy?”, Governance, Vol. 18, No. 3: 431- 452.

4.6 The Commission and other policy sectors

Burns, C. (2006) “The Commission and the Challenge of New Governance: Whither Environmental Policy?”, Draft Working Paper for EU-Consent Workshop, June 2006, Paris

10 Studying the European Commission – A review of the literature

Cini, M. (1997) “Administrative culture in the European Commission: the cases of competition and environment”, in Nugent, N. (ed.) At the Heart of the Union. Studies of the European Commission, London: Macmillan: 71-88.

Cram, L. (1994) “The European Commission as a Multi-Organization: Social Policy and IT Policy in the EU”, Journal of European Public Policy, Vol. 1, No. 2: 195-217.

Grönvall, J. (2000) “Managing crisis in the European Union: The Commission and ‘Mad Cow’ Disease”, Stockholm: CRISMART/Swedish National Defence College

Wendon, B. (1998) “The Commission as image-venue entrepreneur in EU social policy”, Journal of European Public Policy, Vol.5, No. 2: 339 – 353.

Woll, C. (2006) “ The road to external representation: the European Commission's activism in international air transport”, Journal of European Public Policy, Vol. 13, No. 1: 52-69.

5. The Commission and European administration

Bodiguel, J. L. (1995) “The civil service of the European Union”, International Review of Administrative Sciences, Vol. 61: 433-453.

Caillez, Julie (2004) Schuman City. Des fonctionnaires britanniques à Bruxelles, Louvain: Bruylant.

Checkel, Jeffery.T. (2005) "International Institutions and Socialization in Europe: Introduction and Framework", International Organization (Special Issue) Vol. 59, No. 4: 801-826

Chiti E. (2000) “The Emergence of a Community Administration: The Case of European Agencies”, Common Market Law Review, Vol. 37, Issue 2: 309-43

Christoph, J.B. (1993) “The Effects of Britons in Brussels: the European Community and the Culture of Whitehall”, Governance, 6 (4): 518-537.

Drulak, P., J. Cesal and S. Hampl (2003) “Interactions and Identities of Czech Civil Servants on their way to the EU”, Journal of European Public Policy, Vol. 10, No. 4: 637-654.

Egeberg, M. (1999) “Transcending Intergovernmentalism? Identity and Role Perceptions of National Officials in EU Decision-making”, Journal of European Public Policy, Vol. 6, No. 3: 456-474.

Georgakakis, D. (2006) “The European Civil Service as a Social Group”, Paper delivered in June 2006 at the second EU-CONSENT workshop of Package IV, Sciences Po, Paris.

Groenleer, M. (2006) “The European Commission and Agencies”, in D. Spence with G. Edwards (eds) The European Commission, 3rd Edition, London: John Harper Publishing: 156-172.

11 Studying the European Commission – A review of the literature

Guiraudon, Virginie (2000) “Sociologie de l'Europe. Mobilisations, élites et configurations institutionnelles”, Cultures & Conflits, n°38-39

Haas, Ernst (1958) Beyond the Nation-State. Functionalism and International Organization. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Haas, Ernst (1964) “Technocracy, Pluralism, and the New Europe” in Graubard, S. (ed) A New Europe?, Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press.

Kassim, H. (2003) “The European Administration: Between Europeanization and Domestication” in Hayward, J. and Menon, A. (eds) Governing Europe, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.

Magnette, P. (1999) “Controlling an international bureaucracy: the European Commission between intergovernmentalism and parliamentarism”, Studia Diplomatica, vol. 52, nos. 5-6: 269-284.

Mangenot, Michel (1998) “Une école européenne d'administration ? L'ENA et l'Europe”, Politix, n° 43, p. 7-32.

Mangenot, Michel (2000) Une Europe Improbable. Les haut-fonctionnaire français dans la construction européenne, thèse de science politique, IEP de Strasbourg.

Mangenot, Michel (2001) “La revendication d’une paternité. Les hauts fonctionnaires et le style administratif de la Commission européenne (1958-1988)” , Pole Sud, n° 15, novembre, p. 33-46.

