Desmontaje Y Traslado Del Ábside De Fuentidueña. Experiencia Y Método En El Arquitecto Alejandro Ferrant DISMANTLING and TRANSFERING of the APSE of FUENTIDUEÑA

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Desmontaje Y Traslado Del Ábside De Fuentidueña. Experiencia Y Método En El Arquitecto Alejandro Ferrant DISMANTLING and TRANSFERING of the APSE of FUENTIDUEÑA 68 DESMONTAJE Y TRASLADO DEL ÁBSIDE DE FUENTIDUEÑA. EXPERIENCIA Y MÉTODO EN EL ARQUITECTO ALEJANDRO FERRANT DISMANTLING AND TRANSFERING OF THE APSE OF FUENTIDUEÑA. EXPERIENCE AND METHOD OF THE ARCHITECT ALEJANDRO FERRANT Luis Cortés Meseguer, Julián Esteban Chapapría, Rafael Marín Sánchez doi: 10.4995/ega.2017.7344 En 1957 los gobiernos de España In 1957, the governments of Spain y Estados Unidos, a través del The and USA, through the Metropolitan Metropolitan Museum of Art y el Museo Museum of Art and Museo del Prado, del Prado, acordaron la devolución de produced the exchange between a algunas pinturas de San Baudelio de group of paintings from San Baudelio Berlanga a cambio del traslado a Nueva de Berlanga and the apse of San York del ábside románico de San Martín Martín de Fuentidueña. The apse de Fuentidueña. El ábside fue dibujado was carefully drawn, all stones were cuidadosamente y todos sus sillares numbered before dismounting and numerados antes de su desmontaje y transfered them to its new location in traslado hasta el nuevo emplazamiento The Cloisters museum. en el museo The Cloisters. That work, demonstrated the high En dichos trabajos quedó patente degree of professionalism and el alto grado de profesionalidad y knowledge by Alejandro Ferrant conocimiento de Alejandro Ferrant Vázquez. As the dismantling workers Vázquez. Dado que los operarios were not the same than in the del desmontaje no iban a intervenir rebuilding, the architect shaped en la reposición del elemento, este with sharpness many drawings, arquitecto plasmó con singular rigor en complemented by an extensive photo numerosos planos, complementados album, from the constructive disposal con un extenso álbum fotográfico, to the irregular bed rows of each desde las disposiciones constructivas stone. This methodology, used in other hasta las cotas de las irregulares transfers, provides a useful technical hiladas de asiento de cada una de sus paper on such controversial matters piezas. Esta metodología, usada en as the transfer of monuments. otros traslados, constituye un valioso documento técnico en una materia KEYWORDS: FUENTIDUEÑA, APSE, CLOISTERS, FERRANT, PILLAGING tan controvertida como el traslado de monumentos. PALABRAS CLAVE: FUENTIDUEÑA, ÁBSIDE, CLOISTERS, FERRANT, EXPOLIO expresión gráfica arquitectónica 29 1. Andamiaje y apeo del ábside con las piezas numeradas 1. Scaffolding and propping of the apse with numbered pieces A setenta kilómetros al norte de la 69 ciudad de Segovia se encuentra la po- blación de Fuentidueña, en una zona de gran riqueza de arbolado y agua. Es de origen prerromano y, más tar- de, el castro celta se transformó en fortaleza romana siendo fortificada la villa románica entre los siglos XI y XIII. En la parte más alta se encuentran las ruinas del castillo de la misma época, reformado en los siglos XIV-XV. Dis- ponía de dos iglesias románicas, la de San Miguel y la de San Martín. La iglesia de San Miguel fue res- taurada, pero no así la de San Martín por su estado ruinoso, a pesar de es- tar declarada monumento histórico- artístico. En 1957, los gobiernos de 1 España y Estados Unidos, tras largas gestiones iniciadas en 1935, suscri- bieron a través del The Metropoli- tan Museum of Art de Nueva York guración de esta sala. Los restos de la 70 km far North from the city of Segovia is y el Museo del Prado de Madrid un iglesia de San Martín, en Fuentidueña, located the town of Fuentidueña, an area of convenio para intercambiar el ábside quedaron más en ruina si cabe mante- great wealth of woodland and water. From segoviano por seis de las veintitrés niendo su empleo como cementerio, pre-romanesque origin, the celtic castrum was pinturas expoliadas de la iglesia de uso al que había sido destinado desde transformed in a roman fortress, being fortified the romanesque ville between 11th and 13th San Baudelio de Berlanga (Soria). El tiempo impreciso. century. In the higher zone are located the ruins desmontaje, embalaje y traslado del No interesa aquí tanto el entrama- of the castle, same age, remodelled between ábside de San Martín se efectuó bajo do político del expolio y sus coarta- la supervisión del historiador Manuel 14th-15th centuries. There were two romanesque das culturales como todo el proceso churches, San Miguel and San Martín. Gómez-Moreno y del arquitecto Ale- técnico del desmontaje del ábside The church of San Miguel was restored, but jandro Ferrant Vázquez, ambos con llevado a cabo por el arquitecto Ale- not the San Martin because of its ruinous experiencia previa en el desmontaje y jandro Ferrant Vázquez, que fue ex- state, despite being declared a historic-artistic traslado de la iglesia de San Pedro de traordinariamente eficaz y adecuada- monument. In 1957, the governments of Spain la Nave (Zamora) en 1929, afectada