38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 1 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 * (1) JING Bo-jiun TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE Connectivity ...... Connectivity 74 (1988-1994) ...... 4 ...... (1988-1994) 17 ...... (1995-2000) “Go South” Policy 24 Southeast Asia (2000-2008)...... 35 ...... (2008-2016) CONSTRAINTS OF CONTINUED ENGAGEMENT ENGAGEMENT CONTINUED OF CONSTRAINTS SOUTHEAST ASIA RELATIONS ...... 82 ...... SOUTHEAST ASIA RELATIONS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA ...... 72 ...... IN SOUTHEAST ASIA A. Academic and Cultural Exchanges and People-to-People B.80 ...... Technical Assistance Humanitarianand Aid ASIAN COUNTRIES ...... 46 ...... ASIAN COUNTRIES A.46 ...... Taiwan’s Investment in Southeast Asia B.60 ...... Asia Taiwan-Southeast Trade Relations C.66 ...... Workers in Taiwan Southeast Asian Migrant THE MAINLAND CHINA FACTOR ...... 4 ...... THE MAINLAND FACTOR CHINA A. LEE Teng-hui’sDiplomacyPragmatic Southeast Asia in B. Obstacles to LEE Teng-hui’s Economic Political and C. Aggression towards Diplomatic CHEN Shui-bian’s D.Southeast Asia in MA Ying-jeou’s Viable Diplomacy TAIWAN AND SOUTHEAST ASIA: OPPORTUNITIES AND OPPORTUNITIES ASIA: SOUTHEAST AND TAIWAN JING Bo-jiun is a Research Associate at the Centre on Asia and Globalisation (CAG), Lee Globalisation (CAG), and Asia on Centre at the Associate Research is a JING Bo-jiun Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore. The author is grateful toauthor is grateful National University of Singapore. The School of Public Policy, Yew Kuan Series Maryland Wu of the T. Ms. Chih-Yu CAG, and Ho of Selina Dr. HUANG Jing and Prof. like to would author The research project. supporting this for Asian Studies in Contemporary and Fotini Brian Bumpas, Drun, Brittney Farrar, Jessica express his deep and sincere gratitude to The of this monograph. parts on various comments invaluable and providing for reading Gan Wen- WU HUANG Kwei-bo, author is also indebted to all interviewees and their staff, and Prof. interviews. in arranging assistance kind for their Shih and Janet Lin, R. ling, Candice 86 ...... GLOSSARY NAMESOF SELECTED V. CONCLUSION: PROSPECTS FOR TAIWAN- * IV. TAIWAN’S PUBLIC DIPLOMACY SOFT POWER AND III. TAIWAN’S ECONOMIC TIES WITH SOUTHEAST I. 2 ...... INTRODUCTION II. POLICY AND TAIWAN’S “GO SOUTH” No. 2 2016 Macro (Do Not Delete) Delete) Not (Do Macro 2016 2 No. PM 3:29 7/29/2016 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 1 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side A 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 1 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 1 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 ERIES S TUDIES S At the center of the geopolitical At the center of 1 SIAN A I. INTRODUCTION ONTEMPORARY Over the past three decades, Taiwan has past three decades, Over the and ex- seen continued This monograph attempts to analyze Taiwan-ASEAN relations from attempts This monograph later joined It was Thailand. and the Philippines, Singapore, (ASEAN-5) – Indonesia, Malaysia, five original member countries by the established in Thailand in 1967 1. was ASEAN objec- (1999). Its (1997), Cambodia Laos (1997), Myanmar (1984), Vietnam (1995), by Brunei of economic include the acceleration and stability, promotion of regional peace tives, besides the ASEAN the See countries. member its among development cultural and progress, growth, social http://asean.org/the-asean-declaration-bangkok-declara- at Declaration) Declaration (Bangkok tion-bangkok-8-august-1967/. 2 C 2 No. 2 2016 Macro (Do Not Delete) Delete) Not (Do Macro 2 2016 No. PM 3:29 7/29/2016 panded engagement with with the early the late 1980s and Southeast Asia. In panded engagement (hereaf- Republic of China presidency, the LEE Teng-hui’s 1990s, under ter, R.O.C. or Taiwan) started set to pursue a initia- of “Go South” policy ties tives to deepen its with the of the Association countries member of (ASEAN), aimedSoutheast Asian Nations securing the island’s at political in the region. interests and economic struggle, however, lies the “one-China” principle promoted by the Peo- promoted lies the “one-China” principle struggle, however, and the China) China (hereafter, P.R.C., or mainland of ple’s Republic related “one-China” policy of the ASEAN adopted by each countries, of formal diplomaticthe P.R.C. over the R.O.C.’s lack which recognizes main- growth of Asia. Coupled with the substantial relations in Southeast points to policy one-China the clout in the region, economic land China’s Taiwan-ASEANof relations, which uncertainties in the future numerous constraints which and opportunities of the merits a careful examination order with ASEAN countries. In currently exist in Taiwanese engagement to elucidate these issues, this research exploration of the undertakes an historical ties with Taiwan to improve has implemented measures the re- gion, followed by an analysis of the of these efforts overeffectiveness the previous course of Taiwan-Southeast past three decades. Evaluating the feasible “Go South” initiatives Asia relations is essential in orchestrating in Taiwan. for the new government cooperation, a varietyperspectives: political development, economic of as well as the related dynamics engagement, with and cultural mainland political and economic on the argument contends that, main China. The fronts, there are two major determinants in calculating the effectiveness of is The first factor Asian countries. with Southeast Taiwan’s engagement China. In the early influence vis-à-vis mainland Taiwan’s economic South- trade presence in significant Taiwanese investment and 1990s, the opportunities that Taiwan needed to en-east Asia provided leverage and 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 1 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side B 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 1 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 2 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 3 3 SIA A OUTHEAST S AIWAN ANDAIWAN The second factor is the overall status of cross-Taiwan Strait relations of cross-Taiwan status overall factor is the The second argues this monograph fronts, and people-to-people On the cultural is divided into five chapters. Following this intro- This monograph hance political ties with ASEAN countries. However, after the Asian fi- Asian after the However, countries. ASEAN ties with political hance in prowess economic Taiwan’s relative in the late 1990s, nancial crisis actively China started to mainland Asia steadilySoutheast while declined ties with trade and investment bolster its the region. cross-Strait(hereafter, peace and stability Cross-Strait relations). arguably When Asian countries. Southeast space for Taiwan to engage create more the Taiwan Strait first half of President was relatively during the stable 1988 and 1994, Taiwan augmentedLee’s tenure between rela- political Asiantions with Southeast pro- countries. When President MA Ying-jeou cross-Straitmoted Taiwan also peace made re- between 2008 and 2016, countries and relations with ASEAN in improving markable strides region. In contrast, with the connectivity strengthening people-to-people Taiwan encountered obstacles to more “Go South” when cross-Strait rela- presidency 1995 to 2000 under Lee’s and from from tions deteriorated under CHEN Shui-bian’s. 2000 to 2008 aca- of soft power assets through its amounts that Taiwan holds copious assistanceexchanges and developmental demic programs. Consequently, Taiwan can wield greater if it continues soft power in Southeast Asia to and expand existing initiatives. Measures, such these resources mobilize ASEAN ties with education and tourism as further strengthening higher countries and proactivelyoffering technical assistance and humanitarian increase itsaid to the region, can help Taiwan imagein turn abroad and Asia. the island’s interests in Southeast promote this monograph examines the political ductory Chapter I, Chapter II of with ASEAN Pres- countries under of Taiwan’s relationships development ident Lee, President Chen, and President Ma, and analyzes their “Go and the China factor in the initiatives South” policy mainland region. Chapter III focuses on the of Taiwan-ASEAN component economic rela- fields of investment, trade, and labor cooperation. tions, particularly in the power resources andChapter IV evaluates Taiwan’s soft public diplomacy citizens from approaches that help the island attract ASEAN countries and concludingstrengthen people-to-people ties. The Chapter V summarizes argumentsassesses the prospects of Taiwan-ASEAN rela- and the main tions. As Southeast Asia has been a focal point of the new government’s by President TSAI Ing- which was emphasized “New Southbound” policy, some policy wen in her inaugural address, the conclusion also provides the effectivenesssuggestions for enhancing of “Go South” strategies. T No. 2 2016 Macro (Do Not Delete) Delete) Not (Do Macro 2 2016 No. PM 3:29 7/29/2016 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 2 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side A 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 2 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 2 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 ERIES S He also emphasized the the He also emphasized 2 TUDIES S SIAN A THE CHINAMAINLAND FACTOR ONTEMPORARY , No. 165 (March 2001), p. 180. p. 180. 2001), (March 165 No. , II. TAIWAN’S “GO SOUTH” POLICY AND (1988-1994) Amid a series of major diplomatic setbacks in the 1970s – Taiwan’s a series of major Amid LEE Teng-hui’s foreign policy was one of pragmatism fueled by Tai- of pragmatism policy was one LEE Teng-hui’s foreign This chapter analyzesThis chapter “Go South” policy the pursued under initiatives A. in Southeast Asia LEE Pragmatic Diplomacy Teng-hui’s consolidation of existing diplomatic ties allies pre- and the forging of new consolidation of existing diplomatic economic cooperation. through dominantly and in the United Nations in 1971 loss of both the seat representing China – CHIANG 1979 formal diplomatic relations United States in with the The China Quarterly 2. South-East Asia: The Limits to Pragmatic Diplomacy,” “Taiwan and Michael Leifer, 4 C 4 No. 2 2016 Macro (Do Not Delete) Delete) Not (Do Macro 2 2016 No. PM 3:29 7/29/2016 wan’spresidency Lee assumed economic prowess. the No sooner had after the passing of CHIANG Ching-kuo in January than he started 1988 adjust- offen- on a diplomatic ing the R.O.C.’s foreign affairs strategy,embarking sive to raise international visibility. congress of the At the national party his admin- 1988, Lee proclaimed that (KMT) in July ruling Kuomintang ap- flexible, and forward-looking pragmatic, adopt a more istration would proach to upgrade Taiwan’s external relations. the LEE Teng-hui, CHEN Shui-bian, and MA Ying-jeou administrations: administrations: Ying-jeou MA and Shui-bian, Teng-hui, CHEN the LEE whether they or weakened strengthened Southeast Asia political ties with re- influence in the mainland Chinese with emerging dealt they and how of ASEAN gion. The role leaders in engaging Taiwan and mainland with calculations on their re- emphasis with particular China is also examined, garding regional stability. A discusses how this chapter, Section In Presi- countries, cou- ASEAN dent Lee’s policy toward pragmatic diplomacy of to expand Taiwan of his “Go South” strategy,pled with the launch enabled B ex- 1994. Section with ASEAN between 1988 and political relations challenges the 2000, examining 1995 to plores Lee’s presidency from the Asian financial tensions across the Taiwan Strait, posed by heightened Section of P.R.C.-ASEAN ties. crisis, and the warming assesses Presi- C countries and Bei- ASEAN towards policy foreign dent Chen’s aggressive 2008. 2000 to from Taipei vis-à-vis jing’s growing leverage in the region Finally, Section D analyzes the viable diplomacy approach taken by Pres- overarching engage- effect on Taiwan’s 2008 to 2016, its ident Ma from the TSAI Ing-wen for implications ment with ASEAN countries, and its administration. 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 2 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side B 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 2 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 3 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 ,” the R.O.C. strictly saw ,” the 5 5 4 SIA A note 2, p. 177. 177. p. 2, note han zei bu liang li bu han zei supra OUTHEAST S AIWAN ANDAIWAN Premier Chiang ascended to the presidency in 1978, and, while in 1978, and, while to the presidency Chiang ascended Premier 3 Under Lee’s policy of broader engagement with foreign countries and with foreign countries and broader engagement of Under Lee’s policy Taiwan’sFrom point of view, engagement with Southeast Asia economic in reaping interest by a genuine driven was initially the investment advantages of trade ties and from benefit from economicallymore The the lower costs of labor and land. vi- brant Taiwan became, the greater its chances an of upholding In addition, Taiwan set independent existence on its own terms. ex- cultural and academic out to cement ties by promoting changes as well as bydispatching agricultural advisers. Such . . in trade links. ties burgeoned with the growth The emergence of Taiwan as a newly industrialized economy in Asia Ching-kuo began modifying CHIANG Kai-shek’s CHIANG for- “non-coexistence” modifying began Ching-kuo of the R.O.C. he became premier flexible diplomacy into when eign policy in 1972. still insisting that the R.O.C. was the only legitimate government repre- government was the onlythat the R.O.C. legitimate still insisting international rejoin aimed to Chiang Premier of China, whole senting the Taiwan did with countries relations and build substantive organizations Lee’s pragmatic with. relations diplomacyformal diplomatic not have rep- resented continuity in substantive terms of thebut defined each side Tai- wan Strait as a separateChiang’s self- from political entity, a departure equal- and dignity concept. Lee believed as long as “one-China” imposed international arena the join Taiwan should actively ity can be guaranteed, economic clout rather than be solelyand use its growing concerned with participation. or forms of Hence, names not de- administrationthe Lee did “Republic of term mand formalor require the use of the recognition organizations. or international nations with foreign China” when dealing multilateral organizations, Asia Southeast up on Taiwan’s strategic moved radar in the Asia-Pacific. coupled with Taiwan’s Geographic proximity andtrade linkages with ASEAN countries in the investment burgeoning late 1980s eager to boost its economic pres- made the Lee administration of Taiwan-ASEAN development the ence in the region. In an analysis of noted: relations, Michael Leifer economic 3. “ or of “non-coexistence,” policy the Under itself representing the government of China and refused to coexist with the P.R.C. in the inter- the P.R.C. in with the coexist to refused and of China itself representinggovernment the national arena. 4. Asia,” and South-East Leifer, “Taiwan T No. 2 2016 Macro (Do Not Delete) Delete) Not (Do Macro 2 2016 No. PM 3:29 7/29/2016 in the 1980s became the clout and main source of its growing economic developments influence in Southeast Asia. Successful from the economic technical ex- the 1990s generated abundant capital and rich 1960s through pertise in Taiwan, facilitating the island’s role as a major trading partner within For example, investment in the region. and source of foreign direct 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 3 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side A 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 3 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 3 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 ERIES S TUDIES S SIAN Since the R.O.C. government lost the the lost government the R.O.C. Since 6 A ONTEMPORARY , p. 181. , p. 181. , p. 177. Taiwan then soon became the largest foreign investor in Vietnam became the largest Taiwan then soon 5 Ibid Ibid In the late 1980s, the remaining ASEAN countries without formal countries without formal In the late 1980s, the remaining ASEAN Given its lack ties with ASEAN countries, Tai- of formal diplomatic Chinese Civil War to the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and retreated has become the the P.R.C.’s “one-China” principle to Taiwan in 1949, international space. BesidesTaiwan’s factor the in minimizing dominant setbacks Taiwan diplomatic suffered in the United Na- aforementioned of diplomatic the United States in the 1970s, a number tions and with that period. In May losses were in Southeast Asia during also experienced ten-year-long Tai- broke off its 1974, Malaysia relationship with counselor relations with mainland China. On diplomatic wan and established formal South Vietnam were relations with April 30, 1975, Taiwan’s diplomatic the the reunification of Vietnam, ended by Following Fall of Saigon. the switched their recognitions from diplomatic and Thailand also Philippines year,June and July of that respectively.There- P.R.C. in the the R.O.C. to after, Taiwan was left anywithout formal diplomatic relations with ASEAN countries. Singapore, and Bru- Indonesia, China, namely ties to mainland diplomatic reestablish diplomatic relations to establish or preparing with nei, began was the first Indonesia mainland China in the early 1990s. Initially, South- east Asian country to recognize communist establishing diplomatic China, was frozen the relationship 1950. However, ties with the P.R.C. in January in arouse that Beijing had been involved in October 1967 after suspicions Party Communist by the Indonesian 30, 1965 coup initiated the September assassinationnot only in the of six Indonesian (PKI). The coup resulted sus- of thousands of real and death of tens military but also the generals pected communists, mostlythe subsequent anti- Chinese, during ethnic – a position that lasted until the mid-1990s. until the mid-1990s. lasted – a position that chan- diplomatic typical clout, bypassing its economic wan has relied on obtain political advantages. nels to 5. 5. 6. 6 C 6 No. 2 2016 Macro (Do Not Delete) Delete) Not (Do Macro 2 2016 No. PM 3:29 7/29/2016 a few yearsa few of top- one of the became Taiwan in 1988, office Lee taking Malaysia, Philip- and the Thailand, Indonesia, investors in largest five in the growth double-digit also experienced trade pines. Taiwan-ASEAN early 1990s (see Chapter III). Lee’s the banner of Under diplo- pragmatic macy, establishing differences, set Taiwan also aside ideological eco- in Vietnam of Republic Socialist ties with the other informal and nomic Taiwan an op- capital offered demand for foreign high 1988. Vietnam’s trade and thus, the island’s first portunity, was welcomedmission in Hanoi in 1988. 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 3 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side B 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 3 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 4 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 7 Con- 9 7 7 SIA A OUTHEAST S AIWAN ANDAIWAN , November , November 4, 2015; http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/singa- , Vol. 26, No. 4 (2002), pp. 229-232. 229-232. 4 pp. (2002), No. , Vol. 26, , Vol. 7, No. 3 (December 1985), p. 218. 1985), p. 218. (December No. 3 7, , Vol. ; and Lai To Lee, “Taiwan and SoutheastLee, Par Excellence?’” Asia: ‘Realpolitik To ; and Lai The Straits Times The Straits Asian Perspective Ibid 8 With the normalization of Brunei-P.R.C. relations in September relations in September of Brunei-P.R.C. With the normalization Two months after Indonesia reopened its embassy in Beijing, Singa- Beijing, in Indonesia reopened its embassy after Two months communist and anti-Chinese movements from October 1965 to mid-1967. 1965 to October from movements anti-Chinese and communist During the two decades that followed, Indonesia under Suharto had great that decades great Suharto had Indonesia under two During the followed, with relations andmainland China diplomatic about resuming reservations or Hong through Singapore indirectly either trade was filtered bilateral Indonesia from representatives trade was Kong. It that 1985 not until July bymemo- channels signing a direct trade China reopened and mainland way for paved the This agreement Singapore. in of understanding randum the two countries on August 8, ties between the resumption of diplomatic 1990. 8. 8. nomics,” 7. Eco- Politics to From Taiwan: and China with Relations “Indonesia’s Ku, C. Y. Samuel temporary Southeast Asia relations,” 9. of diplomatic years ties: 7 things to know about 25 “Singapore-China Chew, Hui Min T No. 2 2016 Macro (Do Not Delete) Delete) Not (Do Macro 2 2016 No. PM 3:29 7/29/2016 pore-china-ties-7-things-to-know-about-25-years-of-diplomatic-relations. 1991, all of the ASEAN countries had established diplomatic relations had established diplomatic 1991, all of the ASEAN countries Bei- that favored China, adopting the “one-China” policy with mainland Southeast Asia, from isolation jing. Faced with the reality of diplomatic Tai- best option for approach emerged as the pragmatic LEE Teng-hui’s during the first often expressed wanese relationsregion. As Lee with the pore followed suit and became the last ASEAN founding member state member to last ASEAN founding became the and pore followed suit was not surpris- move China. The ties with mainland formalize diplomatic rela- to normalize Singapore announced its intent ing to Taiwan because Teng-hui to visit the city-state before inviting LEE tions with the P.R.C. and in 1989. In fact, Singapore China had alreadymainland started high- after exchanges then-Prime and economic level engagements Minister was followed by first visit to Beijing in 1976, which LEE Kuan Yew’s 1978. Taiwan was allowed Singapore in to es- DENG Xiaoping’s visit to set up 1969 while Singapore in Singapore in March tablish a trade mission also coop- in June 1979. Singapore a trade representative office in Taipei country established trade representa- and each erated with mainland China tive offices in the other’s territory in years1981. Nine later, on October 3, WONG Kan Seng signed the Foreign Minister Singaporean 1990, when Joint CommuniqueEstablishment on the of Diplomatic Relations with his at the United NationsChinese counterpart QIAN Qichen complex in New formalize existing re- would simply York, Wong said that the agreement which were alreadyand the P.R.C., warm. lations between Singapore 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 4 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side A 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 4 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 4 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 , , New York: Pal- ERIES S This scientific visit was also TUDIES 13 S SIAN As a result, the programs arranged As a result, for the programs A 12 10 In fact, the significance “Taiwanization” of note 10, p. 173. p. 173. 