Mangenot, Michel (2004) “Des eurocrates si proches des élites étatiques : l'encadrement du Secrétariat général du Conseil (1958-2002)”, Regards sociologiques, Numéro 27 & 28

Menon, A. (2001) “The French Administration in Brussels” in Kassim, H., Menon, A., Peters, B. G., Wright, V. (eds) “The National Co-ordination of EU Policy Volume 2’ - The Domestic Level”, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Michelmann, Hans (1978) "Multinational Staffing and Organisational Functioning in the Commission of the EEC." International Organization, vol. 32, no. 2: 477-96.

Page, E. C. (2001) “The European Union and the Bureaucratic Mode of Production” in Menon, A. And Wright, V. (eds) From the Nation State to Europe - Essays in Honour of Jack Hayward, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.

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12 Studying the European Commission – A review of the literature

Smith Andy (2003) "Who governs in Brussels ? Une comparaison des configurations de leadership de Delors, Santer et Prodi", in Smith, Andy et Sorbet, Claude (eds) Le leadership politique et le territoire. Les cadres d’analyse en débat, Rennes: Presses Universitaires de Rennes.

Smith, Andy (2004) Politics and the European Commission. Actors, interdependence, legitimacy, London and New York: Routledge.

Spence, D. (2006) “The Directorates General and the Services: Structures, functions and Procedures” in D. Spence with G. Edwards (eds) The European Commission, 3rd Edition, London: John Harper Publishing: 128-155.

Spence, D. and A. Stevens (2006) “Staff and personnel policy in the Commission” in D. Spence with G. Edwards (eds) The European Commission, 3rd Edition, London: John Harper Publishing: 173-208.

Stevens, A. and Stevens, H. (2001) Brussels Bureaucrats? The Administration of the European Union, Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave.

Stevens, A. with Levy, R. (2006) ‘Gender and Management in the European Commission’ in McTavish, Duncan and Karen Miller (eds) Women In Leadership And Management Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.

Trondal Jarl (2004) Political Dynamics of the Parallel Administration of the European Commission, in Smith, Andy (2004), p. 67-82.

Trondal Jarl (2006) “An Institutional Perspective on Representation. Ambiguous representation in the European Commission”, Working papers Eiop, 13 June 2006.

Trondal, J. (2001) “The ‘Parallel Administration’ of the European Commission. National Officials in European Clothes?”, ARENA Working Papers WP 01/25, available at http://www.arena.uio.no/publications/wp01_25.htm

Trondal, J and Veggeland, F. (2003) “Access, Voice and Loyalty. The Representation of Domestic Civil Servants in EU Committees”, Journal of European Public Policy, Vol. 10, No. 1: 59-77.

Willis, V. (1983) Britons in Brussels officials in the European Commission and Council Secretariat, [London] Published jointly by the European Centre for Political Studies and the Royal Institute of Public Administration.

6. Fraud and maladministration in the Commission

Buitenen, Paul van, (2000) Blowing the Whistle, London: Politicos ު Publishing.

Georgakakis, Didier (2001) “La démission de la Commission européenne : scandale et tournant institutionnel” , Cultures et conflits, (oct. 1998 - mars 1999): 39-71.

13 Studying the European Commission – A review of the literature

Laffan, B. (2006) “Financial Control: the Court of Auditors and OLAF” , in J. Peterson and M. Shackleton (eds) (2006) The Institutions of the European Union, 2nd edition, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.

Pujas V. (2003) “The European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF): a European policy to fight against economic and financial fraud?”, Journal of European Public Policy, Vol. 10, No. 5: 778-797.

6.1. The Committee of Independent Experts

Lequesne C. And Rivaud P. (2003) “The Committees of Independent Experts: expertise in the service of democracy?”, Journal of European Public Policy, Vol. 10, No. 5: 695-709.

