University of California Riverside

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

University of California Riverside UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE North Korean Literature: Margins of Writing Memory, Gender, and Sexuality A Dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Comparative Literature by Immanuel J Kim June 2012 Dissertation Committee: Professor Kelly Jeong, Chairperson Professor Annmaria Shimabuku Professor Perry Link Copyright by Immanuel J Kim 2012 The Dissertation of Immanuel J Kim is approved: _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ Committee Chairperson University of California, Riverside Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to thank the Korea Foundation for funding my field research to Korea from March 2010 to December 2010, and then granting me the Graduate Studies Fellowship for the academic year of 2011-2012. It would not be an overstatement for me to say that Korea Foundation has enabled me to begin and complete my dissertation. I would also like to thank Academy of Korean Studies for providing the funds to extend my stay in Korea. I am grateful for my advisors Professors Kelly Jeong, Henk Maier, and Annmaria Shimabuku, who have provided their invaluable comments and criticisms to improve and reshape my attitude and understanding of North Korean literature. I am indebted to Prof. Perry Link for encouraging me and helping me understand the similarities and differences found in the PRC and the DPRK. Prof. Kim Chae-yong has been my mentor in reading North Korean literature, opening up opportunities for me to conduct research in Korea and guiding me through each of the readings. Without him, my research could not have gotten to where it is today. Ch’oe Chin-i and the Imjingang Team have become an invaluable resource to my research of writers in the Writer’s Union and the dynamic changes occurring in North Korea today. I extend my appreciation to the other North Korean defectors who have helped me frame a different image of the more or less closed society. My dear German colleague Choi Sun-ju has shared with me insights about North Korean film. The librarians at the Center for Information on North Korea graciously iv provided me the necessary tools and materials to conduct my research, particularly Han Ta-sol, Im Ka-ram, and Sin Ŭn-jŏng. Prof. Stephen Epstein helped me through one of my chapters, which was later published in Acta Koreana; Professors Koen de Ceuster and Charles Armstrong provided insightful feedback on my chapters, which I presented at AKSE and AAS. Professors Andrie Lankov and Tatiana Gabroussenko also helped me understand the social life in North Korea. Yoon Min-kyung has been a gracious informant on North Korean art, and finally, Jacco who I thank for being a resourceful friend. Most importantly, I will never forget my wife Angela Kim and my son Nathaniel Kim for being patient with me through the process of writing my dissertation. v ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION North Korean Literature: Margins of Writing Memory, Gender, and Sexuality by Immanuel J Kim Doctor of Philosophy, Graduate Program in Comparative Literature University of California, Riverside, June 2012 Dr. Kelly Jeong, Chairperson This dissertation examines literary works from North Korea from the 1970s and 1980s, paying particular attention to the way writers express their creativity through the discussion in memory, gender, and sex. To think that North Korean writers are conditioned to produce works that only praise Kim Il Sung and the Party may a short-sighted assessment of their literary practices and culture. Ever since the Fifteenth Plenary Meeting of the Fourth Central Committee of the Worker’s Party in 1967—where Juche ideology and the monolithic policy were instituted as the guiding principles of every aspect of North Korean life— vi literature, film, and artworks changed to adopt the new system of celebrating Kim Il Sung, the Party, and the nation. Indeed, the writing tradition and culture changed for the members of the Writer’s Union. What was known as propagandist literature became even more tightly controlled under the new decree of the monolithic policy. This monolithic policy gave rise to a singular voice that dominates and eliminates all other voices that may contend the Kim Il Sung regime. Writers were expected to (and in some cases ordered to) comply with the singular voice that celebrates the nation. However, even amid this radical change in North Korea, writing has the power to subvert, satirize, and disrupt the teleology of the grand narrative of the nation-state. This dissertation engages in the power of writing found in moments where the writers discuss the topics of memory, gender, and sexuality. vii Table of Contents Introduction………………………………………………………………….1 1. A New System of Writing……………………………………………….40 The Legend of the Great Family…………………………………...46 Inventing the Discourse of a Kim Il Sung………………………….51 April 15 Literary Production Unit………………………………….57 Immortal History Series and The Year 1932……………………….71 2. Disruptive