Transboundary-Rivers-And-International-Lakes.Pdf

*li$Sci)leta t UN/ECE Task Force on Monitoring & Assessment vMUOsSJ^KJO^lli under the Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes (Helsinki, 1992)

Working programme 1994/1995

Volume 1:

Transboundary Rivers and International Lakes

RIZA report nr.: 95.064 ISBN 9036945569

Authors: R.M.A. Breukel (RIZA), J.G. Timmerman (RIZA)

Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management RIZA Institute for Inland Water Management and Waste Water Treatment

Lelystad, January 1996 Colofon lay-out: RIZA Design

Cover design: Ph. Hogeboom (Bureau Beekvisser bNO) J.J. Ottens (RIZA)

Cover pictures: RIZA Pictures reflect main functions of rivers

Printed by: Koninklijke Vermande BV

English corrections: M.T. Villars (Delft Hydraulics)

Maps: 1/2 Directorate-General of Public Works and Water Management Survey Department, Delft 3/8 Wolters-Noordhoff Atlas Productions, Groningen

Reproduction permitted only when quoting is evident.

Additional copies of the following 5 volumes can be ordered from RIZA, Institute for Inland Water Manage ment and Waste Water Treatment, ECE Task Force project-secretariat, P.O. box 17, 8200 AA Lelystad, The Netherlands. Fax: +31 (0)320 249218

Volume 1 Transboundary rivers and international lakes (ISBN 9036945569) Volume 2 Current practices in monitoring and assessment of rivers and lakes (ISBN 9036945666) Volume 3 Biological assessment methods for watercourses (ISBN 9036945763) Volume 4 Quality assurance (ISBN 9036945860) Volume 5 State of the art on monitoring and assessment of rivers (ISBN 9036945968)

NOTE: The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expres sion of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

UN/ECE Task Force on Monitonng and Assessment Transboundary Rivers and International Lakes Preface

This report has been prepared by R.M.A. Breukel and J.G. Timmerman (both RIZA, The Netherlands). The guidance-committee on this report comprised of W.H. Mulder, A. Schafer, M. van Oirschot, J. Botterweg, M. Adriaanse and A. Wilting (all RIZA, The Netherlands).

The report was discussed and accepted by the ECE Task Force on Monitor ing and Assessment under the Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes (Helsinki, 1992). Designated experts for the Task Force were: Austria K. Schwaiger Bulgaria N. Matev Czech Republic J. Plainer, P. Puncochaf Croatia B. Glumbic, M. Marijanovic Estonia V Taal, K. Turk Finland S. Antikainen Germany F. Kohmann, M. Schleuter Greece P. Karakatsoulis Hungary Zs. Buzas, E. Poroszlai Latvia R. Bebris The Netherlands A.B. van Luin, M. Adriaanse, J.G. Timmerman Poland M. Landsberg-Ucziwek, H. Soszka Portugal V.M. da Silva Romania TL. Constantinescu, C. Ognean Russian Federation V.S. Kukosh Slovak Republic Z. Kelnarova, M. Matuska Slovenia M.Zupan Spain J.L. Ortiz-Casas Ukraine O. Kryjanovskaia, N. Padun, O. Tarasova United Kingdom J. Seager UN/ECE R. Enderlein WMO J. Bassier, N. Sehmi

UN/ECE Task Force on Monitoring and Assessment Transboundary Rivers and International Lakes UN/ECE Task Force on Monitoring and Assessment Transboundary Rivers and International Lakes Contents

Preface 3

List of tables and figures 6

0. Summary and recommendations 7 0.1 Transboundary water courses: identification, functions and uses 7 0.2 Monitoring efforts, current practises and gaps 7 0.3 Current practices in international cooperation 8 0.4 Recommendations 8

1. Introduction 9 1.1 General 9 1.2 Objectives, scope and restrictions 10 1.3 Methods 11 1.4 Readers guide 77

2. Transboundary rivers and international lakes 73 2.1 Transboundary rivers 13 2.2 International lakes 75

3. Organisational aspects 77

4. International cooperation 79 4.1 Transboundary aspects 79 4.2 Organisations and agreements 79

5. Functions and use of, and influences on water systems 23 5.1 Recreation, wildlife, fishing 23 5.2 Industry, cooling 23 5.3 Drinking water 25 5.4 Population, households 25 5.5 Agriculture, irrigation 26 5.6 Shipping, regulation 27 5.7 Air pollution 28

6. Monitoring networks 37 6.1 Types of monitoring 37

6.2 Choice of media 32

7. Objectives and assessment 35

References 37

Appendices I: List of ECE and TASK-force countries and contacts 47 II: Transboundary rivers and lakes 42 III: Organisations involved in Monitoring and Assessment 46 IV: Anthropogenic influences and types of monitoring 49 V: River basins, catchment areas and countries 54

UN/ECE Task Force on Monitoring and Assessment Transboundary Rivers and International Lakes List of tables and figures

Table 2.1: Overview of the identified transboundary rivers, ECE region 74 Table 2.2: Comparison of rivers 74 Table 2.3: Overview of the identified international lakes, ECE region 76

Figure 2.1: Comparison of reported rivers 73 Figure 3.1: Organisations in water management 77 Figure 5.1: Use and functions of reported waters 23 Figure 5.2: Anthropogenic influences 25 Figure 6.1: Types of monitoring 37

Map 1: Main transboundary rivers and international lakes (folded) 10 Map 2: Types of (routine) monitoring, presently in operation (folded) 10 Map 3: European centres of industry 22 Map 4: Location of European power plants 24 Map 5: Population density in Europe 26 Map 6: Use of soil in Europe 27 Map 7: Air pollution, S02-concentration 28 Map 8: Air pollution, acid rain 30

UN/ECE Task Force on Monitoring and Assessment Transboundary Rivers and International Lakes 0. Summary and recommendations

0.1 Transboundary water courses: identification, functions and uses

This volume: 'Transboundary Rivers and International Lakes', contains an inventory of transboundary rivers and international lakes in the ECE region, an identification of general characteristics and a general overview of rou tine monitoring and assessment practises in transboundary water courses in the ECE region. Information has been obtained by the use of a question naire and other information sources. A total of 158 transboundary rivers and 14 lakes have been submitted to the inventory. In general, these are the water bodies with the largest trans boundary impact or the largest discharge. Only 27 rivers have an annual discharge exceeding 200 m3/s, with the Danube being the largest trans boundary river in the ECE region. The dimensions (surface area, depth) of the submitted lakes varies greatly, indicating that there are large differences in character and vulnerability of the lakes.

The uses and functions of rivers and lakes vary greatly between countries and water bodies. Recreation, fishing and aquatic wildlife are the main functions (±70%), closely followed by industrial use and irrigation (both ±50%). Fewer water bodies have the functions drinking water supply (±40%) or the generation of electrical power (±33%). Navigation and transport is reported for (only) ±22% of all rivers and lakes. Anthropogenic influences are reported for all rivers. Agriculture and house holds are the most common (±80%), followed by industry (±70%) and dis charge regulation (±40%). Another impact characteristic is the diffuse pol lution, such as acid rain. The dimensions, uses and functions of the water bodies, differ greatly per country and/or per catchment-area. This makes it difficult to make useful comparisons of the transboundary rivers and lakes uniformly for the entire ECE-area. Per catchment area, the differences are smaller.

0.2 Monitoring efforts, current practises and gaps

Chemical monitoring is performed in every water body. Often the physico- chemical monitoring is confined to the 'classic' variables. The determination of organic micropollutants is far less widely spread. Almost every country has experience with routine biological monitoring in a broader sense than 'just' bacteria. Phytoplankton, zooplankton and inver tebrates are monitored by approximately 2/3 of all countries, although not in every water system. Macrophytes and vertebrates, like fish or birds, are monitored (counted) less often. Toxicity tests, using fish or mussels are per formed on a routine basis in relatively few countries. Early warning monitoring, usually to protect drinking water interests takes place in relatively few countries. The early warning monitoring may differ widely from simple sensors to highly sophisticated high-tech equipment. Biological methods, using fish or water-fleas are quite often used in early warning networks. Routine effluent monitoring is common practise in 2/3 of the countries. Often the main monitoring effort is executed by the in dustry itself and the water authorities are restricted to control-monitoring.

UN/ECE Task Force on Monitoring and Assessment Transboundary Rivers and International Lakes Most physico-chemical monitoring in performed in the water-phase only. Relatively few countries have experience with monitoring in suspended sol ids, sediments or biota. It has not been possible to determine if this means that concentrations in the water-phase are still high enough to allow accu rate monitoring in the water-phase. However it is clear that more attention to other media, certainly in transboundary monitoring networks is neces sary to provide a more complete insight in presence, levels and loads of pollution.

In most countries, several different organizations, both national and region al, are involved in the monitoring and assessment of transboundary rivers and lakes. In some 60% of the countries, the execution of both quality and quantity management lies within the same institute. The monitoring strate gy may be the responsibility of the monitoring organisation, but may also lie with 'higher' organisations, such as ministries. The actual monitoring ac tivities (sampling, analysis and data storage) are usually carried out by re gional organizations, divided geographically or per river basin. These or ganizations may have their own laboratories or use local or private laboratories. In general, the data are stored in a database at the organiza tions mentioned before.

0.3 Current practices in international cooperation

Many forms of international cooperation on the protection and use of transboundary waters are in operation. In fact, there must be many hun dreds in the ECE-area. Approximately 90% of the countries have one or more bilateral agreement and/or transboundary commission in operation. Most of the older agreements cover quantitative aspects only. The more re cent agreements include qualitative aspects also. In general the monitoring activities of transboundary water commissions are based upon the national monitoring programs of the participating countries. However, the international importance of the network and the fact that in general border-locations -often major locations of the national networks- are used, often results in an elaborate international network. Furthermore, international monitoring networks have a tendency to structure procedures and methods on sampling, analysis, data-processing and reporting. In the course of this report it was not possible to execute a complete research into the monitoring activities of all presently active international cooperations and agreements.

