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Die Grenzen Überschreiten Darstellung Der Vereinigten Staaten in Der Literatur Der DDR Von 1949 Bis Zum Mauerfall

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Die Grenzen Überschreiten Darstellung Der Vereinigten Staaten in Der Literatur Der DDR Von 1949 Bis Zum Mauerfall Faculté de philosophie, arts et lettres (FIAL) Die Grenzen überschreiten Darstellung der Vereinigten Staaten in der Literatur der DDR von 1949 bis zum Mauerfall Mémoire réalisé par Laurianne Baude Promoteur(s) Prof. Dr. Hubert Roland Année académique 2017-2018 Master en langues et lettres modernes, orientation germanique, finalité langues des affaires Die Grenzen überschreiten Darstellung der Vereinigten Staaten in der Literatur der DDR von 1949 bis zum Mauerfall Mémoire réalisé par Laurianne Baude Promoteur(s) Prof. Dr. Hubert Roland Année académique 2017-2018 Master en langues et lettres modernes, orientation germanique, finalité langues des affaires Danksagung An dieser Stelle möchte ich mich recht herzlich bei den Personen bedanken, die mich während der Verfassung dieser Masterarbeit unterstützt haben. Besonders möchte ich mich bei Herrn Prof. Roland bedanken, der sich trotz der Eile die Zeit genommen hat, die Arbeit zu kommentieren und zu korrigieren. Seine Hinweise auf Quellen für die Reiseliteratur und Imagologie haben mir sehr geholfen, die Arbeit besser zu strukturieren und einzugrenzen. Ebenfalls danke ich Karolin. Dein Korrekturlesen war wesentlich und dafür hast du immer Zeit gefunden, selbst im Urlaub. Ohne deine mentale Unterstützung hätte ich es 1 wahrscheinlich nicht geschafft. Dann geht mein Dank an meine Familie und besonders meine Eltern, meinen Freund Quentin, Megan, Constance, Mathilde und meine Family Toys-Kolleginnen. Sie haben meinen Stress, meine Tränen und mein Selbst-Infragestellen besänftigt und mir wieder Mut gemacht und Vertrauen eingeflößt. Zuletzt gilt mein Dank allen FreundInnen, die mich unterstützt haben. 2 Inhaltsverzeichnis Danksagung ........................................................................................................................... 1 Einführung ............................................................................................................................ 7 Teil 1 – Der politische, gesellschaftliche und kulturelle Kontext der DDR ...................... 11 1. Kleine Geschichte der DDR .........................................................................................................12 1.1. Die Nachkriegszeit und die Spaltung Deutschlands (1945-1949) .........................................12 1.2. Die Entwicklung der DDR (1949-1961) ...............................................................................15 1.3. Zwischen Reformen und Restriktion (1961-1971) ................................................................17 1.4. „Der Schein der Normalität“ (1971-1982) ............................................................................19 1.5. Bis die Berliner Mauer fällt (1982-1989) ..............................................................................21 2. Politische Zusammenhänge der DDR .........................................................................................24 2.1. Die Allmacht der Partei .........................................................................................................24 2.2. Die Propaganda .....................................................................................................................26 2.3. Die Reisepolitik nach Westen ...............................................................................................28 3 3. Literarisches Leben der DDR ......................................................................................................29 3.1. Entwicklung der DDR-Literatur ............................................................................................30 3.2. Die Zensur .............................................................................................................................34 Teil 2 – Gattungsspezifische Merkmale der Reiseliteratur und Imagologie ..................... 39 1. Reiseliteratur .............................................................................................................................40 1.1. Definition ............................................................................................................................40 1.2. Geschichte ...........................................................................................................................42 1.3. Forschung ...........................................................................................................................43 1.4. Merkmale der Gattung ........................................................................................................46 1.4.1. Die Wirklichkeit darstellen ....................................................................................46 1.4.2. Selbstbild und Fremdbild .......................................................................................48 2. Das Bild der USA in der DDR ..................................................................................................51 3. Reiseliteratur der DDR und das Motiv der Grenze ...................................................................55 Teil 3 – Vorstellung der Autoren und Texte ........................................................................ 58 1. Biografien der Autoren ..............................................................................................................59 1.1. Hans Marchwitza ................................................................................................................59 1.2. Günter Kunert .....................................................................................................................61 1.3. Erich Loest ..........................................................................................................................62 2. Entstehung, Veröffentlichung und Rezeption der Bücher .........................................................64 2.1. In Amerika ..........................................................................................................................65 2.2. Der andere Planet ...............................................................................................................66 2.3. Saison in Key West ..............................................................................................................67 3. Zusammenfassung der Bücher ..................................................................................................68 3.1. In Amerika ..........................................................................................................................68 3.2. Der andere Planet ...............................................................................................................71 3.3. Saison in Key West ..............................................................................................................74 4. Beschreibung der USA ..............................................................................................................76 4.1. Marchwitzas In Amerika: New York als Teufel .................................................................77 4.1.1. Das Geld ................................................................................................................77 4 4.1.2. Das Tempo .............................................................................................................79 4.1.3. Die Freiheit vs. die Gefangenschaft .......................................................................79 4.1.4. Die Familie vs. die Fremdheit................................................................................80 4.1.5. Fazit .......................................................................................................................81 4.2. Kunerts Der andere Planet: Amerika als faszinierende Welt der Ambivalenz ..................82 4.2.1. Kritik und Faszination ...........................................................................................83 4.2.2. Stereotype und (oder?) Ironie ................................................................................84 4.2.3. Amerika und seine Ambivalenzen .........................................................................86 4.2.4. Objektivität und Subjektivität ................................................................................87 4.2.5. Fazit .......................................................................................................................88 4.3. Loests Saison in Key West: Führung durch Key West und die Mohawks Reservation ......89 4.3.1. Intertextualität und Geschichte ..............................................................................89 4.3.2. Amerika erinnert an Europa ...................................................................................90 4.3.3. Gemischte Gefühle ................................................................................................91 4.3.4. Fazit .......................................................................................................................93 Teil 4 – Analyse ....................................................................................................................... 95 1. Interpretation der drei USA-Bilder durch das Prisma der Reiseliteratur ...................................95 2. Gestaltung des USA-Bildes .....................................................................................................101 3. Einfluss der drei Reiseberichte auf die politisch-geschichtlichen Zusammenhänge der DDR .................................................................................................................................................103
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