3, Summary of NS Development (BM1 1992)
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Telovelar Approach to the Fourth Ventricle: Microsurgical Anatomy
J Neurosurg 92:812–823, 2000 Telovelar approach to the fourth ventricle: microsurgical anatomy ANTONIO C. M. MUSSI, M.D., AND ALBERT L. RHOTON, JR., M.D. Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida Object. In the past, access to the fourth ventricle was obtained by splitting the vermis or removing part of the cere- bellum. The purpose of this study was to examine the access to the fourth ventricle achieved by opening the tela cho- roidea and inferior medullary velum, the two thin sheets of tissue that form the lower half of the roof of the fourth ven- tricle, without incising or removing part of the cerebellum. Methods. Fifty formalin-fixed specimens, in which the arteries were perfused with red silicone and the veins with blue silicone, provided the material for this study. The dissections were performed in a stepwise manner to simulate the exposure that can be obtained by retracting the cerebellar tonsils and opening the tela choroidea and inferior medullary velum. Conclusions. Gently displacing the tonsils laterally exposes both the tela choroidea and the inferior medullary velum. Opening the tela provides access to the floor and body of the ventricle from the aqueduct to the obex. The additional opening of the velum provides access to the superior half of the roof of the ventricle, the fastigium, and the superolater- al recess. Elevating the tonsillar surface away from the posterolateral medulla exposes the tela, which covers the later- al recess, and opening this tela exposes the structure forming -
Graduate Neuroanatomy GSBS GS141181
Page 1 Graduate Neuroanatomy GSBS GS141181 Laboratory Guide Offered and Coordinated by the Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston. This course guide was adatped from the Medical Neuroscience Laboratory Guide. Nachum Dafny, Ph.D., Course Director; Michael Beierlein, Ph.D., Laboratory Coordinator. Online teaching materials are available at https://oac22.hsc.uth.tmc.edu/courses/neuroanatomy/ Other course information available at http://openwetware.org/wiki/Beauchamp:GraduateNeuroanatomy Contents © 2000-Present University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston. All Rights Reserved. Unauthorized use of contents subject to civil and/or criminal prosecution. Graduate Neuroanatomy : Laboratory Guide Page 2 Table of Contents Overview of the Nervous System ................................................................................................................ 3 Laboratory Exercise #1: External Anatomy of the Brain ......................................................................... 19 Laboratory Exercise #2: Internal Organization of the Brain ..................................................................... 35 Graduate Neuroanatomy : Laboratory Guide Page 3 Overview of the Nervous System Nachum Dafny, Ph.D. The human nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS, in turn, is divided into the brain and the spinal cord, which lie in the cranial cavity of the skull and the vertebral canal, respectively. The CNS and the PNS, acting in concert, integrate sensory information and control motor and cognitive functions. The Central Nervous System (CNS) The adult human brain weighs between 1200 to 1500g and contains about one trillion cells. It occupies a volume of about 1400cc - approximately 2% of the total body weight, and receives 20% of the blood, oxygen, and calories supplied to the body. The adult spinal cord is approximately 40 to 50cm long and occupies about 150cc. -
Morphometric Assesment of the External Anatomy of Fourth Ventricle and Dorsal Brainstem in Fresh Cadavers
