General Index

Items marked with an asterisk (*) are defined in the Glossary. Well-known figures, including emperors and prominent members of their families, and celebrated writers are listed under the name most familiar to English readers, other Roman citizens by *nomen.

Aelius Aristides (Greek orator), 208, 461–462 of Constantine, 489–490 Agricola (Cn. Julius Agricola, senator, governor of , 113–116, 123, 157, 158, 281, of Britain), 23, 72, 73, 95, 98–99, 104, 292, 344, 475, 489, 495, 503–505, 168–169, 219, 220, 237, 255, 260, 509–512 262–263, 265–271, 281, 287–288, various celebrating ’s victories, 33, 314–315, 318–319, 463, 566 112, 344 Agrippa ii (M. Julius, also called Herod Arrecinus Clemens, M. (praetorian prefect, Agrippa; pro-Roman Jewish client king, urban prefect), 69, 77, 85, 95–96, 103 brother of Berenice), 10, 49, 53, 66, Arruntius Stella, L. (lost Flavian poet and 79, 83, 84, 91, 236, 247 literary patron), 414, 426–427, *amicitia, 43, 66, 303, 305–307, 381, 384, 476–477 388, 420 Arulenus Rusticus, Q. Junius (senator Antonia Caenis see ‘Caenis’ executed by Domitian), 95, 104, 183, Antonius Julianus, M. (procurator of Judea, 305, 307, 308, 363, 457, 475, 482 writer), 245, 475 (Gaius Augustus, Antonius Primus, M. (Flavian civil war first Julio-Claudian emperor, r. 27 general), 57, 64, 92, 171, 214, 216 bce–14 ce), 12, 21, 43, 67, 73, 74, Antonius Saturninus, L. (governor, rebellion 82, 103, 130, 148, 157, 160–161, leader), 96, 98, 102, 201, 214 209–210, 225, 257, 279, 301, 362, (Greek philosopher), 365, 380 452–453, 458COPYRIGHTEDas Flavian MATERIAL imperial model, 7, 26–27, Aquilius Regulus, M. (notorious delator 30–32, 34, 67–68, 72, 109–112, and ‘legacy hunter’), 12, 103, 183, 117–118, 121, 124, 131, 153, 304–305 160–161, 174, 177–178, 197, 201, arch, triumphal, 154, 440 344, 362, 364, 369 specifically moral legislation revived, 12, 103, of , 260, 271 182, 296

A Companion to the Flavian Age of Imperial , First Edition. Edited by Andrew Zissos. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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‘barbarism’, notions of, 277–278, 283–284, Christianity, 10, 100, 106, 244–245, 249, 288–290, 293, 321 291, 528, 530 specific ‘barbarians’ later Christian views on the Flavian Age, Egyptians, 365 478, 490–493, 501, 507–508, 513, non-Greek speakers, 283–284 528, 531, 537, 541, 543–544, North Africans, 404 549–550, 555 Northern Europeans, 235, 356–357 possible persecution under Domitian, Romans from Greek perspective, 290 101, 108 Romans from Jewish perspective, 502 Cicero (Marcus Tullius Cicero), 8–9, 293, Thracians, 288–289 302, 313, 315–317, 323, 364, 443, Batavian Revolt, 1, 63, 65, 66, 211–213, 450, 554, 556 218–219, 264, 284–285 see also citizenship, Roman, 46, 292 ‘Julius Civilis’ acquired by non-Romans, 10, 21, 44, 198, bath complexes, 162, 163, 301, 417 258, 284, 320, 323, 502 Baths of Titus, 33, 87, 113, 123, 154, expansion of citizen body under Flavians, 155, 200, 489, 505 72–73, 198, 226, 292 Baths of Trajan, 149 Claudius (Ti. Claudius , at Pompeii, 315, 329, 505 fourth Julio-Claudian emperor, r. in private dwellings, 414, 418–420 41–54 ce) 21, 27, 31, 34, 47–50, 57, Berenice (Julia Berenice, Jewish princess, 68, 73, 77, 103, 104, 110, 143, 157, brother of Agrippa ii), 10, 76, 83–86, 160, 162, 174–176, 180, 197, 91, 247, 284–285, 495–502 211–213, 257–261, 269, 271, 404, Britannicus (Tiberius Claudius Caesar 482, 570–571 Britannicus, son of the emperor Claudius Etruscus (wealthy Flavian-era Claudius), 49, 77, 89, 482 equestrian), 232, 381, 414, 420, Bulwer-Lytton, Edward (British novelist), 427–429 327, 525–530 Claudius Gothicus ( Valerius Claudius Augustus, Roman emperor, Caecina Alienus, A. (Roman senator, r. 268–70), 488–489 anti-Flavian conspirator), 53, 86 Clodius Eprius Marcellus, Tib. (Neronian Caenis (Antonia Caenis, freedwomen mistress *delator, later anti-Flavian conspirator), of ), 49, 297, 503–504 86, 170, 172, 376 Calgacus (British chieftain), 23, 99, 237 Colosseum see ‘Flavian Amphitheater’ (Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus *consecratio (consecration) see ‘deification, Germanicus, third Julio-Claudian postmortem’ emperor, r. 37–41 ce), 26, 31, 67, Constantine the Great (Roman emperor, r. 125, 182, 488 306–37 ce), ‘Flavian’ affiliations of, Calpurnius Piso Frugi Licianus, L. (Roman 488–490, 510, 513 nobleman, adoptee of ), 52–53, founds new imperial capital, 9, 237 55, 64, 67, 304, 400 Cornelius Fuscus (praetorian prefect), 57, 95, Cancellaria Reliefs, 116, 120, 133–134, 98, 215 146–147, 344 corruption *Capitolia () see under ‘Games’ i) individual caused by supreme power, (Cassius Dio Cocceianus, Greek 60, 399 historian), 24, 86, 88, 89, 91, 95–96, of provincial officials, 261 284, 488, 532 see also Index of punishment of, 362 Passages s.v. ii) of society, perceived, 20, 237, 405, *census, 196, 565 407, 413 of 73 ce, conducted by Vespasian and Titus, of Pompeii, perceived, 525–528 197–198, 438 of contemporary rhetoric, census qualifications, 45, 302, 555 perceived, 474

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cosmopolitanism, at Rome, 154, 279, *Domus Aurea (“Golden House”, a lavish 282–283, 388, 426, 566 construction of the emperor Nero), 8, notion of world citizenship, 502–503 33, 52, 113, 115, 118, 123, 149, 152, Cybele (goddess, often identified with Magna 154–155, 161–162, 197, 279, 344, Mater) 291, 300, 328, 401, 423 362, 364, 506 *Domus Flavia (Flavian palace) 20, 33, 34, *damnatio memoriae, 362 111, 161, 162, 179, 233, 344, specifically 346–347, 356, 505 of Domitian, 11, 104, 111, 133, 136, 364, 487–488, 540 Earinus (Titus Flavius Earinus, eunuch, of Nero, 132, 362 Domitian’s lover), 232–234, 414 Dante Alighieri (Italian poet) reception of (Stoic philosopher), 104, 161, Statius, 478, 541, 543–544 452, 458 depiction of Titus, 492 epigraphic culture (or ‘habit’), 24, 72, decadence, 83, 322 298–300 associated with literature/rhetoric, Eprius Marcellus see ‘Clodius Eprius 395, 474 Marcellus’ associated with Nero, 7, 160, 170 Equus Domitiani (equestrian statue of associated