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Rta Maxsus Ta`Lim Vazirligi UDK: 330.8 O`ZBEKISTON RESPUBLIKASI OLIY VA O`RTA MAXSUS TA`LIM VAZIRLIGI NAMANGAN DAVLAT UNIVERSITETI K.Q.Tajibayev, J.A.Abdullayev, M.T.Baltabayev NAMANGAN - 2020 Ushbu qo’llanma bakalavriat bosqichining iqtisodiy ta`lim yo`nalishi talabalari uchun “Iqtisodiyot nazarizasi”, “Iqtisodiy ta’limotlar tarixi”, “Zamonaviy raqobat nazariyalari”, “Makroiqtisodiyot”, “Mikroiqtisodiyot” fanlaridan olgan bilimlarini yanada mustaxkamlashda alohida ahamiyat kasb etadi. Talabalar ushbu qo’llanma bilan tanishish davomida iqtisodiy fanlarni rivojlantirishga hissa qo’shgan jahonning olimlari, iqtisodiy maktablar tomonidan ilgari surilgan iqtisodiy qarashlar, goyalar, yondashuvlar haqida keng ma’lumot olishlari mumkin. Shu bilan birga ushbu qo’llanma keng kitobxonlar ommasiga mo’ljallangan. Mualliflar: K.Tajibayev, J.Abdullayev, M.Baltabayev Taqrizchilar: i.f.n.dotsent K. Sirojidiinov i.f.n.dotsent M. G’aniyev Namangan davlat universiteti ilmiy kengashining 2020 yil ____________dagi majlisi qaroriga asosan nashrga tavsiya etilgan (Bayonnoma №___) KIRISH Jahon iqtisodiyotining yuqori sur’atlar bilan rivojlanib borishi, iqtisodiy integratsiyalashuv jarayonlarining jadallashuvi, rivojlanayotgan mamlakatlardagi iqtisodiy o’sish sur’atlarining barqaror saqlanib qolinayotganligi, rivojlangan va rivojlanayotgan mamlakatlar o’rtasidagi savdo urushlari kabi jarayonlar iqtisodiy tafakkur taraqqiyotiga kuchli ta’siri o’tkazmoqda. Jahon iqtisodiyotida sodir bo’layotgan voqea va hodisalarni iqtisodiy jihatdan sharhlash, ularning yechimlarni izlash jarayoni bevosita yetakchi iqtisodchi olimlarning boy merosini o’rganish bilan bog’liqdir. SHu ma’noda ayni paytgacha yaratilgan ilmiy g’oyalar va ilmiy asarlar katta ahamiyat kasb etadi. Ta’kidlab o’tish zarurki, iqtisodchi olimlar tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan iqtisodiy goyalar hali ham o’zining nazariy va amaliy ahamityaini yo’qotgan emas. Jahonga mashhur iqtisodchi olimlar o'z tadqiqotlari, nazariyalari va asarlari orqali nafaqat iqtisodiyot faniga katta hissa qo'shdilar balki iqtisodiy taraqqiyotning yangi yo’nalishlarini begilalab berdilar. Iqtisodiyot sohasi vakillari jahon evolyutsiyasiga katta ta'sir ko'rsatdilar va bu jarayon davom etib kelmoqda. Iqtisodiyot fani jamiyat hayotidagi iqtisodiy jarayonlar, undagi muammolar, ularning kelib chiqish sabablari, tarixiy va istiqboldagi iqtisodiy tendentsiyalarini o’rganadi va ularni boshqarish usullarin tadqiq etadi. Iqtisodiy ta’limotlar iqtisodiyotda sodir bo’ladigan jarayonlarni passiv aks ettirmaydi, balki ularga muayyan ta’sir ko’rsatish yo’li bilan ijtimoiy rivojlanishning tezlashishiga yoki sekinlashishiga olib keladi. Ma’lumki, ko’pchilik kontseptsiyalar (masalan, yangi klassik yoki keynschilik) davlatlarning iqtisodiy dasturlari asosi hisoblanib kelindi. Kishilik jamiyatning dastlabki davrlaridan boshlab xo’jalik yuritish to’g’risida u yoki bu ko’rinishdagi iqtisodiy fikrlar amal qilib kelgan. Lekin o’sha paytdagi iqtisodiy fikrlar to’g’risidagi ma’lumotlar bizning davrimizga yetib kelmagan. CHunki ularni avlodlardan-avlodlarga, asrlardan-asrlarga olib o’tuvchi vosita - yozuv bo’lmagan. Demak, iqtisodiy fikrlarning paydo