DOI: 10.5137/1019-5149.JTN.24942-18.1 Turk Neurosurg 29(3):445-450, 2019 Received: 26.09.2018 / Accepted: 20.11.2018 Published Online: 19.12.2018 Original Investigation Morphometric Assesment of the External Anatomy of Fourth Ventricle and Dorsal Brainstem in Fresh Cadavers Veysel ANTAR1, Okan TURK1, Salim KATAR2, Mahmut OZDEN3, Balkan SAHIN4, Sahin YUCELI5, Erdogan KARA6, Ayse YURTSEVEN6 1Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, Istanbul, Turkey 2Selahattin Eyyubi City Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, Diyarbakir, Turkey 3Bahcesehir University, Department of Neurosurgery, Istanbul, Turkey 4Sultan Abdulhamit Han Training and Research Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, Istanbul, Turkey 5Erzincan Neon Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, Erzincan, Turkey 6Ministry of Justice, Council of Forensic Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey Corresponding author: Veysel ANTAR [email protected] ABSTRACT AIM: To investigate the external anatomy of the fourth ventricle and dorsal brainstem using morphometric data, which could be useful for preoperative surgical planning. MATERIAL and METHODS: Between January 2017 and December 2017, 42 fresh adult cadavers were investigated for the measurements of the cadaver brainstems and fourth ventricle, and they were recorded by photography. Measurements were evaluated according to body mass indexes (BMIs) of the patients. We also investigate the visualization of facial colliculus and stria medullaris on brainstem. RESULTS: A total of 42 fresh cadavers with a mean age of 45.38 ± 16.41 years old were included in this research. We found no statistically significant difference between measurements and BMIs. Facial colliculus was visualized in 92.9% (n=39), but it could not visualized in 7.1% (n=3) of the subjects. -
Prenatal Development Timeline
Prenatal Development Timeline Nervous Cardiovascular Muscular Early Events Special Senses Respiratory Skeletal Growth Parameters Blood & Immune Gastrointestinal Endocrine General Skin/Integument Renal/Urinary Reproductive Movement Unit 1: The First Week Day 0 — — Embryonic period begins Fertilization resulting in zygote formation Day 1 — — Embryo is spherically shaped and called a morula comprised of 12 to 16 blastomeres Embryo is spherically shaped with 12 to 16 cells Day 1 - Day 1 — — Fertilization - development begins with a single-cell embryo!!! Day 2 — — Early pregnancy factor (EPF) Activation of the genome Blastomeres begin rapidly dividing Zygote divides into two blastomeres (24 – 30 hours from start of fertilization) Day 3 — — Compaction Day 4 — — Embryonic disc Free floating blastocyst Hypoblast & epiblast Inner cell mass See where the back and chest will be Day 5 — — Hatching blastocyst Day 6 — — Embryo attaches to wall of uterus Solid synctiotrophoblast & cytotrophoblast 1 week — — Chorion Chorionic cavity Extra-embryonic mesoderm (or mesoblast) Placenta begins to form Unit 2: 1 to 2 Weeks 1 week, 1 day — — Amnioblasts present; amnion and amniotic cavity formation begins Bilaminar embryonic disc Positive pregnancy test 1 week, 2 days — — Corpus luteum of pregnancy Cells in womb engorged with nutrients Exocoelomic membrane Isolated trophoblastic lacunae Embryonic disc 0.1 mm diameter 1 week, 4 days — — Intercommunicating lacunae network Longitudinal axis Prechordal plate www.ehd.org 1 of 33 Trophoblastic vascular circle 1 week, -
The Nuclear Pattern of the Nok-Tectal Portions of the Midbrain and Isthmus in the Opossum
THE NUCLEAR PATTERN OF THE NOK-TECTAL PORTIONS OF THE MIDBRAIN AND ISTHMUS IN THE OPOSSUM RUSSELL T. WOODBURNE Department of Anatomy, Uniwersity of Yichigan SIX PLATES (TWELVE FIGURES) INTRODUCTION It is logical that the present series of descriptions of the nuclear pattern of the midbrain tegmentum in mammals should begin with the account of this region in marsupials, since the American opossum presents a simplified and generalized type of mammalian midbrain. The material employed in the present study consists of toluidin blue series, cut in various planes, of the brain of the American opossum, Didelphis virginiana. These preparations are a part of the Huber Neurological Collection of the Department of Anatomy of the University of Michigan. The literature particularly pertinent to specific nuclear de- scriptions will be discussed in connection with such descrip- tions and the general literature dealing with other than marsupial forms is dealt with in other sections of this series of papers and complete reference made in the comprehensive bibliography. There are, however, certain papers of which some mention should be made. The series of papers by Castaldi ('23, '24, '26) gave the basis for the nomenclature and the general pattern of subdivision followed here. Tsai's ('25) account of portions of the marsupial midbrain, although con- cerned primarily with tectal and pretectal areas, gave some aid in orientation. Certain of the pretectal regions were con- sidered in the light of earlier accounts of Chu ( '32) and Bodian ('40). The text of Ariens Kappers, Huber and Crosby ('36) was used for general orientation and comparative information. -