with Pompeii, 327, 524–528 Domitian) 19, 115–116, 128, 135, associated with the East, 181 139, 158, 163, 346 Decebalus (Dacian king) 98 eunuchs, 83, 232–233, 414, 423 deification, postmortem, 119, 157, 175, 488 specifically of Fabius Quintilianus, M. see under ‘Quintilian’ Vespasian and Titus, 110, 116, 119, 130, Feuchtwanger, Lion (German-Jewish novelist), 140–141, 157, 481, 505 501–504, 512, 513 other family members, 119, 130, 134–137, *fiscus (fiscus Caesaris), 196–200, 315 140–141, 144, 147 *fiscus Alexandrinus, 198 *delatores (informers), 49, 67, 168–170 *fiscus Iudaicus, 9, 100–101, 103, 106, 152, Domitianic informers punished by 198, 201, 248 Trajan, 362 (1) (wife of Vespasian, shunned, punished by Titus, 12, 87, 362 d. ante 69), 32, 46, 49, 77–78, 119, utilized by Domitian, 12, 23, 103, 183 130, 134–137, 139–141, 147, 297, de Staël, Germaine (French writer), 508, 511, 328, 503 524–525, 529 Flavia Domitilla (2) (daughter of Vespasian, Dio Cassius see ‘Cassius Dio’ second wife of Petillius Cerealis, d. ante Dio Chrysostom (Δίων Χρυσόστομος, also 69), 32, 46, 135, 264, 328 known as Dio of Prusa and later Dio Flavia Domitilla (3) (granddaughter of Cocceianus Vespasian, wife of Flavius Clemens), Greek writer and orator, c. 40–c. 120 ce), 101, 104 104, 314, 323–325, 452–454, Flavian Amphitheater (“Colosseum”), 8, 33, 459–460 85, 113, 123–124, 149, 154–155, 160, Domitia Longina (wife of Domitian), 32, 57, 197, 279, 292, 332, 344, 357, 58, 90, 96, 103–105, 140–145, 147, 361–368, 417–418 183, 296, 473, 498 inaugural games for, 20, 87, 120, 123, 200, Domitian (Titus Flavius Domitianus, third 277–280, 346 Flavian emperor, r. 81–96 ce) chapter 5 in later ages, 504, 506–509 and passim Flavian Palace see under ‘Domus Flavia’ Domitius Corbulo, Cn. (Roman general, c. Flavius Clemens, T. (senator executed by 7–67 ce), 44, 49–52, 55–56, 70, 82, Domitian), 95, 101, 104, 106, 315, 89, 211, 216–217, 269 434, 491

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Flavius (orig. Yosef ben Mattityahu, Capitoline (*Capitolia), 18–19, 99, Jewish aristocrat, author, 37–c. 100 ce), 156–157, 361, 364, 377–378, 473, 10, 21–22, 81–82, 91, 111, 118, 226, 478–479 236, 241–242, 244–248, 252, 254, , 100, 361, 377 283–285, 292–293, 296, 368–370, Secular ( saeculares), 103, 160, 361, 362 376, 389, 463–465, 475, 491, 494, Gell, William (British archeologist), 526–528 501–503, 512, 513, 532, 535 see also geography, 223–237 see also ‘maps’ Index of Passages s.v. ‘Josephus’ advances in geographical knowledge, 218 Flavius Petro, T. (paternal grandfather of geographical identities, 223–226 Vespasian), 44–45 geographical writing, 235–236, 242, 278, Flavius Sabinus, T. (1) (brother of Vespasian), 288, 355, 387, 549 see also ‘Pliny the 45–48, 53–54, 62, 66, 74, 79, 92, 150 Elder’ and ‘Strabo’ Flavius Sabinus, T. (2) (cousin of Domitian), ‘mental’ geography, 278–280 95, 142, 455 mythical geography, 289 Forum (Romanum), 19, 115–116, 119, 135, ‘Romanocentric’ geographies, 139, 157, 158, 160, 161, 281, 300, 228–229, 237 368, 417, 