10, note 14 Lee Teng-hui and Taiwan’s Quest for Identity and Taiwan’s Lee Teng-hui supra , ONTEMPORARY Foreign Policy of the New Taiwan: Pragmatic Diplomacy in Southeast Asia Southeast in Diplomacy Pragmatic Taiwan: New of the Foreign Policy Taiwan’s Quest Taiwan’s In December 1988, twelve months into his presidency, Lee sent presidency,sent into his Lee twelve 1988, months In December 11 Despite the trip’s and casual nature, economic factorspolitical re- Like the first visit abroad byLike the first of state since Taiwan’s head 1977 (when accompanied by then-Singaporean Education Minister Tony Tan, who 1995 to 2005, Minister from later became of Singapore the Deputy Prime and the President of Singapore in 2011. During Singapore. historic visit to part of Lee’s mained the most important Taiwan,”visit, Lee was received as the “Presidentthe four-day in- from of China,” or the “President of Tai- stead of the “President of the Republic allowed than form importance wan.” His belief that substance held more completely satisfied, he could live although he was not that, Lee to claim with such a “flexible” title. 10. Shih-shan Henry Tsai, Henry Shih-shan Chen, 10. Jie p.171 grave Macmillan, 2005, 11. 8 C 8 No. 2 2016 Macro (Do Not Delete) Delete) Not (Do Macro 2 2016 No. PM 3:29 7/29/2016 Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2002, p. 38. p. 38. Elgar, 2002, Edward Cheltenham, UK: 31, 2016). March on (accessed Taiwan Historica, Taipei, Academia at viewing available 12. 007-040102-00002-001),” (no. Penghu and Lee’s visits to Singapore “Documentary: website: of Singapore’s the National Archives document on photo See the 13. http://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/photographs/record-details/a0910524-1162-11e3-83d5- Tsai, 0050568939ad. 14. few years of his presidency, “formal diplomatic links are not essential to essential are not links diplomatic yearsfew “formal presidency, his of foreign relations.” of the pursuit President Lee’s visit were kept relatively casual. In addition to formal ban- were kept relativelyPresident Lee’s visit In addition to formal casual. a prepared President Lee, the Singaporean government quets in honor of visit to Singapore Science Centre’shis del- Lee and Omni Theatre where movie.egation viewed a three-dimensional his Foreign Minister LIEN Chan to Singapore to pave the way for his visit his visit the way to pave to Singapore Minister LIEN Chan for his Foreign sent officially been had later. The invitation months several country to the been undoubtedly Wee, but had WEE Kim President by Singaporean Minister LEE Kuan Yew – and carefullyplanned bya agreed upon Prime who had visited Taiwan numerous of CHIANG Ching-kuo friend longtime it appear less political, the visit’s purpose official make times. In order to and Sin- the people of Taiwan was friendship between said to strengthen co- and cultural exchange and economic, scientific, gapore, and promote two islands. the operation between during Lee’s presidential career would suggest that the “President presidential during Lee’s from President YEN Chia-kan traveled to Saudi Arabia), Lee’s to Saudi Arabia), YEN Chia-kan traveled President to Singa- visit of his pragmatic the beginning 1989, represented pore in March diplo- macy. 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 4 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side B 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 4 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 5 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 17 Moreover, Moreover, 15 9 9 SIA A note 12. 12. note supra Lee’s answer clearly conveyed the Lee’s answer clearly the conveyed OUTHEAST 16 S note 10, p. 172. p. 172. 10, note note 11, p. 22. p. 11, note supra , AIWAN ANDAIWAN supra , 18 New Taiwan New Taiwan’s Quest Taiwan’s First, the significant growth of investment and trade relations be- and trade First, the significant growth of investment Lee’sshowcase his historic visit to Singapore was an opportunity to Taiwan” was a most respectable and favorable title for Lee. title and favorable respectable a was Taiwan” most tween Taiwan and Southeast Asian countries in the late 1980s and the the Asian countries late 1980s and in the tween Taiwan and Southeast agreements early 1990s encouraged the parties involved to seek economic in order to protect their national interests.Taipei These relations provided An examination of Lee’s major diplomatic achievements in Southeast achievements major diplomatic of Lee’s An examination how Lee’s pragmatic strategyAsia demonstrates was carried out mainly agreements, bilateral diplomatic rep- of international economic in the form visits, institutionalizedresentation, reciprocal high-level official economic CHEN cooperation. As economic ministerial multilateral meetings, and advancement in both the qualityJie noted, incremental of and quantity these accomplishments Taiwan’s strengthened standing as a legitimate sovereign state. 17. Tsai, Chen, 17. 18. regarding itself solely as society, economy, and nationality,of its separate culture, rather than 15. the importance began to emphasize Taiwan which in to the process refers Taiwanization China. of an appendage 16. Lee’s visit to Singapore,” “Documentary: T No. 2 2016 Macro (Do Not Delete) Delete) Not (Do Macro 2 2016 No. PM 3:29 7/29/2016 the term “president” had a strong official connotation, making it more rea- more making it connotation, strong official a “president” had the term Taiwan,” from as “President title. Therefore, Lee to accept the sonable for Minister Prime views with Lee exchanged acting Presi- LEE Kuan Yew, GOH Chok Minister San, Deputythe Am- Tong, and Prime Kim dent LIM covering Benedicto, to Singapore, Frank the Philippines from bassador be- and trade relations investment to bilateral politics global topics from touched deeply they Tigers.” It is unknown how tween the two “Asian as the nor- trilateral issues such upon sensitive Beijing-Taipei-Singapore to appeared Teng-hui LEE relations, but Singapore-P.R.C. malization of his needs. When asked accommodatebe willing to diplomatic Singapore’s relations with the to establish diplomatic Singapore’s intent opinion about post-visit press P.R.C. during the in Taipei, Lee said “as long conference the Republic of with relationship Singapore’s as it does not deteriorate the relationship, quo or even improve the status maintain could China, or it about it.” much I wouldn’t care too pragmatic andagenda. policy flexible elements of his foreign diplomacy.strategy of the trip, Lee pub- During the of pragmatic middle licly Taiwan said that its sov- maintaining must stand by principle of the ereignty be viewed within the and that the concept of sovereignty should that his also logic and viability. Lee emphasized context of economic diplomacy pragmatic adoption of be applied in incremental steps. would 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 5 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side A 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 5 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 5 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 ERIES S TUDIES S SIAN A 19 ONTEMPORARY , p.84. Ibid Secondly, as the economies of Taiwan and Southeast Asia became of Taiwan and Southeast the economies Secondly, as 19. 19. 10 C 10 No. 2 2016 Macro (Do Not Delete) Delete) Not (Do Macro 2 2016 No. PM 3:29 7/29/2016 legitimacyAsian coun- with Southeast agreements bilateral negotiating in double agreements, protection and promotion tries, especiallyinvestment agree- of goods and temporary agreements, admission taxation avoidance led the way this context, Singapore ments. In for Taiwan-Southeast Asia agreements by relations economic signing two first-of-its-kind economic and April 9, 1990, Singapore country. On Taiwan and an ASEAN between a and agreement promotion protection and an investment Taiwan signed agreement. Although these agreements admission of goods temporary of as opposed to the “Republic name of “Taipei” the were signed under previously that Singapore had name on agreements accepted China” – a were substantive before 1983, theyTaiwan and pragmatic,signed with coun- between Taiwan and ASEAN agreements economic leading to more successfullyyears following, Taiwan tries. In the signed investment pro- the with Indonesia (December 1990), agreements tection and promotion 1993), Vietnam (April (February 1992), Malaysia (February Philippines double taxation avoid- to the (April 1993), and Thailand 1996). In addition ance agreement reached between Taiwan in December and Singapore with Indonesia (March 1995), Malay-1981, agreements were also signed These and Thailand (July 1999). (April 1998), sia (July 1996), Vietnam of Taiwanese busi- the rights protect agreements not only helped economic nesspeople but also entailed implications for Taiwan’s sovereignty, in- financial sys- for legal systems, recognitions of legitimacy cluding mutual and monetarytems, systems. increasingly intertwined, Lee was able to leverage the island’s economic the status of Taiwan’s offices in the representative promote influence to 2.2 2.1 and Table in Taipei. Table regional counterparts region and their of representative the offices involved of the names demonstrate evolution ties be- diplomatic formal lack of the in Taiwan-ASEAN relations. Due to tween Taiwan and Southeast Asian nations and to avoid antagonizing was mainland China, the R.O.C. government asked to use obscure names names 1970s and 1980s. Therefore, for their representative offices in the such as the “Chinese Chamber of Commerce,” Of- the “Far East Trade “Pacific Economic Centre,” and the fice,” the “Far East Travel and Trade and Cultural Center” were adopted byTaiwanese offices in the region. Taiwan also adopted ambiguous Similarly, in Southeast Asian missions services for Indonesia, visas and other counselor For example, names. by the “Indone- were carried out the Philippines, and Thailand, Malaysia, of Commerce,” the “Thai Airways International Ltd. Of- sian Chamber fice,” the “Malaysian and the “Asian Exchange Airline Taipei Branch,” 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 5 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side B 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 5 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 6 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Alt- 21 Following Indone- 11 11 20 SIA A Vietnam signed a representative of- a signed Vietnam OUTHEAST 22 S note 7, p. 238. 238. 7, p. note supra note 11, p.81. p.81. 11, note AIWAN ANDAIWAN supra , New Taiwan New Chen, website: http://catalog.digitalar- Taiwan’s Digital the on document photo the See 21. chives.tw/item/00/3a/a1/a1.html. 22. Center, Inc.” These names, however, were far too obscure for Lee to ac- Lee to for far too obscure were however, These names, Inc.” Center, his pragmatic cept under strategy.diplomacy took office in After Lee names the pushed for Affairs (MOFA) Foreign of Ministry 1988, Taiwan’s the to be changed. Among Asia in Southeast offices of their representative rename the allow Taiwan to was the first to countries, Indonesia ASEAN Commerce” of Chamber “Chinese to the Of- and Trade “Taipei Economic fice” (TETO). R.O.C.’s the on October 10, 1989, took place renaming The toward indicated Indonesian goodwill National Day, which Taiwan. office in became Taiwan’s first representative TETO in Indonesia South- of R.O.C.’s capital, an act that significantly the name east Asia to use the representation status. diplomatic Taiwan’s improved fice establishmentTaiwan agreement with Taiwan in June 1992, allowing Ho and Cultural Office” in both Hanoi to set up the “Taipei Economic and of that year. Chi Minh City The following year, November 1993, in in July established a representative officeVietnam Taipei in under the name “Vi- Economic and Cultural Office.” etnam sia’s example, other ASEAN countries subsequently other ASEAN countries sia’s example, approved name adopt- commonly representative offices in the region, changes to Taiwan’s (see Table 2.1). Like- Office” and Cultural “Taipei Economic name ing the in Taiwan were offices representing ASEAN countries wise, the names of and Trade Office,” Economic the “Indonesian to also gradually changed the “Malaysian the “Manila Economic andand Trade Centre,” Friendship Trade and Economic Office” (seeCultural Office,” and the “Thailand Ta- and Cultural Office (MECO) was formally Economic Manila ble 2.2). The and Cultural Center in January from the Pacific Economic transformed Corazon 1993. Six months later, former President of the Philippines in Taipei. MECO of opening ceremony official the Aquino joined 20. Relations,” “Indonesia’s Ku, T No. 2 2016 Macro (Do Not Delete) Delete) Not (Do Macro 2 2016 No. PM 3:29 7/29/2016 hough Aquino had already been succeeded by Fidel Ramos, her presenceRamos, had already been succeeded byFidel hough Aquino at the ceremony undoubtedly in represented a significant improvement relations.Philippines-Taiwan When Singapore established full diplomatic was of China” name “Republic 1990, the relations with mainland China in Taiwan’s from representativeremoved office in Singapore. However, Office” “Taipei Representative scholarssome argue that the new name contain representation because it did not government actually full implied or “cultural.” the words “economic” 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 6 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side A 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 6 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 6 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Dec. 1989 1999 Aug. Sept. 1990 1992 Nov. (Set-up Date) 2016 Mar. (Set-up Date) Date 1996 July Oct. 1989 1992 July ERIES S TUDIES and Cultural Office and Cultural Office and Cultural Office tive Office and Cultural Office and Cultural Office Names at Present at Names Renaming Office and Cultural and Trade Office and Cultural Office S SIAN A Foreign Policy of the New Taiwan: Pragmatic Pragmatic Taiwan: the New of Policy Foreign July 1975 1975 July Economic Taipei Feb. 1980 Taipei Economic Mar. 1969 Taipei Representa- Set-up Date June 1978 Taipei Economic Apr. 1971 Taipei Economic Aug. 1974 Taipei Economic , Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2002, p. 82. 82. p. 2002, Edward Elgar, , Cheltenham, UK: ONTEMPORARY Institutions in Southeast Asia (1988-Present) (1988-Present) Asia Southeast in Institutions and Cultural Center fice the Republic of China Names in Jan. Names 1988 Cultural Centre of Commerce Trade Centre Table 2.1: The Changing Names of Taiwan’s Representative Representative Taiwan’s of Names Changing The 2.1: Table Thirdly, Lee’s pragmatic diplomacy also facilitated an unprecedented also Lee’s pragmatic diplomacy Thirdly, Cultural Centre in June 1988. in June 1988. Cultural Centre in as Taipei Economic and Trade Office and then September 1991, in Trade Center May 1992. Prince No- overthrew Hun Sen after However, Penh, Cambodia. in Phnom tive Office was shut Cambodia in office Taiwan’s representative in July 1997, rodom Ranariddh down by Hun Sen on July 1997. 27, Philippines Pacific Economic Economic of Pacific Philippines Mission Thailand Singapore Trade Far East Trade Of- Vietnam Myanmar No Representation No Representation Economic Taipei Taipei Economic Host Coun- tries Chamber Brunei Chinese Indonesia Far East Trade and Malaysia Far East Travel and Sources: MOFA, R.O.C., and Jie Chen, Jie Chen, and Sources: MOFA, R.O.C., Asia Diplomacy in Southeast Notes: 1.and Economic Taipei was renamed first as Malaysia in office Taiwan’s representative 2. and Economic Taipei renamed first as was Thailand office in representative Taiwan’s 3. Representa- Economic and Cultural Taipei the In November 1995, Taiwan established 12 C 12 No. 2 2016 Macro (Do Not Delete) Delete) Not (Do Macro 2 2016 No. PM 3:29 7/29/2016 number of reciprocal visits from high-level officials in Southeast Asia. high-level of reciprocal visits from number Tai- from only two high-level visits tenure, During CHIANG Ching-kuo’s SUN Yun-suan’s countries: Premier wanese officials were held in ASEAN YU Kuo-hwa’s visit to Singapore and Premier visit to Indonesia in 1981 officials traveled muchin 1987. Under President Lee, Taiwanese more Southeast Asia.1989, frequently to Besides his first visit to Singapore in Indonesia, and Thai- ice-breaking visits to the Philippines, Lee also made to ASEAN countries dur- also traveled more land in 1994. Lee’s premiers ing Lee’s presidency: HAU Pei-tsun visited Singapore in 1990, LIEN and MalaysiaChan travelled to Singapore in 1993, and Vincent Siew vis- in 1998. High-level officials ited Malaysia, and Indonesia the Philippines, from Southeast Asia also conducted visits to Taiwan in the 1990s, includ- Singapore from and Malaysia, ministers the vice president ing the prime 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 6 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side B 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 6 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 7 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 , Chel- 25 Dec. 1989 Sept. 1992 Sept. 1990 Jan. 1995 Jan. 1995 June 1988 Date 1993 July. (Set-up Date) Oct. 2002 (Set-up Date) June 2015 (Set-up Date) 13 13 SIA A Cultural Office Office Economic fice and Trade Office and Trade Centre Names at PresentNames Renaming and Cultural Office Trade and Tourism Office fice OUTHEAST S Mar. 1976 Mar. 1976 Manila Economic and Feb. 1976 Thailand Trade and June 1979 Singapore Trade Of- June 1971 June 1971 Indonesian Economic 1977; 1983 Friendship Malaysian Date , December 03, 2015; , December 2015; http://udn.com/news/story/6/1354996. 03, AIWAN ANDAIWAN Institutions in Taiwan (1988-Present) (1988-Present) in Taiwan Institutions Visits at the Visits at – Taiwanese also proliferated ministerial level However, these have become increasingly consultations 23 24 Center, Inc. tional Ltd. Office pore Trade Repre- sentative of Commerce Taipei Branch; and Malaysian Culture and Trade Exchange Centre United Daily News , p. 84. , p. 84. , p. 83. Ibid Ibid Foreign Policy of the New Taiwan: Pragmatic Diplomacy in Southeast Asia Diplomacy Taiwan: Pragmatic the New Policy of Foreign Table 2.2: Changing Names of Southeast Asian Representative Representative Asian Southeast of Names Changing 2.2: Table Philippines Philippines Asian Exchange Thailand Thai Airways Interna- Singapore Office of the Singa- Vietnam No Representation Brunei No Representation Myanmar No Representation Economic Vietnam Brunei Darussalam Myanmar Trade Of- Countries Chamber in Jan. 1988 Names Indonesian Indonesia Set-up Malaysia Malaysian Airline from the Philippines, and vice prime ministers Singapore, Thailand, vice prime from and Philippines, the from and Malaysia. Sources: The websites of the Southeast Asian representative offices in Taiwan; and Jie and Jie Taiwan; in offices representative Asian the Southeast of The websites Sources: Chen, 83. p. 2002, Elgar, tenham, UK: Edward Notes: 23. 24. Philippines,” 25. Ministerial Meeting between Taiwan and the ECA at the to Sign an Seeks See “Taiwan T No. 2 2016 Macro (Do Not Delete) Delete) Not (Do Macro 2 2016 No. PM 3:29 7/29/2016 low-profile and unpublicized due to growing pressure from Beijing. growing pressure from to due low-profile and unpublicized foreign ministers under Lee traveled to Singapore, Thailand, Indonesia, Indonesia, Thailand, traveled to Singapore, under Lee foreign ministers Singa- Malaysia,ministers from and received foreign the Philippines, and Malaysia. Philippines, and pore, the On the economic side, bilateral eco- level were institutionalized consultation at the ministerial meetings nomic Philippines 1991), the Indonesia (since (since 1990), with Singapore and Malaysia (since 1993), Vietnam Thailand (since 1991), (since 1991), (since 1997). 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 7 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side A 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 7 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 7 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 ERIES S Even though the R.O.C. Even though the 26 TUDIES S Since then, Taiwan’s officials have Since then, Taiwan’s officials have SIAN 27 A Taiwan also joined the Asia-Pacific Taiwan Eco- also joined the 28 ONTEMPORARY . . Ibid Ibid Lastly, Taiwan benefitted from Lee’s pragmatic diplomacy Lee’s pragmatic in the in- Lastly, Taiwan benefitted from known in both cases. In June 1988, the two institutions were merged to become Ma- become to were merged institutions two the 1988, June In cases. in both known Centre. Trade and Friendship laysian 1993. January in completed was the transformation and 1989 ment in December Tai- close decision to Hun Sen’s for retaliation However, in 1996. January in Taipei MOFA ordered July in Cambodia on office wan’s representative R.O.C.’s 27, 1997, 28, 1997. July on Taiwan office in representative closure of Cambodia’s the was one of the founding members of the ADB, launched in 1966, it was it in 1966, of the ADB, launched members was one of the founding to forced to change its when the ADB “Taipei, China” name membership Ching-kuo, in 1986. Under CHIANG participation accepted the P.R.C.’s Taiwan boycotted1986 to 1987. Lee’s annual meetings from the ADB’s created flexibil- principle, however, disposal of the exclusive “one-China” policy. Therefore, Lee his foreign sent Taiwan’sity in Central Bank Gov- in Manila in April annual meeting ernor CHANG Chi-cheng to the ADB 1988 and even authorized his Finance Minister Shirley the Kuo to attend annual meeting in Beijing in 1989. differentiate China. To return to 1997 Kong’s Hong after 1998 ADB in by the after the comma) 26. changed to “Taipei,China” (space deliberately omitted China” was The name “Taipei, “Tai- the name ADB adopted the China,” Kong, participation as “Hong Kong’s from Hong Taiwan.pei,China” See “The History for of Ministry of Finance, R.O.C.” http://mu- at seum.mof.