MacMullen A. (1999) “Fraud, mismanagement and nepotism: The Committee of Independent Experts and the fall of the European Commission 1999”, Crime, Law and Social Change, Vol. 31, No 3: 193-208.

6.2. The Commission’s 1999 resignation

Craig P. (2000) “The Fall and Renewal of the Commission: Accountability, Contract and Administrative Organisation”, European Law Journal, Vol. 6, No. 2: 98-116.

Dinan, D. (2000) “Governance and Institutions 1999: Resignation, Reform and Renewal”, Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol. 38, Issue s1: 25-41.

Georgakakis, D. (2004), “Was it really just ‘poor communication’? Lessons from the Santer Commission’s resignation” in A. Smith (ed.) Politics and the European Commission. Actors, interdependence, legitimacy, London: Routledge: 119-133.

Hix, S. and Lord, C. (1996) “The making of a President: the European Parliament and the Confirmation of Jacques Santer as President of the Commission”, Government and Opposition, Vol. 31, No. 1: 62-76.

MacMullen, A. (1999) “Political responsibility for the administration of Europe: the commission's resignation March 1999”, Parliamentary Affairs, vol 52, no.4: 703-18.

Peterson, J (1999) “Jacques Santer: the EU’s Gorbachev”, ECSA Review, 12, 4: 4-6.

Peterson J. (1999) “The Santer era: the European Commission in normative, historical and theoretical perspective”, Journal of European Public Policy, Vol. 6, No. 1: 46-65.

Ringe, N. (2005) “Government-opposition dynamics in the European Union: The Santer Commission resignation crisis”, European Journal of Political Research, Vol. 44, No. 5: 671- 696.

Tomkins, A. (1999) “Responsibility and resignation in the European Commission”, The Modern Law Review, September: 744-65.

14 Studying the European Commission – A review of the literature

Topan, A. (2002) “The resignation of the Santer-Commission: the impact of 'trust' and 'reputation'”, European Integration online Papers (EIoP), Vol. 6, No. 14, available at http://eiop.or.at/eiop/texte/2002-014a.htm

7. Legitimacy, transparency and accountability

Christiansen, T. (1997) “Legitimacy Dilemmas of Supranational Governance: The European Commission Between Accountability and Independence”, EUI RSC 1997/74.

Christiansen T. (1997) “Tensions of European governance: politicized bureaucracy and multiple accountability in the European Commission”, Journal of European Public Policy, Vol. 4, No. 1: 73-90.

Curtin, D. (2001) “The Commission as Sorcerer’s Apprentice? Reflections on EU Public Administration and the Role of Information Technology in Holding Bureaucracy Accountable”, in Joerges, C., Meny, Y., Weiler, J. (eds) Mountain or Molehill? A Critical Appraisal of the Commission White Paper on Governance, initiative of EUI and New York School of Law, http://www.jeanmonnetprogram.org/papers/01/011801.html

Dimier, Véronique (2001) “Du bon usage de la tournée ; propagande et stratégie de légitimation au sein de la direction générale développement (1958-1970)”, Pole Sud, n° 15, novembre: 19-32.

Georgakakis, Didier (2001) “Les instrumentalisations de la morale. Lutte anti-fraude, scandale et nouvelle gouvernance européenne”, in J.-L. Briquet et P. Garraud, (eds) Juger la politique, Presses universitaires de Rennes, coll « Res Publica »: 263-286.

Gerven, W. van, (2005) ‘Improving the Commission’s Accountability’, in Gerven, W. van, ‘The European Union. A Polity of States and Peoples’, Hart Publishing

Matlary, J.H. (1998) ‘Democratic Legitimacy and the Role of the Commission’, in Follesdal, A. and Koslowski, P. (ed.) Democracy and the European Union, Berlin and New York: Springer.

Nuttall, S. (1996) “The Commission: The Struggle for Legitimacy”, in C. Hill (ed) The Actors in Europe’s Foreign Policy, London and New York: Routledge.