Memory……………………………………………………....92 Economy of the Father…………………………………………….103 Ritual as the Death Knell of the Patriarchal Discourse……………116 Complexity of the Mother…………………………………………126 3. Song of Sun-hŭi………………………………………………...............139 The Discursive Kinship of the (Great) Family……………………..146 Hidden Hero as the Patriarchal Linguistic System…………………157 Ch’ae Sun-hŭi: The New Linguistic System……………………….166 4. (Un)authorized Sex: Away from the Public Gaze……………………….184 When the Sun Sets and the Lights Dim…………………………….189 Revo-love-tion: Ostensible Expression of Love…………………….213 National Campaigns and Sexuality………………………………....221 viii Party-Sanctioned Sex: Hong Sŏk-chung’s Hwang Chin-i…………226 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………..233 Bibliography…………………………………………………….…..259 ix List of Tables Table 1. Immortal History Series: Anti-Japanese Revolutionary Period……………………………………………..74 Table 2. Immortal History Series: Post-Liberation………………………..74 Table 3. Immortal History Series Historical Period and Incident Pre-Liberation…………………………………………..75 Table 4. Immortal History Series Historical Period and Incident Post-Liberation ………………………………………….77 x Preface National Security Law of the Republic of Korea Title 2: Article 7, Section 1 Individuals, who are conscious of the effects of endangering the existence and security of the nation or the basic tenets of the free world democracy and praise, encourage, proliferate or sympathize with antinational groups, their affiliates, or those who receive direct orders from these groups and thereby cause national uprising, will face a sentence of seven years or less. Title 2: Article 7, Section 5 Individuals, who produce, purchase, copy, possess, exchange, distribute, sell, or acquire documents, art, or any literary writings, will face the appropriate sentence.1 I was reading a text in a packed subway in Seoul on my way home after a long afternoon of researching on the fifth floor of the National Library. I couldn’t help but notice an elderly glancing over my shoulder. He recognized that the text I was reading was the Constitution of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. He let out a guffaw followed by, “My, how times have changed.” Indeed, times have changed in South Korea, where not more than a decade ago, it would have been unimaginable for a South Korean to walk around in public (or sit leisurely in a subway) openly reading a North Korean text. I am not referring to texts about North Korea, but texts from North Korea. Now, the elderly man assumed I was a South Korean citizen because of my appearance, which may have elicited such a response. He did not know I was an American citizen and a Ph.D. student at an American academic institution visiting Korea to conduct research for my dissertation. In fact, I’m 1http://likms.assembly.go.kr/law/jsp/law/Law.jsp?WORK_TYPE=LAW_BON&LAW_ID=A1465&PROM_NO= 11042&PROM_DT=20110915&HanChk=Y xi not sure if his awareness of my background would’ve changed his perception of how much South Korea has changed over the years; it may reinforce it. The “times” I was in, at the time I was sitting in the subway, could not have been a more tenuous situation between the two Koreas since the declaration of nuclear weapons in 2003 and nuclear testing in 2006. The Ch’ŏnan ship sank as a result of an alleged North Korean mine, killing forty-six seamen. Later that year, North Korea announced a prospective successor for Kim Jong Il followed by a heavy shelling of missiles to Yŏngp’yŏng island, raising suspicions of an imminent war. Times were certainly not peaceful for Korea in 2010, but how much of those “times” have really changed? The sinking of the ship and the shelling of missiles saturated news media for weeks, analyzing the events, predicting future events, and preparing for any sort of counter-measures should there be a war. But my greatest shock to all that was happening between the Koreas was the indifferent attitude of most South Koreans, who were more concerned about negotiations with the FTA (Free Trade Agreement) on beef, President Lee Myŏng-bak’s soft stance against the U.S., the lawsuit between Apple and Samsung, the popularity of the Korean Wave (hallyu), etc. That year, Korea commemorated its sixtieth year since the outbreak of the Korean War, and many South Koreans don’t seem to think there will be another one. That is, they feel as though South Korea’s economic growth has somehow ended of the war, and that there are now larger problems to deal with than battling over polemical ideologies. Certainly, times have changed. xii The elderly man’s comment may have derived from his Cold War upbringings, which now has very little leverage in political conversations with the younger generation who couldn’t care less about North Korea, unification, or the recent death of Kim Jong Il. It was precisely at this historical moment, where the waxing of “who cares about North Korea” and the waning of the Cold War mentality exist ever so clearly, that I believed another look at North Korean literature would need to find its “place” in academia in both South Korean and American institutions.