0.4 Recommendations

1. The diversity of functions and uses of different water bodies support the choice for a catchment-area approach rather than an ECE-area wide covering of harmonization in monitoring activities. 2. More attention should be given to the selection of the most appropriate media in which to perform routine monitoring (water-phase, suspended solids, sediments or biota). International harmonization, at least at the level of transboundary water systems, might be advisable in this respect. 3. More attention should be given to the increase of the scope of biological monitoring to achieve a full integration of biological monitoring in rou tine ambient monitoring. 4. Further inventory, description and comparison of the monitoring activ ities of all presently active international agreements and river commissions should be made.

UN/ECE Task Force on Monitoring and Assessment Transboundary Rivers and International Lakes 1. Introduction

1.1 General

The Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes (hereinafter referred to as the Convention) was drawn up under the auspices the Economic Commission for Europe and adopted at Helsinki on 17 March 1992. The Convention was signed by 25 countries and by the European Community before the period of signature closed on 18 September 1992. It will enter into force 90 days after the date of deposit of the sixteenth instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession. By the time of writing of this report, thirteen countries and the European Community had deposited their relevant instruments of ratifi cation with the United Nations Secretary-General.

To comply with the obligations under the Helsinki Convention, the Parties will, inter alia, have to set emission limits for discharges of hazardous sub stances from point sources based on the best available technology. In addi tion, they will have to apply at least biological treatment or equivalent pro cesses to municipal waste water. They shall also issue authorizations for the discharge of waste water and monitor compliance. Moreover, they have to adopt water quality criteria and define water quality objectives. To reduce the input of nutrients and hazardous substances from diffuse sources, in particular from agriculture, they shall develop and implement best environ mental practices. Furthermore, environmental impact assessment proce dures and the ecosystem approach shall be used to prevent any adverse impact on transboundary waters.

Consequently, the Helsinki Convention addresses such issues as monitoring, assessment, warning and alarm systems, and exchange and presentation of information. For example, the Parties bordering the same transboundary waters will have to set up joint or coordinated systems for monitoring and assessment of the conditions of transboundary waters, and set up coordi nated or joint communication, warning and alarm systems. The clear objec tive of monitoring and assessment systems such as the Helsinki Convention is to prove that changes in the conditions of transboundary waters caused by human activity do not lead to significant adverse effects on flora and fauna, human health and safety, soil, air climate, landscape and historic monuments or other physical structures or the interaction among these fac tors.

The establishment of a system to furnish proof that these objectives are met is a challenging task. Moreover, monitoring compliance with the provi sions of the Helsinki Convention demands reliable information on waters and factors influencing water quality and quantity. There is. for instance, a need for information related to in-stream quality, such as conditions of wa ters (water quantity and quality), aquatic and riparian flora and fauna, and sediment. Information related to extreme conditions in waters, caused by accidents, floods, drought or ice cover, is also needed. Emission sources al so have to be monitored to obtain information on the concentration of pol lutants in effluents, and to carry out pollution-load assessments.

UN/ECE Task Force on Monitoring and Assessment Transboundary Rivers and International Lakes Consequently, information on monitoring of surface waters and significant emission sources in catchment areas of transboundary waters is required. This includes information on the legal basis of emission monitoring, selec tion of variables, selection of sampling sites and frequencies and documen tation and reporting of the results (both to authorities and to the public at large). Information on monitoring for early warning purposes, including bi ological warning systems, is required as well.

Following the adoption of the Convention, the Senior Advisers to ECE Gov ernments on Environmental and Water Problems (now known as the ECE Committee on Environmental Policy) entrusted its Working Party on Water Problems with the implementation of the Convention, pending its entry into force. To implement the work plan, the Working Party has set up sev eral task forces and groups of rapporteurs. The topics addressed are: 1. point sources; 2. diffuse sources; 3. legal and administrative aspects; 4. sustainable water management; 5. monitoring and assessment.

The present report has been prepared within the context of the Task Force on monitoring and assessment, which was led by the Netherlands.

This Task Force has been charged with the preparation of draft guidelines to ECE Governments on monitoring and assessment. During the first meet ing of the Task Force, a phased approach towards this goal has been ap proved. During the first phase, the focus will be on 'running-water' trans boundary water courses (i.e. rivers, streams, canals), while in later phases, the focus will be on lakes, estuaries and groundwaters.

The present report is one in a series of 5 background documents to be used for the drafting of guidelines on monitoring and assessment of running- water transboundary water courses. These reports deal with the following themes:

1. inventory of transboundary rivers and international lakes in Europe; 2. inventory of current monitoring and assessment practices in UN/ECE countries; 3. preparation of draft guidelines for biological assessment of rivers; 4. preparation of draft guidelines for quality assurance; 5. inventory of State of the Art practices in monitoring and assessment.

The present report is the result of the activities under item number 1: In ventory of transboundary rivers and international lakes in Europe.

1.2 Objectives, scope and restrictions

The objectives of this report are to present the following information in a manner which is accessible and relevant to the Helsinki Convention: 1. An inventory of transboundary rivers and international lakes in the ECE region. 2. Identification of general characteristics and issues. 3. A general overview of Monitoring and Assessment practises in trans boundary water courses in the ECE region. The inventory included the countries in the ECE region in Europe and Central-Asia (not USA, Canada and Israel) and their routine monitoring

UN/ECE Task Force on Monitoring and Assessment Transboundary Rivers and International Lakes 10 activities in the fields of water quality monitoring (chemical, biological, ear ly warning, effluent). Specific monitoring and assessment activities for re search and development have not been inventoried.

1.3 Methods

Most of the information has been inventoried by use of a questionnaire that has been filled out by the designated experts from ECE-countries par ticipating in the Task Force. The results of the inquiry are described in de tailed form in Report 2 (Current Practises on Monitoring and Assessment; TFMA, 1995b). The information has also been stored in a data-base to per mit further use. To obtain information on the countries that did not com plete the questionnaire or in case the questionnaire did not provide suffi cient information, other sources of information, such as UN/DESA (1978) and EEA (1994 and 1995) have occasionally been used in order to achieve a complete overview.

1.4 Readers guide

The present document, Report 1, provides a general overview of the Trans boundary Rivers and International Lakes in the ECE region and the activities in the field of water quality monitoring and assessment. Chapter 2 contains the aggregated information on the rivers and lakes included in the invento ry. Chapters 3 and 4 deal with the organisations in water policy and man agement, and the international cooperation respectively. The functions, us es and influences that impact water quality are described in chapter 5. An overview of the existing monitoring networks and a review of the objec tives for monitoring related to the methods used for assessment are given in chapters 6 and 7.

A 2-character alphabetical code, as assigned by the International Organisa tion for Standardization (ISO) and listed by the United Nations Statistical Division (UN/SD, 1994) is used to identify each country.

UN/ECE Task Force on Monitoring and Assessment Transboundary Rivers and International Lakes 11 UN/ECE Task Force on Monitoring and Assessment Transboundary Rivers and International Lakes 12 2. Transboundary rivers and international lakes

2.1 Transboundary rivers

From the inventory by questionnaire and additional information from other sources, 158 transboundary rivers and 14 lakes have been identified (see map 1). However, it is obvious that these are not all the transboundary wa tercourses in the ECE region. Several countries have indicated that the total number of (small) transboundary waters may well be hundreds or more. For example, the Finnish-Russian Joint Commission on the Utilization of Frontier Waters has listed some 400 watercourses as transboundary waters (UN/ECE, 1993b). Most countries only entered the rivers with the largest impact or discharge. Others however did submit a more complete inventory including small riv ers as well. This makes the total list of submitted rivers and lakes (appendix II) somewhat unbalanced. Furthermore, some rivers have been entered that are in fact not transboundary themselves, but do have a transboundary im pact (tributaries to border rivers). The data of all submitted rivers have been included in this report. Countries that replied to the questionnaire or have sent other documenta tion are listed in Appendix I. For the countries that did not (yet) reply, the largest water courses have been identified from other sources. Although somewhat out of balance, the list of identified transboundary rivers and lakes does contain most of the major water courses that potentially impact water quality in neighbouring countries.

Figure 2.1 Comparison of reported rivers. Transboundary Rivers Sorted on discharge

10-50 50-200 200-400 400-1000 1-2000 2200 discharge (m /s)

A total of 158 rivers has been identified as transboundary (fig. 2.1). The listing has been made on the basis of the highest annual average discharge in the rivers reach submitted in teh quetionnaires. The complete list of wa ter courses, riparian countries and discharge figures at the different borders, is found in appendix II. The catchment areas of a number of river basins are listed in appendix V.

UN/ECE Task Force on Monitoring and Assessment Transboundary Rivers and International Lakes M Most of the submitted rivers are relatively small. Only 27 rivers have an an nual discharge that exceeds 200 m Vs. The Danube is the largest trans boundary river in the ECE region followed by the Rhine, Rhone and Dnie pro Rivers. The submitted rivers have been summarized in table 2.1. It should be noticed that among the submitted rivers from which no dis charge data are available, there are several rivers with a large impact such as the Amu Darja and the Naryn. However, most of the rivers for which the discharge is unknown are the relatively small streams where no hydrologi cal monitoring is performed (e.g. 10 streams in Northern Ireland). Other large rivers that may seem missing, like the Volga, are not transboundary.

The discharges given are the average annual discharges. Obviously, maxi mum discharges are much higher. During the high river flows of January and February 1995, the Rhine and Meuse Rivers reached discharges at the Dutch borders of 12,060 and 2,870 mVs respectively. This was 6 and 13 times greater than the annual average discharges. These floods caused se vere damage in large parts of Europe. Emergency dikes had to be built in several German cities, French camp-sites were flooded and the floods posed such a threat to the river dikes that hundreds of thousands Dutch in habitants had to be evacuated as a precautionary measure.

