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University Microfilms 300 North Zaeb Rood Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 A Xerox Education Company I I 72-20,940 BANDY, Le Roy Wilson, 1940- . THE BIOACCUMULATION AND TRANSLOCATION OF RING-LABELED CHLORINE-36 DDT IN AN OLD-FIELD ECOSYSTEM. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1972 Ecology University Microfilms, A XEROX Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan THE BIOACCUMULATION AND TRANSLOCATION OF RING-LABELED CHLORINE-36' DDT IN AN OLD-FlELD ECOSYSTEM DISSERTATION Presented in Partial F ulfillm ent of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Le Roy W. Dandy, B.S., M.S. x x x x x x The Ohio State University 1972 Approved by ^Advii^ar Department' cf Zoology PLEASE NOTE: Some pages may have Indistinct print. Filmed as received. University Microfilms, A Xerox Education Company ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A number of Individuals and organizations have contributed to the successful completion of this project. The project was supported through a grant from the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. The Ohio Cooperative W ildlife Research Unit provided the essential laboratory fa c ilitie s , vehicles, and fie ld equipment. In addition, I have been the recepient of a Wildlife Unit research assistantship during the course of my graduate studies at the Ohio State University. The research s h e on the Urbana W ild life Area as well as a wide variety of equipment was provided by the Ohio Division of Wildlife. To these organizations I would like to express my thanks. I would like to express my appreciation to my advisor, Dr. Tony J. Peterle, for his interest, advice, and assistance throughout this p ro je c t. I would'also like to thank Dr. T. A. Bookhout, Dr. J. L. C rites, and Dr. L. S. Putnam fo r being members of my reading committee. I would like to thank Charles W. Kellenbarger and Major David Guest for their invaluable assistance in applying the insecticide to the study site. Rodger K. Burnard and Dr. Sheldon Lustick gave valuable fie ld assistance during the early phases of the study. Laboratory and field assistance were also provided by Jacob VI. Lehman, Den ice D. Lustick, Kaushalya Gursahaney, Marshal Moser, and Karl Karg. The air sample apparatus was mado aval la b le 'fo r use in th is study by Lynwood Fiedler of the Ohio Department of Health. I would like to thank Tom Nash, manager of the Urbana W ild life Area, fo r his valuable assistance and cooperation. Insect identification was provided by Dr. C. A. Triplehorn, Dr, J. N. Knull, Dr. D. DeLong, Dr. E. Thomas, Dr. G. E. B all, Dr. R. L. Berry, and D. G. Furth of the Ohio State University Entomological Museum. Lastly, to my wife, Barbara, I would like to express my thanks fo r her encouragement and assistance during the course of the study and the preparation of the dissertation. in CONTENTS Acknowledgements ................................................................... n Contents ..................................................................................... lv Tables ......................................................................................... v I Figures ..................................................................................... xl INTRODUCTION ............................................................................ I Literature Review ................................................. 7 Description of Problem and Objectives , , 20 PROCEDURE ................................................................................ 22 Radioisotope Labeled DDT ............................... 22 Description of Study Site .................. 27 Formulation and Application of Insecticide 36 Liquid S c in tilla tio n Spectrometry .... 46 Samp Ie Col le c t io n ..................................... '. 51 S ta tis tic a l Treatment of Data ...... 57 Background Radiation Levels ........................... 57 Vegetation Biomass Determination .... 58 Calorimetry .............................................................. 58 Ai r Samp Ii n g .......................................................... 62 Study Pond Monitoring Procedure ..... 66 Gas Chromatography ............................................. 69 RESULTS ..................................................................................... 71 Vegetation Residue Data .................................... 71 Invertebrate Residue Data ............................... 80 tv Ver+ebra+e Residue Data ................................................................................ 90 Study Pond Monitoring Data ................................................................... 130 Vegetation Biomass Data ................................................................................ 136 A ir Sampling D a ta ............................................................................................. 145 Calorimetry D a ta .............................................................................................. 145 Gas Chromatography D a ta........................... 145 DISCUSSION............................................................................................................................. 149 DDT Contamination of P lants ....................................................................... 149 DDT Concentration by Invertebrates ................................ ..... 151 Small Mammal DDT Storage Patterns .......................................................... 152 Ecosystem Comparison of Small Mammal Residue Data .......................... 158 DDT Accumulation in S h re w s ....................................................................... f59 Blarina Home Range and TissueDDT L e v e l s ........................................... 163 Old-Field DDT CompartmentaIization ...................................................... 167 Transfer of DDT to Avian P r e d a to rs ............................................................180 SUMMARY.................................................................................................................................192 LITERATURE CITED ............................................................................................................... 197 APPENDIX......................................................................................................................................206 v TABLES Comparative information on the physical characteristfcs of carbon-14, tritium, and chlorine-36 ........................................ 24 Summary of 1969 temperature and precipitation data, Urbana, Champaign County, Ohio .......................................................... 31 Liquid scintillation spectrometer optimal gain setting fo r mammalian tissue samples ............................................................... 47 Liquid scintillation spectrometer optimal gain settings for avian and reptilian tissue samples ........................................ 48 Liquid scintillation spectrometer optimal gain settings fo r herbaceous vegetation tissue samples .................................... 48 Summary of variations In background radiation levels occurring between samples of control and study area vegetation (leaves) during 1968 ...................................................... 72 DDT residue levels in the leaves of study area vegetation, 1969 ......................................................................................... 74 DDT residue levels in the roots of the Wild Carrot (Daucus carota) , Urbana Study Area, 1969 ...................................................... 79 DDT residue levels in the invertebrate species collected on the Urbana Study Area, 1969 ............................................................... 85 DDT residue levels in the tissues
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