Recommended publications
  • Preparing for the Possibility of a North Korean Collapse
    CHILDREN AND FAMILIES The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit institution that EDUCATION AND THE ARTS helps improve policy and decisionmaking through ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT research and analysis. HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE This electronic document was made available from INFRASTRUCTURE AND www.rand.org as a public service of the RAND TRANSPORTATION Corporation. INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS LAW AND BUSINESS NATIONAL SECURITY Skip all front matter: Jump to Page 16 POPULATION AND AGING PUBLIC SAFETY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Support RAND Purchase this document TERRORISM AND HOMELAND SECURITY Browse Reports & Bookstore Make a charitable contribution For More Information Visit RAND at www.rand.org Explore the RAND National Security Research Division View document details Limited Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law as indicated in a notice appearing later in this work. This electronic representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for non-commercial use only. Unauthorized posting of RAND electronic documents to a non-RAND website is prohibited. RAND electronic documents are protected under copyright law. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of our research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please see RAND Permissions. This report is part of the RAND Corporation research report series. RAND reports present research findings and objective analysis that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors. All RAND reports undergo rigorous peer review to ensure high standards for re- search quality and objectivity. Preparing for the Possibility of a North Korean Collapse Bruce W. Bennett C O R P O R A T I O N NATIONAL SECURITY RESEARCH DIVISION Preparing for the Possibility of a North Korean Collapse Bruce W.
    [Show full text]
  • Marxism, Stalinism, and the Juche Speech of 1955: on the Theoretical De-Stalinization of North Korea
    Marxism, Stalinism, and the Juche Speech of 1955: On the Theoretical De-Stalinization of North Korea Alzo David-West This essay responds to the argument of Brian Myers that late North Korean leader Kim Il Sung’s Juche speech of 1955 is not nationalist (or Stalinist) in any meaningful sense of the term. The author examines the literary formalist method of interpretation that leads Myers to that conclusion, considers the pro- grammatic differences of orthodox Marxism and its development as “Marx- ism-Leninism” under Stalinism, and explains that the North Korean Juche speech is not only nationalist, but also grounded in the Stalinist political tradi- tion inaugurated in the Soviet Union in 1924. Keywords: Juche, Nationalism, North Korean Stalinism, Soviet Stalinism, Socialism in One Country Introduction Brian Myers, a specialist in North Korean literature and advocate of the view that North Korea is not a Stalinist state, has advanced the argument in his Acta Koreana essay, “The Watershed that Wasn’t” (2006), that late North Korean leader Kim Il Sung’s Juche speech of 1955, a landmark document of North Korean Stalinism authored two years after the Korean War, “is not nationalist in any meaningful sense of the term” (Myers 2006:89). That proposition has far- reaching historical and theoretical implications. North Korean studies scholars such as Charles K. Armstrong, Adrian Buzo, Seong-Chang Cheong, Andrei N. Lankov, Chong-Sik Lee, and Bala、zs Szalontai have explained that North Korea adhered to the tactically unreformed and unreconstructed model of nationalist The Review of Korean Studies Volume 10 Number 3 (September 2007) : 127-152 © 2007 by the Academy of Korean Studies.
    [Show full text]
  • North Korean Identity As a Challenge to East Asia's Regional Order
    Korean Soc Sci J (2017) 44:51–71 North Korean Identity as a Challenge to East Asia’s Regional Order Leif-Eric Easley Received: 9 May 2017 / Accepted: 31 May 2017 / Published online: 9 June 2017 Ⓒ Korean Social Science Research Council 2017 Introduction North Korea presents serious complications for East Asia’s regional order, and yet its identity is subject to frequent oversimplification. The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK or North Korea) is often in the headlines for its nuclear weapons and missile programs and for its violations of human rights.1 Media reports typically depict North Korea as an otherworldly hermit kingdom ruled by a highly caricatured Kim regime. This article seeks to deepen the conversation about North Korea’s political characteristics and East Asia’s regional architecture by addressing three related questions. First, how has North Korea challenged the regional order, at times driving some actors apart and others together? How are these trends explained by and reflected in North Korean national identity, as articulated by the Kim regime and as perceived in the region? Finally, what academic and policy-relevant implications are offered by the interaction of North Korean identity and regional order? To start, measuring national identity is a difficult proposition (Abdelal, et al., 2009). Applying the concepts of national identity and nationalism to North Korea are complicated by analytical problems in separating the nation, and especially the state, from the Kim regime. This study chooses to focus on “identity” rather than “nationalism” because “North Korean nationalism” implies a certain ideology that contrasts to the nationalisms of the Republic of Korea (ROK or South Korea), Japan or China.