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=3760&ctNode=41&mp=1. 27. 28. 14 C 14 1.are un- institutions Malaysian the representative dates for set-up of Exact months 2. the docu- on to MECO renamed was Taiwan in office representative The Philippine 3.in Office Representative Cultural and Phnom Penh Economic the Cambodia set up No. 2 2016 Macro (Do Not Delete) Delete) Not (Do Macro 2 2016 No. PM 3:29 7/29/2016 joined the ADB’s annual meetings but joined the ADB’s annual meetings would place “under protest” plac- was name (in 1998, the China” nameplates the “Taipei, ards next to changed to “Taipei,China”). ternational arena. Shortlyternational arena. after Lee assumed the presidency in 1988, Tai- wan resumed an- Bank’s (ADB) participation in the Asian Development “Taipei, China.” the name nual meetings under nomic Cooperation (APEC) forum under the non-inflammatory name name under the non-inflammatory Cooperation (APEC) forum nomic offered observer status in 1991 and was “Chinese Taipei” in November Trade (GATT)the General Agreement on Tariffs and as a “Separate Cus- in September and Matsu” Penghu, Kinmen Taiwan, toms Territory of the Association joined only not Bank 1992. Moreover, Taiwan’s Central of Directors of Southeast Asian Central Banks (SEACEN) as the “Central Bank of China, Taipei” in January 1994 SEACEN’s also hosted 1992 but 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 7 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side B 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 7 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 8 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 note 25. note 25. , Singapore: Institute of Institute , Singapore: supra 15 15 SIA The policy effectively The A 30 OUTHEAST S note 11, p. 83; when mainland China joined SEACEN in SEACEN joined China mainland when 83; p. 11, note Multilateral achievements, coupled with pro- with coupled achievements, Multilateral 29 supra AIWAN ANDAIWAN , New Taiwan New The Lee administration’s to “Go South” was also decision encour- Building on momentum from the advancing ASEAN-Taiwan rela- ASEAN-Taiwan the advancing from momentum on Building helped grow Taiwan’s investmenthelped grow in Southeast Asia. Between 1994 and policy1996, when the three-year of the “Go South” plan was initially im- Taiwan’s total approved investment in Southeast Asia signifi- plemented, of US$6.7 that double billion – approximately US$13.7 over cant grew to 1993 (see the next chapter for details). 1991 and between billion aged by ASEAN Free of the the JanuaryTrade Area (AFTA) 1992 signing agreement contained a Common Ef- agreement in Singapore. The AFTA elim- that was designed to fective Preferential Tariff (CEPT) arrangement Southeast Asian countries, integrate ASEAN inate tariff barriers among of base, and create a regional market production into a single economies range of on a wide tariffs people. Under CEPT, than 500 million more annual meeting in Taipei. in meeting annual 29. Chen, Chen, 29. see Chinese Taipei,” to “Central Bank, changed membership name was 2011, Taiwan’s http://news.ltn.com.tw/news/focus/paper/467437. eds., Ku, Samuel Ho and Leung in Khai Comparative Perspective,” A Asia: with Southeast 30. China’s Relations Changing Political Economy of Samuel C.Y. Ku, and “The Taiwan’s Challenges Regional and Changes Global China: and Southeast Asia Southeast Asia Studies, 2005, p. 264; and Chiang, “Go South Policy,” South “Go Chiang, and 264; p. Studies, 2005, Southeast Asia mainland China and Hong Kong. The “Guidelines for Strengthening Hong Kong. The mainland China and plan three-year a Ties Southeast with Trade and Economic Asia,” 1994, laid out policy Yuan in early R.O.C.’s Executive adopted by the “Go South” strategy.goals for the The plan’s objectives included assisting Taiwanese companies in identifying and distribution production favorable services to Taiwanese business inbases in ASEAN, expanding financial in Vietnam, the Philippines, and zones the region, co-developing industrial trade relations with ASEAN, reduc- and investment Indonesia, promoting and helping South- of trade dependence China, on mainland ing the degree east Asian countries create job opportunities. T No. 2 2016 Macro (Do Not Delete) Delete) Not (Do Macro 2 2016 No. PM 3:29 7/29/2016 gress in bilateral relations between relations gress in bilateral Taiwan signif- ASEAN countries, and Lee’s do- icantly profile and enhanced international increased Taiwan’s mestic popularity. be- at the policy officially his “Go South” launched Teng-hui tions, LEE Lee took with that was the apex of initiatives 1994. This policy ginning of Asia through prag- Southeast with Taiwan’s relations respect to advancing Tai- risks inherent in increasing matic diplomacy.the about Concerned mainland China, Lee encouragedwan’s with economic interdependence south, hoping to their neighbors in the to look to Taiwanese companies direct investmentfurther expand foreign Asia rather than in Southeast 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 8 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side A 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 8 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 8 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 31 The In February In February 32 Southeast Asia and China: and Asia Southeast ERIES S TUDIES S SIAN A , Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asia Studies, 2005, During his stay in Bali, Lee with President Su- met 33 ONTEMPORARY , June 26, 1994. 1994. , June 26, As soon as Lee announced his “Go South” policy he began what he began he policy his “Go South” as Lee announced As soon The first stop on his 1994 ice-breaking trip was Subic Bay, his on where Lee The first stop The AFTA also sought to eliminate non-tariff barriers. Lee knew that if barriers. non-tariff eliminate also sought to The AFTA Taiwan grew its business presence in ASEAN this trade liberation during Taiwaneseprocess, the companiesbenefit from inte- the region would in market. base and grated production characterized a Asia, arranging “vacation diplomacy” as to Southeast of and golf outings with regional leaders. meetings number eds., Ku, Samuel and Ho Leung Khai in Ascendency,’” ‘Peaceful 31. Statecraft of Economic FTA: China-ASEAN Logic of “The Wang, Wei-cheng Vincent Times New York (accessed Taiwan Historica, Taipei, Academia available at viewing 007-040102-00003-002),” (no. 1994 in Thailand 33. and Philippines, Indonesia, Lee’s visits to the “Documentary: on March 31, 2016). Global Changes and Regional Challenges Regional and Global Changes p. 24. 32. Community, to Rebuild Its Position in Global Pushes Taiwan Gargan, A. Edward 16 C 16 No. 2 2016 Macro (Do Not Delete) Delete) Not (Do Macro 2 2016 No. PM 3:29 7/29/2016 products traded in the region were gradually reduced to 0 to 5 percent. to reduced gradually region were in the traded products 1994, President Lee, Foreign Minister Frederick Chien, Minister of Coun- Frederick Chien, Minister of Minister Foreign 1994, President Lee, Siew, KMT treasuryand Development Vincent cil for Economic Planning czar LIU Tai-ying, Bank Trust Chief Executive Officer of the China and Indonesia, to the Philippines, KOO Lien-sungpaid unprecedented visits Year holiday. Lee’sthe Chinese New visit to and Thailand during initial ties but substantialdiplomatic where Taiwan had no these three countries, South” “Go his administration’s of a powerful symbol was investments, commitment to ASEAN success in and a significant diplo- his pragmatic macy. agreed that Lee and Ramos Ramos. held a luncheon with President Fidel development projects infrastructure both sides should work together on export on Taiwan’s modeled a project park, Bay’s industrial such as Subic requested technical assis- Ramos processing zones. During the meeting, tance from the Taiwan Power Company with electricityproblems to solve the and Lee also agreed to improve shortages in the Philippines. Ramos in Taiwan (see rights of overseas Filipino workers the next chapter for luncheon, Lee flew directly details). Right after the more to Bali, Indonesia worth noting that the Lee dele- It is “vacation diplomacy.” to continue his gation was greeted at the airport by then-Minister of Research and Tech- after President of Indonesia would later become who nology B.J. Habibie, Suharto’s in 1998. According to fall sources, Habibie was key in facilitat- in his travels throughout ing Lee’s trip to Indonesia and accompanied him Bali and Bandung. 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 8 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side B 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 8 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 9 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 note 33. note note 33. note 17 17 supra supra SIA A During questioning by the Taiwan- by the During questioning OUTHEAST 35 S note 10, p. 193 p. 193 10, note note 11, p. 116. 116. p. 11, note supra , AIWAN ANDAIWAN supra , 36 38 Importantly, despite numerous official protests from main- official protests from numerous despite Importantly, New Taiwan New During formal meetings and some informal meetings on the on the informal meetings some meetings and formal During 37 Taiwan’s Quest Taiwan’s . 34 “Go South” Policy (1995-2000) (1995-2000) “Go South” Policy Ibid The final stop on Lee’s “private vacation” was Thailand, where he Lee’sThe final stop on where vacation” was Thailand, “private Lee’s “vacationdiplomacy” tour in Southeast Asia succeeded in rais- B. and Economic to Obstacles LEE Teng-hui’s Political golf course, both sides agreed to jointly develop Indonesia’s natural gas Indonesia’s natural develop to jointlyboth sides agreed golf course, industry,and heavy and salt sugar increase chemical and im- production, Island. on Batam prove infrastructure harto over a three-hour luncheon to discuss economic cooperation, Tai- cooperation, economic discuss to luncheon three-hour over a harto of relations, and possibility ASEAN-Taiwan policy, South” wan’s “Go the APEC summit,Lee attending in Bogor, Indonesia to be held scheduled that year. land China, Thailand’s monarch King Bhumibol Adulyadej received Lee Bhumibol King land China, Thailand’s monarch only capital city– the Lee visited on his trip. Bangkok palace in in his views on agricul- meeting, the parties exchanged 70-minute During their agreed They Thailand. northern Project in the Royal tural cooperation for between Taiwanese and Thai agricul- to enhance technical collaboration fields in northern opium converting tural experts with the shared goal of details of Royal (for Thailand into fruit and vegetable plantations Project, see Chapter IV). visited the renowned tourist destination of Phuket Island for three days three for Island destination of Phuket tourist visited the renowned Minister Though Prime Chuan Leekpai can- before flying to Bangkok. celled his pressure frommeeting with Lee because of Beijing, his Deputy During in Phuket. a dinner for Lee hosted Viravan Minister Amnuay Prime the the two discussedmeeting, issues in bilateral Taiwan-Thailand eco- workers Thai migrant quota for particularly Taipei’s cooperation, nomic in Taiwan. 35. Tsai, 34. 35. 36. Thailand,” and Indonesia, Philippines, visits to the “Lee’s 37. Chen, Chen, 37. T 38. Thailand,” and Indonesia, the Philippines, visits to “Lee’s No. 2 2016 Macro (Do Not Delete) Delete) Not (Do Macro 2 2016 No. PM 3:29 7/29/2016 ing Taiwan’s international profile, especially after meeting with President profile, especially after meeting international ing Taiwan’s fa- However, behind the President Suharto, and King Bhumibol. Ramos, multilateral political bilateral and çade of warming ties, obstacles to closer ese press, Habibie said, “Your country is now the third [largest] investor is now the third [largest] said, “Your country ese press, Habibie will be one dayyou big possibility that is a] I think [there country, in my Batam Island one, in fact, whyand Habibie also promoted number not?” become a base that it could destination, claiming as a favorable investment for Taiwanese companies financing, trading, and other offering banking, services to ASEAN. 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 9 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side A 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 9 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 9 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 However, nothing The East Asia Summit and and East Asia Summit The 39 ERIES S In 1996, mainland China China In 1996, mainland 40 TUDIES S note 2, p. 174. 174. p. 2, note supra SIAN A ,” Baltimore, Maryland: Maryland Series in Contemporary Maryland: Maryland Series in Baltimore, ,” note 11, pp. 87-88. 87-88. pp. 11, note 88. p. 11, note From mainland China’s perspective, Taiwan’s Taiwan’s mainland China’s perspective, From 43 supra supra , , ONTEMPORARY When mainland China became a “track- member of the 42 New Taiwan New Taiwan New . Beijing objected to Taiwanese participation on the ground that on the Beijing objected to Taiwanese participation 41 Ibid Another ASEAN-centered forum Taiwan lobbied to participate in Taiwan lobbied to forum Another ASEAN-centered Undoubtedly, the status of cross-Strait relations highlyUndoubtedly, the status of cross-Strait influences Asian governments to more easily deal with Taipei, while a tense atmos- easilyAsian governments to more with Taipei, deal Beijing these countries to side with phere across the Taiwan Strait allows Chen, 39. Architecture Security the Regional Chen, p. 10. 2009, Asian Studies, 41. 40. “ Tan, Seng See Liow, and Chinyong Joseph Ralf Emmers, 42. Asia,” and South-East Leifer, “Taiwan 18 C 18 43. No. 2 2016 Macro (Do Not Delete) Delete) Not (Do Macro 2 2016 No. PM 3:29 7/29/2016 was achieved and Taiwan remained excluded from ASEAN ever since. excluded from Taiwan remained was achieved and 1994, in (ARF). Established in Bangkok was the ASEAN Regional Forum as and other nations such the ASEAN countries the ARF encompasses the Unitedmainland China and States. The aims forum foster to construc- participants and se- on political its consultation among tive dialogue and interest and concern. curity issues of common two” Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia Pacific (CSCAP) in in two” Council for Security Cooperation mem- to Taiwan’s principle the “one-China” 1996, Beijing again applied Taiwan was on a non-official basis. Though bership, though participation capacity in individual to CSCAP was allowed to send scholars meetings, rather groups subordinate working offered in places of been only they have than in plenary sessions. relations between Taiwan Taiwan between relations and ASEAN Lee Though proliferated. countries sum- 1994 APEC to attend the had directly for permission Suharto lobbied Philippines In 1996, the were not rewarded. his efforts mit in Indonesia, Despite the the first time. APEC summit for hosted an event fact that the atwas held Taiwan helped develop, Zone, which Subic Bay Freeport the to administration Ramos to convince the Lee failed attend. him allow to Lee alsoto become a dialogue attempted in ASEAN, partner Tai- citing the region. At the 1992 ASEAN Min- ties with economic wan’s substantial Philippines Ministers of Singapore and the Foreign isterial Meeting, the regional counterparts. idea with their proposed this proposed a rule that required admission of a new member to be approved a new member of admission rule that required proposed a bypartic- way for Taiwan’s effectively the members, all existing blocking ipation. membership in the ARF, as in the United Nations, was a prerogative of was in the United Nations, ARF, as membership in the sovereign states. full participation in APEC, ARF, and even CSCAP would implicitly con- even CSCAP would implicitly full participation in APEC, ARF, and status. the island’s independent view of its firm of engagement with ASEAN leaders’ calculations regarding their level Taiwan. Stable cross-Strait relations create an environment for Southeast 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 9 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side B 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 9 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 10 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 19 19 SIA A note 30, p. 269. 30, p. 269. note supra The city-statethe of Singapore was OUTHEAST 45 S Thai Prime Minister Banharn Silpa-archa Thai Prime Minister Banharn Silpa-archa 44 note 11, p. 92. p. 11, note AIWAN ANDAIWAN supra , New Taiwan New However, political relationsHowever, political Taiwan and between Southeast Asian 45. Chen, Chen, 45. under the “one-China” policy. In April 1993, Chairman of the Taipei- the of policy. the “one-China” under Chairman 1993, April In based Straits KOO (SEF), Exchange Foundation held an unprec- Chen-fu, edented Dao- counterpart WANG with his Chinese in Singapore meeting Across the Relations for Association of the Beijing-based han, President facilitated by talks,” “Koo-Wang The historic (ARATS). Taiwan Straits from that representatives message to the world sent a Yew, LEE Kuan based and sign agreements together could sit China and Taiwan mainland cross-Strait rela- Improved of equality and reciprocity. on the principles for some 1994 arguably created room manoeuver 1993 to tions from Teng-hui’s by LEE exemplified is ASEAN leadersTaiwan. This to engage leaders political Asia in February 1994 when “private” trip to Southeast Lee in their coun- Indonesia, and Thailand received from the Philippines, fromtries despite pressure Beijing. Taiwan 1995-1996 and even deteriorated, during the countries stagnated States United Lee traveled to the President 1995, 9, Strait Crisis. On June visit to his Bill Clinton to pay by President a “private” on a visa granted alma mater, Cornell University Ithaca, New York. in Lee delivered a speech, titled, “Always in My Heart,” to an audience people, em- of 4,000 de- and political development phasizing Taiwan’s successful economic and reacted as an act of separatism this visit Beijing viewed mocratization. byseries of missile tests into the waters surrounding Taiwan conducting a threatened to use force againstJulyfrom to March 1996. Beijing also 1995 for the DemocraticTaiwan if either Lee or the candidate Progress Party (DPP) was elected in the island’sin first popular presidential election forces the naval between a stand-off led to only crisis not The March 1996. China but also raised deep concerns of the United States and mainland ties with mainland diplomatic that their ASEAN countries. Given among limited, over Beijing was extremely and their leverage China were firm China. In mainland to side with ASEAN leaders had no choice but most order to maintain peace stabilityand ASEAN in the region, countries China by challenging the P.R.C.’s provoke mainland to urged Taiwan not Minister Mahathir Malaysian Prime “one-China” principle. For example, Mohamad publicly that Taiwan should stated role of an economic the play entity, a nation-state. instead of 44. Political Economy,” Changing “The Ku, T No. 2 2016 Macro (Do Not Delete) Delete) Not (Do Macro 2 2016 No. PM 3:29 7/29/2016 went so far as to say that mainland China had a right to carry out military carryout military to China had a right went so far as to say that mainland exercises “within territory.” its own 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 10 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side A 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 10 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 10 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 cross- 46 , New York: York: , New ERIES S As tensions rose, the for- 48 47 TUDIES S note 2, p. 181. 181. p. 2, note supra SIAN A This collective declaration was the first This collective 49 (Voice of Germany) in the Office of the the Office of the in (Voice of Germany) ASEAN Ministerial Meeting in Singapore. Their Their ASEAN Ministerial Meeting in Singapore. nd ONTEMPORARY Deutsche Welle Taiwan’s Relations with Mainland China: A tail wagging two dogs tail wagging two China: A Relations with Mainland Taiwan’s , pp. 52-85. , pp. 52-85. Ibid Shortly “Two State Theory after Lee dropped his as bombshell,” SU In a similar vein, the sudden escalation of tensions across escalation of tensions vein,In a similar Taiwan the the sudden The 1991 constitutional amendments have designated cross- amendments The 1991 constitutional Strait relations as state-to-statea relationship or at least a special state-to-state rather than an internal relationship relationship, government and a renegade group, or be- between a legitimate Thus, the and a local government. tween a central government Taiwan as a Beijing authorities’ characterization of “renegade .Moreover, in . and legally untrue. historically province” is designated cross-Strait 1991, amendments to the Constitution relationship. Consequently, relations as a special state-to-state there is no need to declare independence. declaration stated, “we expressed our concern over the tension that arose in the Taiwan Strait after 9 July 1999, which could seriously affect re- hoped recovery. and prospects for economy We gional peace and stability our commit-to normalcy. peaceful return We reaffirmed for a quick and China Policy.” One ment to our eign ministers of Southeast Asian countries issued a jointeign ministers on communique July24, 1999, at the 32 46. Asia,” and South-East Leifer, “Taiwan 47. Chi Su, Su, Chi 47. Routledge, p. 53. 2009, 48. communique-the-32nd-asean-ministerial-meeting-amm-singapore-23-24-july-1999. 49. at http://www.asean.org/?static_post=joint- See the full text of the joint communique 20 C 20 No. 2 2016 Macro (Do Not Delete) Delete) Not (Do Macro 2 2016 No. PM 3:29 7/29/2016 only regional voice willing to urge caution on mainland China with a China onlymainland on urge caution willing to voice regional mes- bypublic statement Yew. Kuan through a sage delivered LEE Chi dubbed it, Chinese President JIANG Zemin ordered that cross-Strait JIANG Zemin Chinese President Chi dubbed it, ARATS and SEF cease. between consultations Strait military conflict is not in Singapore’s national interests. Strong his- national interests. not in Singapore’s conflict is Strait military security on defense and and Singapore between Taiwan torical links which Singapore of implementation (the “Starlight” program through the scale exer- space and large for training on Taiwanese support has relied cises that a cross-Strait1975) meant since militarynot in conflict was Sin- interests. gapore’s national an China. During ASEAN to stand with mainland Strait in 1999 forced interview with President on July 9, 1999, LEE Teng-hui surprisingly brought up his “Two Teng-hui President on July 9, 1999, LEE that: States Theory,” arguing 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 10 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side B 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 10 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 11 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 , Sin- The The 53 Coopera- ASEAN Min- th 21 21 SIA A , New York: Routledge, p. 64. 