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STUDIA ORIENTALIA SLOVACA Ročník STUDIA ORIENTALIA SLOVACA ročník · volume 1216178 číslo · number 12 2013201720189 Čínsky znak na obálke znamenajúci ‘východ’, pochádzajúci od Liu Xie (1781– 1840), bol vyrytý do nefritu podľa vzoru zo začiatku nášho letopočtu. · The Chinese character with the meaning ‘east’ employed on the cover is cut as a seal by Liu Xie, on the basis of models from the beginning of our era. STUDIA ORIENTALIA SLOVACA ročník · volume 1216178 číslo · number 12 2017201820139 Univerzita Komenského v Bratislave Katedra východoázijských štúdií Šéfredaktor · Editor Jana Benická Zástupcovia šéfredaktora · Associate Editors Martin Slobodník (†) · Ľuboš Gajdoš Redakčná rada · Editorial Board Wolfgang Behr Asien-Orient-Institut, Universität Zürich Luboš Bělka Ústav religionistiky, Masarykova univerzita, Brno Dušan Deák Katedra porovnávacej religionistiky, Univerzita Komenského v Bratislave Bernard Faure Department of East Asian Languages and Cultures, Columbia University, New York Michael Friedrich Asien-Afrika-Institut, Universität Hamburg Marián Gálik Ústav orientalistiky, Slovenská akadémia vied, Bratislava Martin Gimm Abteilung Sinologie und Manjuristik, Universität zu Köln Imre Hamar Orientalisztikai Intézet, Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem, Budapest Miloš Hubina College of Religious Studies, Mahidol University, Bangkok Li Xuetao 李雪濤 Institute for Global History, Foreign Studies University, Beijing Olga Lomová Ústav Dálného východu, Univerzita Karlova v Praze Miriam Löwensteinová Ústav Dálného východu, Univerzita Karlova v Praze Rotem Kowner Department of Asian Studies, University of Haifa Lucie Olivová Seminář čínských studií, Centrum asijských studií, Masarykova univerzita, Brno Yuri Pines Department of Asian Studies, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Irina Popova Institute of Oriental Manuscripts, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg Codruţa Sîntonean Departamentul de Studii Asiatice, Universitatea Babeş-Bolyai, Cluj-Napoca Helmut Tauscher Institut für Südasien-, Tibet- und Buddhismuskunde, Universität Wien David Uher Katedra asijských studií, Univerzita Palackého, Olomouc Alexander Vovin Centre de Recherches linguistiques sur l’ Asie Orientale, Paris Susanne Weigelin-Schwiedrzik Institut für Ostasienwissenschaften, Universität Wien Studia Orientalia Slovaca (SOS) je recenzovaný časopis vychádzajúci dvakrát ročne. Vydáva Univerzita Komenského v Bratislave, Filozofická fakulta, Katedra východoázijských štúdií, IČO 00397865, vyšlo v júni 2019. Studia Orientalia Slovaca (SOS) is a peer-reviewed journal published semi-annually by the Department of East Asian Studies, Faculty of Arts, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia. Vedecké štúdie v Studia Orientalia Slovaca sú indexované v database SCOPUS. · Research articles in Studia Orientalia Slovaca are abstracted and indexed in SCOPUS. © by Univerzita Komenského v Bratislave, Katedra východoázijských štúdií, Šafárikovo nám. 6, SK -814 99 Bratislava, Slovakia, 2019. EV 4938/14 ISSN 1336-3786 Studia Orientalia Slovaca 18 · 1 (2019) Štúdie · Articles Kana or Kanji? Preferences in Orthographic Representation of Japanese Auxiliary Verbs….……………………………………………….................................. 1 Ivona Barešová and Martin Schir Adapting Japanese Chrematonyms into Chinese from the Sociolinguistic Perspective: Strategies and Approaches………………………………………….. 29 Martin Lavička A Chinese Comic Book and the Anti-schistosomiasis Campaign during the Cultural Revolution..........………………………………………………………… 51 Fan Ka-wai Slovak–Taiwanese Relations under »One China« Policy.......................... 75 Eunika Rejtová Ma Yuan’s Metafictional Games and the Subversion of the Literary Political Discourse……………………………………………………………………….. 99 František Reismüller Tōchatā: An Analysis of a Thai Life-Prolonging Ritual.......................... 121 Jakratep Rampungkit Recenzie · Reviews Tereza Slaměníková, Čínské znakové písmo: synchronní model tradiční kategorizace [Chinese Writing System: A Synchronic Model of the Traditional Categorisation]....................................................................... 151 Václav Štefek O autoroch · List of Contributors with Contact Details....................... 