    [Show full text]
  • Adam Cathcart, Christopher Green, and Steven Denney
    Articles How Authoritarian Regimes Maintain Domain Consensus: North Korea’s Information Strategies in the Kim Jong-un Era Adam Cathcart, Christopher Green, and Steven Denney Te Review of Korean Studies Volume 17 Number 2 (December 2014): 145-178 ©2014 by the Academy of Korean Studies. All rights reserved. 146 Te Review of Korean Studies Pyongyang’s Strategic Shift North Korea is a society under constant surveillance by the apparatuses of state, and is a place where coercion—often brutal—is not uncommon.1 However, this is not the whole story. It is inaccurate to say that the ruling hereditary dictatorship of the Kim family exerts absolute control purely by virtue of its monopoly over the use of physical force. The limitations of state coercion have grown increasingly evident over the last two decades. State-society relations in North Korea shifted drastically when Kim Jong-il came to power in the 1990s. It was a time of famine, legacy politics, state retrenchment, and the rise of public markets; the state’s coercive abilities alternated between dissolution and coalescence as the state sought to co-opt and control the marketization process, a pattern which continued until Kim Jong-il’s death in 2011 (Kwon and Chung 2012; Hwang 1998; Hyeon 2007; Park 2012). Those relations have moved still further under Kim Jong- un.2 Tough Kim’s rise to the position of Supreme Leader in December 2011 did not precipitate—as some had hoped—a paradigmatic shift in economic or political approach, the state has been extremely active in the early years of his era, responding to newfound domestic appreciation of North Korea’s situation in both the region and wider world.
    [Show full text]
  • Porcelain Vase
    KOREA TODAY No. 12, 2013 51 http://www.naenara.com.kp Porcelain Vase A gift presented to Chairman Kim Jong Il by D. T. Yazov, former Soviet Defence Minister and Marshal, in August 2001. 52 KOREA TODAY No. 12, 2013 KOREA TODAY Monthly Journal (690) Printed in English, Russian and Chinese C O N T E N T S Living on Honour ················································································································ 3 Kim Jong Il and CNC (1) ···································································································· 5 Motive Force for Building of Economic Giant··········································································· 8 Poultry Research Institute ··································································································· 9 An Old Scientist Recalls······································································································10 Beneficial Fish Farming······································································································11 Lifeline·····························································································································12 High Goal ·························································································································14 Relying on Their Own Resources ··························································································15 KOREA TODAY No. 12, 2013 1 Supreme Commander and Soldiers ·············································
    [Show full text]
  • Cold War Cultures in Korea by Travis Workman
    Cold War Cultures in Korea Instructor: Travis Workman Campuses: U of Minnesota, Ohio State U, and Pennsylvania State U Course website: http://coldwarculturesinkorea.com In this course we will analyze the Cold War (1945-1989) not only as an era in geopolitics, but also as a historical period marked by specific cultural and artistic forms. We focus on the Korean peninsula, looking closely at the literary and film cultures of both South Korea and North Korea. We discuss how the global conflict between U.S.- centered and Soviet-centered societies affected the politics, culture, and geography of Korea between 1945 and 1989, treating the division of Korea as an exemplary case extending from the origins of the Cold War to the present. We span the Cold War divide to compare the culture and politics of the South and the North through various cultural forms, including anti-communist and socialist realist films, biography and autobiography, fiction, and political discourse. We also discuss the legacy of the Cold War in contemporary culture and in the continued existence of two states on the Korean peninsula. The primary purpose is to be able to analyze post-1945 Korean cultures in both their locality and as significant aspects of the global Cold War era. Topics will include the politics of melodrama, cinema and the body, visualizing historical memory, culture under dictatorship, and issues of gender. TEXTS For Korean texts and films, the writer or director’s family name appears first. Please use the family name in your essays and check with me if you are unsure.