64. p. York: Routledge, New , Since then, mainland China China Since then, mainland note 30, p. 271. 30, p. 271. note 51 supra OUTHEAST S ASEAN-china relations: Realities and prospects relations: Realities ASEAN-china 50 AIWAN ANDAIWAN 52 The expansion of P.R.C.-ASEAN ties is exemplified by the for- ties is exemplified The expansion of P.R.C.-ASEAN Increases in diplomatic challenges that Taipei faced in ASEAN that Taipei faced challenges in diplomatic Increases coun- 52. 70-71. 66-67, 2003. pp. Yearbook, ASEAN Statistical See eds. Chin, and Sheng, Saw, Relations,” in ASEAN-China of Overview Chin, “An Wah 53. Kin and Sheng, Lijun Saw, Swee-Hock gapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2005, pp. 1-2. pp. Studies, 2005, Asian gapore: Institute of Southeast isterial Meeting in Indonesia in July 1996, an upgrade from the title of the title of in July from 1996, an upgrade isterial Meeting in Indonesia in the 1997, held since 1991. In December Partner it had Consultative of its kind for the ASEAN the ASEAN – a forum ministerial major kind for of its victory diplomatic over Taiwan. for Beijing has gradually increased its economic engagement withhas graduallyincreased its ASEAN engagement economic countries. fromAccording to statistics the ASEAN Secretariat, China’s mainland billion to US$16.7 1993 US$8.9 billion in surged from trade with ASEAN also Taiwan’s trade with ASEAN period, same that grew During in 1996. mainland ahead of remaining billion, US$24.1 to US$14.3 billion from Asianof ASEAN. However, in 1998, after the partner China as a trading financial crisis, ASEAN’s its trade trade with mainland China surpassed at US$20.4 billion and US$12.7 valuing with Taiwan for the first time, billion respectively. mation of institutionalized dialogues between the parties. Between 1994 mation of institutionalized and Trade Economic Committee on and 1995, the ASEAN-China Joint JointCooperation and the ASEAN-China Science and Technology Com- mittee were established. By earlyother parallel dialogue 1997, three official level China- the senior were also convened, including frameworks ASEAN political Cooperation consultation, the ASEAN-China Joint Committee and the ASEAN Beijing (ACJCC), Committee. 51. Political Economy,” Changing “The Ku, eds., Morada, Noel M. and Haacke Jurgen in and security culture,” Asian diplomatic 50. East of an the emergence membership of the ARF and Hughes, “China’s Christopher R. Regional Forum tive Security in the Asia-Pacific, The ASEAN T No. 2 2016 Macro (Do Not Delete) Delete) Not (Do Macro 2 2016 No. PM 3:29 7/29/2016 ASEAN-China Business establishedCouncil was also in 1997, promoting mainland China was importantly, ties between the private sectors. Most ASEAN at the 29 partner status in accorded Full Dialogue tries during the late 1990s can also be attributed to warming ties between ties to warming can also be attributed the late 1990s tries during eco- China’s mainland Although Asia. China and Southeast mainland were severelyTianan- by the damaged image political and power nomic some provided Taipei 4, 1989, which consequently men crisis on June lee- its political to stabilize Beijing attempted diplomacy, way regional for CCP’s At the the south. ties with its neighbors in and improve economy 1992, strengthening mainland Fourteenth Party in October Congress AsiaChina’s was placed on the nationalwith Southeast relations economic policy the first time. agenda for economic 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 11 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side A 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 11 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 11 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 As CDC 58 ERIES S TUDIES S SIAN 59 A note 11, pp. 113-131. 113-131. pp. note 11, note 11, p. 162. supra supra , , , January 22, 1998. 1998. 22, , January The CDC acquisitions at bargain made prices note 11, p. 113. 113. p. 11, note 57 55 supra The joint statement also explained, “ASEAN mem- , 54 New Taiwan New New Taiwan ONTEMPORARY Century,” agreeing to “promote good neighborly and good neighborly “promote to agreeing Century,” st New Taiwan New The The Washington Post ; and Chen, ; and Chen, Ibid Ibid The urgent need for Taiwan’s financial assistance during the crisis By the late 1990s, ASEAN had already engaged Beijing in many as- many in Beijing engaged had already Bythe late 1990s, ASEAN KMT-backed enterprises such as the China Development Corpora- China Development KMT-backed enterprises such as the 56 Its Influence,” 59. and Widens Bargains Up Buys Taiwan Crisis: Asia’s “Exploiting B. Richburg, Keith 58. 57. interview with Benny T. Hu, Taipei, Taiwan, March 28, Author’s 2016. 56. Chen, Chen, 56. in the banking and manufacturing industries of Thailand, Malaysia, and of Thailand, Malaysia, industries and manufacturing banking in the collapse. began to in the region Indonesia as conglomerates friendly relations, increase high-level exchanges, strengthen the mecha- friendly the exchanges, strengthen high-level relations, increase enhance understanding in all areas to and cooperation of dialogue nism benefit.” and mutual permitted several high-level visits between Taiwan and ASEAN countries, Taiwan several high-level visits between permitted since suspended level had been ministerial visits above the even though of-the-meeting-of-heads-of-stategovernment-of-the-member-states-of-asean-and-the-president- 54. statement at http://asean.org/?static_post=joint-statement- joint of the full text the See of-the-people-s-republic-of-china-kuala-lumpur-malaysia-16-december-1997. 55. 22 C 22 No. 2 2016 Macro (Do Not Delete) Delete) Not (Do Macro 2 2016 No. PM 3:29 7/29/2016 tion (CDC) also established a holding company named “Southeast Asia company tion (CDC) also established a holding The company Company.” Investment launched its “buying cam- cheap” in capital allocated to its special paign with more than US$300 million funds for Southeast Asia. wake of the Asian financial crisis, the ASEAN Plus Three (APT) was ini- was Three (APT) Plus the ASEAN crisis, Asian financial of the wake tiated; ASEAN countries, the membership including Ja- mainland China, the first South Korea. At pan, and China and summit, APT informal titled issuedASEAN Cooperation To- “ASEAN-China a joint statement, 21 wards the pects of regional cooperation, reducing maneuverability for Taipei’s prag- maneuverability for reducing pects of regional cooperation, matic diplomacy in Southeast Asia. Nonetheless, Taipei continued trying ASEAN countries leverage, a byto gain support from economic using its Asian financial crisis. Tothe help during tactic which beneficial proved the flow of currency,smooth Central Bank deposited around the R.O.C. state banks of Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, into the US$1.2 billion compa- Taiwanese of troubled the burden order to ease and Thailand. In of special US$1.1 billion Bank also provided nies in the region, the Central of Taiwanese banks in countries affected by cri- funding to branches the sis. President Benny is the worst financial crisis in Asia,“this Hu put it, and it opportunity.” is a once-in-a-lifetime ber states reaffirmed their continued adherence to the one China policy,” adherence to the one China policy,” their continued ber states reaffirmed collectively acknowledged ASEAN countries time representing the first the “one-China” policy. 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 11 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side B 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 11 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 12 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 , November , November Southeast , September 03, 03, , September In January In January 61 60 Reuters 23 23 China Times SIA A note 59. 59. note In November 1997, Singaporean 1997, Singaporean In November 62 OUTHEAST supra S note 11, pp. 159-160. 159-160. pp. 11, note AIWAN ANDAIWAN supra 63 , New Taiwan New These visits considerationsand initiatives, driven by dur- economic 1998, a 70-member Taiwanese trade delegation also completed a journey also completed trade delegation Taiwanese 1998, a 70-member and the Philippines. Indonesia, Malaysia, through Thailand, LEE Teng-hui’s diplomatic tour to Southeast Asia Vice President in 1994. to Southeast tour Teng-hui’sLEE diplomatic Premier in February 1998, and Malaysia visited Singapore LIEN Chan 1998, and in January and the Philippines visited Indonesia Vincent Siew Min- 1998. Economic Malaysia in April Jason Hu) Minister (with Foreign 1998 for in September to Kuala Lumpur ister WANG Chih-kang traveled Malaysia-Taiwanthe second economic forum. ministerial Asian leaders also traveled to Taipei during the 1997-1998 period, includ- period, 1997-1998 the during to Taipei traveled Asian leaders also Indo- Ginandjar Kartasasmita, Affairs Minister ing Indonesian Economic Malaysian Bob Hasan, and nesian Trade Minister Deputy Minister Prime Anwar Ibrahim. Minister and Finance 60. visits Malaysia today,” Chih-kang “WANG Chen, Xiu-lan Australia by changing the policy name to “Guidelines for Strengtheningname to “Guidelines policy the changing Australia by and New Zealand, Southeast Asia, Ties with Trade and Economic Australia.” However, the Lee administration rarelyused the rhetoric “Go crisis in until President 1997 the onset of the Asian financial South” from 2000. Lee stepped down in May T No. 2 2016 Macro (Do Not Delete) Delete) Not (Do Macro 2 2016 No. PM 3:29 7/29/2016 Malaysian and Minister GOH Chok Tong Prime Prime Minister Mahathir same 24 hour time- transit stops to Taipei within the Mohamad also made how Taiwan could Vincent Siew about talks with Premier period to hold crisis. the help during 1998; http://forums.chinatimes.com/report/malaysian/90303.htm. 61. Asia’s Crisis,” “Exploiting Richburg, 62. Chen, Chen, 62. 63. Asia,” S.E. aid to spur talk of visits Taiwan “Rare Chung, Lawrence 28, 1997. 28, 1997. ing a time of acute financial adversity in the region, provided opportunities opportunities region, provided financial adversity of acute the in ing a time influence in ASEAN coun- long-term and gain for Taiwan to “Go South” tries. However, from the was graduallymid-1990s onward, Taiwan re- On partner of ASEAN. critical economic as a China placed by mainland conditions, in Southeast Asia thateconomies top of that, poor investment were hit the hardest during the financial crisis, drove away a large amount these countries were later Many of in the region. of Taiwanese investment The Lee incentives. through economic China drawn closer to mainland three years extended its “Go South” policyadministration another from for New Zealand and to include expand the policy 1997 to 1999 and tried to 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 12 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side A 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 12 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 12 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 In 66 South China China South , October 1, 2000. 2000. , October 1, ERIES S 65 The Straits Times TUDIES S SIAN A Developments across the Taiwan Developments across Strait 64 ONTEMPORARY , April 18, 2000. . Southeast Asia (2000-2008) Asia Southeast Ibid Due to this regional security concern, Singaporean Prime Minister Prime Singaporean Due to this regional security concern, On March 18, 2000, CHEN Shui-bian’s unanticipated victoryunanticipated in Tai- Shui-bian’s 18, 2000, CHEN On March C. towards Aggression Diplomatic Shui-bian’s CHEN September 2000, four months after Chen Kuan Yew paidtook office, LEE 2000, four months September and opposition lead- his advisers, Chen, meet a “private” visit to Taipei to Lee During his visit, ers: LIEN Chan, Vincent Siew, and James Soong. of the Strait can lessen their prob- said “the Chinese people on both sides by years.”whether lems easier relations over the establishing When asked cross- ground on which common be able to find Beijing and Taipei would cannot “there is no reason why talks Lee argued resume, Strait talks might 1993 Wang-Koo on which the if both sides return to the basis be resumed 64. the status quo,” want in Taiwan of people “Majority 65. 65. Goh,” says Taiwan, to war threat about serious Porter, “Beijing Barry Morning Post 66. 24 C 24 No. 2 2016 Macro (Do Not Delete) Delete) Not (Do Macro 2 2016 No. PM 3:29 7/29/2016 GOH Chok Tong and Senior Minister LEE Kuan Yew traveled to Beijing Beijing Minister LEE Kuan Yew traveled to GOH Chok Tong and Senior 2000, one In April and Taipei, respectively,the wake of Chen’s victory. in President JIANG visited Chinese inauguration, Goh before Chen’s month for- Goh was the first ZHU Rongji in Beijing. and Chinese Premier Zemin election in 2000. presidential eign leader to visit Beijing after Taiwan’s sides both on in Hong Kong, Goh urged moderation During an interview theyand advised Chinese leaders that how decided to handle cross-Strait relations would affect the securitystability of the Asian region. and wan’s election presidential uncertaintycreated region. in the Asia-Pacific by nominated Taiwanese president As the first the Democratic Progressive independence held a pro-Taiwan has long Party party– a that (DPP) affairs were foreign and cross-Strait relations on stance, Chen’s words carefully examined not onlyby political leaders in the United States, main- North- in ASEAN and Taiwan but also by policymakers land China, and east Asia. As the “chess game” leftheir to by LEE Teng- his predecessor “special on whether or not to continue the hui, Chen’s decision state-to- confronta- either conciliatory or to would lead policy state relationship” relations.tional cross-Strait would have an undeniable effect on the whole of East Asia. For example, of East Asia. For example, whole undeniable effect on the would have an if cross-StraitStates uncontrollably, the United relations deteriorated intervention and implement involved in an armed become would likely China, which would immediately sanctions against mainland economic and directly impact Japan, Korea, and ASEAN. 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 12 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side B 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 12 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 13 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 , November 20, 20, , November 25 25 Bangkok Post Bangkok SIA A note 64. 64. note OUTHEAST S supra AIWAN ANDAIWAN The argument that the 1992 Consensus laid the that the 1992 Consensus laid the argument The 68 67 Without mutual trust between Taipei and Beijing, cross-Strait rela- cross-Strait Taipei and Beijing, trust between mutual Without use has no intention to military the CCP regime .as long as . . inforce against Taiwan, I pledge that during my term office, I national ti- not change the will not declare independence, I will so-called “state-to- inclusion of the forth the push tle, I will not a promote I will not state” description and in the Constitution, question regards to the status quo in the to change referendum abolition of the the or unification. Furthermore, of independence On the one hand, as LEE On the one and both LIEN Chan Yew observed, Kuan Council the Minister of the Mainland Affairs In April 2000, as 2015. 68. words,” arts of the and “Ma-Xi meeting Jing, Bao-chiun talks were started, that is, the 1992 Consensus, with each declaring its own declaring each with were talks Consensus, 1992 the that is, started, position.” 67. in Taiwan,” people of “Majority T No. 2 2016 Macro (Do Not Delete) Delete) Not (Do Macro 2 2016 No. PM 3:29 7/29/2016 foundation for the 1993 Koo-Wang talks was widely accepted byKMT the 1993 Koo-Wang foundation for era; however, Chen and TSAI leaders and LEE Kuan Yew during Chen’s Ing-wen, who served as 2004, never to Minister of the MAC from 2000 1992 Consensus. publicly supported the stated that they the “Five Nos” presidency – despite fluid under Chen’s tions were highly pledged in Chen’s on May inaugural address 20, 2000: Vincent Siew of the Kuomintang (KMT) and James Soong of the People James (KMT) and of the Kuomintang Vincent Siew Soong Chen the other hand, On Consensus. the 1992 supported (PFP) First Party 1992 “Consen- instead of the the 1992 “Spirit” referred to it as of the DPP sus” – mainly in because pro-independence fundamentalists Taiwan Consensus. It 1992 strongly of the opposed the “one-China” connotation a source of remained years, these terms after 20 even is worth noting that candidates debate between presidential KMT, TSAI Ing- Eric Chu of the pres- Taiwan’s 2016 the PFP during Soong of and James DPP, wen of the idential election campaign. encap- to “1992 Consensus” created the term SU Chi (MAC) in Taiwan, reached by two semi-officialsulate the tacit understanding organizations, and thethe Taipei-based SEF 1992 Beijing-based ARATS, following their sides was that both understanding implicit meeting in Hong Kong. The principle while agreeing to disagree on could still uphold the “one-China” incorporated the China, the 1992 Consensus its definition. In mainland People’s the territorial integrity the of “one-China” principle to safeguard In contrast, Taiwan’sChina. the respective Republic of KMT emphasized was the China, Republic of interpretations stating that the “one-China” accordance countrywhich was an independent sovereign in with the R.O.C. Constitution. 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 13 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side A 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 13 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 13 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 , Washington, , Washington, Since that inci- 73 Then on August 3, Then on August 71 ERIES S TUDIES S episode solidified China’s mis- episode solidified China’s SIAN A note 47,note 117. p. He also called for the consideration of leg- He also called for the consideration 69 yibian yiguo 72 ).” Untying the Knot: Making Peace in the Taiwan Strait Peace Making Knot: Untying the ONTEMPORARY yibian yiguo The tensions finallyshortly surfaced after Chen’s DPP be- 70 . , p. 182. Taiwan’s Relations, supra Relations, Taiwan’s Ibid Ibid. Ibid In July 2002, the Chen administration decided to adopt a more ag- more decided to adopt a In July 2002, the Chen administration National Unification Council or the National Unification Guide- Unification the National or Council Unification National be an issue. not lines will While the “FiveWhile the Nos” temporarily Tai- tensions across the alleviated during a videoconference Chen said, “Taiwanwith the same organization, during a videoconference sides and China are standing on opposite is one country of the Strait, there ( on each side 69. Su, Su, 69. 26 C 26 No. 2 2016 Macro (Do Not Delete) Delete) Not (Do Macro 2 2016 No. PM 3:29 7/29/2016 came the single largest party in Taiwan’s following the De- legislature, the despite what he pledged on In 2002, legislative election. 2001 cember on whether presidency, hosting referendums Chen proposed his first day of relationsnew constitu- a and establish cross-Strait status of the to change and the name of Taiwan the of called for the “rectification tion. Chen first Fed- in a conference held by the World Taiwan’s constitution” writing of Associationseration Taiwanese 17, 2002. on March islation that would enable a referendum to decide the future of Taiwan. to decide the future of enable a referendum would islation that “Two beyond LEE Teng-hui’s rhetoric went far Chen’s pro-independence from strong criticism Beijing. States Theory,” and, unsurprisingly, drew As Richard Bush notes, “the laston a downward spiral until the dent, cross-Strait relations continued dayof Chen’s presidency May 2008. in a tactic commonly China, mainland gressive diplomatic approach vis-à-vis Chen’s National Security Coun- translated as “scorched-earth diplomacy.” cil SecretaryI-jen introduced the strategy General CHIOU during a closed-door meeting at the Taiwanese Ministryof Foreign Affairs. Fol- lowing the meeting, Chiou’s were words leaked to the press, publicizing strategy presidency. under Chen’s the island’s foreign policy be- Chiou fires (“set fire every- diplomatic so many could light lieved that Taiwan be deprived of the resources would where” was his phrasing) that Beijing forums. Chiou referred specificallyneeded to harass Taiwan at regional to trust of him and its inclination to prepare for the worst.”trust of him and its inclination to prepare wan Strait, mainland China insisted that Chen was evasive regarding “one- Chen was evasive insisted that mainland China wan Strait, to his the so-called “listening adopted Zemin JIANG China.” Therefore, approach toward his deeds” administration. the Chen word, monitoring peaceful waters of of Chen’s under the tenure, months During the first 18 of the other’s both sides harbored deep suspicions the Taiwan Strait, true intentions. D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2005, pp. 69-70. 69-70. pp. 2005, Press, Institution Brookings D.C.: 73. 70. 70. 71. 72. C. Bush, Richard 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 13 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side B 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 13 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 14 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 , De- After spend- 76 The China China Post The 27 27 75 SIA A , August 15, 2002. 2002. 15, August , OUTHEAST BBC News BBC S However, news of the meeting drew However, news of the meeting drew 77 note 47, p. 183. 