431, 505, 509 Golden Age as a mythical time of human other fora blessedness, 404 of Augustus, 161 as an imperial political metaphor, 18, 22 of Caesar, 115–116 as designating literary periods, 536, 537 of (“Forum Transitorium”), 103, Golden House see under ‘Domus Aurea’ 128, 149, 160, 308 of Peace see ‘Temple of Peace’ (Publius Aelius Hadrianus Augustus, of Trajan, 149 Roman emperor, r. 117–138), 2, 9, 14, *freedmen/freedwomen, 309–310, 23, 97, 126, 149, 306 427–429, 444 Hellenic culture, 320–325, 337–340, honoring former owners, 298–299 347–348, 455, 458–463, 480 increasing social mobility of, 297, 298, Hellenism/philhellenism, of the Flavians, 102, 427–428 156–157, 364, 376–378, 457–458 Frontinus (Sextus Julius Frontinus, Roman in Jewish culture, 21, 250, 283–284, 389, senator and technical writer) see also 464–465, 503 Index of Passages s.v. of Nero, 9, 50, 125, 457 career, 71, 98, 163, 219, 264–266 in Roman society, 282, 290, 388–389, 419, writings, 387–388, 475, 536, 547–548, 559 421, 443–444, 480, 527–528 , C. (senator, executed by Gaius see under ‘Caligula’ Vespasian), 85, 151, 168–173, 183, Galba (Servius Sulpicius Galba Caesar 307, 458 Augustus, Roman emperor, r. 68–69), Helvidius Priscus the Younger (son of 13, 31, 52–53, 62, 66, 67, 69, 70, 79, C. Helvidius Priscus, executed by 171, 198, 212, 304, 315, 400 Domitian), 95, 104, 296, 307–308, games, 179, 307, 332, 334, 361–363, 378, 473, 479 479, 490 Herennius Senecio (senator, executed by specifically Domitian), 104, 183, 307, 363, 482 associated with Domitian’s triumph, 476 homosexuality, 83–84, 182, 422–423 see also funeral games, 134, 144, 403 ‘puer delicatus’ in honor of Augustus, 481 inaugural games for Colosseum see under imperial cult, 101, 119–122, 135, 139–141, ‘Flavian Amphitheater’ 144, 157, 267, 298–301, 330, 334, Games, Alban (*), 18–19, 377–378, 481, 575 474, 479 informers see under ‘delatores’

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Isis/Isiac cult, 10, 100, 158–159, 291, 453, 473, 474, 488, 537, 542, 555 332–333, 521, 525, 528 see also Index of Passages s.v. *ius Latii (‘Latin right’) granted in Hispania, *Juvenalia (Alban games instituted by 29, 95, 102, 198 Domitian) see under ‘Games’

Jerusalem (city in Judea), 50–51, 246–247, Lex (Law) 249–251 de imperio Vespasiani (Law concerning the besieged and sacked by Titus, 9, 78–82, 84, imperium of Vespasian), 10–11, 25–27, 94, 239, 241–242, 245–246, 464 34, 39, 67, 68, 82, 109–110, 173–174, destruction as Christian theme, 490–494 185, 570–572 destruction as Flavian imperial theme, Irnitana, 24, 29 111–112, 118, 289, 400, 404, Julia de adulteriis coercendis (Julian 490, 510 Law against adultery), 103, destruction as Jewish theme, 492–493, 496, 143, 423 502–503, 511 Julia theatralis (Julian Law concerning destruction as modern theme, 495–496, theaters), 364 499–501, 503, 505–506 Manciana, 198–199 Jerusalem, Temple of, 242 Licinius Mucianus, C. see under ‘Mucianus’ destruction of, 198, 240–241, literary patronage see under ‘patronage’ 244–246, 254 Livia (Livia Drusilla, wife