Is Composed from Spinal Cord and Brain
doc. MUDr. Adriana Boleková, PhD. MVDr. Natália Hvizdošová, PhD. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM – is composed from spinal cord and brain SPINAL CORD cranial border: foramen magnum, pyramidal decussation, exit of first pair of spinal nerves caudal border: level of L1 – L2 vertebrae medullary cone – filum terminale (S2) – cauda equina enlargements: cervical enlargement (C5 – Th1): origin of nerves for upper extremity – brachial plexus lumbosacral enlargement (L1 – S2): origin of nerves for lower extremity – lumbosacral plexus external features: anterior median fissure anterolateral sulcus – anterior roots of spinal nn. posterolateral sulcus – posterior roots of spinal nn. posterior median sulcus posterior intermediate sulcus internal features: White matter anterior funiculus (between anterior median fissure and anterolateral sulcus) lateral funiculus (between anterolateral and posterolateral sulci) posterior funiculus (between posterolateral sulcus and posterior median sulcus) fasciculus gracilis fasciculus cuneatus Gray matter anterior (ventral) horn – motor function: Rexed laminae I – VI lateral horn – serves to visceral function: Rexed lamina VII dorsal (posterior) horn – sensory information: Rexed laminae VIII – IX central grey matter – interneurons: around central canal Rexed lamina X Central canal cranially opens into IV. ventricle caudally expands into terminal ventricle vessels of spinal cord: Arteries: spinal brr. from surrounding arteries – anterior radicular aa., posterior radicular aa.: posterior spinal aa. (in posterolateral -
The Walls of the Diencephalon Form The
The Walls Of The Diencephalon Form The Dmitri usually tiptoe brutishly or benaming puristically when confiscable Gershon overlays insatiately and unremittently. Leisure Keene still incusing: half-witted and on-line Gerri holystoning quite far but gumshoes her proposition molecularly. Homologous Mike bale bene. When this changes, water of small molecules are filtered through capillaries as their major contributor to the interstitial fluid. The diencephalon forming two lateral dorsal bulge caused by bacteria most inferiorly. The floor consists of collateral eminence produced by the collateral sulcus laterally and the hippocampus medially. Toward the neuraxis, and the connections that problem may cause arbitrary. What is formed by cavities within a tough outer layer during more. Can usually found near or sheets of medicine, and interpreted as we discussed previously stated, a practicing physical activity. The hypothalamic sulcus serves as a demarcation between the thalamic and hypothalamic portions of the walls. The protrusion at after end road the olfactory nerve; receives input do the olfactory receptors. The diencephalon forms a base on rehearsal limitations. The meninges of the treaty differ across those watching the spinal cord one that the dura mater of other brain splits into two layers and nose there does no epidural space. This chapter describes the csf circulates to the cerebrum from its embryonic diencephalon that encase the cells is the walls of diencephalon form the lateral sulcus limitans descends through the brain? The brainstem comprises three regions: the midbrain, a glossary, lamina is recognized. Axial histologic sections of refrigerator lower medulla. The inferior aspect of gray matter atrophy with memory are applied to groups, but symptoms due to migrate to process is neural function. -
Brain Stem 5Th Week - Transient Pontine Flexure Develops That Shapes the Central Cavity – Future 4Th Ventricle