Peterson, J. (1995) “Playing the Transparency Game: Consultation and Policy-Making in the European Commission”, Public Administration, Vol. 73, No. 3: 473-92.

Settembri, P. (2005) “Transparency and the EU Legislator: ‘Let He Who is Without Sin Cast the First Stone’”, Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol. 43, No. 3: 637-654.

Suvarierol, S. (2006) “Politics and the European Commission: Actors, Interdependence, Legitimacy”, Acta Politica, Vol. 41, No. 1: 101-104.

Tsakatika, M. (2005) ‘Claims to Legitimacy: The European Commission between Continuity and Change’, Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol. 43, No.1:193-220.

15 Studying the European Commission – A review of the literature

Wincott, D. (2002) ‘The Governance White Paper, the Commission and the Search for Legitimacy’ in Arnull, A. and Wincott, D. (eds) Accountability and Legitimacy in the European Union, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.

8. Lobbying

Bouwen P. (2002) “Corporate lobbying in the European Union: the logic of access”, Journal of European Public Policy, Vol. 9, No. 3: 365-390.

Broscheid, A. and D. Coen (2003) “Insider and Outsider Lobbying of the European Commission”, European Union Politics, Vol. 4, No. 2: 265-289.

Coen D. (1997) “The European Business Lobby”, Business Strategy Review, Vol. 8, No. 4: 17-25.

Mazey, S., Richardson, J. (2001) “Institutionalizing Promiscuity: Commission-Interest Group Relations in the European Union.” in Stone Sweet, A., Sandholtz, W., Fligstein, N. (eds) The Institutionalization of Europe, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.

Mazey, S. and Richardson, J. (2003) “Interest Groups and the Brussels Bureaucracy”, in Hayward, J. and Menon, A. (eds) Governing Europe, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.

Mazey, S and J. Richardson (2006) “The Commission and the Lobby”, in D. Spence with G. Edwards (eds) The European Commission, 3rd Edition, London: John Harper Publishing: 279-292.

9. Powers and role of the Commission

Bodiguel, Jean-Louis (1994) Les fonctions publiques dans l'Europe des douze, Paris: LGDJ.

Börzel, T. A. (2003) “Guarding the Treaty: The Compliance Strategies of the European Commission” in Börzel, T. A. and Cichowski, R. A. (eds.) The State of the European Union Law, Politics, and Society Vol. 6, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.

Broberg, M.P.(2003) The European Commission’s jurisdiction to scrutinise mergers, International Law Publications (2nd edition), European Monographs; 16

Christiansen, T. and K. Jørgensen (1998) “Negotiating Treaty Reform in the European Union: The role of the European Commission”, International Negotiation, Vol. 3, No. 3: 435-452.

Christiansen, T. (2002) “The Role of Supranational Institutions in EU Treaty Reform”, Journal of European Public Policy , Vol.9, No.1: 33-53.

Dinan, D. (1997) “The Commission and Intergovernmental Conferences” in Nugent, N. (ed) At the Heart of the Union: Studies of the European Commission, Houndmills: Macmillan.

16 Studying the European Commission – A review of the literature

Dinan, D. (2005) “Governance and Institutions: A New Constitution and a New Commission”, Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol. 43, No.S1: 37-54.

Docksey, C. and Williams, K. (1994) 'The Commission and the execution of Community policy', in Edwards, G. and Spence, D. (ed.) The European Commission, Harlow: Longman: 117-45.

Franchino, F. (1998) “Institutionalism and Commission’s Executive Discretion: an Empirical Analysis”, European Integration online Papers (EIoP), Vol. 2 No. 6, available at http://eiop.or.at/eiop/texte/1998-006.htm

Franchino, F. (1999) “The Determinants of Control of Commission’s Executive Functions”, European Integration online Papers (EIoP), Vol. 3 No. 2, available at http://eiop.or.at/eiop/texte/1999-002a.htm

Gray, M. and Spence, D. (2006) “The Commission and Intergovernmental Conferences”, in D. Spence and G. Edwards (eds) The European Commission, John Harper Publishing: 426- 453.

