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Winter 2020 Explore Magazine Julie.Indd Ulster Publishing’s Explore Hudson Valley Magazine Winter 2020 A wintry mix 2 • Winter 2020 Explore Hudson Valley ulster publishing ulster publishing Explore Hudson Valley Winter 2020 • 3 WILLIAM STEIN & CHRISTOPHER BERRY Dating back some 386 million years, it’s the world’s oldest-known fossil evidence of a forest, predating by two or three million the site in Gilboa that was previously regarded as the earliest of its kind. Shown above, left: Aerial shot of a well-preserved Archaeopteris root system. Finding your roots World’s oldest forest unearthed in Catskills quarry Frances Marion Platt Earth are in South Africa, the Blue Ridge Taconic Arc was riding a tectonic plate in Virginia makes the Top Ten list, with that bumped into Laurentia, creating the o matter how much of the rock layers datable back 1.2 billion years. Taconic Mountains and adding what is Appalachian Trail you’ve The uplift of the Appalachian chain began now western New England to the Iapetus hiked or how many Catskill in earnest about 470 million years ago, Ocean coastline. Today’s Taconics are but N or Adirondack High Peaks you’ve bagged, our Eastern mountains look measly when you hold them up Millipedelike creatures called myriapods against the Alaska Range, the Rockies, the Cascades, the Sierra Nevada. There likely shared this forest ecosystem, but dinosaurs is, however, a different way to look at this comparison that might make you would not begin to evolve for another 140 million years. feel better: through a lens of time rath- er than altitude. The still-seismologi- cally-active mountains of the West are during the Ordovician Period, when a tiny, worn-down remnant of what was much younger than the long-eroded the East Coast of the North American once a major geographic feature. Appalachians. The orogeny (mountain- paleocontinent Laurentia lay about where A second arc of islands, Avalonia, building period) of the Rockies only the Hudson Valley is now (although the followed with greater force after linking up dates back 55 to 80 million years. Com- entire continent was then positioned with the small continent of Baltica (which pared to the East, that’s chicken feed. slightly south of the Equator). A crescent was later to head off eastward again, to While the oldest mountains on Planet of small islands that geologists call the become the basis of Western Europe). 4 • Winter 2020 Explore Hudson Valley ulster publishing It struck Laurentia about 430 million million years ago. Technically speaking, amazingly special about our region to years ago (Silurian Period), gradually the Catskills aren’t even classified as inspire pride of place: In the December closing up the Iapetus Ocean, adding the mountains, but as a “dissected plateau,” 2019 issue of Current Biology, William rocky mass of eastern New England and formed not by uplift but by eons of erosion Stein, professor emeritus of Biological triggering the Acadian Orogeny, which from water running downhill to the Sciences at Binghamton University, piled up what would become the northern receding sea. published a study with dramatic Appalachians. A massive range called the Don’t be disappointed, though. If you photographs of the spreading imprints Acadian Mountains then paralleled the were one of those kids who wanted to be of Devonian Period tree roots from the coast from New York to Virginia. a paleontologist when you grew up, you floor of an abandoned quarry in the The most violent wave of orogenic may recall that the Mississippian and Green County town of Cairo. Dating back activity in the East was yet to come, Pennsylvanian taken together add up to some 386 million years, it’s the world’s when Gondwanaland slammed into what’s called the Carboniferous Period. oldest-known fossil evidence of a forest, Euramerica (Laurentia + Baltica) to form Yes, that’s when all those coal deposits in predating by two or three million the the temporary supercontinent Pangaea. Pennsylvania were being formed – from site in Gilboa, on the western edge of the This was the Alleghenian Orogeny, huge masses of plant life. The shoals of Catskills, that was previously regarded as which spanned three geological periods sediment worn down from the Acadian the earliest of its kind. – Mississippian, Pennsylvanian, Permian Mountains became fertile soil for some What makes the Cairo site even more – from 325 million to 260 million years of the world’s earliest forests. So densely exciting to scientists, according to Stein, ago. It created the Alleghany Plateau and did they grow that they ended up causing is the diversity of tree species found. The pushed the Appalachian mountain mass – catastrophic climate change that is the Gilboa site was dominated by specimens then the Central Pangaean Mountains – to opposite of the situation facing us now, from the genus Eospermatopteris: heights that likely exceeded the present- sucking CO2 out of the atmosphere and primitive, short-lived, weedy, shallow- day Rockies. fixing