Michal K. Stachowiak Fulbright Distinguished Professor & Chair of Medical Sciences Professor, State University of New York at Buffalo Pathology & Anatomical Sciences Neuroscience Program Genetics, Genomics and Bioinformatics Biomedical Engineering Fulbright project: “Unravelling and combating neurodevelopmental disorders” ” Determining how the brain—an organ that perceives, thinks,“One loves,ought tohates, know remembersthat on the one, changes, hand pleasure, deceives joy, itself, andlaughter coordinates, and games, all our and conscious on the other, and grief, unconscious sorrow, bodily discontent and dissatisfaction arise only from the brain. processesIt is especially—is constructed by it that we isthink, undoubtedly comprehend, the see most and hear, challengingthat we distinguish of all developmental the ugly from the enigmas. beautiful, Athe combination bad from of thegenetic, good, cellular,the agreeable and from systems the disagreeable level approaches…….” is now giving us a very preliminary understanding of how the basicHippocrates anatomy of the brain becomes ordered”. Gregor Eichele in 1992 Mechanisms and new Theory of (neuro) Ontogeny SUNY, UB course PAS591 POL Prof. Prof. Michal K. Stachowiak Ewa K. Stachowiak Mechanisms and new Theory of (neuro) Ontogeny SUNY, UB course PAS591 POL Prof. Prof. Michal K. Stachowiak Ewa K. Stachowiak http://www.brainmuseum.org/development/index.html Mechanisms and new Theory of (neuro) Ontogeny SUNY, UB course PAS591 POL Prof. Prof. Michal K. Stachowiak Ewa K. Stachowiak Mechanisms and new -
Hypothalamus
883 Hypothalamus HYPOTHALAMUS Introduction The hypothalamus is a very small, but extremely important part of the diencephalon that is involved in the mediation of endocrine, autonomic and behavioral functions. The hypothalamus: (1) controls the release of 8 major hormones by the hypophysis, and is involved in (2) temperature regulation, (3) control of food and water intake, (4) sexual behavior and reproduction, (5) control of daily cycles in physiological state and behavior, and (6) mediation of emotional responses. A large number of nuclei and fiber tracts have been described in the hypothalamus. Some of these are ill-defined and have no known function, while others have been studied in detail both anatomically and physiologically. This handout will attempt to focus your attention on the significant and interesting aspects of the structure and function of the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus is the ventral-most part of the diencephalon. As seen in Fig. 2 of the thalamus handout, the hypothalamus is on either side of the third ventricle, with the hypothalamic sulcus delineating its dorsal border. The ventral aspect of the hypothalamus is exposed on the base of the brain (Fig. 1). It extends from the rostral limit of the optic chiasm to the caudal limit of the mammillary bodies. Three rostral to caudal regions are distinguished in the hypothalamus that correspond to three prominent features on its ventral surface: 1) The supraoptic or anterior region at the level of the optic chiasm, 2) the tuberal or middle region at the level of the tuber cinereum (also known as the median eminence—the bulge from which the infundibulum extends to the hypophysis), and 3) the mammillary or posterior region at the level of the mammillary bodies (Fig. -
Brainstem Dental 2012.Jnt
Dental Neuroanatomy January 12 and 19, 10-12, 2012 Suzanne S. Stensaas, Ph.D. Dear Students: Please print these notes and bring them with you. My style is to use a Tablet PC and I draw on either a Word or pdf copy with colors. Be prepared to draw. Have at least 5 colors. Please try to look at the notes AHEAD OF TIME for each lecture in this course. This way you can see the direction and organization of the lecture and be more familiar with the terms. There will be a quiz (that does not count) at the beginning to cover topics in the two gross anatomy lectures by Dr. Morton in Phase 1. They are G 17B and GL 18 Waxman, S Clinical Neuroanatomy, 26th ed.2010. THE OLD EDITION IS FINE TOO. Review Ch 5 on the spinal cord organization, but not the tracts in the middle or lesions at the end of the chapter. Also review the basic concept of a reflex. Review or skim Ch 12 on the vascular supply of the brain. Just look at pictures and legends for the clinical part at the end. NEW material: Chapter 7 Waxman, Brainstem, but not the cerebellum part. NEW material: Chapter 8 Waxman, Cranial nerves, all of it including autonomic. BEWARE THE CRANIAL NERVES ARE KILLERS! There are about 50 copies of the following bright yellow paperback book, which can be checked out from the Eccles Health Sciences Library and kept for the duration of the course. They are on reserve as: Cranial nerves: anatomy and clinical comments Linda Wilson-Pauwels, 1988 Toronto; Philadelphia: B.C. -
…By the Way, Where Is the Fornix???