Hall B. (2000) European Governance and the Future of the Commission, London : Centre for European Reform, available at http://www.cer.org.uk/publications/wp_governance.html

Laffan, B. (1997) “From Policy Enterpreneur to Policy Manager: The Challenge Facing the European Commission”, Journal of European Public Policy, Vol. 4, No. 3: 422– 38.

Lequesne, Ch. (2000) ‘The European Commission: A balancing act between autonomy and dependence’ in Neunreither, K. and Wiener, A. (eds) European Integration After Amsterdam - Institutional Dynamics and Prospects for Democracy, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press

Levy, R. (1997) “Managing the Managers: The Commission's Role in the Implementation of Spending Programmes” in Nugent, N. (ed.) At the Heart of the Union. Studies of the European Commission, London: Macmillan

Metcalfe, L. (1992) “After 1992: Can the Commission Manage Europe?”, Australian Journal of Public Administration, vol. 51, no. 1: 117-130.

Metcalfe, L (1996) “Building capacities for integration: the future role of the Commission”, Eipascope, No. 2: 2-8.

Metcalfe, L (1996) “The European Commission as a Network Organization”, Publius: The Journal of Federalism, Vol. 26, No. 4: 43-62.

Moravcsik, Andrew (1999) “A New Statecraft? Supranational Entrepreneurs and International Cooperation”, International Organisation, Vol. 53, n°2, 267-306.

Nugent, N. (1995) ‘The Leadership Capacity of the European Commission’, Journal of European Public Policy, Vol. 2, No. 4: 603-23.

17 Studying the European Commission – A review of the literature

Page, Edward (1997) People Who Run Europe, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.

Peterson, J. (2003) “The European Commission: Plateau? Permanent Decline?“, Collegium, No. 26, 5-46.

Pollack, M. A. (2003) “The Commission as an Agent: Delegation of Executive Power in the European Union” in Pollack, M. A. The Engines of European Integration - Delegation, Agency, and Agenda Setting in the EU, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.

Rasmussen, A. (2003) “The Role of the European Commission in Co-decision – A strategic facilitator operating in a situation of structural disadvantage”, European Integration online Papers (EIoP), Vol. 7 No. 10, available at http://eiop.or.at/eiop/texte/2003-010a.htm

Schnabel, Virginie (1998) “Élites européennes en formation : les étudiants du Collège de Bruges”, Politix, n° 43: 33-53.

Vahl, R. (1997) Leadership in Disguise: The Role of the European Commission in EC Decision-Making On Agriculture In The Uruguay Round, Aldershot: Ashgate (Perspectives on Europe).

Wassenbergh, H. (2003) “A Mandate to the European Commission to Negotiate Air Agreements with Non-EU States: International Law versus EU Law”, Air and Space Law, Vol.28, No.1: 139-146.

10. Member States and the Commission

Chatzistavrou, Filippa (2004) "Les représentants permanents auprès de l'UE ou la redéfinition d'un rôle politique européen", Regards sociologiques, n° 27 & 28.

Cini, Michelle (1996) "La Commission européenne : lieu d'émergence de cultures administratives", Revue Française de Science Politique, Vol. 46, N° 3, Juin 1996.

Cohen, Antonin (1998) "Le Plan Schuman de Paul Reuter. Entre communauté nationale et fédération européenne", Revue française de science politique, Vol. 48, No. 5, octobre: 645- 663.

Doleys T. J. (2000) “Member states and the European Commission: theoretical insights from the new economics of organization”, Journal of European Public Policy, Vol. 7, No. 4: 532- 553.

Egeberg, Morten (1996) "Organization and Nationality in the European Commission Services", Public Administration, Vol. 74, No. 4: 721-35.

Egeberg, Morten (1999) "Transcending Intergovernmentalism? Identity and Role Perceptions of National Officials in EU Decision-Making", Journal of European Public Policy, Vol. 6, No. 3: 456-74.