Table 2.1 Q (m>/s) Rivers Q (mVs) Rivers Overview of the identified transboun dary rivers, ECE region. 6500 Danube 600 Vuoksi 2200 Rhine 540 Odra 1700 Rhdne 460 Daugava 1700 Dniepro/Dnepr 1210 Sava 300-400 Torne, Narva. Tajo, Ili, Ural, Dniester, Prypyat 740 Tisza 200 - 300 Mino. Salzach, Meuse. Kupa, Neretva. Una. Mura 730 Elbe/Labe 50-200 28 rivers 720 Inn 10- 50 43 rivers 700 Nemunas <10 43 rivers 630 Douro unknown 16 rivers 625 Drava Total: 158 rivers

However, on a global scale even the largest European rivers are relatively modest, based on river length and drainage area. In table 2.2 a comparison is made with other large rivers, showing the Danube and Rhine as relatively 'small' rivers.

Table 2.2 River River length Drainage basins Comparison of rivers (Times Atlas. (Km) (Km') 1994) Nile (Africa) 6.695 1 900.000 Amazon (South America) 6.516 7 050,000 Chang Jiang (Asia) 6.380 1 175,000 Mississippi-Missouri (N&C America) 6.019 3 250,000 Ob'-lrtysh (Asia) 5,570 2 430,000

Volga (Europe) 3.688 1 380,000 Danube (Europe) 2.850 815,000 Rhine (Europe) 1.320 225,000

Even though the dimensions of the two largest transboundary rivers in the ECE region are no match to the largest rivers of the world such as the Nile, Amazon or Chang Jiang (Jangtsekiang), their importance to the riparian countries is huge because of the extended requirements that are laid upon functions and use of these rivers. It is claimed, for example, that no river in the world supports a more intensive international traffic than the Rhine River.

UN/ECE Task Force on Monitoring and Assessment Transboundary Rivers and International Lakes 14 2.2 International lakes

Relatively few (14) lakes have been included in the questionnaire respons es. Obviously these are not all of the international lakes but only the ones that the contributing countries considered to have the largest transboun dary impact.

The dimensions of these 14 lakes are very far apart. The surface area of Lake Nuijamaanjarvi is no more than 7 kmJ, while Lake Peipsi is as large as 3570 km2, and Lake Aral is even larger. The mean depth also varies greatly, with the lakes Boden, Leman and Maggiore being more than 100 or 200 meters deep and Lake Neusiedler less than 2 meters. The dimensions of a lake ob viously have a large impact on its character and its vulnerability for pollu tion.

Vulnerability of lakes: Lake Aral. Even the largest lakes, such as Lake Aral, can be harmed. In the late 1950s, the lake was as large as the countries of the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg together. Due to the excessive diversion of water for agricultural uses, especially for irrigation of cotton fields in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, the two main inflow to the Lake: the Amu Dar'ya and Syr Dar'ya rivers are now but shadows of themselves. Nowa days, when entering the lake, these rivers have only 1/10 of their former flow. This has caused a strong and rapid decrease in the level of the lake since the early 1960s. The level has dropped many meters (10-25) in the last 35 years. The total wet surface has decreased about 50%, leaving brackish puddles and desert-like land, covered with a layer of salt mixed with residues of pesticides, fertilizer and other chemicals. The average depth of the lake decreased from 53 to 37 meters and the volume from 1090 to 290 km3 in the period from 1960 to 1991.

The quality of the lakes water is poor, which reflects to the quality of the drinking water and eventually the public health. The band of dry land around the lake is the source of polluted sands that are taken by heavy winds to form so called dust storms. These occur mainly in the south western part of the lake. These dust storms transport this polluted mate rial as far as 200 or 300 kilometers into the backlands, polluting agricul tural land.

Source: Kondrat'ev et al. 19S5 and Heeres. 1994.

Table 2.3 gives an overview of the 14 identified international lakes in the ECE region. The information is derived from appendix II, UN/ECE (1993c), EEA (1994) and EEA (1995). It should be realised that the dimensions of the lakes are variable and the data in table 2.3 are averages.

UN/ECE Task Force on Monitoring and Assessment Transboundary Rivers and International Lakes 15 Table 2.3 Lake Countries Surface Depth Overview of the identified international (Km') mean max (m) lakes. ECE region. Lake Aral KZ/UZ 5-10.000 37 Lake Boden/bodensee/Constance AT/DE/CH 476/539 100 252 Lake Femsjoen/Halden river NO/SE 10.2 20 Lake Galadus PL/LT 7.3 12.6 57 Lake Leman/Geneve FR/CH 582 153 310 Lake MacNean/Upper Lough IE/C8 Lake Maggiore IT/CH 212.3 174 372 Lake Melvin (Lough) IE/CB Lake Neusiedler/Fert6-to AT/HU 292/321 1 1 1 8 Lake Nuijamaanjarvi FI/RU 7.2 15 Lake Oh rid AL/MK Lake Peipsi/Tsjoed EE/RU 3570 23 J 7 Lake Prespa AL/MK/GR Lake Skadar AL/MK

UN/ECE Task Force on Monitoring and Assessment Transboundary Rivers and International Lakes IC 3. Organisational aspects

There is a wide variety in the way monitoring and assessment of trans boundary rivers and lakes is organised in the various countries. In most countries, several organizations are involved. These organisations may be national but also regional. They may be concerned with water quality, quantity or both. Different steps in the monitoring and assessment process lie within the competence of different organisations or are the responsibility of one institute. In fact, almost every thinkable distribution of tasks and re sponsibilities occurs in one country or another. In a few countries, the en tire process of monitoring and assessment is the responsibility of one (na tion-wide) organisation or institute. In most countries (60%), the execution of water quality and quantity management lies within one and the same in stitute. This gives the implementation of the policy of "Integrated Water Management" more possibilities. In the other countries, different organiza tions (even from different ministries) are responsible.

The monitoring strategy is often the responsibility of national organisations such as ministries. In several countries, monitoring strategies are (also) pre scribed or influenced by international (water)commissions.

In more than half of the countries, the management of water quality and/or water quantity lies with national organizations. In the other coun tries this responsibility lies with a regional water authority. These may be based on a geographical division but sometimes they are organized per riv er basin. See figure 3.1.

Figure 3.1 Organisations in water management.

The actual monitoring is usually performed by regional water authorities (±80%). Although the connection and interaction between quality and

UN/ECE Task Force on Monitoring and Assessment Transboundary Rivers and International Lakes 17 quantity management is wide-spread, more specific research (e.g. biologi cal research) is still often performed (in commission) by other organisations. Transport, analysis, data storage and exchange is almost always a regional activity. Sometimes both regional and national organisations are responsible for sampling and sample transport. Local laboratories, private laboratories and/or ministerial laboratories carry out analyses in most countries. In some countries analyses are the responsibility of national or regional organiza tions. In most countries, a database is located at the organization respon sible for monitoring and/or sampling and sample transport. This is usually a regional organization. In all countries, data are provided by the same or ganizations. For more detailed information see appendix III.

UN/ECE Task Force on Monitoring and Assessment Transboundary Rivers and International Lakes 18 4. International cooperation

4.1 Transboundary aspects

Management of transboundary waters requires bilateral or multilateral cooperation. After all, these rivers don't stop at borders and neither does their impact. River works, regulation, industrial use but also pollution and other consequences of human use of water bodies have an impact down stream and in some cases even upstream.

Organisation of Danube River Agreement By the 1980s, Danubian countries had become aware of the need to act together to protect the environment of the Danube. The first important environmental agreement was the 1985 Bucharest Declaration on Water Management of the Danube. In this Declaration, the Danubian countries agreed to protect the Danube River and its tributaries from pollution. The Bucharest Declaration also led to the establishment of an international monitoring system for water quality at border-crossing points.

In 1991 the Danubian countries decided to prepare further, specific inter national agreements to protect the environment of the Danube River Ba sin. This led to the preparation of the Convention on Cooperation for the Protection and Sustainable Use of the Danube River, which was signed in Sofia on 29 June 1994. The convention falls within the framework of the Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes (Helsinki, 1992). In September 1991, the Danu bian countries, together with international financing organisations, G-24 countries and nongovernmental organisations, decided to launch the Environmental Programme for the Danube River Basin. A Strategic Action Plan is set up in which studies are carried out.

Since December 1992 a main programme within the Bucharest Declara tion has been the Monitoring, Laboratories and Information Manage ment (MLIM). The goals of this programme are the establishment of a strengthened Trans-National Monitoring Network (TNMN), streng thening of the network of national reference laboratories, and the esta blishment of a network of information centres responsible for information on water quality.

Source. OPCU, 7995.

4.2 Organisations and agreements

There are many forms of bilateral or multilateral cooperation. The Interna tional Rhine Commission is such an international organisation. But it is cer tainly not the only one. On the same, or on a different scale, bilateral and multilateral cooperation takes place in different organisations. A list of International Conventions, made up by the European Topic Centre on In land Waters contains 116 items (WRC, 1995). 127 Bilateral and multilateral agreements, treaties, conventions, protocols, orders and exchange of notes on the protection and use of transboundary waters in Europe and North

UN/ECE Task Force on Monitoring and Assessment Transboundary Rivers and International Lakes 19 America have been counted and described by the UN/ECE (UN/ECE, 1993a), 12 others were added in the 1994 Update (UN/ECE, 1995a). Both lists contain only the agreements with the largest impact; in general these concern the larger water courses. Even more extensive is the list of the Food and Agricultural Organisation (UN/FAO, 1984) that mentions more than 1600 agreements (historic and presently in function, world-wide) of which 201 apply to the Rhine catch ment area and 122 to the Danube catchment area. Even this list, dating from 1984, is not up-to-date nor complete! So clearly, the total number of agreements in the ECE-region must be at least several hundred.

Despite all these agreements, there are still a number of transboundary wa ters, particularly those bordered by the newly created States, which are not yet covered by agreements or other arrangements (UN/ECE, 1993b). In general, the existing, older agreements, cover quantitative aspects only. Later in history, the focus of transboundary agreements included qualitative aspects as well. Most of the agreements that focus on the prevention and control of water pollution and the protection of aquatic ecosystems were concluded in the course of the last two decades. Furthermore, some long- established agreements have been updated to meet the exigencies of inte grated water management (UN/ECE, 1993b).