it underground as peat and coal. rooted plants resembling tree ferns. That upheaval wasn’t what made our Air temperatures and humidity dropped; Cairo has them too. But the knockout Catskills happen, however. Their genesis habitat became fragmented; many species discovery at the quarry – painstakingly came earlier, in the masses of sediment of plants and insects went extinct in a excavated from layers of sandstone, and washed westward in a great delta of global event known as the Carboniferous now protected from being obliterated by the Iapetus – by then a narrow inland Rainforest Collapse, about 305 million off-road vehicles by strategically placed sea – as the Acadian Mountains eroded. years ago. small boulders – is a labyrinthine network This occurred during the Devonian and And now, a new scientific discovery in of roots spanning 18 feet in diameter early Mississippian Periods, 395 to 325 the northern Catskills gives us something and digging deep into the soil. Stein has identified it as an Archaeopteris, a very early tree with a woody trunk and Explore Hudson Valley broad, flat leaves adapted for efficient A wintry mix photosynthesis, believed to be a precursor of seed-producing trees. He described the Editorial root system to Smithsonian Magazine as “strikingly modern, essentially what you’d EDITOR: Julie O’Connor see outside in my yard right now.” CONTRIBUTORS: John Burdick, Dion Ogust Remnants of a third type of early tree Frances Marion Platt, Lynn Woods were also found at the site, tentatively Ulster Publishing identified as an isoetalean lycopsid with stigmarian rootlets. Such plants were PUBLISHER: Geddy Sveikauskas ADVERTISING DIRECTOR: Genia Wickwire common denizens of coal swamps of the ADVERTISING: Lynn Coraza, Pam Courselle, Elizabeth Jackson, Angela Lattrell Carboniferous Period, but according to Ralph Longendyke, Sue Rogers, Linda Saccoman, Tobi Watson, Jenny Bella the researchers, they were not previously PRODUCTION MANAGER: Joe Morgan known to have existed as early as the mid- PRODUCTION: Diane Congello-Brandes, Josh Gilligan, Ann Marie Woolsey-Johnson Devonian. CIRCULATION: Dominic Labate Stein and his team hypothesize that the stand of trees at the Cairo quarry was Wintry Mix is one of four Explore Hudson Valley supplements Ulster Publishing killed by a flash flood. Skeletal fossils of puts out each year. It is distributed within the company’s fi ve weekly newspapers – Woodstock Times, New Paltz Times, Saugerties Times, Kingston Times & Almanac primitive types of fish also were found Weekly – and separately at select locations, reaching an estimated readership of nearby. Millipedelike creatures called over 50,000. Its website is www.hudsonvalleyone.com. myriapods likely shared this forest ecosystem, but dinosaurs would not Ulster Publishing (est. 1972) is a Hudson Valley media company with its offi ce begin to evolve for another 140 million at 322 Wall Street in Kingston. For more info on upcoming special sections, years. And the uplift of the present Rocky including how to place an ad, call (845) 334-8200, fax (845) 334-8202 or e-mail Mountains was still more than 300 [email protected]. Cover photo of the Ashokan Reservoir by Dion Ogust. million years in the future. So take that, Wild West. ♦ ulster publishing Explore Hudson Valley Winter 2020 • 5 Ask a Naturalist: Is a groundhog’s shadow a harbinger of spring? John Burdick culated in candles. The Germans were the first to associate the ritual with the lmost all animals made groundhog, developing the curious of more than one cell have myth that we all know: If the groundhog symbolic, mythic, shamanic emerges from its hole and sees its shad- A meanings and resonances ow, it becomes frightened and retreats in the cultures of the world. Many, like back into the hole, prophesying six more birds, are believed to tell the future. Few weeks of harsh winter. If it sees no shad- have so precise an oracular calling as a BARBARA L. HANSON ow, the way is cleared for an early spring. single annual instance of predictive me- stition and common sense by which the First described in 1758 by the Swedish teorology. While Groundhog Day was length of winter was measured and cal- scientist Carl Linnaeus, the groundhog first celebrated in 1887 (in Punxsutaw- ney, Pennsylvania, famously), the myth finds its origins in the Christian holyday of Candlemas: a combination of super- EARLY CHILDHOOD PARENT/CHILD PLAY GROUP and NURSERY SCHOOL Kindergarten through Eighth Grade Rolling Admissions School Tours Available By Appointment 62 Ricks Road, Woodstock NY 12498 16 South Chestnut, New Paltz (845) 255-0033 845-679-7800 www.mountainlaurel.org www.glospawoodstock.com 6 • Winter 2020 Explore Hudson Valley ulster publishing is a well-known character in the Hudson Valley – a bane of farmers, but an awful lot of fun to observe, with their vast networks of holes and tunnels and their odd composure as they appear to stand or sit erect by the side of the road, eating an apple in a vaguely humanoid way.
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