18 Studying the European Commission – A review of the literature

Kassim, Hussein et Menon Anand (2003) “Les Etats membres de l'UE et la commission Prodi”, Revue Française de Science Politique, vol.53, n°4, août 2003

Lang, J. T. (2002) “How much do the Smaller Member States Need the European Commission? The Role of the Commission in a Changing Europe”, Common Market Law Review, Vol. 39: 315–35.

Lindberg, Leon (1963) The Political Dynamics of European Economic Integration, Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Smith, Keith A. (1973) "The European Economic Community and National Civil Servants of the Member States - A Comment", International Organization, Vol. 27, No. 4: 563-568.

11. The Commission and other EU institutions

Burns C. (2004) “Codecision and the European Commission: a study of declining influence?”, Journal of European Public Policy, Vol. 11, No. 1: 1-18.

Christiansen T. (2001) “Intra-institutional politics and inter-institutional relations in the EU: towards coherent governance?”, Journal of European Public Policy, Vol. 8, No. 5: 747-769.

Diedrichs, U. and Wessels, W. (2006) “The Commission and the Council”, in D. Spence with G. Edwards (eds) The European Commission, 3rd Edition, London: John Harper Publishing: 209-234

Kietz, D. and Maurer, A. (2006) ‘The European Parliament in Treaty Reform: Predefining IGCs through Interinstitutional Agreements with the Commission and Council’, EU-CONSENT on-line paper, available at: http://www.eu- consent.net/content.asp?contenttype=Publications&page_no=2&sortby=&advsrchpage=0

Lang, J. T. (1995) “The role of the Commission and qualified majority voting: a unique relationship with the Council”, Dublin : Institute of European Affairs

Larsson, T., Trondal, J. (2005) “After Hierarchy? Domestic Executive Governance and the Differentiated Impact of the European Commission and the Council of Ministers”, European Integration online Papers (EIoP) Vol. 9, No. 14, available at http://eiop.or.at/eiop/texte/2005- 014a.htm

Laruelle, A. and Widgrén, M. (1997) “The Development of the Division of Power among the European Commission, the Council and the European Parliament”, CEPR Discussion Papers 1600, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.

Majone, G. (2002) “The European Commission: The Limits of Centralization and the Perils of Parliamentarization” Governance, Vol. 15, No. 3: 375–92.

Middlemas, Keith (1995) Orchestrating Europe: The Informal Politics of the European Union. London: Fontana Press.

19 Studying the European Commission – A review of the literature

Muntean, A. M. (2000) “The European Parliament’s Political Legitimacy and the Commission’s Misleading Management: Towards a “Parliamentarian” European Union?”, European Integration online Papers (EIoP) Vol. 4, No. 5, available at http://eiop.or.at/eiop/texte/2000-005a.htm

Napel, S. and Widgrén, M. (2006) “The European Commission - Appointment, Preferences and Institutional Relations”, CEPR Discussion Papers 5478, C.E.P.R.

Nieto, E. (2005) “The Strengthening of the Commission Competences by the Constitutional Treaty and the Principle of Balance of Power”, EUI RSC 2005/03.

Schmidt, S. K.( 2000) “Only an Agenda Setter? The European Commission’s Power over the Council of Ministers”, European Union Politics, Vol. 1, No. 1: 37-61

Selck, T. J. and Rhinard, M. (2005) “Pares Inter Pares? The Bargaining Success of the Commission, the Council, and the Parliament in European Union Legislative Negotiations”, Swiss Political Science Review, Vol. 11, No. 3: 123-140.

Stacey, J. (2003) “Displacement of the Council via Informal Dynamics? Comparing the Commission and the Parliament”, Journal of European Public Policy, Vol. 10, No. 6: 936–55.

Thomson, R. and Hosli, M. (2006) “Who Has Power in the EU? The Commission, Council and Parliament in Legislative Decision-making”, Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol. 44 Issue 2: 391-417.