mente documentado mediante planos and the United States, after long negotiations, por la construcción de un pantano. y fotografías, constituyendo hoy toda which begun in 1935, signed through The El ábside fue cuidadosamente dibu- una lección en una materia tan con- Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York and jado en 1957, numerados y desmon- trovertida y extrema como el traslado the Prado Museum in Madrid an agreement to exchange the segovian apse by six from tados sus sillares, dispuestos en 3.300 de monumentos. cajas con un peso de 370 toneladas, the twenty-six paintings plundered from the y embarcados en el puerto de Bilbao church of San Baudelio de Berlanga (Soria). The dismantling, packaging and transfer of the apse con destino a Nueva York, para ser La arquitectura of San Martín was done under the supervision of remontado con una musealización La iglesia, construida en el siglo XI por historian Manuel Gómez-Moreno and architect ambientadora en la sección de The operarios itinerantes del camino de Alejandro Ferrant Vazquez, both with previous Cloisters del Metropolitan Museum Santiago, era de una sola nave sin cru- experience in dismantling and transfering the junto a otras piezas trasladadas. El 4 cero, con torre de campanas a los pies, church of San Pedro de la Nave (Zamora) in 1929, de julio de 1961 tuvo lugar la inau- portada de acceso lateral y un ábside affected by the construction of a dam. 2. Plano de Ferrant de la planta del ábside a nivel de 2. Ferrant’s plane of the floor of the apse at the level of la imposta de arranque de arcos de ventanas the impost windows arches 3. Plano de Ferrant del costado norte, donde queda 3. Ferrant’s plan of the north side, where it is indicated grafiado que las cotas señaladas son algunos de los that the levels graphing are some of the cut-off levels for niveles de corte para un levantamiento más exhaustivo a more comprehensive survey of the apse del ábside 70 The apse was carefully drawn in 1957, numbered ficación de la iglesia, situada sobre and dismanted all stones, disposed in 3.300 la ladera de la colina, no contempló boxes with a total weight 370 tones, shipped in una nivelación previa del plano de the port of Bilbao and sent to New York, where it asiento sobre el terreno optando sus was rebuilt in a freshening musealization in the constructores por la corrección pro- brand of The Metropolitan Museum of Art, The Cloisters, closest to others transfered pieces. gresiva de dicho desnivel entre las On July 4, 1961 this room opened. The remains sucesivas hiladas. Además, algunas of the church of San Martin, in Fuentidueña, de las excavaciones efectuadas por were more ruined if possible and maintaining el exterior para los enterramientos its use as a cemetery, use to which it had been habían afectado también a las basas foreordained imprecise time. de las semicolumnas que articulaban 2 Not is noted here the interest of the political el frente del ábside hecho que, en su framework of dispossession and cultural alibis as conjunto, acarreaba una dificultad all the technical process of dismantling the apse carried out by the architect Alejandro Ferrant añadida para su reconstrucción. Vázquez, which was extraordinarily effective semicircular. A mediados del siglo XIX , and properly documented through drawings la nave, sin cubierta, con muros cons- Manuel Gómez-Moreno y and photographs, constituting today a lesson in truidos con mampostería y refuerzos such as controversial and extreme as transfering de sillería en las esquinas, se encontra- Alejandro Ferrant monuments. ba totalmente arruinada, tal y como Fue sin duda Manuel Gómez-More- citan Cortés, Esteban, Marín y Otero no, uno de los ponentes a favor del Architecture (2016). Aunque incluida en el recinto intercambio en la Academia de Bellas The church, built in the 11th century by itinerant amurallado, el templo no se encontra- Artes de San Fernando y en la de la workers of the Santiago pilgrimage route, was ba vinculado a la población, como el Historia, quien buscó a Alejandro a single nave without crossing, with tower bells de San Miguel, lo que le confería un Ferrant para llevar a cabo tan delica- on ends, side access doorway and a semicircular uso esporádico que podría explicar su da labor. La experiencia de éste en el apse. In the mid-nineteenth century, the ship, abandono y posterior colapso. desmontaje y traslado de la iglesia de without cover, walls built with masonry and El tramo recto se articula con ban- San Pedro de la Nave le avalaba como reinforced ashlar in the corners, was totally ruined, as said Cortés, Esteban, Marín y Otero (2016). das lombardas por el exterior mien- el único arquitecto español que había Although included inside the city wall, the temple tras que, en el interior, cuenta con realizado operaciones similares. was not linked to the population, such as San dos arcosolios en cada frente, además Pero San Pedro no era el único des- Miguel, which gave it occasional use which could de las figuras de San Martín y de la montaje que había ejecutado Ferrant explain its abandonment and subsequent collapse.
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