183. p. 47, note The “scorched-earth” strategy The “scorched-earth” was designed 74 AIWAN ANDAIWAN . Taiwan’s Relations, supra Relations, Taiwan’s Ibid Chen’s diplomatic offensive began in Indonesia when Vice President President when Vice Indonesia offensive began in Chen’s diplomatic In the months following Lu’s unpleasant following Lu’s unpleasant trip to Bali and Jakarta, Tai-In the months the October 2001 APEC summit in Shanghai summit APEC 2001 the October representative the top where Chen’s request to over to a dispute was absent due Taipei” “Chinese from summit in person. attend the 74. Su, Su, 74. T No. 2 2016 Macro (Do Not Delete) Delete) Not (Do Macro 2 2016 No. PM 3:29 7/29/2016 to aggressively compete with P.R.C. diplomacy compete to aggressively offen- diplomatic through un- possible were planned as visits to as sives. High-level countries many that “success der the logic breakthroughs; bring diplomatic will failure will Either way,win sympathy at home. gains.” Taiwan 75. 75. 76. flies into Jakarta row,” VP “Taiwan’s 77. says Taipei,” response, Jakarta’s on depend sanctions “Economic cember 19, 2002. 2002. cember 19, ing two nights in Bali, Lu was ing two nights to return to the Indonesian capital allowed with Pres- Lu met Taiwanese 16. Although that media reported on August Hassan Foreign Minister in Jakarta, ident Megawati Sukarnoputri official arranged any private or Wirajuda immediately having denied also reaffirmed the coun- meeting with Lu. The Indonesian government at arranging a first attempt Lu’s of a “one-China” policy. support try’s in Southeast Asia, therefore,high-level meeting was arguably a failed ex- diplomacy.” of Taipei’s “vacation ample On Decemberday 15, 2002, a wan suffered another diplomatic blow. after the Jakarta Post broke the story to visit Indonesia of President Chen’s plans for three days, Taipei was forced to abort the secretly-arranged at the trip visit Bali, Yogyakarta,Jakarta, Originally scheduled to last and minute. one with Yogyakarta including Governor Chen planned to hold meetings X. Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono of Taiwan, Annette Lu, paid a much-publicized visit to the country. On visit to the country. a much-publicized Lu, paid of Taiwan, Annette to meet Indonesian Lu flew to Bali via Jakarta, hoping August 14, 2002, her “vacation” of the countryofficials in the capital in Bali. After before a lengthy followed by traveled to Bali and to Jakarta, Lu entry denied delay, and mainland holiday visiting Indonesia on that she was told reporters travel plans. She said, personal with her meddle to China had no right “traveling is my can persecute basic right. Mainland China Chi- mainland has no right to persecute others.” and nese. It is not qualified protests from Beijing, forcing Jakarta to adhere to the “one-China” policy adhere to the Jakarta to forcing Beijing, protests from to Chen that he would not allow again. Hassan Wirajuda then declared Foreign Ministry for any reason. Indonesian territory enter Indonesian have learned from told reporters, “we Spokesman Marty Natalegawa also pri- of their often take political advantage Taiwanese leaders the past that vate visits to resorts,” adding that, “Chen Shui-bian is Indonesia’s tourist 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 14 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side A 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 14 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 14 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 , In con- 82 On November 4, On November 80 ERIES S TUDIES S SIAN A note 47, p. 184. 184. p. 47, note The non-traditional security issues referred The non-traditional 81 Century” statement, mainland China con- joint supra st , December 17, 2002. 2002. 17, December The reactions and comments from the Indonesian Indonesian the and comments reactions The from 78 ONTEMPORARY China and Southeast Asia: Global Changes and Regional Challenges and Regional Global Changes Southeast China and Asia: . Taiwan’s Relations Taiwan’s Ibid Central News Agency, Agency, Central News They astutelyof cross-Strait relations the deterioration observed In the early 2000s, in accordance Co- with the 1997 “ASEAN-China 79 tinued strengthening mechanisms of dialogue and cooperation withof dialogue tinued strengthening mechanisms structures. existing ASEAN bybuilding on previously to illegal drug trafficking, people-smuggling and the trafficking of women women of and the trafficking people-smuggling drug trafficking, to illegal money-laundering, arms-smuggling, and children, sea piracy, terrorism, cybercrime. crime, and ASEAN and mainland economic international thatChina agreed to address the problems become “have important factors posing security and are international and affecting regional of uncertainty new challenges international peace to regional and and stability.” 79. Su, Su, 79. government illustrated the increasingly difficult conditions Taiwan’s dip- difficult conditions increasingly illustrated the government hand, one Asia. On the Southeast in would encounter lomatic offensive byused his own politicalfor to be ASEAN were unwilling leaders in Chen gain. Foreign Minister’s Re- Against Indonesian Protest Lodges “Taiwan Kuo, Deborah 78. marks,” Ho, Samuel Ku, eds., 80. Leong Khai in Asia: Still Going-South?” Southeast Diplomacy in Chen, “Taiwan’s Jie p. 250. 2005, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, laration-of-asean-and-china-on-cooperation-in-the-field-of-non-traditional-security-issues-6th- 81. http://www.asean.org/?static_post=joint-dec- at declaration joint the of full text the See asean-china-summit-phnom-penh-4-november-2002-5. 82. 28 C 28 No. 2 2016 Macro (Do Not Delete) Delete) Not (Do Macro 2 2016 No. PM 3:29 7/29/2016 trast, Taiwan, was completely these regional cooperationfrom excluded mechanisms. not welcomed here.” not welcomed 2002, mainland China and ASEAN signed two new agreements: the Dec- signed two new agreements: China and ASEAN 2002, mainland Parties in the South China Sea and the Joint laration on the Conduct of the Field of Non- Cooperation in Declaration of ASEAN and China on Traditional Security Issues. and avoided the diplomatic fires Chen’s aggressive foreign fires Chen’s aggressive set- was policy the diplomatic and avoided ASEAN leadersother hand, by were influenced the ting. On mainland expanding its engage- assertive and confident in more China as it became clout economic earlyMainland China’s 2000s. in the ment with the region in ASEAN countries Asian financial crisis when rose after the 1997 it be- manycame the number one trading partner for Asian Southeast countries. from pressures similar Consequently, while mainland China were not al- Taiwan between and ASEAN visits wayshigh-level effective in blocking effectively shrank Beijing’s growing regional influence the 1990s, during island’s diplomatic maneuverability, reducing the Taipei’s international the 21st century. at the beginning of in ASEAN countries opportunities operation Towards the 21 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 14 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side B 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 14 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 15 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 South- 86 29 29 SIA A The agreement went into force into force The agreement went 83 OUTHEAST S note 31, pp. 34-35. 34-35. pp. note 31, note 31, p. 18. supra supra AIWAN ANDAIWAN According to Vincent Wang, ACFTA was essential According to Vincent for 84 87 . . Wang argues that the ACFTA helped to cultivate goodwill among the ACFTA helped Wang argues that to cultivate goodwill among Ibid Ibid 85 On October 8, 2003, during ASEAN’s Ninth Summit, both mainland On October 8,during ASEAN’s Ninth Summit, 2003, In November 2001, mainland China and ASEAN announced their in- announced ASEAN and China 2001, mainland In November 86. 86. 87. agreement-on-comprehensive-economic-co-operation-between-asean-and-the-people-s-repub- at: http://www.asean.org/?static_post=framework- the full text of the agreement See 84. lic-of-china-phnom-penh-4-november-2002-4. 85. FTA,” “China-ASEAN Wang, on July 1, 2003, becoming the first FTA that ASEAN concluded with an the first FTA that ASEAN concluded 1, 2003, becoming on July external party. mainland China’s peace neighbors, and securitymaintain in the region, and markets in Southeast Asia, and secure important defuse U.S. influence security.raw economic materials needed for mainland China’s 83. FTA,” “China-ASEAN Wang, T No. 2 2016 Macro (Do Not Delete) Delete) Not (Do Macro 2 2016 No. PM 3:29 7/29/2016 China and India acceded to ASEAN’sTreatyof Amity and Cooperation in 1976 and sub- was first negotiated (TAC). Accession to the TAC, which to accede, is seen not countries sequently amended to allow non-regional only but also processes, as a symbol of ASEAN’son multilateral emphasis mainland China’s “peaceful rise” – the foreign strategy policy promoted to early 2003 late WEN Jiabao from byHU Jintao and Premier President 2004. east Asian signingcountries also viewed the of the FTA with mainland benefitinga rational step toward interests and China as in their national mainlanddomestic from China’s burgeoning markets. the P.R.C.’s After 2001, accession into the World Trade Organization (WTO) in December main- phasing-in of from the arise ASEAN foresaw the benefits that would liberalization. ASEAN also perceivedpledged economic the land China’s ACFTA as a catalyst that would accelerate their integration AFTA the into to and a stratagem engage larger trading partners such as and the Japan United States. tent to create a free trade areatent to create at creating within (FTA) decade, aimed the FTA and In November consumers. covering 1.7 billion largest the world’s Penh, Cambo- Phnom Summit in Eighth ASEAN-China the 2002, during dia, ASEAN a Frame- leaders and Rongji signed Premier ZHU Chinese frame- This Co-operation. Economic on Comprehensive work Agreement to negotiate China ASEAN and mainland for legal basis the work provided leadingfurther agreements, ASEAN-Chinato the creation of the Free Trade Area (ACFTA) in January 2010. 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 15 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side A 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 15 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 15 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Imme- 88 However, Chen’s However, Chen’s 90 ERIES S TUDIES S SIAN The Chen administration had actually had actually The Chen administration A 89 note 80, p. 250. 250. p. 80, note supra ONTEMPORARY Facing the challenges of risingFacing the challenges Asia, Chinese influence in Southeast Whether Lu’s accomplish- visit to Indonesia should be considered an the to 2003, from 2000 the third phase to 1999, from 1997 were implemented of the guidelines phase second 90. The Chen. under 2007 and 2004 in renewed again were guidelines The 2009. from 2007 to fifth the and to 2006, fourth from 2004 already for Strength- extended Lee’s “Go South” policy – the “Guidelines Southeast Asia, New Zealand, and ening Economic and Trade Ties with end of 2003. the end of 1999 to the Australia”–from diately after acceding to the TAC, mainland China and ASEAN also and ASEAN China the TAC, mainland acceding to diately after Joint Declarationsigned the of the As- of State/Government of the Heads of China Republic and the People’s Nations of Southeast Asian sociation further ex- seeking to Peace and Prosperity, Partnership for on Strategic While in the region. pand its influence linger- did not end these initiatives – especially Southeast Asia and between ing suspicions China mainland political, eco- China Sea – closer in the South disputes regarding territorial and cultural ties between nomic, ASEAN and China certainlymainland Taipei. vis-à-vis in the region raised Beijing’s leverage dependence ASEAN, and growing Taiwanese an increasingly integrated afteron Chinese markets see each ascendedWTO (for details, into the administration resumed Lee’sChapter III), the Chen “Go South” rhetoric annual Asia Taiwanese Chambers the at his speech in July 2002. During in 1993 by organization established of Commerce (ASTCC) meeting – an Asia – Chen pledged ties with Southeast the Lee administration to expand to rekindle the “Go South” eco- He called on Taiwan to strengthen policy. relationsnomic with Southeast Asia to reduce the island’s increasing eco- jeop- believed could a situation he China, dependence on mainland nomic Taiwan’s position in future ardize national security and weaken mainland China. with negotiations Re- Congressional Congress Library of (TAC),” Cooperation Amity and of Treaty ASEAN’s 88. Accession to “U.S. M. Morrison, Wayne Garcia, and Michael John E. Manyin, Mark 1-2. pp. 2009. 5, May search Service, 89. Chen, “Still Going-South?” 30 C 30 No. 2 2016 Macro (Do Not Delete) Delete) Not (Do Macro 2 2016 No. PM 3:29 7/29/2016 as the signatory’s commitment to engagement in Southeast Asia. Southeast in signatory’sas the to engagement commitment “Go South” rhetoric in 2002 signaled that Southeast Asia had become a 2002 signaled that Southeast Asia had become “Go South” rhetoric in “Go his strategy. Interestingly, policy in Chen’s foreign huge priority brought that his leadership same time South” pledge emerged around the and “one countryon each side.” “scorched-earthup the terms diplomacy” that Vice PresidentWithin that context, it is not surprising Annette Lu chose a Southeast Asian country offen- as the target of her first diplomatic 2002. sive in August the “Go South” ment is debatable. However, first term, during Chen’s experienced in October tangiblecampaign For example, achievements. 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 15 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side B 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 15 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 16 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 93 , October 15, Concerned Concerned 96 independence 31 31 de jure SIA The Straits Times A In Thailand, Lin and Thai Lin and Thai In Thailand, 91 In 2004, the Chen administra- In 2004, the Chen 94 OUTHEAST S Though the Chen administration made some made Chen administration Though the note 91, p. 16. 95 AIWAN ANDAIWAN supra , p. 8. , p. 8. In the Philippines, Lin also met Philippine President Gloria President Lin also met Philippine In the Philippines, Ibid 92 ASEAN leaders also reciprocatedASEAN leaders also to Taiwan. visits with high-level The reelection of CHEN Shui-bian on March 20, 2004 not only po- only The reelectionMarch 20, 2004 not Shui-bian on of CHEN 2002, Brunei established its first representative office in Taiwan under the under the Taiwan office in representative its first established Brunei 2002, Darussalam “Brunei terms Office.” In Tourism Trade and of high- name led trade Affairs LIN Yi-fu of Economic Taiwanese Minister level visits, Malaysia, to the Philippines, delegations and investment Vi- Thailand, and 2002 and January between October Lin also During the visits, 2003. etnam meetings with his counter- consultation level held economic ministerial and Vietnam. Malaysia, parts in Thailand, tion received three cabinet Secre- leaders from including the Philippines, Reyes, Secretaryof La- T. Angelo taryof Interior and Local Government andTomas, and Secretary Patricia Santo of Trade bor and Employment Industry Purisima. Cesar Macapagal Arroyo issues. worker investment to discuss and migrant Besides LEE Kuan Yew’s September 2002 trip to Taiwan, the DeputyBesides LEE trip to Taiwan, 2002 Yew’s Kuan Sec- September retary-General of the ASEAN Secretariat TRAN Ducvisited Minh also 2002the island in December to exchange views with Taiwanese officials regarding the latest AFTA developments. 94. http://multilin- at 2004 Yearbook Relations R.O.C. Foreign the See 94. 95. gual.mofa.gov.tw/web/web_UTF-8/almanac/almanac2004/08/08_01_01.htm 96. FTA talks,” restart S’pore wants to “Taiwan Koh, Edna 2003. Report,” pp. 6-16; http://npl.ly.gov.tw/npl/report/920326/3.pdf. 2003, March 26, “Special 91. R.O.C., Policy,” MOEA, Go South of the Solutions The Problems and Report: “Special 93. 92. 2002. See the R.O.C. Bureau Foreign Trade Yearbook of T No. 2 2016 Macro (Do Not Delete) Delete) Not (Do Macro 2 2016 No. PM 3:29 7/29/2016 about pressure from Beijing and rising tensions across the Taiwan Strait, Beijing and rising tensions about pressure from ASEAN when theycountries avoided touching upon political ties dealt achieve- diplomatic It is clear that Chen’s with the Chen administration. South” “Go Teng-hui’s as LEE ments in ASEAN were not as remarkable section). (discussed in the previous attainments larized Taiwanese society tensions and raised se- but also fueled regional to pursue intentions rious questions about Chen’s strides in its “Go South” campaign, continued engagement remained remained continued engagement campaign, strides in its “Go South” affairs. As LEE Kuan Yew saidhighly restricted in the realm of economic East Asia Summit in 2003, “let’s play Forum’s Economic at the World politics as politics.” and let’s play as economics economics Minister of Industry Somsak Thepsutin held the first industrial coopera- Thepsutin held the first Minister of Industry Somsak ministerial-level first – the between Taiwan and Thailand tion meeting in consultation meeting second bilateral economic meeting since their 1991. 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 16 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side A 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 16 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 16 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 , 100 Lianhe Zaobao , July 13, 2004. 2004. 13, , July ERIES S Reuters TUDIES S SIAN A note 47, p.253. p.253. 47, note note 47, p.253. p.253. 47, note supra supra , , ONTEMPORARY Given the rise of Given the rise of its growing influ- mainland China and 98 Consequences from Beijing’s disagreement came immedi- 99 97 Taiwan’s Relations Taiwan’s Taiwan’s Relations Taiwan’s To defend his visit to Taipei, Lee hosted a question and answer To defend his visit to Taipei, Lee hosted ses- In the following month, Deputy Prime Minister LEE Hsien Loong of MinisterLEE Hsien Loong of Deputy Prime month, In the following ately during Lee’s visit when the Governor of the People’s Bank of China of China Bank People’s of the Governor the Lee’s visit when atelyduring ZHOU he had planned to Xiaochuan cancelled a trip to Singapore, where also cancelled the Singapore Beijing give a lecture. According to SU Chi, bi- yearput and in Shanghai that be held Fireworks Festival scheduled to with Singapore on hold. lateral free trade agreement negotiations ence in the region in the early 2000s, mainland China’s assertiveness over China’s assertiveness 2000s, mainland region in the early ence in the grown Southeast Asia and Taiwan had salient middle of even more by the the decade. Even though Lee reiterated visit did not that his unofficial the position of maintaining change or contradict Singapore’s consistent opposing Taiwan independence, Beijing saw it as and “one-China” policy and requested Lee a violation of commitment to the “one-China” policy abort the trip. 97. Su, Su, 97. 32 C 32 No. 2 2016 Macro (Do Not Delete) Delete) Not (Do Macro 2 2016 No. PM 3:29 7/29/2016 http://www.mfa.gov.sg/content/mfa/overseasmission/shanghai/ar- 19, 2004; Singapore, July of the Republic of Consulate-General 99. his visit to Taiwan” on Lee DPM with “Q&A Su, chive_press_statements/2004/200407/press_200407.html 100. 98. trip to Taiwan,” PM deputy at Singapore fury “China Lee said Hu Lee said idly would not watch that Beijing and Wen emphasized as no country believed that Lee also towards independence. Taiwan moved in Southeast East Asia or to declareAsia would encourage Taiwan inde- pendence. during his second term. Facing instability across the Taiwan Strait, in the in the Strait, Taiwan the across instability Facing term. second his during wake of Chen’s the once Singaporean leaders reelection, from again flew Senior and Taipei, respectively. to Beijing Strait of Malacca 2004, In June WEN and with HU Jintao meet Beijing to LEE Kuan Yew visited Minister newspaper with Singaporean an interview Jiabao. During sion with the Singaporean press immediately Singaporean sion with the following his trip. Lee said on of Singapore, which was dependent his job was to see to the well-being Min- Prime incoming As the a peaceful and stable regional environment. across the Taiwan Straitister, and to better assess how the situation might evolve, Lee said he wanted relations and to update himself on cross-Strait Singapore, the Prime-Minister-in-waiting and son of LEE Kuan Yew, paid Prime-Minister-in-waiting Singapore, the and son of his father’s drew Beijing’s ire. Unlike island which to the visit a four-day Loong’s “private” visit to Hsien LEE 2002, 2000 and in trips to Taiwan response from furious mainland an extremely provoked the island in 2004 that intermediariesChina. Beijing asserted were not needed and a trip by Lee in any capacity relations between to Taipei damaged mainland China and Singapore. 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 16 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side B 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 16 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 17 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 101 33 33 Yeo’s remarks drew Yeo’s remarks a SIA 105 A note 98. note 98. Session of the United Nations General Assem- OUTHEAST th S supra Lee’s message stressed that he was op- Lee’smessage stressed that he was 103 note note 99. supra AIWAN ANDAIWAN 102 104 , and “China fury at Singapore,” fury at Singapore,” “China , and Ibid Ibid. On August 22, 2004, during his first National Day his first Rally during On August 22, 2004, speech as LEE Hsien Loong’s strong words on cross-Strait relations were cross-Strait relations on LEE Hsien Loong’s strong words understand first-hand how the Taiwanese observe Taiwanese how the first-hand understand position. their strong rebuke from Taiwanesestrong rebuke from Tang-shan. Dur- Foreign Minister CHEN a crude statement group, Chen used ing a meeting with a pro-independence Beijing byto describe how Yeo had just been fawning over criticizing dried as large as a piece of “even a country Taipei. He continued, saying Against Chinese pressure, Lee went to Taiwan to meet Taiwanese leaders to meet Taiwanese Lee went to Taiwan pressure, Against Chinese representatives, includingand U.S. Chairman LIEN Chen, KMT President of the American and Director MA Ying-jeou, CityChan, Taipei Mayor a to be cross-Strait issues Paal. Lee perceived in Taiwan Douglas Institute have the Strait will “a conflict across that arguing flash point, potential region, parties, but the entire for the involved not just dire consequences years.”and for many Prime Minister, Lee again explained his reasoning behind the Taipei visit Taipei visit the reasoning behind Lee again explained his Minister, Prime concerns about regional security.and expressed his Beyond reaffirming “one-China” policy, on the stance Singapore’s real Lee also stated that a risk of and mishap existed across the Taiwanmiscalculation Strait and that “if war breaks Strait, we out across the to choose betweenwill be forced the two sides.” He then added that “as anya friend of both sides, decision the conflict is provoked by painful, but if Taiwan, then Sin- is going to be Taiwan.” gapore cannot support posed to Chen’s pursuit of Taiwan’s independence. Lee directlypointed of pursuit posed to Chen’s out that “a move by Taiwan towards independence is neither in Singa- pore’s interests nor in the region’s interests. If Taiwan goes for independ- is going to country no Asian it. In fact, ence, Singapore will not recognize recognize it.” 101. Lee,” with DPM “Q&A 102. August 22, Rally 2004, Singapore, National Day at 103. Loong’s speech Hsien LEE See 2004; http://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/speeches/view-html?filename=2004083101.htm. 104. 