of the emperor impact of its loss, 249–250, 314, 464 Augustus), 140, 296, 301 plunder from, 118, 152, 246, 281, 368 Lucan (Marcus Annaeus Lucanus, Neronian Jews/Judaism, 21, 49, 51, 100–101, 106, poet), 8, 227, 284, 371, 388, 397, 236, 240–241, 246, 249–253, 398, 400, 401, 403–407, 414, 426, 283–284, 292–293, 389, 464–465, 427, 478, 544, 554 496, 501–503, 565, 566 see also Ludi saeculares (‘’) see under ‘Berenice’ and ‘Flavius Josephus’ ‘Games’ cultural/religious/economic consequences of defeat, 9–10, 246, 248–254, 314 Magna Mater (‘Great Mother’) see under see also ‘fiscus Iudaicus’ ‘Cybele’ insurrection (Jewish War), 50–54, 61, mail service (vehiculatio), 28 78–80, 89, 215, 241–246, 464, manumission see under ‘freedmen/women’ 490–492 and ‘slaves’ prominence of Jewish defeat in Flavian maps, 162, 224 media, 9–10, 21–22, 32–33, 111–118, ‘Map of Agrippa,’ 280 120, 131, 151, 154, 157, 239, 270, marriage, 77, 83–84, 103, 143–144, 182, 362–364, 368–370, 440, 475, 252–253, 297, 309, 312, 374, 419, 505–506, 510–512 425, 427–428, 430, 470, 476–477; Josephus see under ‘Flavius Josephus’ dynastic/political, 77, 284, 296, 306, Julia Felix (wealthy Pompeian woman), 499–500 301–302, 334, 348–350, 352 Martial (Marcus Valerius Martialis, Flavian Julius Civilis(Batavian auxiliary commander, poet), 20, 22, 105, 112, 120, 123, rebel leader), 66, 151, 212, 213, 219, 144, 154–155, 160, 162, 180–181, 264, 284–285 see also ’Batavian 228–229, 277–280, 282–283, 286, Revolt’ 293, 297, 300, 306, 309–310, 315, Junius Mauricus (Roman senator), 173, 346, 352–357, 362, 364–370, 377, 302, 307, 363 380–381, 383–387, 412–433, 470, Juvenal (Decimus Junius Juvenalis, Roman 473–478, 487, 506 see also Index of satirist), 12, 22–24, 34–35, 95, 105, Passages s.v. 161, 226, 234–235, 237, 282, 437, Reception, 536–540

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Minerva (Roman goddess), 121, 161, 402 pantomime, 182, 306–307, 381–382, 473 Domitian’s ‘patron deity,’ 20, 100, 134, Papinius Statius, Publius see under 139–140, 160, 379 ‘Statius’ honored by festivals etc., 8–10, 100, Parthia/Parthians, 44, 82, 94, 97, 117, 115–116, 361, 377, 474, 479 180–181, 209–212; 216–218, 284 Mucianus (C. Licinius Mucianus, governor of *patronage, 43, 56, 59, 293, 304–305, Syria, key Flavian supporter), 51–57, 315, 319, 364, 389, 391, 412, 59, 61, 63–65, 69–70, 79–80, 82, 465, 522 84–86, 90–92, 94, 170–171, 214, 216, literary, 3, 19, 228, 231–232, 289, 476, 478, 498 362–363, 376, 378–383, 413–420, Musonius Rufus, C. (Stoic writer), 308–309, 430, 441, 476, 478 323, 452, 454, 458 political, 11, 48–49, 157–158 by women, 298–307, 309–310 Nero (Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus pax (peace), 30, 117, 153 see also under Germanicus, fifth Julio-Claudian ‘Temple of Peace’ emperor, r. 54–68 ce), 1, 9, 10, 44, cult of, 117–118 49–55, 62, 67, 69, 77–79, 84, 117, as imperial theme, 110, 117–118, 175–176, 125, 132–133, 143, 150, 169–170, 197, 356 197–199, 211–212, 216–217, 239, pax Romana, 117, 175, 195–196 258–261, 334, 364, 413, 