In the questionnaires, approximately 2/3 of the countries have named one or more international agreements or commissions dealing with water qual ity related aspects. From the given names it can be derived that 90% of the countries have one or more bilateral agreement and/or commission (e.g. Finnish-Norwegian transboundary water commission). In 40% of the coun tries the agreement or commission concerns a multilateral agreement (Bu charest Declaration) or a catchment area (Danube Commission).

In general, the monitoring activities of transboundary water commissions are based upon the national monitoring programmes of the participating countries. However, the international importance of the network and the fact that mostly border-locations are used, which are often the major loca tions of the national networks, often results in an elaborated international network. Furthermore, international monitoring networks have a tendency to structure procedures and methods on sampling, analysis, data-process ing and reporting.

Within the restricted possibilities of the activities for the present report it has only been possible to inventory the existing international agreements and other forms of international cooperation and to look into the monitor ing activities of some of the 'larger' river commissions. However it was not possible to execute a complete research into the monitoring activities of all presently active international cooperations and agreements. Such an inven tory and comparison might provide an useful addition in the overview of current practises in international cooperation.

UN/ECE Task Force on Monitoring and Assessment Transboundary Rivers and International Lakes 20 UN/ECE Task Force on Monitoring and Assessment Transboundary Rivers and International Lakes 21 Map 3 European centres of industry [based on WN. 1995]

•*""a> Mutual ami a) lion and \\r*' O Molal MM am St»|lllUllllli>i a» C« industry 4 Aaioplana Itidtntiy c~ Chamlcal in i • labile mduiiiy (D llociio loclinicalndualiY

'o .0 «a»

- , '•>•** "*• "V.

UN/ECE Task Force on Monitoring and Assessment Transboundary Rivers and International Lakes 22 5. Functions and use of, and influences on watersystems

Most rivers and lakes fulfil several functions and uses. Rivers may sustain the same functions throughout a catchment area. How ever, often different functions have been reported for the same river in dif ferent countries (fig. 5.1). The functions are discussed below. Detailed information is given in appen dix IV.

Figure 5.1 Use and functions of reported waters. Transboundary Rivers ^^^^^^^^^^ functions and use transport -

power -

dnnktngwatcr -

irrigation -

induvi

wildlife •

••-.'> ••

recreation -

c 10 20 30 40 50 SO 70 80 %

5.1 Recreation, wildlife, fishing

It is remarkable that despite the fact that the reported transboundary rivers contain most of Europe's important trade routes and drain many of the major industrial areas (map 3), the functions that have been mentioned most are not shipping or the industrial use of water. Instead, in approxi mately 70% of all rivers and lakes, the functions recreation, fishing and aquatic wildlife are considered important. The ecological function (e.g. wildlife) might in fact be considered a function of every water body. The demands that these functions place on the quality of the water are relative ly high. This is an indication of the emphasis that modern water manage ment puts on good and strict quality control, with sufficient attention for transboundary aspects.

5.2 Industry, cooling

The more economically steered function of industrial use is mentioned less often than recreation, wildlife or fishing. For approximately 52% of all wa ter bodies, industrial use of the water system was reported to be a func tion. The more or less severe impact of all these industrial activities are re ported to be noticed in approximately 2/3 of the reported water bodies.

UN/ECE Task Force on Monitoring and Assessment Transboundary Rivers and International Lakes 23 Coal mining activities have an impact on 7% of all waters, mainly in Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands and Poland.

Effect of increased temperature The increased water temperature may be one of the major causes -to gether with the increased salt concentrations- for the massive immigra tion of several foreign species in Dutch Rhine waters such as the amphi- pod Corophium curvispinum. Aquatic organisms are able to migrate passively or actively from one distinct area to the other: actively on their own strength by swimming, floating or flying; passively by vessels, in bal last water or attached on the vessel outer surface. With the river Rhine connected with the Danube by the Main-Danube canal, immigrants from Eastern Europe that are better equipped to salt and warm waters effecti vely find their place in Dutch inland waters, suppressing the former inha bitants.

Source, van Dijk S, Marteijn. 7993 and UN/ECE, 1994.

Map 4 Location of European power plants [based on WN, 1995].

.,.j r...

Uadmonal powet plan • 2S0-J000MW • 2000 MW tx line

Watar power plan • isoioooMW J- 9 IDMMWoimoic

MudM pajM i'i.''.i • • 2S0-20O0MW • AKKIMWomme • a

aajl N1 > * • • J •-S£ • • *& & #*•

UN/ECE Task Force on Monitoring and Assessment Transboundary Rivers and International Lakes 24 On map 3, the European centres of industrial activity are indicated, giving a clear indication of industrial 'hot-spots'. It indicates the large industrial are as in Europe (without pretending to be complete). Many of these are locat ed in the catchment areas of large transboundary rivers (Rhine, Danube. Elbe/Labe, Oder/Odra, Moselle/Mosel, Sarre/Saar, Rhone, Donjets). The impact of such industrial areas on the quality of water bodies crossing them, goes without saying. Another major impact is formed by the use of surface water for cooling, for example by power plants but also by industry. Such use increases the tem perature of the water, especially if no cooling towers are in operation. Map 4 indicates the location of power plants in Europe. It reveals the extensive use of water power in the Alps (France, Italy, Switzerland) and in Norway and Sweden. The use of water power for the generation of electricity has been reported for approximately 1/3 of the rivers. Furthermore, map 4 shows the dense distribution of power plants in the Netherlands, Belgium, the northern part of France and the western part of Germany. Finally, it in dicates that a major part of the nuclear powered plants are situated in France, Belgium, Germany, United Kingdom and Russia.

5.3 Drinking water

Surface water is often used for the production of drinking water. In the questionnaire, some 40% of the rivers and lakes have been reported to support this function. The function drinking water puts high and specific demands on the quality of the raw surface water but also to the monitoring activities. Not only will stan dards have to be controlled, but an early warning network may be necessary.

5.4 Population, households

It is difficult to find surface water that has no anthropogenic influences. All rivers are reported to be influenced by human activities (fig. 5.2). The impact by agriculture and households is the most common; both

Figure 5.2 Anthropogenic influences. Transboundary Rivers a^^M Anthropogenic influences coal mining -

diffuse sources -

regulation -

industry -

households -

agnr

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 %

UN/ECE Task Force on Monitoring and Assessment Transboundary Rivers and International Lakes IS influence approximately 80% of all water bodies. Obviously the reported influence of households corresponds with the density of the population. Some of the reported water courses flow through the most densely popu lated areas of Europe. The Danube for example has the cities of Miinchen, Wien, Bratislava, Budapest, Zagreb, Beograd, Sofiya and Bucaresti in its catchment. About 75 million people inhabit this catchment. Map 5 gives an overview of the population density.

5.5 Agriculture, irrigation

Approximately half of all reported rivers and lakes have a function in sup porting agriculture or irrigation. In addition, approximately 80% of all wa ter bodies are under the influence of agriculture. Most common influences from agriculture are the surface run-off of nutrients and pesticides. But oth er influences such as dredging and drainage of wetlands, the use of water for irrigation and physical and mechanical activities such as tilling and ploughing can be found (EEA, 1994). Map 6 shows the use of European soil.

Map 5 Population density i n Europe (based on WN, 19951.

Inhalhtiinls pel knr ft />' ihan 1 1 ill 10-50 } • 50-100 • l00-»0 ***• 200 ant) mote OR \_) more than b miliia Q 1 milium 6 million ,1111 i 0 500 Off! 1 million inhabitants i ° 0 0 / 0 0 0 0 0 0 O 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 -v 0 C o° ' 0 0 0 0 O'I ( 0 0 ° oO 0 — :T 0 0 O O 0 O O 0 0 0 0 0 O c 0 °°o 0 , O 0 0 O 0 ° 0 jr^s 1 0 0 0 "° 0 o_J> 0 % "£./•% 0 0 r 0 J5 0 m^ f- O 0 0 © O 0 0

0 a 0 _ 0 0 © *~ > *i- ^fr ° 1 ) • ' :° \

UN/ECE Task Force on Monitoring and Assessment Transboundary Rivers and International Lakes 26 The map illustrates the large differences between for example Central Europe and the Scandinavian countries. In the Ukraine for example, agri culture is a major industry whereas in Norway agriculture is of relatively lit tle importance.

Map 6 Use of soil in Europe [based on WN, 19951.

tta^Ndatthi • forest i Mi

V.."' i |i.' i 'I !• .•: Hi.lllli'1 • Moililtiuiuaii ucaeullue (olives, ulius. giapesl

5.6 Shipping, regulation

Navigation and transport are reported functions of 22% of the submitted rivers and lakes, including the intensive shipping routes of the Rhine and Danube. There seem to be relatively few rivers with this function but it should be realised that no less than 1/3 to 1/2 of all submitted rivers have dimensions and discharge that make extensive professional traffic difficult or even impossible. More than 1/3 of the rivers and lakes are influenced by discharge regula tion activities like dams etc. Regulation of rivers has a large impact on the flow regime and consequent ly on the transport of dissolved and particulate matter. Regulation works in

UN/ECE Task Force on Monitoring and Assessment Transboundary Rivers and International Lakes 27 Map 7 Ar pollution, S02-concentration [based on WN, 1995]

SO » Mkatkuin microgiampeim'liggoi Ul Man2 Z 2 5 3 5 io 10 20 70 30 30 50 50 ot mpn i *t ^

an upstream country will often influence the availability of surface water for drinking water or irrigation purposes in countries downstream. But it may also have an impact on ecological conditions, habitat factors and eco nomic functions such as industrial cooling. In fact, regulation works will al most always have an impact on the functions and use further downstream. Quite often effects will be found upstream as well! Many international is sues deal with the effects of regulation works, it is without doubt one of the most disputed transboundary water issues.

5.7 Air pollution

Although it is mentioned by few countries, diffuse pollution is widely spread over the ECE-area. Map 7 shows the S02-concentrations in Europe. These concentrations are mainly due to industrial and domestic use of fuel such as coal, gas and petrol. Especially the use of lignite is a well-known source of S02-pollution, often accompanied by NOx and soot. Map 7 does not seem to be fully compatible with the map of industrial sites (map 3).