bo’lishi va shakllanishi yozuv bilan bevosita bog’liq. Qadimgi Dunyo - quldorlik davridan boshlab dastlabki iqtisodiy fikrlar shakllana boshladi. Iqtisodiyot sohasi bir qator o'zgarishlarni o'z ichiga olgan bo'lib, o'rta asrlarda yashagan olimlar tomonidan ko’glab tadqiqotlar amalga oshirib fan riojiga katta hissa qo’shganlar. Albatta, bugungi kunning dolzarb muammolarini to’la hal etishda o’tgan davr iqtisodchilaridan tayyor javob topish qiyin, ammo o’tgan donishmandlarning fikr-mulohazalari hozirda va kelajak to’g’risida to’g’ri xulosa chiqarish va yangi g’oyalarni yaratish uchun imkon beradi. Tarixiy tajriba shunisi bilan ham qimmatlidir. Tarixiy o’tmishni bilish hozirgi davr ibtidosini yaxshiroq tushunishga yordam beradi. Iqtisodiy fikrlarning rivojlanishida arab mutafakkiri Ibn Xoldunning hissasi benihoya katta. Buyuk SHotlandiya iqtisodchisi Adam Smitning «Odamlar boyligining tabiati va sabablari to’g’risida tadqiqot» asari zamonaviy iqtisodiy fanining boshlanishi hisoblanadi. A.Smit o’z davridagi iqtisodiy bilim va kontseptsiyalarini umumlashtirdi va sistemaga tushirdi. U xo’jalik hayotining asosiy sohalarini tavsiflab beruvchi bir butun nazariya yaratdi. XIX asr va XX asrlarda iqtisodiyot sohasi radikal o'zgarishlarga duch keldi va zamonaviy dunyodagi murakkab moliyaviy va valyuta bitimlarini qamrab oladigan kengroq ta'riflarni qamrab oladi. Jon Maynard Keynes, Adam Smit, Tomas Maltus va Milton Fridman kabi taniqli iqtisodchilar nazariy va amaliy elementlarni qo'shib, matematik soddalashtiruvchi va iste'molchi, iste'mol tushunchalarini joriy etish orqali iqtisod ilmining rivojlanishiga hissa qo'shdi. Bugungi kunda iqtisodiyot – muvaffaqiyatli hayotning to'liq kalitidir, u sizning ishlab chiqarish omillaringizdan iste'mol qilish yo'llaringizga qadar har narsani belgilaydi. Iqtisod butun dunyoda har qanday moliyaviy, siyosiy va huquqiy muammolarni hal qilish imkonini beradi. U intellektual rivojlanish yo'li bilan turli muammolarni tushunish uchun nafaqat aqliy qobiliyatini kengaytiradi, balki o'zaro bog'liqlikni qo'llab-quvvatlaydigan ruxiylikni kuchaytiradi va shaxslarni muayyan vaziyatda eng yaxshi natijalarga erishish uchun hamkorlik ruhini rivojlantirishga da'vat etadi. Jahonning mashhur iqtisodchi olimlari haqiladi mazkur qo’llanmada iqtisodch olimlarning iqtisodiy fikrlari va g’oyalari va ular tomonidan yaratilgan kitob va risolalar haqida ma’lumotlar . Iqtisodiy savodxonlik ishlab chiqaruvchi, iste'molchi, ishchi, investor, fuqarolik va shaxs tomonidan qabul qilingan boshqa rollarda manfaatlarini himoya qilish uchun juda muhimdir. Iqtisodiy savodxonlik qarorlar qabul qilish, butun dunyoda ro'y berayotgan iqtisodiy o'zgarishlarni talqin qilish, hukumatlarning tanqidiy qarorlarini tushunish va baholash hamda investitsiyalar, iste'mol va bandlik masalalari bo'yicha kunlik qarorlarni qabul qilishni anglatadi. Iqtisodiyot - dunyodagi eng ilg'or ilm-fan, doimo rivojlanib borgan va rivojlanib borayotgan muvaffaqiyat va farovonlikning yagona yo'li, barcha so'nggi iqtisodiy voqealarni kuzatib borish va ularni yaxshi xabardor qilingan qarorlarni qabul qilishda qo'llashdir. Adam Smit Adam Smit - juda mashhur Shotlandiya faylasufi va iqtisodchisi. Ko'pincha dunyodagi eng birinchi erkin bozor kapitalistlaridan