457–458, Petillius Cerialis, Q. (governor of 471, 473, 475 Britain, 71–74 ce), 63–65, 71, ‘false’ Neros, 97 213, 219, 221, 263–266, Flavian distancing from Nero, 7–9, 12, 31, 270–271, 284–285 33, 68, 86, 88–89, 110, 112, 123–124, philhellenisim see under ‘Hellenism’ 130–131, 144, 149, 153–155, philosophers, banishment from Rome, 11, 85, 157–158, 160–162, 175, 197, 279, 104, 307, 441, 454, 458 344, 346, 362, 364–365, 376, 482, philosophy, 66–67, 167–168, 321–325, 452; 487–488, 536 Roman devaluation of, 11, 318–319, Neronian culture/literature, 8–9, 329, 332, 441 see also under ‘Stoicism’ 364, 371, 376–378 pietas (piety, devotion), 110, 119, 120, 200, Nerva (Marcus Cocceius Nerva Caesar 300, 397, 401, 402, 420, 426–428, Augustus, Roman emperor, r. 96–8 ce), 440, 473, 481 6, 18, 34–35, 58, 104, 116–117, Piso see ‘Calpurnius Piso’ 133–134, 136, 149, 160, 168, 237, Pliny the Elder (Gaius Plinius Secundus, 308, 323, 455–456, 488 Flavian courtier, naturalist, writer), 8, 9, 20–21, 35, 117, 118, 123, 162, 169, obscenity 227, 235–237, 278, 280, 289–290, excised/imitated in later ages, 537–538 292–293, 337, 344, 355–357, 376, in Martial, 310, 422–423 386–387, 434–446, 449, 471–472, (M. Salvius Otho Caesar Augustus, 476, 478, 481, 482, 505, 515–521, Roman emperor, r. 69), 52–54, 61–62, 535–536, 547–553 see also Index of 69, 89–90, 211, 214 Passages s.v. Ovid (Publius Ovidius Naso, Augustan poet, (Gaius Plinius Caecilius 43 bce–17 ce), 8, 228–229, 384, 400, Secundus, Roman author), 18, 19, 22, 472, 536, 539 34–35, 67, 72–74, 96–98, 104, 143, 158, 168, 169, 171, 178–182, palace, imperial see ‘Domus Flavia’ 302–309, 312, 363, 382, 456–458, panegyric, imperial, 18–19, 119, 179–182, 470–471, 475, 480, 515–521, 523, 358, 363, 367, 372–373, 396, 400, 526–528, 532 see also Index of 405–407, 540–541 Passages s.v.

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Plutarch (Flavian and post-Flavian Greek ‘secret of empire’ (arcanum imperii), 13, author), 290, 320–323, 325, 326, 67, 223 451–453, 456–465, 468, 480 see also Secular Games (Ludi saeculares) see under Index of Passages s.v. ‘Games’ Pollius Felix, P. (Magistrate of Neapolis and Senate, 166–183 Puteoli, patron of Statius), 229–230, censorial manipulation of membership, 12, 419, 480 57–58, 68, 73–74 *pomerium (sacred boundary of Rome), 25 diminished authority of, 10–12, 14, 36 extended by Vespasian, 27, 162, 175, 571 by Domitian, 12–13, 95–97, 103–105, 108, Pompeii (city in Campania, engulfed by 177–183, 457 volcanic eruption), 2–3, 33, 191, 200, oppositional elements in, 104, 171–173 206, 288, 291, 300, 301, 327–343, see also ‘’ 348–349, 506, 518, 521, 533–534 procedural aspects, 25, 27 in modern art and literature, 524–532 representations of, 31, 113, 116, 120 modern rediscovery of, 521–527, 533 by Titus, 87, 105, 284 Praetorian Guard, 27, 52, 53, 55, 62–64, by Trajan, 22–23 69–70, 79, 94, 304 treatment by Vespasian, 61–62, 73–74, praetorian prefect, 69–70, 76, 85, 88–89, 95, 131, 170–177 104, 435, 440, 471 Seneca the Younger (Lucius Annaeus Seneca, Prostitution, 