UN/ECE Task Force on Monitoring and Assessment Transboundary Rivers and International Lakes 28 Main issues in the Danube River Basin. Due to economic restructuring in many Danube Basin countries, a great number of industrial plants have been closed. This has led to less pollu tants being produced. However, the legacy of previous industrial activi ties is still present in the region. Because of outdated technology, most of the present industry is excessive in use of natural resources. All in all, in dustry is a major contributor to surface water pollution. A programme is set up to help improve resource use and process technologies, starting with pollution hot-spots.

Agriculture is another large-scale water user. This is particularly significant in the eastern countries of the Danube River Basin where rainfall is low and irrigation is required. In Romania, for instance, one third of the total area of arable land is irrigated. Also agricultural practices lead to water pollution, mainly due to runoff from fields, containing nutrients and pesticides. Programmes are set up to promote environment-friendly far ming methods, regarding erosion prevention, nutrient balancing, biologi cal pest control and manure-handling.

Inadequate collection and treatment of municipal waste water from towns and cities is at the moment one of the biggest threats to environ ment in the Danube River Basin. In many places there is little or no treat ment prior to discharge into surface waters. Existing waste water treat ment plants are often overloaded and suffer from poor maintenance. Towns and cities contribute around 25 percent of the total nutrient load in the Danube River Basin. Programmes are running to develop waste water treatment plants and ameliorate existing ones.

Transport of people and goods on the Danube has positive environmen tal effects compared to road transport, but has adverse effects through ri ver engineering works needed to improve navigation but with impact on the river regime and the ecosystem, and through spills of oil and other pollutants, routinely or accidentally discharged. The installation of the Ac cident Emergency Warning System for the River Basin will provide greater security in case of major transportation accidents.

Source: DPCU. 7995

The large industrial areas in the western part of Germany, France, Belgium and the Netherlands produce 'only' a relatively modest amount of S02- pollution. By far the major source in Europe is the large emission in the area at the borders of Germany, Poland and the Czech republic. The rivers crossing this area such as the Labe/Elbe, Neisse/Nisa, Oder/Odra and Morava will clearly be influenced by these emissions. A second 'hot- spot' is the British Birmingham-area. Air pollution has an impact far beyond the area of origin. On map 8, the acid rain in Europe is shown. Where map 7 showed little air pollution origi nating in the Scandinavian countries, map 8 indicates that these countries suffer from atmospheric deposition. This makes countries such as Denmark, Norway and Sweden receivers of other countries' pollution, making it nec essary to execute special 'acid-monitoring networks' in their lakes.

UN/ECE Task Force on Monitoring and Assessment Transboundary Rivers and International Lakes 29 Map 8 Air pollution, acid rain [based on WN. 1995).

,>..NO,andNH, low , ST*!! » high

•

"~ (

• ->

. • •

UN/ECE Task Force on Monitoring and Assessment Transboundary Rivers and International Lakes 30 6. Monitoring networks

For a sustainable water management, in which the above mentioned func tions and uses of the surface waters can be optimally served, water author ities need information on status and trends of the water quality. The moni toring of the water quality is an important tool to obtain such information. In this project a distinction has been made between the following types of routine monitoring: 1) Ambient monitoring, 2) Early Warning and 3) Efflu ent monitoring. N.B.: Non-routine monitoring such as surveys or specific problem-oriented research is not included in this report. A further distinc tion has to be made concerning the ambient monitoring which may consist of the measurement of physico-chemical variables but may also include bi ological monitoring. And lastly a distinction can be made regarding the me dia of the aquatic environment that the monitoring includes.

6.1 Types of monitoring

Ambient monitoring Routine ambient monitoring should consist of both physico-chemical and biological variables. Alone, neither of them would give sufficient infor mation about the quality of the water system. However, in the present situ ation biological monitoring is still often restricted to pathogenic bacteria. Biological monitoring as an integral part of ambient monitoring is not yet common practise. Ambient monitoring takes place in all countries and al most every water body to one extent or another (figure 6.1). In general this involves the physico-chemical monitoring with 'classic' variables, such as dissolved oxygen, oxygen demand and nutrients. The amount of physi co-chemical variables measured ranges from 3 to over 50 different vari ables, depending amongst others on the importance of the water body or location. Another important criterium is the costs of the analysis. Especially the substances that require the use of high-tech analytical equipment are expensive and therefore less frequently monitored.

Figure 6.1 Types of monitoring Types of monitoring.

Early-warning

Biological

Fys.-diemical

UN/ECE Task Force on Monitoring and Assessment Transboundary Rivers and International Lakes 31 UN/ECE Task Force on Monitoring and Assessment Transboundary Rivers and International Lakes 34 7. Objectives and assessment

The monitoring objectives, as inventoried in the questionnaires, mostly in clude general terms like quantification of transboundary pollution, trend detection and compliance with standards. Variables are selected on basis of 'expected pollution'. Few countries report surveys or research programmes to check whether the monitoring programmes are representative for the set monitoring objectives.

The questionnaires give little detail on methods of assessment of water quality. Mathematical and (basic) statistical methods for calculation of pol lution loads and trend detection are mentioned but rarely specified. Several countries present chemical and/or biological classes used for water quality assessment. The link between the monitoring objectives and the informa tion needs on the one hand and the assessment of the quality of the eco systems on the other hand is rarely specified. In biological monitoring, this link is better incorporated in the methodologies. Also for biological assess ment, a wide variety of 'indices' is in use. In Report 3 'Biological assessment methods for watercourses' (TFMA, 1995c) an extensive evaluation of the different methods of biological assessment is given.

In every country the monitoring results are reported in 'yearbooks'.

UN/ECE Task Force on Monitoring and Assessment Transboundary Rivers and International Lakes 35 UN/ECE Task Force on Monitoring and Assessment Transboundary Rivers and International Lakes 36 References

UN/DESA, 1978. Register of International Rivers. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Centre for Natural Resources, Energy and Transport. ISBN 0-08-022408-3. 1978.

UN/FAO, 1984. Systematic Index of International Water Resources Treaties, Declarations, Acts and Cases, by basin. Vol. II. Legislative Study no. 34. ISBN 92-5- 002189-5. United Nations/Food and Agricultural Organisation. Rome, Ita ly. 1984.

Kondrat'ev, K.Ya., A.A. Grogor'ev, V.F. Zhalev and VV. Melent'ev. Comprehensive investigation of dust storms in the Aral Sea area. Sovjet Meteorology and Hydrology. XV.1.10, no. 4 pg. 25-30. 1985.

UN/ECE, 1992. Convention on Protection and Use of Transboundary Water Courses and International Lakes (Helsinki River Treaty). Helsinki, Finland, 17 March 1992.

UN/ECE, 1993a. Bilateral and multilateral agreements and other arrangements in Europe and North America on the protection and use of transboundary waters. United Nations, Economic Commission for Europe. ECE/ENVWA/32, 1 June 1993.

UN/ECE, 1993b. International cooperation on the protection and use of transboundary wa ters. United Nations, Economic Commission for Europe. ENVWA/WP.3/R.38. 29 September 1993.

UN/ECE, 1993c. Selected data on water quality of transboundary waters. United Nations, Economic Commission for Europe. ENVWA/WP.3/R.40. 16 November 1993.

Van Dijk, G.M. and E.C.L. Marteijn (eds.). 1993. Ecological rehabilitation of the River Rhine, the Netherlands research sum mary report (1988-1992). Report of the project 'Ecological Rehabilitation of the rivers Rhine and Meuse', report no. 50. RIZA, RIVM, RIVO, IBN and SC-DLO. Lelystad, the Netherlands, 1993.

CEPP, 1993. Report on the environmental situation in Albania. National Environmental Action Plan (Draft). Republic of Albania. Ministry of Health and Environ mental Protection, Committee of Environmental Preservation and Protec tion (CEPP). Tirana, Albania. July 1993.

UN/SD, 1994. Standard country or area codes for statistical use. Interim list prepared by

UN/ECE Task Force on Monitoring and Assessment Transboundary rivers and international lakes 37 United Nations, Statistical Division. Series M, no. 94-1. New York, USA. 6 May 1994.

DPCU, 1994. Action for a blue Danube. Danube Programme Coordination Unit. Vienna, Austria, 1995.

EEA, 1994. European Rivers and Lakes, assessment of their environmental state. Euro pean Environmental Agency. ISBN 87-90198-01-8. Copenhagen, Denmark, 1994.

Heeres, H. 1994. De Sahel, maar dan in Centraal-Azie. Intermediair, nr. 37, pg. 48-51 (in Dutch), 16 September, 1994.

IRC, 1994. The river Rhine; on its way to ecological recovery. International Rhine Com mission. Koblenz, Germany, 1994.

UN/ECE. 1994. European Inland Waterways (map of navigable waters, situation as of 1 st January 1993). ISBN 92-1-016-299-4. New York, USA and Geneva, Swit zerland, November 1994.

Times Atlas of the World. 1994. Comprehensive edition. Ninth edition. ISBN 0723004927, Times Books, London, United Kingdom, 1994.

WN, 1995. Grote Bosatlas, 51 e edition. Wolters-Noordhoff Atlas Productions, Groning- en, the Netherlands, 1995.

TFEP, 1995. Task Force for the Environmental Programme for the Danube River Basin, 1995. Strategic action plan for the Danube River Basin 1995-2005.

WRC. 1995. International requirements for monitoring surface and ground waters. Euro pean Topic Centre on Inland Waters. Draft report. Medmenham, Great Britain, May 1995.

UN/ECE, 1995a. Bilateral and multilateral agreements and other arrangements in Europe and North America on the protection and use of transboundary waters. Addendum, 1994 Update. United Nations, Economic Commission for Eu rope. ECE/ENVWA/32/Ad.1, Geneva, Switzerland, 23 January 1995.