155 Kana or Kanji? Preferences in Orthographic Representation of Japanese Auxiliary Verbs* Ivona Barešová and Martin Schir Abstract This paper explores orthographic preferences for writing Japanese auxiliary verbs. After an initial examination of the orthographic tendencies for selected verbs using the BCCWJ corpus and several books on the Japanese language, a small experiment was conducted investigating more closely the orthographic practices and motivations underlining the choice of script. The paper presents the findings of the analysis, offering an insight into the various considerations concerning orthographic choices in general and for writing the selected auxiliary verbs in particular. Keywords Japanese auxiliary verbs · kana, kanji, script preferences, language guidelines Introduction One of the most salient characteristics of the Japanese language is the complexity of its writing system,1 which combines logographic Chinese characters (kanji) and two phonographic syllabaries (hiragana and katakana), and also makes use of Arabic numerals and the Latin alphabet. Official language guidelines prescribe conventions concerning script selection, to be observed in official writing, such as laws and ordinances, official documents, newspapers and magazines, but even in these formal settings some deviations from the norm occur. Individuals, however, are subject to a variety of influences affecting their script selection, and learners * The work is supported by Internal Grant Agency of Palacky University [IGA_FF_2018_024]. 1 See, e.g., Insup Taylor and Martin M. Taylor, Writing and Literacy in Chinese, Korean and Japanese (Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1995); Janet S. Shibamoto–Smith, »Japanese Writing«, in The World’s Writing Systems, ed. by Peter T. Daniels (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), 209–217. 2 SOS 18 · 1 (2019) of Japanese seeking to emulate authentic modern language often point out various discrepancies between the writing conventions they learn and the actual language they see. This study investigates orthographic variation in the writing of auxiliary verbs. In principle, auxiliary verbs should be written in hiragana rather than kanji. A corpus analysis showed that while the practice of writing auxiliary verbs in hiragana clearly prevails, kanji are used as well, with the overall frequency differing depending on the verb and the type of text. Kanji are more often found in literary works and texts written by individuals, as opposed to formal writing bound by institutional conventions. This raises a number of questions: Why choose kanji over kana? Are the individuals making a conscious choice, or do they intuitively favor one or the other script for a particular case? Are there any consistencies based on the type of verb or context, either for that individual or for most individuals? The research for this paper involved a small experiment concerning writing practices among a particular demographic of native speakers, Japanese university students. Each of the 20 subjects typed dictated sentences, with a subsequent interview ascertaining their motivation for script choice. This paper presents the findings of the analysis, providing some insight into the various considerations concerning orthographic choices for auxiliary verbs. 1 Official Language Guidelines for Using the Various Scripts As was mentioned above, the Japanese language utilizes several distinct scripts. As a general rule, content words of native or Sino-Japanese origins, including nouns and verbal and adjectival stems, are written in kanji. Hiragana is used for function words, such as particles and inflectional endings, as well as some content words which would otherwise be written with difficult or uncommon kanji. Katakana is today used primarily for non-Chinese loanwords, and also for onomatopoeic words, exclamations, specialized scientific terminology, and some other specific purposes, such as the Japanese equivalent of italicization, for emphasis, etc. The Roman Barešová and Schir · Kana or Kanji? 3 alphabet is used especially for abbreviations and acronyms. Numbers are written either in kanji or Arabic numerals.2 The following sentence from an Internet communication illustrates how these scripts work together. YouTube Fukusū no YouTube akaunto o hitotsu ni shitai. plural GEN3 YouTube account ACC one-CLS DAT make:DES »I want to merge several YouTube accounts into one.« The word fukusū (»plural, multiple«) is a content word and as such is written in kanji. The particles no, o and ni are written in hiragana, as well as the verb shitai (this verb is commonly written in hiragana and so is the desiderative suffix—tai). Akaunto comes from the English word »account« and thus is written in katakana. The word hitotsu consists of the number one written with an Arabic numeral and the numeral classifier tsu written in hiragana. The various conventions for the use of these scripts, including the list of kanji to be used in official public writing and consequently required for completing compulsory education, have changed over time.4 After the Second World War the 2 Shoichi Iwasaki, Japanese. Revised Edition (Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 2013), 20; Shibamoto–Smith, »Japanese Writing«, 209–212. 3 The abbreviations used in this paper are based on Iwasaki (Japanese, 2013): ABL = ablative, ACC = accusative, ADV = adverbial form, ALL = allative,
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