282, 422 Neronian statesman, philosopher and puer delicatus (‘favorite boy’), 285–286, 423 writer, d. 65 ce ), 8–9, 50, 170, 282, 288, 328, 388, 398, 414, 471, 479, Quinquatria (Games founded by Domitian) 554, 556 see also Index of Passages s.v. see under ‘Games’ Senecio see ‘Herennius Senecio’ Quintilian (Marcus Fabius Quintilianus, sex/sexuality, 312, 329, 415, 422–428 see also rhetorician, c. 35–c. 100 ce), 5, 8–9, ‘homosexuality’, ‘obscenity’ 11, 21, 313–320, 326, 378–379, 385, associated with pagan Rome, 531 388, 434–437, 439, 441, 445–449, involving Vestals, 143 469–474, 481, 536, 541, 547–548 sexualization of matronae and dominae, Reception, 554–557 300, 306–310 sexual orientation of Titus, 83–84 Rabirius (Flavian architect), 20, 162 Silius Italicus (Tib. Catius Asconius Silius Italicus, recitationes (literary readings), 382–383, 386, Roman senator and epic poet), 20, 473, 542 226–228, 281–282, 371–374, 384, 395, *recusatio, imperial, 181 398–400, 404–405, 407, 411, 414, 469 Literary, 378–379, 400 reception, 536, 541, 546, 559 religion see under individual entries (including slaves, 176, 286, 306–307, 321, 357, 384, ‘Christianity’, Judaism’, ‘Isis’, ‘imperial 385, 415, 418, 428–429, 478, 566 cult’, ‘Minerva’, ‘Vestals’) abuse of, 415 ‘Romanization,’ 2, 66, 72–73, 97, 225, influx from Judean revolt, 9, 490, 565 232–236, 255–258, 314–315, 326 manumission of, 286, 566, 580 Rutilius Gallicus, C. (urban prefect under percentage of population, 566 Domitian), 177, 285, 301 sexual exploitation of, 84, 422, 425 Statius (Publius Papinius Statius, Flavian poet), Sabinus (Titus Flavius Sabinus, brother of 19–20, 115–116, 139, 229–234, Vespasian), 46–50, 53–54, 60, 62, 66, 285–287, 377–378, 381–382, 388, 74, 79, 92, 150, 151 391, 395–402, 404, 406–407, Saturninus.see ‘Antonius Saturninus’ 411–433, 445, 449, 451, 473, 474, *Second Sophistic, 323, 451–453, 459–463, 476–481 see also Index of Passages s.v. 465, 468, 479–480 reception, 540, 542–547

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Stoicism, 308, 445, 452, 454, 502 14, 27, 44, 67, 68, 115, 130, 174, ‘Stoic opposition’, 67, 85, 167, 441, 454, 458 200, 216, 363, 399, 488, 491–492, Strabo (Greek geographer), 21, 235–236, 570–571, 575, 584 257, 462 Tiridates (king of Armenia) 51–52, 56, (Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus, 216–217 Roman biographer), 17–18, 22–23, 86, Titus (Titus Flavius Vespasianus the Younger, 91, 102, 148, 388–389, 440 see also later Titus Flavius Augustus, second Index of Passages s.v. Flavian emperor, r. 79–81 ce), suicide, 47, 78, 429, 472, 529 chapter 4 and passim of Jewish rebels at Masada, 242–244 Trajan (Marcus Ulpius Traianus, Roman of Roman aristocrats, 19, 48, 51, 89, 103, emperor, r. 98–117 ce), 2, 13, 18, 22, 169, 371, 399 23, 58, 72, 83, 95, 97, 105, 168, Sulpicia (lost Flavian poetess), 470, 477, 179–181, 214, 307, 362, 454–457, 504 481, 483 Translation Suplicius Severus (early 5th-cent. Christian Aramaic to Greek, 283–284, 389 writer), 244–245 Greek to Latin, 319 Latin to Greek, 28 (Publius Cornelius Tacitus, Roman Latin to modern languages, 395, 493, 535, senator and historian), 11, 17, 22, 23, 546–547, 550, 559 34–35, 60–61, 63, 64, 67, 84, 98–99, 105, 171, 173, 224, 237, 241, 245, Valerius Flaccus (Gaius Valerius Flaccus 260, 266, 267, 287–288, 345, 382, Setinus Balbus, Flavian epic poet), 399, 401, 458, 463, 470–471, 516 see 19, 35, 118–119, 289, 371–372, also Index of Passages s.v. 395–396, 398–401, 405–406, 411, taxation, 44, 64, 102, 103, 195–198, 202–203, 475, 536, 556, 559 see also Index of 218, 225, 257, 417, 458 see also ‘fiscus Passages s.v. Iudaicus’, ‘fiscus Alexandrinus’ vehiculatio see under ‘mail system’ tax collection, 28, 44, 129, 218 Veleda (Germanic queen), 284–285 tax exemptions, 9, 68 Vespasian (Titus Flavius Vespasianus, first Temple, of Capitoline Jupiter (Aedes Iovis Flavian emperor, r. 69–79 ce), chapters Optimi Maximi Capitolini), 121, 198l 2, 3 and passim Vespasianic rebuilding of 99, 151–152, *Vestals (or Vestal Virgins) 298, 364; 172–173 punished by Domitian, 12, 100, of the divine Claudius (Templum divi 103, 143, 161, 182 Claudii), 110, 157, 175, 197 Vesuvius (volcano in Campania) eruption in Domitianic rebuilding of, 156–157 79 ce, 2–3, 11, 21, 33, 35, 87, 200, of the Flavian (Templum Gentis 202, 269, 327–328, 471, 480, 499, Flaviae), 96, 120–121 501, 515–521, 523, 525–529, 532 of Janus (Templum Iani) ceremonially closed Vindex (Gaius Julius Vindex, governor of to signify peace, 117, 197 Lugdunensis) leads revolt against Nero, of Jerusalem see ‘Jerusalem, Temple of’ 52, 79, 211 of Peace (Templum Pacis, also Forum Pacis), Vindex, Novius (Flavian art collector and 8, 110, 117, 118, 152–155, 161, 162, patron), 289, 381, 414, 416, 421, 541 175, 197, 239, 344, 355, 369, 464, Virgil (Publius Vergilius Maro, Roman poet, 489, 505–506 70–19 bce), 8, 279–280, 365, 370, of the Sebastoi at Ephesus, 122 371, 373, 374, 380, 384, 395, 396, of Vespasian and Titus (Templum Vespasiani 398–401, 403–405, 407, 418, 444, et Titi), 119–120, 157, 200 477, 499, 529, 536, 541, 543–544, Tiberius (Tiberius Caesar Augustus, second 546–547, 556 see also Index of Julio-Claudian emperor, r. 14–37 ce), Passages s.v.

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Vitellius (Aulus , Roman emperor, r. 69 education of, 308 ce), 48–50, 52–57, 61–64, 66–67, 69, featured in artwork/literature, 161, 71, 79, 80, 89–90, 92–93, 151, 167, 308–310, 420, 424–431, 496–501, 171, 197, 211, 212, 216, 262, 464, 501 503–504 Vologaeses i (Parthian king), 82, 94, 212, 216 featured in dynastic images, 134–138, 140–144 Weber, Karl (supervisor of excavations at imperial women deified, 32, 119, Pompeii, 1750–1765), 343, 522, 533 135, 144 Women, 261, 296–312, 364, 373–374, increasing independence/influence of, 384–385, 401–402, 418, 425, 457, 297–308 470, 472 see also under specific names legislation on conduct, 176, 182 and categories, e.g. ‘Berenice’, ‘Veleda’, punishments imposed upon, 12, 100, 103, ‘Vestals’ 104, 143, 161, 182, 308, 457

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