    [Show full text]
  • Digital Trenches
    Martyn Williams H R N K Attack Mirae Wi-Fi Family Medicine Healthy Food Korean Basics Handbook Medicinal Recipes Picture Memory I Can Be My Travel Weather 2.0 Matching Competition Gifted Too Companion ! Agricultural Stone Magnolia Escpe from Mount Baekdu Weather Remover ERRORTelevision the Labyrinth Series 1.25 Foreign apps not permitted. Report to your nearest inminban leader. Business Number Practical App Store E-Bookstore Apps Tower Beauty Skills 2.0 Chosun Great Chosun Global News KCNA Battle of Cuisine Dictionary of Wisdom Terms DIGITAL TRENCHES North Korea’s Information Counter-Offensive DIGITAL TRENCHES North Korea’s Information Counter-Offensive Copyright © 2019 Committee for Human Rights in North Korea Printed in the United States of America All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior permission of the Committee for Human Rights in North Korea, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical reviews and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. Committee for Human Rights in North Korea 1001 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Suite 435 Washington, DC 20036 P: (202) 499-7970 www.hrnk.org Print ISBN: 978-0-9995358-7-5 Digital ISBN: 978-0-9995358-8-2 Library of Congress Control Number: 2019919723 Cover translations by Julie Kim, HRNK Research Intern. BOARD OF DIRECTORS Gordon Flake, Co-Chair Katrina Lantos Swett, Co-Chair John Despres,
    [Show full text]
  • Current Affairs in North Korea, 2010-2017: a Collection of Research Notes
    235 Current Affairs in North Korea, 2010-2017: A Collection of Research Notes Rudiger Frank Abstract Starting with the public introduction of Kim Jong-un to the public in autumn of 2010 and ending with observations of consumerism in February 2017, this collection of 16 short research notes that were originally published at 38North discusses some of the most crucial issues, aside from the nuclear problem, that dominated the field of North Korean Studies in the past decade. Left in their original form, these short articles show the consistency of major North Korean policies as much as the development of our understanding of the new leader and his approach. Topics covered include the question of succession, economic statistics, new ideological trends such as pyŏngjin, techno- logical developments including a review of the North Korean tablet computer Samjiyŏn, the Korean unification issue, special economic zones, foreign trade, parliamentary elections and the first ever Party congress since 1980. Keywords: North Korea, DPRK, 38North Frank, Rudiger. “Current Affairs in North Korea, 2010-2017: A Collection of Research Notes” In Vienna Journal of East Asian Studies, Volume 9, eds. Rudiger Frank, Ina Hein, Lukas Pokorny, and Agnes Schick-Chen. Vienna: Praesens Verlag, 2017, pp. 235–350. https://doi.org/10.2478/vjeas-2017-0008 236 Vienna Journal of East Asian Studies Hu Jintao, Deng Xiaoping or another Mao Zedong? Power Restruc- turing in North Korea Date of original publication: 5 October 2010 URL: http://38north.org/2010/10/1451 “Finally,” one is tempted to say. The years of speculation and half-baked news from dubious sources are over.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 INFORMAČNÝ LIST PREDMETU Vysoká Škola
    INFORMAČNÝ LIST PREDMETU Vysoká škola: Univerzita Komenského v Bratislave Fakulta: Filozofická fakulta Kód predmetu: Názov predmetu: Aktuálne otázky vývoja v Kórei FiF.KVŠ/A- boVS-335/15 Druh, rozsah a metóda vzdelávacích činností: Forma výučby: seminár Odporúčaný rozsah výučby ( v hodinách ): Týždenný: 2 Za obdobie štúdia: 28 Metóda štúdia: prezenčná Počet kreditov: 6 Odporúčaný semester/trimester štúdia: 7. Stupeň štúdia: I. Podmieňujúce predmety: Podmienky na absolvovanie predmetu: aktívna účasť na výučbe, prezentácia, seminárna práca, záverečná písomná skúška (otázky z obsahu kurzu) Výsledky vzdelávania: Nadobudnutie poznatkov o aktuálnom vývoji na Kórejskom polostrove v medzinárodných súvislostiach. Stručná osnova predmetu: - „Beyond 1945“ - historické súvislosti rozdielov medzi severom a juhom Kórejského polostrova - Vývoj záujmov USA, Veľkej Británie a ZSSR o Kóreu počas 2. svetovej vojny - politika a diplomacia Spojencov - mierové konferencie a prijaté dokumenty - vývoj vo Východnej Ázii po roku 1945 - mierová zmluva s Japonskom, vývoj v Číne po r. 1945 - ich vplyv na situáciu na Kórejskom polostrove - Kórea v súvislosti s dekolonializáciou juhovýchodnej Ázie - Dynastia Kimovcov - 7 desaťročí boja o moc - záujmy 4 mocností (USA, Japonska, Ruska a Číny) na Kórejskom polostrove v súčasnosti - Kórejsko-kórejský dialóg: minulosť a perspektívy - Kórejská republika ako súčasť medzinárodného spoločenstva po vstupe do OSN r. 1991 - Vývoj kórejsko-kórejských vzťahov po roku 1990: rola mimovládnych aktérov v dialógu Odporúčaná literatúra: Eckert, Carter J. a kol. Dějiny Koreje. Praha: NLN 2001. Woo, Han-Young. A Review of Korean History, Vol. 3 Modern/Contemporary Era. Paju : Kyongsaewon, 2010. Kang, Man-gil: History of Contemporary Korea. Global Oriental, 2006. Kindermann, Gottfried-Karl: Der Aufstieg Koreas in der Weltpolitik. Von der Landesöffnung bis zur Gegenwart.