TFMA. 1995b. Current Practices in Monitoring and Assessment. United Nations, Economic Commission for Europe. Task Force on Monitoring and Assessment, Report 2. Lelystad, the Netherlands, 1995.

TFMA, 1995c. Biological Assessment Methods for Watercourses. United Nations, Econom ic Commission for Europe Task Force on Monitoring and Assessment, Re port 3. Lelystad. the Netherlands, 1995.

UN/ECE Task Force on Monitoring and Assessment Transboundary Rivers and International Lakes 38 EEA, 1995. Europe's Environment, The Dobris Assessment. Stanners and Bourdeau (ed.). European Environment Agency. ISBN 92-826-5409-5. Copenhagen, Denmark, 1995.

WMO, 1995. World Meteorological Organization. Information on Principal River and Lake Basins (table 2.6). Fax (mr. Sehmi). Geneve, Switzerland, 30 Novem ber, 1995.

UN/ECE Task Force on Monitoring and Assessment Transboundary rivers and international lakes 39 UN/ECE Task Force on Monitoring and Assessment Transboundary rivers and international lakes 40 Appendix I: List of ECE and Task Force countries and contacts

Country ECE Helsinki River Treaty' Task Quest. Member Task Force signed ratified Force returned or other contacts: between brackets (..)

Albania ' • • ai (mr L. Selfo) Andorra ' - Armenia ' (mr B. Kazarian) Austria ' • a mr K. Schwaiger Azerbaijan ' (mr A. Mansurov) Belarus ' • mr V.P Rogunovich Belgium ' • »1 (mr K. de Brabander, others) Bosnia-Herzegowina • - Bulgaria ' • • mr N. Matev Croatia ' • mr B Glumbic / mrs M. Marijanovic Cyprus ' - Czech Republic * • mr P. Puncochar Denmark ' • (mrs L. Bogason) Estonia ' • a mr K. Turk / mr L. Klein Finland ' • a mrs L. Kauppi France ' • tl (mr J.P. Murat, others) Georgia (mr M. Sharabidze) Germany ' • a a mr F. Kohmann United Kingdom ' • a mr J. Seager Greece • a mr P. Karakatsoulis Hungary • a a mrs Z. Buzas / mrs E. Poroszlai Iceland ' - Ireland . Italy a (mr G. Guerneri) Kazakhstan (mr MA. Kireev) Kyrgyzstan - Latvia , • a • mr R. Bebris Lichtenstein . Lithuania • - (mr V. Bernadisius) Luxembourg x a a - Former Yugoslav - Rep. Macedonia Malta . Moldova a • (mr A. Capchelya / mr Ropot) Monaco - Netherlands • • - • mr AB. van Luin / mr M. Adriaanse Norway x a • • (mrs S. Skoien / mrs M. Eggestad) Poland a • mrs H. Soszka /mrs M. Landsberg-Ucziwek Portugal » • • • • mrs V.M. Da Silva Romania » • • • mr T. Constantinescu / mrs L. Mara Russian Feder. • • • • - mr E.Y.I. Neimant San Marino - Slovak Republic a a mr M. Matuska / mrs Z. Kelnarova Slovenia • mrs M. Zupan / mr M. Bricelj Spain a • a mr J.L. Ortiz-Casas Sweden ft a a - - Switzerland > • • - (mrs M. Linn Locher) Turkey - (mrs S. Kuleli) Turkmenistan • Ukraine • • mr N.N. Padun / mrs 0. Tarasova Uzbekistan .

Other ECE members: Canada, USA, Israel. EC.

' = Convention on Protection and Use of Transboundary Water Courses and International Lakes (Helsinki River Treaty). Situation as of 31 May 1995 (UN/ECE secretariat, Geneva). 3 = Other information has been send.

UN/ECE Task Force on Monitoring and Assessment Transboundary Rivers and International Lakes 41 Appendix II: Transboundary rivers and lakes

Sivers/lakes Countries + Discharge' Debouching in:

Agstev AM/14.2-/AZ Kura "Amu Darja/Pjandzi AF/TJ-AF/TM-UZ/UZ Lake Aral Araks AM/137-/AZ Caspian Sea Aranca RO/0.6-/FYS Tisza Arda BG/54-/GR Maritza Arpa AM/11.5-/AZ Araks "Axios/Vardar GR/MK Aegean Sea

Barcau/Berettyo RO/5.9-7.5/HU Crisul repede/Sebes-K. Barzava RO/7-/FYS Timis Bega RO/24-/FYS Tisza Beneden-Dinkel DE/-4/NL vechte Biala Glucholaska CZ/-4.4/PL Nysa Klodzka-»Odra Ucibr CZ/-0.8/PL Odra Bodrog SK/113-109/HU Tisza Bodva/Bodva SK/6-3/HU Saj6 Borjava/Boryava UA/21-/HU Tisza Uoven-Dinkel DE/-4/NL Vechte Bovenmark BE/-3.3/NL Volkerak Bug (border PL-UA/BY) UA/28.4-42/PL/BY/PL Narew-» Wisla

Caras RO/7.5-/FYS Danube Cor river GB/?-/IE Blackwater County river GB/?-/IE Lake Melvin Cully river GB/7-/IE Fane? Crasna/Kraszna RO/5.3-5/HU Tisza Creggan river GB/7-/IE Fane? Crisul Alb/Feher-kor8s RO/22.3-19/HU K6r8s-»Tisza Crisul Negru/Fekete-kdros RO/30.2-29/HU K6r6s-»Tisza Crisul Repede/Sebes-k6r6s RO/25-20/HU K6rds->Tisza Czarna Orawa PL/22-/SK Vah->Danube

Danube/Duna/Dunaj/Dunav/ DE/1420-14307AT/2117-2044/SK/?- / Black Sea Dunare 1920/HU/2170-2890/HR/FYS/-4601/ RO/4662..5047-/BG/RO/4750-/MD/ UA/7000-/RO-5387 (Black Sea) Daugava/Dvina/West Dwina RU/BY/-455/LV Gulf of Riga Debed AM/31.2-/GE Kura Derg river IE/-14.3/GB Strule->Foyle Desna RU/-170/UA Dnjepr Dnjepr/Dniepro RU/BY/-378/UA/1700 Black Sea Dnister/Dnestr/Nistru (b. UA/MD) UA/259-306/MD/314-/UA Black Sea Dommel BE/-1.8/NL Meuse Donjets/Siversky Donets RU/UA/161-/RU Black Sea (Azov) Douro/Duero (border) ES/-305/PT/630 Atlantic Ocean Drava/Drava/Drav AT/270-268/SI/304-/HR/-543/HU/-625/HR Danube •Drin (black/white) AL/MK Adriatic Sea Dunajec SK/28-23/PL Wisla Dyje/Thaya AT/CZ/42-/AT Morava-»Danube Elbe/Labe CZ/309-316/DE/316..730 North Sea Emminsdalselva NO/12-/SE lddefjorden-»Nth. Sea Erne river IE/-*40/G8/±1O0-/IE Atlantic Ocean

Finn/Foyle river IE/-*100/GB Atlantic Ocean Finn/Erne river IE/-7/GB Upper Lough Erne Flurry river GB/7-/IE Fane? Forkill river GB/7-/IE Fane?

Geul 8E/-1.5/NL Meuse "Goryn UA/96.8-/BY Pripyat Guadiana (border) ES/-9/PT Atlantic Ocean

Hernad/Homad SK/31-26/HU Sajo Hiitolanjoki FI/9.5-/RU Lake Ladoga Hounijoki/Rakkolanjoki FI/1.4-/RU Gulf of Finland

UN/ECE Task Force on Monitoring and Assessment Transboundary Rivers and International Lakes 42 Rivers/lakes Countries + Discharge ,1 Debouching In:

Hron SK/55 Danube (n-t)'

Hi KZ/CN/-400/KZ Lake Balkasj Inn (border AT-DE) CH/AT/307-301 ...720/DE Danube Ipel/lpoly (border) SK/21-6.2/HU Danube Isar AT/-9.1/DE Danube Issel/Oude Ussel DE/2.6-/NL Ussel

Jeker BE/-2.5/NL Meuse

Kanaal Gent-Terneuzen BE/25-35/NL Westerschelde Krynka BY/PL/0.08-/BY Nemunas Kupa/Kolpa (border) HR-74/SI/-228/HR Sava

'Lake Aral KZ/UZ 5-10 000 km2 (total) Lake Boden/Bodensee/Constance AT/DE/CH 476/539 km' (total) Lake Femsjoen/Halden river NO/SE 10.2 km' (total) Lake Galadus PL/LT 7.3 km' (total) Lake Leman/Geneve FR/CH 582 km' (total) Lake Macnean (Upper Lough) IE/GB 10.1 km' (total) •Lake Maggiore IT/CH 212.3 km' (total) Lake Melvin (Lough) IE/GB ± 20 km2 (total) Lake Neusiedler/Ferto-to AT/HU 292/321 km' (total) Lake Nuijamaanjarvi/Saimaa en. FI/RU 7.2 km' (total) Gulf of Finland •LakeOhrid AL/MK

Lake Peipsi/Tsjoed EE/RU 1930 (EE)/3570 (total) "Lake Prespa AL/MK/GR

•Lake Skadar AL/MK

Latorytsya UA/41-/SK Ondava-»Tisza Lech AT/-56.2/DE Danube Lielupe/Musa + Memele LT/-57/LV Gulf of Riga Limia/Lima ES/-47/PT Atlantic Ocean Luznice/Lausnitz CZ/1.2-/AT Vlatava Luzicka Nisa/Nysa L./L. Neisse CZ/5-6/PL/-/DE/31.9 Odra Lyna PL/26-/RU Pregola/Pregel

Mantza/Hevros (border GR/TR) BG/104-/GR+TR Aegean Sea Mesta/Nestos BG/28-/GR Aegean Sea Meuse/Maas FR/24-/BE/-230/NL Biesbosch Mino/Minho (border) ES/-294/PT Atlantic Ocean Morava/March (border SK-AT) CZ/60-/SK/115-111/AT Danube Moravita RO/1-/FYS Barzava—>Timis Moselle/Mosel FR/20-/LU/-182/DE Rhine Mourne IE/-7/GB Derg-»Strule-*Foyle Mura/Mur AT/146-157/SI/-210/HR/-172/HU Drava Mures/Maros RO/167-151/HU Tisza Mustjogi EE/13-/LV Gauja/Koiva