105. statement at the 59 Yeo’s George See T No. 2 2016 Macro (Do Not Delete) Delete) Not (Do Macro 2 2016 No. PM 3:29 7/29/2016 bly, New York, September 24, 2004; http://www.mfa.gov.sg/content/mfa/overseasmis- 2004; 24, September York, bly, New sion/newyork/archive/plenary/2004/200409/press_200409.html. clearly in opposition to Chen’s pro-independence ambitions. On top of ambitions. clearly pro-independence Chen’s in opposition to Minister George Yeo delivered a statement atthat, Singaporean Foreign the United Nations General Assembly24, 2004, criticizing on September Yeo pointed out that “to push towards pro-independence forces in Taiwan. dangerous because it is most Taiwan in independence by certain groups countries. At stake China and drag in other will lead to war with mainland Asia-Pacificis the stabilityof the entire region.” 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 17 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side A 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 17 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 17 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 note note supra , October 1, ERIES S Asia Times Online TUDIES S The spat between Singapore and and between Singapore The spat 106 SIAN Chen’s confrontational approach to to Chen’s confrontational approach A 108 note 47, p.183, and Koh, “S’pore FTA talks,” talks,” FTA Koh, “S’pore and p.183, 47, note In December ar- In December 2005, the scope of regional 107 supra , ONTEMPORARY Taiwan’s Relations Taiwan’s After his second inauguration in May 2004, Chen became further pre- in MayAfter his second inauguration 2004, Chen became President Chen’s diplomatic frustrations were further exacerbated by President Chen’s diplomatic 108. See the R.O.C. Foreign Relations Yearbooks from 2004 to 2008, 2004 to 2008, from Relations Yearbooks R.O.C. Foreign See the 96. 108. http://www.mofa.gov.tw/NewsNoHeadOnlyTi- tle.aspx?n=19C2F1F943CBD946&page=2&PageSize=10 107. Su, Su, 2004. 107. 106. spat,” Taiwan-Singapore “Behind the Eyton, Laurence 34 C 34 No. 2 2016 Macro (Do Not Delete) Delete) Not (Do Macro 2 2016 No. PM 3:29 7/29/2016 Taiwan illustrated that CHEN Shui-bian’s“scorched-earth diplomacy” that CHEN Taiwan illustrated Taiwan’s international strengthen failed to stance and pro-independence they burned by was the fire administration Instead, the Chen standing. ally, Los- its long-time Singapore. of support Taiwan lost the fueled when hostile regional environment turned the support more ing Singapore’s to- second term. of Chen’s ward Taiwan beginning at the agendas. As a and Taiwan’soccupied with “Taiwanization” independence Taiwan’sdiplomatic resources were of result, a large portion appropriated in for participation policies. Taiwan’s drive pro-independence to support to alter any name and the “rectification” of Taiwan’s the United Nations China-related designations to Taiwan reflected name of Tai- the growth neither generated support However, Chen’s initiatives wanese identity. nor did they United Nations campaign Taiwan’s ASEAN countries in from of Taiwan’s countries to change the name encourage ASEAN representa- tive offices in the region. Today,of Taiwan’s most offices in Southeast and “Taipei Cultural Office.” Economic Asia remain under the name Moreover, due primarily to Taipei’s insistence on using the name “Tai- wan” as a signatory, failed to sign a free tradeChen administration the agreement with Singapore. chitecture expanded significantly through the establishmentchitecture expanded significantly through of the East Asia Summit (EAS). EAS includedmembers ASEAN countries, Aus- South Korea, and New Zealand,tralia, mainland China, India, Japan, later and the United States in 2011. However, Taiwan con- Russia incorporating Asia-Pacificthe in as it was left out more marginalized be even tinued to EAS. by provided of the expanding regional architecture the Asia,his mere two under the guise of “tech- to Southeast visits each made in 2006, Bali in 2005 and in Batam nical landings” in Indonesia, first in of Tai- deterioration hours. Because of the drastic than 24 and lasting less Taipei politicians who visited Asian wan-ASEAN relations, Southeast second termduring Chen’s were mostlycongressional leaders rather than officials. government incumbent nasal mucus can swagger around swagger can nasal United Nations. at the Taiwan to criticize mucus world?” the justice in the Where is 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 17 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side B 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 17 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 18 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 All 109 de jure Taiwan at a Turning Turning at a Taiwan 35 35 SIA , Baltimore: Maryland Series in A During the Boao Forum on During the Boao Forum 111 OUTHEAST S In terms of Taiwan’s international space, Ma of Taiwan’s international space, Ma In terms AIWAN ANDAIWAN 110 In Pursuit of Gradual Stabilization and Peace Dividends: Cross-Tai- Dividends: Peace Stabilization and Gradual In Pursuit of 2016) 2016) Of course, no unilateral action on the part of Taiwan or mainland mainland part of Taiwan or the Of course, no unilateral action on In May 2008, MA Ying-jeou came to In May MA to office determined 2008, Ying-jeou came promote , Baltimore, Maryland: Maryland Series in Contemporary Asian Studies,29. 2009, p. Contemporary Asian Maryland: Maryland Series in Baltimore,, D.(2008- Asia Southeast in Diplomacy Viable MA Ying-jeou’s Hainan Island the foundation for rationalizing cross-Strait in April 2008, was laid when Taiwanese Vice President-elect Vincent relations economic foreign policy and advancements toward independence for Taiwan not Taiwan for independence toward and advancements policy foreign also Asia but Southeast support from diplomatic to shore up failed only Washington. both Beijing and with on a collision course put Taipei called for a “diplomatic truce” with mainland China in an effort to end in an effort China truce” with mainland called for a “diplomatic – in which each side practices of “checkbook diplomacy” longstanding by offering recognition to switch diplomatic allies other’s tries to lure the cross- to transform Ma attempted of foreign aid. Evidently, large sums being perceived in a from relations Strait relations and Taiwan’s foreign coop- was achieved through positive one, which to a more negative light than competition. eration and collaboration rather on a positive trajectory.China can send cross-Strait relations HUNG As takes two to tango.” “it Kwei-bo has put it, Point 110. at http://www.chinapost.com.tw/tai- address in 2008 full text of Ma’s inaugural See the wan/national/national-news/2008/05/21/157332/p3/Full-text.htm. 111. Huang, Kwei-bo Pacific and Their Influence on the Asia wan Strait Relations p. 5. Studies, 2011, Asian Contemporary 109. Chal- External Internal and Taiwan’s and Ying-jeou Ma “President V. Hickey, Dennis eds. Tan, Alex and Takeuchi, Hiroki Clark, Cal Brown, in Seyom lenges,” T No. 2 2016 Macro (Do Not Delete) Delete) Not (Do Macro 2 2016 No. PM 3:29 7/29/2016 cross-Strait reconciliation and put an end to the confrontational foreign end to the confrontational foreign and put an cross-Strait reconciliation policy by adopted To leaders fromhis predecessor CHEN Shui-bian. commitment and in ASEAN Beijing, Washington, capitals, Ma’s firm to came as a cross-Strait peace significant relief. Dur- regional stability and that his administrationMa emphasized inaugural address, ing his first “no unification, no the cross-Strait status quo of maintain would strive to under the framework of the R.O.C.independence, and no use of force” Strait should of the Taiwan He also claimed that both sides Constitution. respec- China, Consensus of “one 1992 based on the negotiations resume tive interpretations.” in all, Chen’s diplomatic engagement with ASEAN was overshadowed by by was overshadowed with ASEAN engagement diplomatic in all, Chen’s and Chen’s controversial region in the influence rising Beijing’s on polarization political which increased policies, Taiwan independence isolation as well as diplomatic the island abroad. 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 18 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side A 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 18 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 18 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 ASEAN st Following the Following the note 111, p. 7. p. 111, note 114 Upon this frame- 113 supra Hu responded posi- Hu responded , ERIES S 112 TUDIES S Peace Dividends note p, 33. 109, SIAN A supra note 111, pp. 8-9. 8-9. 111, pp. note supra , 115 , May 9, 2008. , 9, 2008. May ONTEMPORARY note 109, P, 33, and Huang, Huang, 33, and P, 109, note Peace Dividends Peace supra Compared to the escalating tensions across the Strait during 116 Channel NewsAsia Channel This positive reaction from the ASEAN foreign ministers appeared ministers the ASEAN foreign reaction from This positive The rapid unfolding of cross-Strait rapprochement successfully The rapid unfolding of President Chen’s era, President Ma’s cross-Strait policy undoubtedly alle- cross-Strait policy undoubtedly President Chen’s era, President Ma’s countries. ASEAN viated regional security among concerns to justify – an approach of warming ties with Ma’s “viable diplomacy” role in the international arena.mainland China while expanding Taiwan’s work and within a month of Ma’s inauguration, SEF-ARATS negotiations negotiations SEF-ARATS of Ma’s inauguration, month work and within a 2008, SEF Chairman first time in a decade. On June 13, reconvened for the a trans- signed and ARATS President CHEN Yunlin CHIANG Pin-kung charter allow regular “weekend Beijing that would portation pact in and 2008. Chiang July Taiwan Strait starting from flights” to cross the Travel by on Mainland Cross-Strait Agreement to the Chen also agreed tour- Chinese mainland up to 3,000 initially enabling Residents to Taiwan, of ten days. each dayists to visit Taiwan for a maximum turned this former East Asian flashpoint into a peaceful Strait. This devel- peaceful Strait. This into a East Asian flashpoint former turned this bywas opment quickly leaders. ASEAN applauded 41 At the first “Chiang-Chen Talks” in Beijing, both sides met again in November sides met again in November both Talks” in Beijing, first “Chiang-Chen direct cross-Strait for agreements four 2008 in Taipei and concluded scheduled flights, direct cross-Strait sea shipping, direct cross-Strait postal services, and food safety. Ministerial Meeting in Singapore on July 21, 2008, Foreign Ministers of JulyMinisterial Meeting in Singapore on Ministers 21, 2008, Foreign wel- “We stating, joint communique, the ten ASEAN countries issued a in relations across the Taiwan Strait. We the positive development comed im- relations would continue to expressed our hope that cross-Strait prove.” 112. Ying-jeou,” Ma “President Hickey, 113. China-Taiwan easing despite int’l space, more enjoy unlikely to Taiwan says Lee “MM tension,” 115. Huang, Huang, 115. 36 C 36 116. at http://www.asean.org/?static_post=joint- See the full text of the joint communique communique-of-the-41st-asean-ministerial-meeting-one-asean-at-the-heart-of-dynamic-asia- singapore-21-july-2008-2. No. 2 2016 Macro (Do Not Delete) Delete) Not (Do Macro 2 2016 No. PM 3:29 7/29/2016 114. Hickey, “President See early 2009. in softened further were agreement the of terms The Ma Ying-jeou,” Siew met Siew confer- of the the sidelines on HU Jintao President Chinese with met initiatives. of economic a number ence to discuss tively Ma’s to President-elect conciliatory to cross-Strait rela- approach cross-Strait promote to continuing – “four continuations” his tions with direct flights promote and to cooperation, continuing cultural economic to Taiwan, to care for and safe- continuing Chinese tourism and mainland to people, and continuing of the Taiwanese appropriate rights guard the encourage the resumption of cross-Strait negotiations. 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 18 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side B 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 18 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 19 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 , BBC BBC modus 121 Ma’s 117 Central News Agency News Central 37 37 SIA A 119 , May 22, 2008. 2008. , May 22, OUTHEAST S Concerned about the island’s marginalized role in role marginalized Concerned about the island’s AIWAN ANDAIWAN 120 , March 27, 2009. 2009. 27, , March Moreover, Taiwanese diplomats in Southeast Asia appeared Moreover, Taiwanese 118 strategy positive generally received responses from Southeast Organisation of Asia-Pacific News Agencies of Asia-Pacific News Organisation Ma’s vision of Taiwan-ASEAN relations was one of ambition. Dur- was one of ambition. Ma’s vision of Taiwan-ASEAN relations 121. ASEAN,” inclusion in Taiwan’s for hope President voices “Vice During his eight-yearDuring his that many argued presidency, for- times Ma had eign policy,on a “sincere, based low-key, ap- surprise-free principled, and trouble- a “from global image successfullyproach,” transformed Taiwan’s a liability to an asset.” from a peacemaker, and maker to to have had greater to have had greater access region after Ma to high-ranking officials in the Council Andrew Mainland Affairs Minister of the Former took office. to 2009 from as Taiwan’s Representative to Indonesia Hsia, who served of the Indonesian of the ministers meet he was able to most 2013, said that Taiwan-In- Taipei. He attributed improved envoycabinet as the top from cross-Strait reconciliation. donesia relations to vivendi then-Philippine Secretary when example, Asia. For Margarito of Finance Teves visited possible for he said that”it was in March 2009, Taipei Tai- as its government future as long in the family ASEAN wan to join the and to with China policy a non-confrontational continues to adopt cooperation with East Asian strengthen a barrier-free and close economic countries.” 117. to the address President Ma’s Diplomacy,” Viable Prospects for and “Retrospective on http://www.taiwan.gov.tw/pub- 2015; 26, Affairs. June Ministry of Foreign lic/Data/512791371.pdf. ASEAN framework,” to join for Taiwan minister says “possible” “Philippine 118. Pacific Monitoring Asia 119. 2016. 30, March Taiwan, Hsia, Taipei, Andrew with interview Author’s (Tai- ASEAN+4 proposes again Ying-jeou Ma “President Guan, 120. Seng Low Vincent wan),” July 30, 2008. T No. 2 2016 Macro (Do Not Delete) Delete) Not (Do Macro 2 2016 No. PM 3:29 7/29/2016 ing an international press conference on his first day in the office, Ma pro- office, in the his first day on press conference ing an international Taiwan He pointed out that forum. Plus Four” an “ASEAN posed forming as ASEAN had integration already economic was left out in the regional with mainland 2002 China in signed FTAs and started negotiating details South Korea in 2005 (ASEAN-Korea (ASEAN-China Free Trade Area), Free Trade Eco- Comprehensive Area), and Japan in 2008 (ASEAN-Japan and large economy trade-dependent Given Taiwan’s Partnership). nomic presence in ASEAN,investment Ma said it was Taiwan’sgoal to ultimate Southeast Asia and in the economic integration between be included Northeast Asia, adding that “if we can have ASEAN Plus Three, why not ASEAN Plus Four?” the regional architecture, Vice President the regional architecture, Vice President Vincent Siew also said that Tai- become a dialogue partner with ASEAN. to wan should strive 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 19 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side A 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 19 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 19 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 , July 15, 15, , July , September 14, , September 14, In late 2008, In late 2008, 122 These initiatives These initiatives 125 ERIES S Central News Agency News Central Central News Agency News Central TUDIES S SIAN (Prospect & Exploration), Vol. 12, No. 8 (August No. 8 Vol. 12, & Exploration), (Prospect A Besides the aforementioned initiatives led by 126 ONTEMPORARY Zhan-wang yu tan-suo yu Zhan-wang While the existing Southeast Asian Affairs Section focused on on Southeast Asian Affairs Section focused While the existing 124 In addition to the task force, MOFA in October 2009 set up an an in October 2009 set up task force, MOFA In addition to the Therefore, despite the fact “Go South” that Ma never used the term In order to achieve these goals, these to achieve In order Ma actively leaders political lobbied 123 2008. 124. April 1, 2016. Taipei, Taiwan, Yang, with Timothy interview Author’s Australia, and member countries ASEAN ten 125. the between FTA proposed a is RCEP were launched Zealand. The negotiations New and Korea, South Japan, mainland China, India, in November 2012. Influence of Taiwan’s and Retrospect “The Chou, and Rong-hui Huang Kwei-bo 126. Policy”,” “Southward 67-69. 2014), pp. 2008. ASEAN,” unit on special a 123. set up “MOFA to ASEAN-focused Taiwan think tank, the Studies ASEAN (TASC), Center Moreover,Research. Institution for Economic under the Chung-Hua as 2012 created the Yang, MOFA in Timothy Minister Foreign suggested by Pacific Asian and of East under its Department ASEAN Affairs Section Affairs. 122. trade ties with ASEAN: president,” wants free “Taiwan ment the fifth “Guidelines for Strengthening Economic for and Trade Ties “Guidelines fifth the ment Chen the by passed Australia” and Zealand, New Asia, with Southeast of the policy name 2010, MOEA changed the in 2007. In administration for Strengtheningthe “Guidelines back to Economic and Trade Ties 38 C 38 No. 2 2016 Macro (Do Not Delete) Delete) Not (Do Macro 2 2016 No. PM 3:29 7/29/2016 Ma also instructed the Ministry Affairs (MOFA) of Foreign to establish an ASEAN reports on that inter-agency group task force – a strategic ASEAN the affairs to before National Security Council suggestions to the making Foreign that the estab- Francisco Ou stressed Minister Former president. a on ASEAN was of the task force lishment under clear indication that, strategy,Ma’s “viable diplomacy” Taiwan’s diplomacy in the region passive and inac- as opposed to proactive and pragmatic would be more tive. MOFA, the Ministry of Economic Affairs (MOEA) continued to imple- (MOEA) continued to Affairs MOFA, the Ministry of Economic illustrated the elevated status policy agenda. of ASEAN in Ma’s foreign during his presidency – not least because of its political implication that west” to avoid “going mainland trade should Taiwan’s investment and enhancing ties with intrinsicallyemphasized policy China – his foreign ASEAN countries. from ASEANSenator Francis Escudero. as Philippine such from bilateral issues with the ten ASEAN countries, the newly-foundedbilateral issues with ASEAN Asia issues in Southeast Affairs Section on multilateral primarily worked such as the South China Sea, ASEAN regional architecture, and regional the Re- the feasibility of joining integration, such as exploring economic Partnership (RCEP). Economic gional Comprehensive 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 19 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side B 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 19 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 20 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 129 Clearly, 131 BBC Monitoring BBC Monitoring 127 . December 17, 2009. 2009. 17, December . 39 39 SIA A 130 The China Post China The OUTHEAST , May 8, 2008. 2008. 8, , May S note 128. supra AIWAN ANDAIWAN Central News Agency Central News , “Taiwan FTA” FTA” , “Taiwan et el Lee also asserted that Lee also asserted unlikely Taiwan was be included in the to . March 1, 2009. 2009. 