biri deb ataladi va zamonaviy iqtisodiyotning otasi sifatida, ayniqsa, erkin bozorlarda cheklovlarni keltirib chiqaradigan hukumat aralashuvidan himoyalanish uchun kutib olindi. Smit Shotlandiyaning Kirkaldi shahrida tug'ilgan. Uning tug'ilishi haqida hech qanday rasmiy ma’lumot bo'lmasa-da, u 1723-yil 16-iyunda dunyoga kelgan deb hisoblashadi. Smitning o’rta ta'lim olishlari Burg maktabida bo'lib o'tdi, unda u lotin, matematika, tarix va yozuv bilan tanishdi. Keyinchalik u Glazgo Universitetiga boryo’g’i 14 yoshida kirgan, bu jarayonda stipendiya olgan. Keyinchalik Smit 1740 - yilda Oksfordda Balliol kollejiga ko'chib o'tadi, u yerda u Yevropa adabiyoti haqida juda yaxshi bilimga ega bo'ldi. Uning akademiklarini tugatganidan so'ng Smit Shotlandiyaga qaytib keldi va 1748 yilda professor sifatida Edinburgh universitetiga qo'shildi. Bu davrda afsonaviy faylasuf va iqtisodchi Devid Xum bilan yo'llarni kesib o'tib, u bilan yaqin munosabatlarni o'rnatdi. Smit tomonidan, 1751 yilda Glazgo Universitetida birinchi marta mantiq kafedrasi ishga tushirilgan , keyin esa 1752 yilda axloqiy falsafaga asos solingan. Smit 1759 yilda o'zining eng mashxur asarlari, "Moral Sentiments" nazariyasini e'lon qildi. Bu kitob Glazgodagi ma'ruzalarida ko'plab materiallarni o'z ichiga olgan. Kitobning asosiy dalillari inson axloqi bilan bog'liq edi; axloqning mavjudligi jamiyatning individual a'zosi va boshqa a'zolari o'rtasidagi munosabatlarning kuchiga bog'liqdir. Odamlar o'rtasida o'zaro xayrixohlik bor edi, chunki ular o'zlarini taniganidek, boshqa odamlarning his-tuyg'ularini his qilish qobiliyatiga ega edilar. Uning kitobi muvaffaqiyatli yakunlanganidan so'ng, Smit, Glazgoda professorlikni vaqtinchalik Gersog Baklyu oilasida tarbiyachi bo'lish uchun Frantsiyaga ketayotganda tark etdi. Uning harakatlari davomida Volter, François Quesnay va Jacques Rousseau kabi boshqa taniqli mutafakkirlarga duch keldi. Uning ta'siri uning kelajakdagi ishlariga ta'sir ko'rsatdi. Gersog bilan muddatini tugatganidan so'ng, Adam Smit Kirkkaldiga qaytib, u erda "Xalqlar boyligi" nomli keyingi kitobida ishlay boshladi. Bu 1776 yilda nashr etilgan va o'quvchilar o'rtasida tezkor hitsga aylangan. Ko'pchilik tomonidan siyosiy iqtisod bo'yicha birinchi kitob sifatida qaraldi va mamlakatdagi resurslar oltin va kumush zaxiralari bilan o'lchanadigan tushunchani yo'q qilib, dalada to'lqin yaratdi. Smit, uning o'rniga Yalpi ichki mahsulot sifatida yaxshi ma'lum bo'lgan to'g'ri metrik bo'lgan iqtisodiyot tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan jami mahsulotning o'rnini egallashini ta'kidladi. Shuningdek, u mutaxassislik va mehnatni taqsimlashni o'rganishga kirishdi va ishlab chiqarilayotgan tovarlar va xizmatlar sifatini oshirishga erishdi. Smitning iqtisodiy ta'limoti yangi intizomga asoslanib, intizomni o'zgartirdi. Uning asarlari iqtisodga Laissez-faire yondashuvlarini targ'ib qilmoqda, chunki hukumatlar hukumatlar aralashuvisiz bozorlar yaxshiroq bo'lishiga ishonishadi. soliqlar orqali. Smitning fikriga ko'ra, bu fikr bozorlarda talab va taklifni tartibga soluvchi iqtisodiyotda "ko'rinmas qo'l" mavjudligini ta'kidlaydi. Ko'rinmas alomatga bo'lgan imoni, barcha insonlar o'z manfaatlari
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