Tsebelis G. And Garrett G. (2001) “The Institutional Foundation of Intergovernmentalism and Supranationalism in the European Union”, International Organization, Vol. 55, No. 2: 357- 390.

Westlake, M. (1994) The Commission and the Parliament: Partners and Rivals in the European Policy-Making Process, London : Butterworths

Westlake, M. (2006) “The European Commission and the European Parliament”, in D. Spence with G. Edwards (eds) The European Commission, 3rd Edition, London: John Harper Publishing: 263-278.

12. Enlargement and the Commission

Coombes, David (1968) Towards a European Civil Service, London: Chatham House.

Peterson, J. (2007) “The ‘Enlarged’ European Commission”, Journal of European Public Policy, vol. 15, no. 4 (forthcoming), earlier draft available on line as Notre Europe Policy Paper at http://www.notre-europe.asso.fr/sommaire.php3?lang=en.

20 Studying the European Commission – A review of the literature

13. Other works (of history, anthropology, public administration, etc.)

Abélès, Marc, and Irène Bellier (1996) "La Commission européenne: du compromis culturel à la culture politique du compromis," Revue Française de Science Politique. Volume 46, n° 3, Juin: 431-56.

Abélès, Marc (1998) "Homo communautarus" in Riva Kastoryano (ed) Quelle identité pour l'Europe ? Le multiculturalisme à l'épreuve, Paris: Presses de Sciences Po.

Bellier, I. (1997) “The Commission as an Actor: An Antropologist’s view” in H. Wallace and A. Young (eds.) Participation and Policy-Making in the European Union, Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Bellier, Irène (1999) “Le lieu du politique, l’usage du technocrate” in D. Dulong et V. Dubois, (eds) La question technocratique, Strasbourg, Presses Universitaires de Strasbourg, collection “ science politique de l’Europe ”, p. 109-128

Bellier, I. (2000) “A Europeanized Elite? An Anthropology of European Commission Officials”, Yearbook of European Studies, 14: 135-156.

Conrad, Yves (1989) Jean Monnet et les débuts de la fonction publique européenne: la haute autorité de la CECA, 1952-1953, Ciaco: Louvain-la-Neuve.

Conrad, Yves (1992) "La Communauté Européenne Du Charbon et de l'Acier et la Situation de Ses Agents. Du Régime Contractuel Au Régime Statutaire (1952-1958)." Jahrbuch Für Europäische Verwaltungsgeschichte, 4 (Die Anfänge de Verwaltung de Europäischen Gemeinschaft): 59 - 74.

Georgakakis, Didier (2002) "L’Europe sur le métier. Pour une sociologie des professionnels des questions européennes" in D. Georgakakis (ed) Les métiers de l’Europe politique. Acteurs et professionnalisations de l’Union européenne, Strasbourg: Presses universitaires de Strasbourg: 9-32.

Georgakakis, Didier (forthcoming) "La gouvernance de la gouvernance ou le leadership politique contrarié de la Commission", in de Lassalle, Marine et Georgakakis, Didier (eds) La nouvelle gouvernance européenne. Les usages politiques d’un concept, Strasbourg: Presses universitaires de Strasbourg.

Pôle Sud, numéro special “La commission européenne en politique(s)", n°15, novembre 2001.

Regards sociologiques, numéro spécial "Sur l’europe", 2004 - Numéro 27 & 28

Revue Française d’Administration publique, 1992, n° 63.

Revue Française d’Administration publique, 2000, n° 95, n° spécial "l’Administration de l’Union européenne".

21 Studying the European Commission – A review of the literature

Robert, Cécile (2002) "La construction des compétences en situation d’incertitude. L’exemple du service Phare", in Georgakakis, 2002: 85-120.

Rogalla, Dieter (1982) La Fonction publique européenne, Paris: Nathan.

Shore, Cris, and Black Annabel (1992) "The European Communities and the Construction of Europe", Anthropology Today, Vol. 8, No. 3, 10-11.

Shore, Cris (1999) Building Europe. London: Routledge.

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