1, . March 128 Despite Ma’s initiatives, Taiwan’s initiatives, Taiwan’s Despite Ma’s architec- inclusion in the regional On the bilateral economic side, the mainland China factor also ob- China mainland side, the economic On the bilateral 129. states – ministry,” ASEAN closer trade ties with pursue to “Taiwan Asia Pacific 130. with ASEAN,” will help ties ECFA hopes “Ma 131. Chen, Chen, 131. Former Malaysian Albar Syed Foreign Minister that if also argued Hamid to first ASEAN Plus Three, Taiwan would have Taiwan wanted the to join address political issues China. with mainland The 127. Ma administration 2016. to 2014 from phase seventh the and 2012 to 2010 implemented the sixth phase of theGuidelines from 128. ties: Sin- cross-strait on FTA hinges “Taiwan Low, Y.F. and Kang, Charles Chen, Jay gapore minister mentor,” T forging on focus government’s the signaling Asia,” Southeast with ASEAN. relations with investment and trade stronger No. 2 2016 Macro (Do Not Delete) Delete) Not (Do Macro 2 2016 No. PM 3:29 7/29/2016 Beijing would not tolerate seeing its diplomatic allies sign FTAs with diplomatic Beijing would not tolerate seeing its Tai- with Taiwan. own agreement wan before concluding its ASEAN dialogues the issues discussed included becase securityand po- From in. involved Taiwan to get want Beijing did not litical affairs, issues mainland China’s for sovereign perspective, these topics were reserved states. In a similar vein, the Secretary-General of ASEAN, Surin Pitsuwan, Tai- 2009 that Fourteenth ASEAN Summit in March during the hinted face challenges due pacts with ASEAN would wan’s pursuit of free trade He said, “The policy. to the “one-China” ball is in Taiwan and China’s towards free trade ASEAN countries were willing to work court,” meaning would fall on Taiwan and mainland pacts with Taipei; however, the onus China to ascertain a way so that ASEAN of cooperation could members on the “one-China” policy. engage with both sides without reneging structed Taiwan’s efforts to negotiate trade pacts with Southeast Asian negotiate trade pacts structed Taiwan’s efforts to In the case of Singapore, and the Philippines. countries such as Singapore not de- should relations LEE Kuan Yew stressed that “Singapore-Taiwan velop faster than Taiwan’s ties with mainland China.” Based on this posi- a FTA with Tai- be able to sign only tion, Lee argued that “Singapore will its relations withwan if Taiwan improves mainland China.” ture still hinged on cross-Straitture still ties as as decisionswell in mainland made China. Taipei’s as a whole were ties with ASEAN efforts to establish heav- byKuan Yew region. As LEE in the ily clouded strong influence Beijing’s “an ASEAN-Taiwan Mayin 2008, easy agreement is not out be- pointed cause ASEAN and there are several ASEAN functions on consensus mem- China. They with not want to displease strong ties will bers that maintain China.” 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 20 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side A 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 20 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 20 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 , The Straits times . January 2014, p. 9; 9; p. 2014, . January ERIES S TUDIES S SIAN The Brookings Institution A 132 Taking into account the geopolitical situation and and situation geopolitical account the Taking into 134 ONTEMPORARY On the one hand, Taiwan would have a better chance to better On the one hand, Taiwan would have a 133 . Ibid The successful FTA-like negotiations with Singapore and New Zea- Singapore negotiations with The successful FTA-like In order to pass these political hurdles, the Ma administration endeav- Ma administration hurdles, the political these to pass In order land encouraged Taipei to pursue economic cooperation deals economic land encouraged Taipei to pursue with its trading partners in the region rather than with ASEAN as a group. In the Secretary-General of ASEAN, “Tai- words of Rodolfo Severino, former deals with individual ASEAN coun- wan would do well to seek to strike WTO frame- on the basis of the tries, rather than with ASEAN as a group, emergeswork and whatever template itsfrom discussion with Singapore.” Im- the and Challenges Opportunities and Economic Meltzer, “Taiwan’s Joshua 132. portance of Trans-Pacific the Partnership,” 40 C 40 No. 2 2016 Macro (Do Not Delete) Delete) Not (Do Macro 2 2016 No. PM 3:29 7/29/2016 http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2013/09/30-taiwan-trans-pacific-partnership-melt- zer. ASEAN,” Taiwan, for the Way not “ECFA Severino, C. 133. Rodolfo ored to negotiate a free trade deal with mainland China during the first first a free tradeored to negotiate the China during deal with mainland and ARATS of SEF representatives In June 2010, tenure. year of Ma’s Agreement Framework Cooperation successfullysigned the Economic Despite Chongqing. in Talks” “Chiang-Chen fourth the during (ECFA) the DPP, Yuan Legislative ratified bythe ECFA was the from opposition 2010. As Taipei ex- in September into effect 2010 and went in August pected, the signing of ECFA instantly led to the resumption of talks on a After August 2010. between Taipei and Singapore in FTA-like agreement yearsAgree- three signed the the two Asian Tigers finally of negotiations, Taiwan, of Territory Customs Separate and the ment between Singapore on No- Partnership (ASTEP) and Matsu on Economic Penghu, Kinmen that agreement and, so far, the only FTA-like 7, 2013 – the first vember Taipei and New with ASEAN countries. Meanwhile, Taiwan has achieved Separate and the Agreement between New Zealand Zealand signed the and Matsu on Economic Kinmen, Penghu, Customs Territory of Taiwan, (ANZTEC) on ANZTEC and Cooperation July ASTEP 10, 2013. Both in concluding eco- breakthroughs the Ma administration’s exemplified cooperation deals with Asia-Pacific countries following the ECFA, nomic towards Taiwan’s trade nego- which seemingly relaxed Beijing’s attitude countries. other tiations with avoid being economically marginalized in the region. On the other hand, in the region. marginalized avoid being economically have the benefit of increased trade “ASEAN hopefully countries would Taiwan-based companies from withoutand investments incurring prob- with Beijing.” lems calculation described bySeverino, the Ma administration was likelyto August 31, 2010. 2010. August 31, 134. 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 20 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side B 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 20 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 21 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 41 41 SIA A The ECA feasibility studies, 135 OUTHEAST S , April 9,, 2014; http://www.chinatimes.com/realtime- AIWAN ANDAIWAN China Times China However, the progress of Taiwan’sHowever, the progress ECAs with ASEAN countries In spite of the domestic and external obstacles to Taiwan’s attempt to and to Taiwan’s attempt external obstacles domestic the In spite of tone down rhetoric on “ASEAN Plus Four” and becoming a dialogue part- a dialogue and becoming Plus Four” “ASEAN on down rhetoric tone lack of formal indicated from a onwards, as 2011 from ner of ASEAN eco- bilateral negotiating Ma prioritized statements. Instead, open-source agreement (ECAs) cooperation agreements nomic type of FTA-like – a that is similar and New Zealand with Singapore ones Taiwan signed to the especially Malaysia,– with Thailand, and the Philippines, Indonesia, after in 2013. with Singapore of ASTEP the conclusion development of cross-Strait relations.still hinged on the In March 2014, Legislative took over the the Sunflower Movement from student protestors which was Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement, Yuan to protest the signed bySEF and the ARATS in June Shanghai. The protest- the 2013 in ers – sub- – questioned the procedure and students mostlyundergraduate stance of the a “Blackagreement, calling the pact that it Box” and arguing influence. Chinese political to mainland Taiwan vulnerable would make of the Sunflower Movement have has been extensive: not only The impact with mainland China fal- liberalize its trade to further efforts by Taiwan deals with ASEAN countries endeavors to ink trade the island’s tered but and Jakarta, have also lost as well. momentum Bangkok, Kuala Lumpur, Manila have cautious with the pace of tradebeen negotiations withmore Taipei since the Sunflower Movement. jointly conducted by non-governmental think tanks in Taiwan and the re- jointly think tanks in conducted by non-governmental 2012, spective countries, were completed with Indonesia in December in the Philippines in March 2014, and 2013, Malaysia Thailand in July with countries concluded an ECA of these none however, 2014; September yearsTaiwan within the last two of Ma’s tenure. the Ma administration countries, sign FTA-like agreements with ASEAN Taiwan-ASEAN ties under the banner of viable made strides in enhancing tan- Ma’s ASTEP with Singapore, signing of In addition to the diplomacy. opening the first-ever repre- gible achievements in the region included and Cultural Office, in Myanmarsentative office, Taipei Economic in and Trade Office in Sura- establishing the Taipei Economic March 2016, Taiwan semi-official the in December 2015, setting up baya,Indonesia Yangon, My- office in (TAITRA) External Trade Development Council 2013, adding Malaysia in November the visa- and Indonesia to anmar already authorized bywaiver program reaching electronic Singapore, and of Taiwanese Philippines and Myanmar in favor visa service deals with the news/20140409002522-260407. news/20140409002522-260407. 135. up to to speed “Lin: Taiwan needs LIN Chu-chia, see A similar view was expressed by go out,” T No. 2 2016 Macro (Do Not Delete) Delete) Not (Do Macro 2 2016 No. PM 3:29 7/29/2016 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 21 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side A 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 21 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 21 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 136 ERIES S The preceding meeting 137 TUDIES S SIAN A ONTEMPORARY Besides Ma’s visits to Singapore, there Besides Ma’s visits to Singapore, there were a number of high-level cross- peaceful breakthroughs to Ma often attributed these diplomatic Ma also traveled since assuming to Singapore for the first time the R.O.C.; see MOFA’s official from MOFA, and with an Author’s correspondence 136. http://no06.mofa.gov.tw/mofatreatys/IndexE.aspx. at Database Agreement Treaty and 137. https://www.facebook.com/leehsienloong. page at Loong’s Facebook LEE Hsien See 42 C 42 No. 2 2016 Macro (Do Not Delete) Delete) Not (Do Macro 2 2016 No. PM 3:29 7/29/2016 short-term travelers. The The travelers. facilitated also Ma administration short-term ministerial- kept ex- most countries, although ASEAN talks with level consultation the of bilateral agreements, terms In and unpublicized. low-profile tremely of 36 signed a total Ma administration agreements with Southeast Asian agriculture, transportation, in education, enhancing cooperation countries, and anti-crime. immigration, trafficking, fishery, anti-human tourism, in Singapore was in 1989 when LEE Teng-hui visited LEE Kuan in 1989 when LEE Teng-hui visited in Singapore was Yew in the city-state and was receivedTaiwan.” from as the “President and ASEAN countries. The Taiwan exchange visits between officials from administration had received included ministerial-level officials that the Ma Philippine Secretaries of Trade and Industry Peter Favila and Gregory Do- Secretary Philippine Reyes, Secretary of Energy Angelo mingo, Philippine Secretary Employ-Labor and of Finance Margarito Teves, Philippine of Minister of Manpower and Transmi- ment Marianito Roque, Indonesian TechnologyMinister of Science, Iskandar, Malaysian gration Muhaimin of Labor Cha- Thai Minister Ongkili, and and Innovation Maximus Sri-on. Several former ASEAN leaders such as LEE Kuanlermchai Yew, Taiwan during Ma’s also traveled to and Fidel Ramos Mahathir Mohamad, presidency.As for Taiwanese ministers’ publicized visits to the region, Ministers of SHIH Yen-shiang,Affair YIIN Chii-ming, Economic and Phil- and the Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, John Deng visited Yang and David Lin visited of Foreign Affairs Timothy ippines; Ministers Malaysia and Ministers of Finance LEE Sush-der and and Myanmar; Reciprocal high-level government Vietnam. CHANG Sheng-ford visited Pres- those under under President Ma clearlyoutnumbered officials’ visits ident Chen. byConsensus. When interviewed in the 1992 Strait relations grounded presidency to pay Mentor LEE Kuan Yew respects to the late Minister the traveled to Singapore for He after Lee passed awayMarch 2015. in Minister LEE Hsien with Prime 2015 to meet second time in November even Hsien Loong LEE Loong after his historic with XI Jinping. meeting directly addressing and Ma on his Facebook page, him posted the photo of Ma Ying-jeou over with President Ma by up “Caught President. He wrote, tea this his meeting here evening. Glad went well. this will Hope lead to greater stability region.” the for and prosperity 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 21 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side B 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 21 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 22 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 139 During an During an 138 43 43 SIA A on March 29, 2016, LEE Hsien on March 29, 2016, LEE OUTHEAST S AIWAN ANDAIWAN Wall Street Journal In her inaugural address on May 20, 2016, President TSAI Ing-wenIn her inaugural address on May 20, 2016, President CNN anchorwoman Christiane Amanpour on March 24, 2016, Ma argued argued 2016, Ma 24, on March Amanpour Christiane anchorwoman CNN effect.” ties have a spillover of cross-Strait peaceful development that “the coun- with ASEAN relations and Taiwan’s relations He said cross-Strait Unitedtries, the each Union reinforce and the European States, Japan, two sides of the between is not just Consensus “the 1992 other; therefore, international significance.” has fundamental Strait, it also the Taiwan in ASEAN’s to ASEAN. It is at least with respect were cogent, Ma’s points interests to see stable cross-Strait relations,allow ASEAN as it would with lower risks of antago- and cooperate with Taipei countries to engage explained why was certain degree, Singapore to a nizing Beijing. This, Hsien in 2015. LEE meeting unprecedented Ma-Xi willing to host the LEE Kuan Yew, Loong, like his father was also supportive of the use of Strait. In this to maintain peace across the Taiwan the “1992 Consensus” platform for Ma and sense, providing a Xi to highlight that the 1992 Con- was a gain for Sin- sides to cooperate for both sensus was the foundation stability. cross-Strait Ma-Xi meeting The promoted gapore because it also and of sovereignty, non-recognition “mutual of illustrated Ma’s policy had activelyadvo- which he authority,” of governing non-denial mutual 2012. 20, on Maycated since his second inaugural address 138. at http://www.chinapost.com.tw/tai- address in 2012 full text of Ma’s inaugural See the wan/national/national-news/2012/05/21/341720/Full-text.htm. 139. 2016,” March 29 Journal (WSJ) on with Wall Street Loong’s interview Hsien Lee “PM http://www.pmo.gov.sg/mediacentre/pm-lee-hsien-loongs- Prime Minister’s Office, Singapore; interview-wall-street-journal-wsj#eight. T No. 2 2016 Macro (Do Not Delete) Delete) Not (Do Macro 2 2016 No. PM 3:29 7/29/2016 interview with the the basis for was the “constructive cross-Strait Loong said that progression Consensus. However, Lee the 1992 in was concerned about ambiguity” the DPP’s “there stance on the 1992 Consensus, asserting, is now ambigu- that puts the whole edifice in question.” So, ambiguity. that ity about said she respected the historical fact that two institutions rep- said she respected the historical fact “in 1992, the (SEF & ARATS),resenting each side across the Strait communi- through and un- joint acknowledgements arrived at various cation and negotiation, “conduct cross-Strait affairs inderstandings.” She also pledged to accordance the Act Governing with the Republic of China Constitution, Relations Between Area, and the People of Taiwan Area and the Mainland other relevant legislation.” The references to the “areas,” as Richard Bush are part of the same country and that they notes, “could be taken to imply 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 22 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side A 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 22 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 22 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 The Brook- ERIES S TUDIES S SIAN A , Vol. 18, No. 1 (May 2016), p. 74. 74. p. (May 2016), 1 No. 18, Vol. , In regards to the South China Sea issue, Ma South China Sea issue, Ma the In regards to 143 Despite her ambiguous position on the 1992 Con- 1992 on the position ambiguous her Despite 140 ONTEMPORARY , May 23, 2016; http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/order-from- 2016; 23, , May Thus, Tsai will have to strive to develop a set of feasible to strive to develop a set of feasible Thus, Tsai will have 142 . Comparative Connections Comparative Ibid As David Brown and Kevin Scott have argued, Beijing’s “choices Beijing’s “choices have argued, Scott Brown and Kevin As David In addition to cross-Strait relations,In addition to cross-Strait at the center of the current geo- Taking advantage of the global attention on his first visit to Taiping his first visit to Taiping attention on Taking advantage of the global 141 sensus, Tsai’s remarks represent to reassure further attempts Beijing that will con- policies Tsai’sHowever, relations. positive cross-Strait she seeks challenged bytinue to be cross-Strait decisions on which Beijing’s com- space, international Taiwan’s to handle will be cut off, how munications its peaceful aspects of to manage the unofficial and how pol- development icy. 142. 142. countries, twelve among 4, 2016, February on signed trade agreement 143. free a is TPP Peru, Sin- Zealand, New Malaysia, Mexico, Chile, Japan, Canada, including Australia, Brunei, Vietnam. States, and United gapore, the 140. worse,” been have It could Taiwan: inauguration in Bush, “Tsai’s Richard ings Institution chaos/posts/2016/05/23-tsai-ing-wen-inauguration-taiwan-bush. 141. New Sets a Relations: Taiwan “China-Taiwan Scott, Kevin and Brown G. David See Direction,” 44 C 44 No. 2 2016 Macro (Do Not Delete) Delete) Not (Do Macro 2 2016 No. PM 3:29 7/29/2016 so satisfy Beijing.” policies that can maintain thepolicies that can peaceful maintain status Strait and quo in the Taiwan Asia. ties with Southeast and political strengthen economic over the islands and waters in the sovereign disputes political struggle lied Trans-Pacific Part- as wellthe South China Sea, blocs the mega-trading as RCEP. and nership (TPP) will be shaped by the conflict between its interests in treating a govern- between its interests in treating a the conflict will be shaped by accept itsment that does not differently from one that does, core principles the people among will cultivating good its interest in while still pursuing of Taiwan.” had emphasized Taiwan’s sovereignty and effective control over Taiping Taiping over effective control Taiwan’s sovereignty and had emphasized feature in the naturally-occurring island Island (Itu Aba) – the largest Sea’s contested South China highly Spratly group. In January 2016, Ma that it flew to Taipingwas a self-sufficient island capable to demonstrate life and therefore, based on economic habitation and human of sustaining the Sea of on the Law United Nations Convention the 121 of Article (UNCLOS), was zone (EEZ). Ma’s visit economic entitled to an exclusive highlighted the R.O.C.’s that Taiping claim was an “island” rather than a theown EEZ, as the lawyergenerate its not from “rock,” which would Sea South China side claimed during the hearing of Philippine’s Philippine arbitration case against mainland China. Island as the Taiwanese President, Ma presented his South China Sea a cooperation and devel- “creating Peace Initiative calling for Roadmap, with mechanism opment equal participation and resource sharing among 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 22 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side B 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 22 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 23 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 45 45 SIA , May 22, 2015, pp.17-20. pp.17-20. 2015, 22, , May A Ma’s “roadmap” was based on his on his was based Ma’s “roadmap” OUTHEAST 145 This strategic reality facing the Tsai Tsai This strategic reality facing the 144 S 147 note 68. 68. note The Brookings Institution , January 29, 2016; http://thediplomat.com/2016/01/from- 2016; 29, , January supra AIWAN ANDAIWAN The Diplomat Facing this challenge, Taiwan’s bid to participate in the TPP and participate in the TPP to Facing this challenge, Taiwan’s bid 146 In terms of the TPP and RCEP, Taiwan has been seeking membership seeking membership of the TPP and RCEP, Taiwan has been In terms all parties concerned in the region.” in concerned all parties RCEP has bipartisan consensus on the island. However, Taiwan’s inclu- the RCEP has bipartisan consensus on sion in these multilateral trade made agreements is a function of decisions Mainland China is driving RCEP and holds significant eco- in Beijing. U.S.-backed TPP, and political influence over signatories in the nomic particularlyMalaysia and Brunei. in both in order to better participate in regional economic integration. As integration. participate in regional economic in order to better in both often stressed, thethe Ma administration of the TPP and RCEP members in percent and 57 percent of Taiwan’s external trade accounted for 35 island’s of the 70 percent for accounted 2014, respectively. In sum, they trading total trade, which indicates that Taiwan’s partners will be- major integrated once these agreements come to even more economically come effect. 144. Shannon Tiezzi, “From South China Sea Island, Taiwan’s President Presents Presents President Taiwan’s Island, China Sea “From South Tiezzi, Shannon 144. ‘Roadmap’ for Peace,” south-china-sea-island-taiwans-president-presents-roadmap-for-peace/. 145. in the South China Sea and evolving position Taiwan’s of Change: Kuok, “Tides Lynn notice,” should take other actors why 146. of School Yew Kuan Lee of Dean Mahbubani, Kishore Professor meets “President Ma Release, Office of the of Singapore,” News President, Public Policy at National University 27, 2014; http://english.president.gov.tw/Default.aspx?ta- November R.O.C., bid=491&itemid=33801&rmid=2355. 147. meeting,” Jing, “Ma-Xi T No. 2 2016 Macro (Do Not Delete) Delete) Not (Do Macro 2 2016 No. PM 3:29 7/29/2016 South China Sea Peace Initiative introduced at the International introduced Sea Peace Initiative South China As- Law Asia-Pa- Law (ILA-ASIL) of International Society - American sociation initiative focused 2015. The 26, on May Taipei in Forum cific Research navigation, of freedom of UNCLOS, ensuring the principles on respecting developmentof collaborative issues in favor aside sovereignty and setting Over the past twoChina Sea. decades, in the South Taiwan was only in- Conflicts Potential “track-two” Managing on the Workshops vited to join Canada. and funded by Sea initiated by Indonesia in the South China regional negotiations and consul- in of participation Given Taiwan’s lack the South China Sea, Ma’stations relating to visit was arguably an effec- the visibility of Taiwan’s to increase tive measure both an im- role as in the peaceful resolution of disputes a supporter for portant claimant and for the it is crucial interests, To secure Taiwan’sSea. national South China Taiwan’s sovereign reinforcing continue to TSAI Ing-wen administration ASEAN countries for Taiwan’s while lobbying Island over Taiping claim China Sea. As Lynn activities in the South in negotiations and involvement even of conduct negotiations, in code Kuok analyzed, Taiwan’s inclusion necessary way of manag- and or guest, “is a pragmatic observer just as an ing conflict of the South China Sea.” 