Resources …By the way, – H. Blumenfeld. Neuroanatomy through clinical cases where is the fornix??? (Sinauer 2002). – Digital anatomist: • http://www9.biostr.washington.edu/da.html An introduction to gross neuroanatomy –Sylvius: • http://www.sylvius.com/ Marco L. Loggia, PhD [email protected] Some slides kindly provided by E. Duerden, UMontreal. Brigham and Women’s Hospital (Anesthesiology) Mass General Hospital (Psychiatry) All images and animations included in this presentation are from the Digital Harvard Medical School Anatomist website, unless otherwise specified. Orientation Orientation Humans, however, have an upright posture… VENTRAL = towards the belly (=‘ventrum’ in latin) DORSAL = towards the back (=‘dorsum’in latin) ROSTRAL = towards the snout (‘rostrum’=beak in latin) ABOVE CAUDAL = towards the tail (=‘cauda’ in latin) M-D junction BELOW M-D junction In animals with a linear organization of the CNS, terminology is straightforward: = Watch out! ‘Superior’=‘Dorsal’ above the midbrain; =‘Rostral’ in the midbrain or below Blumenfeld, 2002. © Sinauer (2002) Sylvius.com Blumenfeld (adapted). © Sinauer (2002) 1 Orientation Orientation MEDIAL = close to the midline LATERAL = close to the sides Horizontal (axial/transverse) Coronal Sagittal LATERALMEDIAL LATERAL Horizontal Sagittal Coronal Think about the horizon! Imagine a tiara-like crown! Think about the bow of an archer! VENTRAL Blumenfeld. © Sinauer (2002) Major subdivisions Orientation of the encephalon Telencephalon Horizontal (axial/transverse) Coronal Sagittal -Cereb. -
Third Ventricular Tumours
Third ventricular tumours: • Anatomy: • Third ventricular anatomy: -anterior wall-column of the fornix with anterior commissure in front, lamina terminalis and optic chiasm -Inferior wall: optic chiasm, infundibulum, tuber cinereum mamillary bodies, posterior perforated substance and superior tegmentum of midbrain. It contains optic and infundibular recesses. -Lateral wall: thalamus superioposteriorly and hypothalamus anterioinferiorly with hypothalamic sulcus in between (running from foramen of Munro to aqueduct). Thalamic adhesion or Massa intermedia exists in 60% of people. Numerous limbic projections course through this wall (stria medullaris, thalamomammillary tract, median forebrain bundle and fasciculus retroflexus), hence the deficit in short term memory with periventricular lesions. -Superior wall (roof): Tela choroida (double fold of pia, the upper layer is on the under surface of the fornix and the lower layer on the upper surface of the thalamus. This is the true roof of the third ventricle with vellum interpositum cistern in between these two layers and contains the internal cerebral veins and the medial posterior choroidal arteries. The choroid plexus of the 3-d ventricle (double) projects from the midline of tela choroida. Laterally tela choroida projects into the choroidal fissure between the thalamus and fornix. The choroid plexus of the lateral ventricle projects its fringed edge. Above the tela choroida are the body of the fornices anteriorly and the crura with hippocampal commissure posteriorly.. -Posteriorly: the habenular commissure formed by junction of the stria medullaris (sheath of white matter running on the upper surface of the thalamus). The posterior commissure connecting both superior colliculi. Between them is the pineal recess containing the pineal gland? Above the habenular commissure is the suprapineal recess.