Narew BY/-5.8/PL Wisla Narva (border) EE/381-/RU Gulf of Finland •Naryn KG/UZ/TJ/UZ/KZ Syr Darja-»Lake Aral Neiden FI/-30/NO Barents Sea •Nemunas/Neman/Niemen BY/LT/RU/70O Baltic Sea Nera RO/14-/FYS Danube Neretva BA/-217/HR Adriatic Sea Nlers DE/7.9-7/NL Meuse

Odra/Oder (border PL-DE) CZ/48-43/PL/350-/DE/542-536/PL Baltic Sea Ohre/Eger DE/-6.2/CZ Elbe/Labe Olse/Olza PL/7.4-14/CZ-SK Odra "Oskol RU/-33/UA Donjets Osobloga CZ/-3.3/PL Odra

Pasvik/Paatsjoki (border NO-RU) FI/153-175/NO/RU Barents Sea Pedetsi EE/8-/LV Aiviekste Poprad SK/16-17/PL Dunajec-» Wisla Pripyat/Prypyat UA/10.6-/BY/-383/UA Dnjepr Prudnik CZ/-1.4/PL Odra Prut UA/66.2-79/RO/71 ..105-78/MD Danube "Psyol RU/-25.7/UA Dnjepr/Dniepro

UN/ECE Task Force on Monitoring and Assessment Transboundary Rivers and International Lakes 43 Rivers/lakes Countries + Discharge' Debouching in:

Raba/Raab AT/-23.1/HU Danube Repce/Rabnitz AT/-2.1/HU Raba Rhine/Rhein/Rijn CH/AT/CH/450-1100/FR-DE/1200.. North Sea DE/2270-2200/NL Rhdne CH/340-340/FR/1700 Mediterranean Roogah river GB/7-/IE Lake Melvin Rur/Roer DE/26.7-20/NL Meuse

Saar/Sarre FR/-49/DE Mosel Salzach AT/242-230/DE lnn-»Danube Sambre FR/16.6-/BE Meuse Sava SI/290-258_290/HR/BA/HR/1209-/FYS Danube Schelde/Escaut/Scheldt FR/BE/120-130/NL Westerschelde Scinawka CZ/-2.3/PL Nysa Klodzka-»Odra ••Seym RU/-76.4/UA Desna Siret UA/5.5-14..191/RO Danube Slana/Sajd SK/14-16/HU Tisza "Snov RU/-25.9/UA Desna Soca/lsonzo SI/96-/IT Adriatic Sea Somes/Szamos RO/125-59..111/HU Tisza Sotla SI/9-/HR Sava Strouma/Strimon BG/74-/GR Aegean Sea Strwiaz PL/3-/UA Dniestr "Styr UA/51.6-/BY Pripyat Swalm DE/-1.5/NL Meuse Swanlinbar IE/-6.4/GB Upper Lough Erne Szelmentka PL/0.8/LT Szeszupa-» Nemunas Szeszupa PL/1.8-/LT Nemunas Szklo PL/4.4-/UA San-> Wisla

Tajo/Tejo (border) ES/-335/PT Atlantic Ocean Tana/Teno (border NO-RU) NO/163-139/FI Barents Sea Timis/Tamis RO/38-/FYS Danube Tisza/Tisa/Theiss UA/RO/UA/213-184/HU/738-/FYS Danube Torne/Tornion (border) SE/-387/FI Gulf of Bothnia Toundja BG/18-/TR Maritza Trysil/Klara NO/73.3-/SE Lake Vanern Tur/Tur RO/9-9/HU Tisza

Jbort UA/12-/BY Prypyat Jral/Zjajyk RF/-300/KZ Caspian Sea Una (border) HR/BA/-217/HR Sava Uzh/Uh UA/30.5-/SK Ondava-> Tisza

Vah SK/153 Danube (n-t) Vechte/Vecht DE/17.8-26/NL Lake Ussel Venta/Vjanta LT/-65/LV Baltic Sea Vipava SI/18-/IT Soca •vjose GR/AL Adriatic Sea Vokhchi AM/11.7-/AZ Araks Vorotan AM/10.5-/AZ Araks Vuoksi FI/596-/RU Lake Ladoga

Wegorapa PL/13-/RU Pregola Wiar PL/6.3-/UA/PL San-> Wisla •Wilija BY/LT Nemunas Wisznia PL/7.5-/UA San-» Wisla Witka/Smeda CZ/-4/PL Nysa Luzycka-»Odra Woodford IE/-?/GB Upper Lough Erne

Zloty Potok CZ/-0.6/PL Prudnik-*Odra

= Discharge: annual average in m3/s = (n-t): not transboundary = Not submitted by questionnaires, rivers identified from other sources = Rivers entered later, no monitoring information available

Notes: 1 Rivers that have an annual average discharge smaller than 10 m3/s or that are not-transboundary are not indicated on the maps in this report. 2. Different riparian countries will submit different discharges for the same rivers and/or border-crossings. These differences may be due to different situating of the locations, differences in monitoring techniques, different accuracies, different period of time from which data is submitted (e.g. 1993. 1990-1994. 1910-1990) etc. In general however, the data submitted by neighbouring countries are comparable to one another.

UN/ECE Task Force on Monitoring and Assessment Transboundary Rivers and International Lakes Legend

AF = Afghanistan AM = Armenia AT = Austria AL = Albania AZ = Azerbaijan BA = Bosnia-Herzegovina BE = Belgium BG = Bulgaria BY = Belarus CH = Switzerland CN = China CZ = Czech Republic DE = Germany DK = Denmark EE = Estonia ES = Spain FI = Finland FR = France FYS = Form. Yug. Serbia GE = Georgia GB = United Kingdom GR = Greece HU = Hungary HR = Croatia IE = Ireland IL = Israel IT = Italy IS = Iceland KG = Kyrgyzstan KZ = Kazakhstan LU = Luxembourg LT = Lithuania LV = Latvia MD = Rep. of Moldova MK = Form. Yug. Macedonia NO = Norway NL = Netherlands PT = Portugal PL = Poland RO = Romania RU = Russian Federation SE = Sweden SK = Slovakia SI = Slovenia TJ = Tajikistan TM = Turkmenistan TR = Turkey UA = Ukraine UZ = Uzbekistan

UN/ECE Task Force on Monitoring and Assessment Transboundary Rivers and International Lakes 45 Appendix III: Organisations involved in Monitoring and Assessment

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UN/ECE Task Force on Monitoring and Assessment Transboundary Rivers and International Lakes •16 i ' -a ll n

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UN/ECE Task Force on Monitoring and Assessment Transboundary rivers and international lakes 47 I "J j g ° *» 11 <2 Q < 111 I J! o -g u •1-:' I 18 1 z .: » JI « 5

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UN/ECE Task Force on Monitoring and Assessment Transboundary rivers and international lakes 4B Appendix IV: Anthropogenic influences and types of monitoring

AN 1 !lkl il',.'*.! NIC !M l.l.'ENCI.S IYPLN "1 MOM HIRING

COUNTRY RIVER / LAKE INDUSTRY ' AGRICULTURE REGULATION COAL IHIT1M Si ' EARLY • MINIMI POJ LUTMN WARMS.

ARMENIA DEBED X X X •

ftjOSI tw X X X P.C.B

voKHcm • X • . ii

ARPA X X P.C.B

\i ii.'. HAN X X I'.i.ll

ARAKS X X i h

II AUSTRIA I.A', i.' X \ X X P.C.B X

P.'. X \ X X P.C.B X

SAI2ACH • X X P.C.B X

DRAV P.C.B X

MUR X X X P.C.B X

MARCH X X X P.C.B •

NEUSIEDLER SEE X X P.C.B X

BODENM 1 X X X i'.l H X

m i.oiuM OENT-rERNEUZEN X • X X V P.CJ X

V: 1 -.. X x X X X P.C.B X

... Ill 1 DI X X X X »,C.I \

5A.MHHI. X X X X X P.C X

BULGARIA MBSTA X X X X P.C X

STOUMA \ X \ X P.C X

TOUNDIA X X X X P.C \

MARITZA X X X X ' 1 X

ARDA X - X x r.c X

II CROATIA :i.v. i.\ X X X P.C.B \

DRAV X X P.C.B X

MI :- X X P.C.B X

SAVA •'. P.C.B X

KUPA V X P.C.B X

UNA X X P.C X

NERETVA X X \ P.C.B \

II CZECH REPUBLIC ODRA X X X P.C.B X \

OtSM X X X P.C.B S X

MORAVA X X I'.l .:. X

LABE X X X X • P.C .. X

lAIISIT/ER NEISSE X X X P.C.B X

THAVA X V X X P.C.B X

LAUSMIY. X X X P.C.B X

(HIRI: X X X X X I'.l' II \

ESTONIA NARVA X X X P.C.B X

IAKE PEIPSI X X X P.C.B X

FINLAND TENOJOKI X • P.C.K V

TORNIONiOKI X P.C.B •

UN/ECE Task Force on Monitoring and Assessment Transboundary Rivers and International Lakes •19 ANTHROPOGENIC INFLUENCES TYPES OF MONITORING

COUNTRY KIVER 1 LAKE INDUSTRY HOUSEHOLD AGRICULTURE REGULATION 19 Ml om i.si. ROUTINE- EARLY EFFLUENT" MINING POLLUTION WARNING