    [Show full text]
  • North Korean Decisionmaking
    C O R P O R A T I O N JOHN V. PARACHINI, SCOTT W. HAROLD, GIAN GENTILE, DEREK GROSSMAN, LEAH HEEJIN KIM, LOGAN MA, MICHAEL J. MAZARR, LINDA ROBINSON North Korean Decisionmaking Economic Opening, Conventional Deterrence Breakdown, and Nuclear Use For more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/RRA165-1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available for this publication. ISBN: 978-1-9774-0553-1 Published by the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif. © Copyright 2020 RAND Corporation R® is a registered trademark. Limited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit www.rand.org/pubs/permissions. The RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous. RAND is nonprofit, nonpartisan, and committed to the public interest. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. Support RAND Make a tax-deductible charitable contribution at www.rand.org/giving/contribute www.rand.org Preface Discerning the decisionmaking of Kim Jong-Un and the North Korean regime on issues of peaceful engagement and warlike actions endures as a mighty challenge for U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • CELL PHONES in NORTH KOREA Has North Korea Entered the Telecommunications Revolution?
    CELL PHONES IN NORTH KOREA Has North Korea Entered the Telecommunications Revolution? Yonho Kim ABOUT THE AUTHOR Yonho Kim is a Staff Reporter for Voice of America’s Korea Service where he covers the North Korean economy, North Korea’s illicit activities, and economic sanctions against North Korea. He has been with VOA since 2008, covering a number of important developments in both US-DPRK and US-ROK relations. He has received a “Superior Accomplishment Award,” from the East Asia Pacific Division Director of the VOA. Prior to joining VOA, Mr. Kim was a broadcaster for Radio Free Asia’s Korea Service, focused on developments in and around North Korea and US-ROK alliance issues. He has also served as a columnist for The Pressian, reporting on developments on the Korean peninsula. From 2001-03, Mr. Kim was the Assistant Director of The Atlantic Council’s Program on Korea in Transition, where he conducted in-depth research on South Korean domestic politics and oversaw program outreach to US government and media interested in foreign policy. Mr. Kim has worked for Intellibridge Corporation as a freelance consultant and for the Hyundai Oil Refinery Co. Ltd. as a Foreign Exchange Dealer. From 1995-98, he was a researcher at the Hyundai Economic Research Institute in Seoul, focused on the international economy and foreign investment strategies. Mr. Kim holds a B.A. and M.A. in International Relations from Seoul National University and an M.A. in International Relations and International Economics from the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University.
    [Show full text]
  • Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il, Who Glorious 70-Odd-Year-Long History of the WPK
    Greeting the Seventh Congress of the Workers' Party of Korea ∙ CCongressesongresses ooff tthehe WWPKPK SSettingetting UUpp MMilestonesilestones ∙ EEver-Victoriousver-Victorious IIss tthehe CCauseause ooff tthehe WWPKPK FFollowingollowing tthehe RoadRoad ooff IIndependence,ndependence, SongunSongun aandnd SSocialismocialism CCongressesongresses ofof thethe WPKWPK SSettingetting UUpp MilestonesMilestones CONTENTS s they are greeting the Seventh Congress of the Workers’ Party of wise direction to the entire WPK and all the service personnel and Δ Congresses of the WPK Setting Up Milestones ............1 • For Complete Victory of Socialism ..........................22 AKorea with great pride in being victors, the service personnel and people in their struggle to propel the revolution and construction. As • Illuminating the Path for a New Korea .......................2 Δ Ushering In a Golden Age in Building people of the DPRK look back with deep emotion on the congresses of a result, they could celebrate the congresses of the WPK as glorious • Heralding an Epochal Turn .........................................4 a Thriving Country ........................................................32 the WPK held in the past significant years, which heralded eye-opening meetings of victors. • Calling for a Great Chollima Upsurge ........................8 Δ Ever-Victorious Is the Cause of the WPK changes and great leaps forward. The following is a brief account of the six congresses held in the At these historic meetings Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il, who
    [Show full text]