HIITOLANJOKI X X P.C.B X

VUOKSI X X P.C.B X

! s Nl ] A.VAANJAKV'. X X P.I -• X

RAKKOIANIOK1MO. X X P.C.B X

PAATSJOKI X P.C.B X

FRANCE ESCAUT P.C.B X

MEUSE P.C.B X

SAMBRE P.C.B X

RHONE X X X X P.C.B X

IAC LEMAN P.I .1- •

GERMANY SSI X X \ X X P.C.B X

ELSE X X X X X x P l .!. X

SALZACH X X X \ X P.C.B X

LBCH X X X x X P.C.B X

ODER X X X X X X P.C.B X

X DONAU X X X X P.C.B •

RHEIN X X X X X X P.C.B • •

ISAR X X x X X P.C.B X

RUR X X X X X X P.C.B X

NIERS X •• X X X P.C.B X

IAUSIT7.ER MIS': X X X X X X P.C.B X

VECHTE X X X X P.C.B x

SAAR X X X X X X P.C.B X X

VI-- ' X X X X X X 1' G.B X x

INN X X X X X p.c.a X

BODENSEE X x X X P.C.B X

H UNTTB» KINO- FINN X X nov 1 INN ,1 RSI CATCH i X X P.C.B

ll -'. X P.C.B X

MOURNE BEG X X P.C.B X

COR RIVER .. X P.C.B

FORKII.I. RIVER X X P.C.B

CULLY WATER X X P.C.B

• II ca is m\ i K X X

FLURRY RIVER X

WOODFORD RIVER x X X P.C.B

SWANLINRAR RIVER X X P.C.B

1 ul OH MACNEAN X x P.C.B

1 KM .1 l.i (W OUT Nil X X X P.C.B X

ERNfilFI.OW IN Nli •• X P C.B

1 oil.11 MELVIN X X

COUNTY RIVER X X P.C.B

ROORAGH RIVF.R X X P.C.B

HANI HI • P.C.B X HUNGARY •• X X

DRAVA X X P.C.B X

MURA X X P.C.B X

I i K ro. Ii • X P.C.B X

KARA X X X X ' ' ' X

UN/ECE Task Force on Monitoring and Assessment Transboundary Rivers and International Lakes 50 ANTHROPOGENIC INFLUENCES TYPES OF MONITORING

COUNTRY RIVER / LAKE INDUSTRY HOUSEHOLD AGRICULTURE REOU1ATION COAL ROll ' 1 ARI i INT" MINING POLLUTION WARNING

DOLT X X X P.C.B X

REPCE X X P.C.B \

TISZA X X X X P.C.B X

TUR X ' P.C.B X

S/AMOS X X P.C.B X

KRASZNA X X P.C.B X

BODROG X X X P.C.B X

SAJO X X ' P.C.B X

BODVA X X X P.C.B X

HERNAD x X X ' 1 -, X

BERETTYO \ X i'.C.B X

FI HI K KOROS ' X • \ P.C.B X

II Km KOROS V X X P.C.B X

SEBES-KOROS X X P.C.B X

MAKOS X X P.C.B X

KAZACHSTAN ' K.M X x X P.C.B X

II.1 X X X I'.C.B .

LATVIA DAUGAVA X X X x P.C.B X X

VENTA X X X P.C.B X

MUSA X X X P.C.B X

Mi.vi : i X X X i'.' M X

MOLDOVA PRUT x X X •• i !1

NISTRU (DNESTR) X X X P.C.B

NETHERLANDS RHINE X X '• X X x P.C.B X >

MEUSE X X X X X X P.C.B X X

9CHBL0B X X X X •: P.C.B X X

C. GENT-TERNII /I S X X X X P.C.B X

DOM MEL X X X X X P.C.B X

II K! R X X X X X I'.C.B X

BOVEN MARK X X x X X P.C.B x

R06R .. X X X x P.C.B X

Gl-I 1 X X '. X X P.C.B •

SWALM \ X X X X P.C.B X

NIILRS X X X X X P.C.B X

ov vr.cin X X X X P.C.B X

HoVUN IHNM X X X X X P.C.B X

BENEDEN DINKEL X '• X X X P.C.B X

NORWAY TANA P.C.B

PASVIK X X X P.C.B

NEIDEN X X P.C.B

TRYSY1. X P.C.B

I.MMINDAI -I : '-x X X P.C.B

lAKIi IT.MSJol S X X X X P.C.M

POIAND DUNAJ BC X X

I'OI'K Ol X P.C.B X

Wl M< X P.C.B X

WISV'.IA X P.C.B \

SZKLO X P.C.B X

UN/ECE Task Force on Monitoring and Assessment Transboundary Rivers and International Lakes 51 ANTHROPOGENIC INFLUENCES TYPES OF MONITORING

COUNTRY RIVER ' LAKE INDUSTRY HOUSEHOLD AGRICULTURE HIGI 1ATION COAL llli II •SI- ROUTINE* EARLY II l-l l.'F.N • MINING POLLUTION WARNING

Bl G X x X i'.C.B X

NAREW X P.C.B X

- ..•• . . „.. v.'. \ X i „ X

snrwi a P.C.B X

KRYNKA X P ' .11 X

SZLSZUPA x P.C.B X

SZELMENTA X P.C.B X

ODRA ' JC X >• X P.C.B X

OLZA X x P.C.B X

ZLOTY POTOK X P.C.B X

PRUDNIK X P.C.B X

DSOBUH.A X P.C.B •

SCINAWKA X X P.C.B X

•i.A! A i •!.»i..,L,.b. X P.C.B X

BOHR X P.C.B X

NEISSE X X X X P.C.B X

WITKA X X P.C.B X

LYNA X P.C.II X

WF.GORAPA X P.C.B X

1 PORTUGAL MINHo X t P.C.B X

IM X X X X P.C X

DOURO X X X P.C.B X

GUADIANA X X P.C.B X ••

TEJO X X X X P.C.B X

1 ROMANIA DANUBI X X X X P.C.B X

TISA X X P.C.B X

SOM ES X X X X P.C.B X

CRASNA X X P.C.B X

BARCAII X X X P.C.B •'.

CRISUL Al.B X x X P.C.B •

CRISUL NEC.RU X X P.C.B X

CRISUL BUM III •• X X x P.C.B X

Ml Kl S X x X X I'.l .-. X

NERA P.C.B X

PHI 1 V x X X P.C.B X

ARANCA X X P.C.B X

•BOA X x X x P.C.R X

TIMIS X X P.C.B •

BARZAVA X X X P.C.B X

MORAVi! \ x X X P.C.B '•

CARAS X X x P.C.B X

SIKI1 x X v X P.C.B x

SLOVAK 'LAN I Bl X X X P.C.B X sue ll'l : ' X X P.C.B <

BODROG X X X X P.C.B X

SI ASA X x P.C.B X

BODVA X X X X P.C.B X

HORNAD X x X X P.C.B X

UN/ECE Task Force on Monitoring and Assessment Transboundary Rivers and International Lakes S3 ANTHROPOOENIC INFLUENCES TYPES OF MONITORING

COUNTRY RIVER/ LAKE INDUSTRY HOUSEHOLD AGRICULTURE REGULATION COAL DIFFUSE ROUTINE- EARLY EFFLUENT' MINING ;>-::• •.. s W ARM SG

DUNAJEC X P.C.B X

POPRAD X X P.C.B X

Mi IRA\ '. X X X ;• i i, X

VAH X X X P.C.B X

HRON X X P.C.B X

SLOVENIA DRAVA X X X P.C.B

MURA X X X X P I'.K

SAVA X X X X X P.C.B

KOLPA X X X P.C.B

• vrtA X X X P < B

SOCA X X X P.C.B

VIPAVA X X X X r . ,

SPAIN Ml NO X X X X P.C.B X X

UMIA

: II. SHU X X X X P.C.B X X

GUADIANA X X X X P.C.B X X

rAio X X X X P.C.B X X

UKRAINE DANUBE X X X P.C.B X

TISZA X X X P.C.B X

BUG ' ••• X P.C X

PRUT X X X P.C.B x

SI RET X v X P.C.B X

BORJAVA X X X P.C X

DESNA X X X P.C.B X

DNIEPRO X X X X P.C.B X

LATORYTSA X X X P.C x

PRYPYAT (INTO UA) X X X P.C X

PRYPYAT lOLT UA) X X X P.C X

SIVERSKY' DONETS X X X X P.C.B X

UBORT X X •; P.C '.

UZH X X X P.C.B X

DNISTER X X X X P.C.B X : P = Physical, C = Chemical, B = Biological routine monitoring : Effluent monitoring performed if applicable; sometimes only on the larger discharges

UN/ECE Task Force on Monitoring and Assessment Transboundary Rivers and International Lakes 53 Appendix V: Rivers basins, catchment areas and countries [WMO, 1995]

River Area (km3) State (%)

Axios/Vardar 24.662 Former Yug. Greece

Danube 815.850 Romania 29.3 Inn 25,700 Former Yug. 225 Tisza-Mura 139.078 Hungary 11.7 Sava 93,720 Austria 10.0 Drava 40.490 Germany 7.0 Velika Morava 37.400 Bulgaria 5.3 Prut 28,394 Slovakia CI.S. 5.2 Czech rep. Switzerland 0 4 Italy 0.3 Poland 0.05 Albania 0.02

Douro 94.500 Spain 83.2 Portugal 16J

Elbe 144,500 Czech rep. 34.4 Germany 64.1 Austria 1.0 Poland 0.5

Scheldt France 39.4 Belgium 58.8 Netherlands 1.8

Guadiana 82,725 Spain ±86 Portugal ±14

Mesto/Nestos 6,178 Bulgaria Greece

Strouma/Strimon 16.553 Bulgaria Greece

Meuse 41.400 France 29.7 Belgium 41.8 Netherlands 17.6 Germany 10.9

Mi no 13.500 Spain 86.4 Lima 3.400 Portugal 13.6

Odra 126,000 Poland 82.4 Germany 10.4 Czech rep. 7.2

Rhine 185,000 Switzerland 15.3 Germany 54.5 France 12.8 Austria 1.6 Luxembourg 1.4 Liechtenstein 0.5 Belgium 0.8 Netheriands 13.5

Rhine 95.600 France 92.3 Switzerland 7.7

Tajo 82.000 Spain 68.9 Portugal 31.1

UN/ECE Task Force on Monitoring and Assessment Transboundary Rivers and International Lakes 54