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 23 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side A 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 23 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 23 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 ERIES S , New York: Palgrave Macmillan, Macmillan, York: Palgrave , New Government, Business, and the Poli- and the Business, Government, TUDIES S 148 SIAN A ASIAN COUNTRIES COUNTRIES ASIAN ONTEMPORARY III. TAIWAN’S III. TAIWAN’S ECONOMIC TIES SOUTHEASTWITH Taiwan has long Asia. investor in Southeast been an active and major This chapter evaluates the development of Taiwan-ASEAN eco- of Taiwan-ASEAN the development This chapter evaluates This economic development, however, drew complaintsThis economic development, however, the from A.Asia Southeast in Investment Taiwan’s 148. billion, the second US$76.7 had reached reserve foreign currency Taiwan’s 1987, By Tian, largest reserve in the world at that time. See John Q. tics of Interdependence and Conflict across the Taiwan Strait tics of Interdependence and 65. 2006, p. 46 C 46 No. 2 2016 Macro (Do Not Delete) Delete) Not (Do Macro 2 2016 No. PM 3:29 7/29/2016 administration will result in an uphill struggle to form feasible policies that policies feasible form to administrationuphill struggle in an will result of integration economic regional in the Taiwan to participate will allow the Asia-Pacific. In the late 1980s, the island had already itself successfully transformed (NIEs), becominginto one of Asia’s newly one economies industrialized Singapore, and South Hong Kong, of the “Four Asian Tigers,” along with substitution industrializa- of import Korea. The effective implementation (EOI) in the 1960s export-led industrialization 1950s and in the tion (ISI) only to not leadership contributed and 1970s under CHIANG Ching-kuo’s but also to the island’s huge fast industrial growth in Taiwan remarkably for- world’s largest of one of the trade surplus and continued possession eign-exchange reserves since the 1980s. nomic relations three decades, over the past nomic focusing on three major com- A examines the and labor cooperation. Section trade, ponents: investment, Taiwan’s investmentevolution of the Asia from footprint in Southeast analyzes Taiwan’s present. Section B 1980s to the linkages with trade overall trade portfolio. and their weight in the island’s ASEAN countries affected in- policy assess Both sections also “Go South” how Taiwan’s and vestment trade relationsbetween Taiwan Asia, analyz- and Southeast Lastly, Sec- effects under the LEE Teng-hui presidency. ing especially the tion C discusses labormigrant ties between TaiwanAsian and Southeast countries – particularly and Vietnam. Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand, strengthening these This chapter provides policy recommendations for three rela- major linkages to forge stronger Taiwan-ASEAN economic tions. United States about its trade deficit with Taiwan, creating political pres- deficit with Taiwan, creating political United States about its trade Taiwansure on the island to allow the New dollar (NTD) to appreciate. China the Republic of Central Bank of the The pressure eventually drove (CBC) to loosen foreign exchange marketallowing interventions in 1986, 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 23 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side B 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 23 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 24 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 In The The 154 149 In other In other 150 Unfavorable Unfavorable 153 In 1984, Taiwan’s In 1984, Taiwan’s 47 47 155 152 SIA A 151 OUTHEAST S note 80, p. 233. 233. p. 80, note supra note 11, p. 109. 109. p. 11, note pp.105-108. 11, note Macroeconomic Linkage: Savings, Exchange Rates, and Capital Capital Rates, and Exchange Savings, Linkage: Macroeconomic AIWAN ANDAIWAN supra supra , , New Taiwan New New Taiwan New These factors drove the expansion of Taiwan’s outbound investment outbound investment Taiwan’s These factors drove the expansion of Aside from the Aside from of Taiwan’s drastic appreciation currency, an ex- , Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994, p. 96. p. 96. 1994, Chicago Press, University of , Chicago: 153. Takatoshi in Flows,” Trade Taiwan’s on Variations Dollar NT of Effects Gee, “The eds., O. Krueger, Ito San and Anne Chen, Flows 154. 155. CBC website at http://www.cbc.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=857&CtNode=481&mp=2. See 152. Chen, Chen, 152. labor and land costs were compounded by mounting public concern over bylabor and land costs were compounded mounting Taiwan’s making environment, the the effects of industrial pollution on business environment hostile todomestic labor-intensive industries. government introduced the Labor Standards Law, protecting worker’s introduced the Labor Standards Law, protecting worker’s government pension fund was launched Subsequently, the labor time. the first rights for in 1986, significantly the cost of labor on the island. raising the value of the NTD to appreciate against the U.S. dollar (USD). dollar the U.S. against to appreciate NTD of the the value USD to NTD exchange rate rapidly declined from 1 to 37.84 in 1986 to 1 37.84 in 1986 to 1 to from rapidly exchange rate USD to NTD declined 25.16 in 1992. a record1989, reaching 1 to low of in to 26.41 words, in the span of six years, the span of six words, in appreciated the NTD 50 approximately export in- to Taiwan’s a challenge posed the USD, which percent against businesses to incentivized its dustries and capabilities invest in production Tai- for a popular region Asia became In this context, Southeast overseas. proximity of its geographic because only not wanese outgoing investment in natural resources, because of its rich endowments to Taiwan but also characteristics economic industrial land. These labor supply, and spacious complemented managerial Taiwan’s abundant capital, skills, and technical growth in Taiwan’s rapid economic along with expertise which developed the twentieth century.the second half of pp.10-11; 2014, April 28, Policy,” Exchange Foreign “Taiwan’s Shea, Jia-Dong 149. http://www.econ.sinica.edu.tw/. and dollar, Kong Hong dollar, Taiwan of New Rates Exchange “Foreign See 150. Main- 2002, August 46, Table No. 120, Cross-Strait Economic Statistics Monthly, Renminbi,” Council, R.O.C; land Affairs http://www.mac.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=57684&ctNode=5720&mp=1&xq_xCat=2002. 151. “Still Going-South?” Chen, T No. 2 2016 Macro (Do Not Delete) Delete) Not (Do Macro 2 2016 No. PM 3:29 7/29/2016 light of these challenges in Taiwan and the fac- aforementioned favorable medium of small and a large number tor endowments in Southeast Asia, their operations enterprises (SMEs) in industries moved manufacturing year the CBC relaxed – the Taiwan to ASEAN countries after 1987 from movements. its foreign exchange controls on capital five to six years prior to the official launch of President LEE Teng-hui’s LEE Teng-hui’s the official launch of President years to prior five to six panded Taiwanese business presence in Southeast Asia was simultane- business presence in Southeast Asia panded Taiwanese skyrocketing factors such as Taiwan’s internal by land ouslyprompted costs. unions, and surging labor prices, robust labor 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 24 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side A 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 24 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 24 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 ” economic ” economic Investment Investment 159 156 Doi Moi ERIES S , Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, UK: Edward Elgar, , Cheltenham, TUDIES Foreign investment in Vietnam in Vietnam Foreign investment S 158 SIAN A note 25. By 1988, Taiwan was already the second supra 157 note 11, p. 109. 109. p. 11, note supra , Taiwanese Firms in Southeast Asia Southeast in Firms Taiwanese ONTEMPORARY New Taiwan New Lee’s policies expanded Taiwan’s commercial tiesLee’s policies expanded Taiwan’s with ASEAN The heavy influx of capital into the region made Taiwan one of the Taiwan made of capital into the region The heavy influx was not allowed until 1988 after Hanoi “ initiated its policy, which transformed the centrally planned economy to a market transformed the centrally to a planned economy which policy, Law, and opened the Investment planned economy,enacted the Foreign has as arguably emerged capital. Since then, Vietnam door to international his While Lee and investment. for Taiwanese popular country the most 1993, Taiwan was in policy South” “Go technocrats were still crafting the second largest as the largest foreign investor in Vietnam, already ranked and Hong (behind Japan in Malaysia (behind Japan), third in Indonesia United Kong, and the in Thailand (behind Japan, Hong Kong), fourth States), fifth in the Philippines (behind Japan, the United States, Hong in Singapore. and thirteenth United Kingdom), Kong, and the largest foreign investor in Thailand, Malaysia,Thailand, in largest foreign investor the Indonesia, and Philip- pines. By largest foreign island also became the first half of 1989, the the Philippines. investor in Malaysia and the 158. Chen, Chen, 36. 1998, p. 158. 159. Policy,” “Go South Chiang, 157. Tain-Jy Chen, Chen, Tain-Jy 156. Thailand. Philippines, Singapore, and Malaysia, the Indonesia, ASEAN-5: 157. 48 C 48 No. 2 2016 Macro (Do Not Delete) Delete) Not (Do Macro 2 2016 No. PM 3:29 7/29/2016 “Go South” policy“Go companies Taiwanese encouraged which in 1994, to Asia in Southeast direct investment expand foreign rather than mainland China. Table from in ASEAN countries investment 3.1 shows Taiwan’s during Lee’s annual investment out pointing 2000, specifically 1959 to 1989, 1988 to From 2000. to 1988 twelve-year as president from tenure including members, in the ASEAN-5 total approved investment Taiwan’s than totaled billion. US$4.55 more and Cambodia, Vietnam even further. From 1994 to 1996, when the “Go South” policy was first when the “Go South” policy 1996, 1994 to From even further. Southeast Asia in- Taiwan’s in implemented, total approved investment billion – about double that of the US$6.69 bil- creased to over US$13.71 1993 (see Table 3.1). After this dramatic growth 1991 to in in- lion from Taiwanvestment, became the largest foreign in Malaysia the investor and during these two years exceeded the island’s previous 29 yearsyearsduring these two 29 of cumu- exceeded the island’s previous During billion. in these countries, valued at US$3.64 lative investment Taiwan’s total approved 1993, 1988 to from yearsLee’s first six in office ac- reached US$15.4 billion, countries in the aforementioned investment investment in cumulative percent of the island’s about 81 counting for 1993. to 1959 Southeast Asia from both Ja- in Southeast Asia, rivaling investment of foreign leading sources States. United pan and the 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 24 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side B 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 24 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 25 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 160 In or- 162 , September 1, 1995; 1, 1995; , September 49 49 SIA 161 A Taiwan Today Taiwan OUTHEAST S note 25, pp. 3-5. 3-5. pp. 25, note supra note 11, p. 109. 109. p. 11, note 164 , Vol. 36, No. 5 (May 1996), p. 454. 1996), p. 454. 5 (May No. 36, , Vol. AIWAN ANDAIWAN supra , Chiang also stressed the importance of industrial zones in the importance of industrial zones Chiang also stressed Asian Survey 163 New Taiwan New Ibid. By building on the foundation laid by laid on the foundation communi- Taiwanese business By building third largest (up from fifth) in the Philippines in the first half of 1995. of first half in the Philippines in the fifth) from largest (up third This growth also sustained Taiwan’s position as Vietnam’s largest foreign as Vietnam’s Taiwan’s position also sustained This growth 1995. byreplaced in late Singapore investor until Job,” Is Our Problems “Solving Wang, Fei-yun 163. http://www.taiwantoday.tw/ct.asp?xItem=136&ctNode=2198&mp=9. http://www.taiwantoday.tw/ct.asp?xItem=136&ctNode=2198&mp=9. 164. the region because of their ability to pull Taiwan investors together, gain- Taiwan the region because of their ability to pull numbers. in ing strength der to allocate more resources to these areas and and help develop existing (MOEA) Economic Affairs of Ministry zones, Taiwan’s new industrial with Indo- project forces on the Batam development established joint task Tan Philippines, and the Industrial Park with the nesia, the Subic Bay Processing ZoneThuan Export (EPZ) as andwell as other industrial zones city Affairs Minister As with Vietnam. planning projects of Economic tar- “Our priority 1995 interview, a September said in CHIANG Pin-kung emphasize We don’t Philippines. and the gets are still Indonesia, Vietnam, Malaysia or Thailand as much because so many investors are al- Taiwan ready there.” but West, ‘Go Asia: Southeast 160. and in China Investments “Taiwan Chen, Xiangming Also Go South,’” T No. 2 2016 Macro (Do Not Delete) Delete) Not (Do Macro 2 2016 No. PM 3:29 7/29/2016 ties in major cities like Kuala Lumpur, Bang- Bandung, Penang, Jakarta, enter- state-owned encouraged administration the Lee Manila, kok, and prises (SOEs), to directly firms, and private companies KMT-operated in the “Gonew locations. These places, highlighted invest in several Island, Indonesia, the Tan Thuan statement, included Batam South” policy Philippines. Subic Bay, and Vietnam, City, area of Ho Chi Minh 161. Chen, Chen, 161. 162. Policy” “Go South Chiang, 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 25 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side A 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 25 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 25 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 ERIES S TUDIES S SIAN SIAN A ONTEMPORARY ONTEMPORARY 50 C 50 No. 2 2016 Reduced Chart No. Not Delete) (Do Reduced 2 2016 8/8/2016 11:47 AM 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 25 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side B 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 25 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 26 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Thai Thai , De- , New York: Spon Press, , Asian Political News 51 51 In 1994, Taiwan and In 1994, Taiwan and 169 SIA A Following their success at Following their success 167 With the help of CT&D’s cap- help of CT&D’s With the 165 In order to help convert the former former the help convert to order In OUTHEAST S 168 AIWAN ANDAIWAN , September 26, 2006. 26, 2006. , September . ” policy Japanese Prime Min- to former successes, showing it off Today, the Vietnamese government touts the EPZ as one of its of its EPZ as one the touts government Vietnamese the Today, Ibid Subic Bay Industrial Park, unlike the Tan Thuan EPZ, received assis-Subic Bay Industrial Park, Among the three aforementioned projects emphasized byad- the Lee emphasized projects aforementioned the three Among 166 169. at website TaiwanICDF’s See Doi Moi the Philippines established theDevelopment Cor- Management Subic Bay Su- the a joint venture between the local government, poration (SBDMC), UDC. In 1995, nearly (SBMA), and the bic Bay Authority Metropolitan including Acer, Taiwan’s leading computer 50 Taiwanese companies Subic and facilities in the manufacturer, signed contracts to build factories “ vis- U.S. President Bill Clinton when they and former ister Keizo Obuchi respectively. 2000, in 1998 and ited Vietnam Tan Thuan, the CT&D-TTIPC joint venture launched the Phu My Hung launched the Phu My joint venture CT&D-TTIPC Tan Thuan, the Ho Chi part of infrastructure in the southern urban develop Corporation to Minh City. iconic Phu My The became another success- Hung urban area ful Taiwanese investment project in Southeast Asia. Cooper- government-controlled Taiwan International the both tance from KMT-backed United and the ation and Development Fund (TaiwanICDF) (UDC). Corporation Development cember 21, 1998; and “Vietnam: Tan Thuan – a most successful EPZ model in Vietnam,” model in successful EPZ – a most Tan Thuan and “Vietnam: 1998; cember 21, Service News 168. De- Economic Cooperation as the International was known TaiwanICDF Before 1996, Develop- China KMT-backed by the formed venture a joint UDC is (IECDF); velopment Fund Cooperation. Development Century R.O.C. government-supported the and ment Cooperation 165. Marshall, Richard Committee. See People’s Minh City Chi Projects Asia Pacific Rim Urban Ho in the the Global Urbanity: by Emerging up TTIPC was set 2003, p.140. 166. 167. Vietnam,” official visit to events for completes “Obuchi See T No. 2 2016 Macro (Do Not Delete) Delete) Not (Do Macro 2 2016 No. PM 3:29 7/29/2016 U.S. naval base into a special economic and free-port zone, TaiwanICDF and free-port U.S. naval base into a special economic to finance con- of US$23.58 million agreed to provide a phase-one loan land in 1993. struction costs on the 105 hectares of ital and managerial expertise, Vietnam’s first EPZ developed into one of one of first EPZ developed into expertise, Vietnam’s ital and managerial of the 1999 rankings efficiently-run to according the most EPZs in Asia, Intelligence Location Maga- UnitEconomist Corporate and Euromoney zine. ministration, the Tan Thuan EPZ and Subic Bay Industrial Park were suc- Bay EPZ and Subic the Tan Thuan ministration, Industrial Thuan The Tan as positive as expected. was not Batam cessful; however, was Kaohsiung EPZ, after Taiwan’s inestablished EPZ, modeled 1991 Trad- Central between the KMT-backed as a joint venture and functioned In- Tan Thuan and Vietnam’s (CT&D) Cooperation ing & Development (TTIPC). Corporation dustrial Promotion http://www.icdf.org.tw/ct.asp?xItem=5642&ctNode=30032&mp=2. http://www.icdf.org.tw/ct.asp?xItem=5642&ctNode=30032&mp=2. 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 26 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side A 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 26 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 26 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 By By 170 173 , Durham, , Durham, 175 172 ERIES S Despite the Lee admin- Despite the Despite of fluctuations 174 Boundary and Territoy Briefing: The Briefing: The Territoy Boundary and 171 TUDIES S SIAN A note 160, p. 455. 455. p. 160, note note 163. note 163. supra supra note 10, p. 194. p. 194. 10, note supra , ONTEMPORARY Taiwan’s Quest Taiwan’s century global economy, Subic Bayglobal economy, century Subic convenient Industrial Park’s st Mainland China’s strong economic growth in the early 1990s also also 1990s growth in the early economic Mainland China’s strong Batam Island did not receive as much investment from as TanTaiwan UK: University of Durham, 1998, p. 28. p. 1998, Durham, of University UK: 175. Grundy-Warr, Perry, Carl Martin Zone Border Peachey, Indonesian Karen in the Singapore Cooperation Economic Riau Islands and 174. Investments,” “Taiwan Chen, 1992, Taiwan contributed only 2.1 percent of the total foreign investment of the total foreign investment percent only1992, Taiwan contributed 2.1 percent 15.7 Singapore, from percent 45.4 behind the trailing in Batam, Hong percent from Japan, 11.3 percent from States, 11.8 the United from the Netherlands. percent from 4.5 Kong, and had a serious impact on investment prospects at Batam Island and other Island and other prospects at Batam on investment had a serious impact tour of southern China in his famous areas in Southeast Asia. As part of location and stable infrastructure have continued to attract new invest- attract new to continued stable infrastructureand location have land was phase-one of the 100 percent almost of March 2016, ment. As of the phase-two land was leased. leased and 90 percent 1998, 74 percent of the available land was leased, and TaiwanICDF fi- and TaiwanICDF land was leased, of the available percent 1998, 74 million loan of US$17.1 phase-two project’snanced the with a expansion hectares of land. an additional 42 to develop 171. See TaiwanICDF Annual Report 1998, p. 52; 1998, p. 52; Report Annual TaiwanICDF See 171. http://www.icdf.org.tw/web_pub/20071218175614ANNUAL%20REPORT%201998_p51- website at TaiwanICDF’s and 57.pdf; http://www.icdf.org.tw/ct.asp?xItem=6327&ctNode=30032&mp=2. 172. Cor- Ports International Taiwan Bay,” Subic in Opportunities Investment on “Report March 20, 2016; http://report.nat.gov.tw/ReportFront/report_de- poration, Ltd, tail.jspx?sysId=C10500225. 173. Problems,” “Solving Wang, 170. Tsai, 170. 52 C 52 No. 2 2016 Macro (Do Not Delete) Delete) Not (Do Macro 2 2016 No. PM 3:29 7/29/2016 istration’s promise to make Batam one of the “Go South” investment a to one of the “Gomake Batam South” investment istration’s promise neither state-backed priority in 1994, came nor TaiwanICDF corporations park Batamindo Industrial In contrast, project. development to support this Eco- venture between Singapore’s was developed and functioned as a joint pro- which Group, Salim Bureau and Indonesia’s Development nomic housing and reliable electricityvided better employee for factories. system of the approximately half park contributed Industrial By1996, Batamindo Island. Batam investment in cumulative US$2,094 million Bay million. least US$200 at committing Park, Industrial invest to Thuan and Subic Bay. In 1990, Taiwanese investors established the established the investors Taiwanese 1990, Subic Bay. In Thuan and industrial es- with other competing Kwang Hwa Industrial Park in Batam, project the Although Park. Industrial Batamindo tates such as Singapore’s initiallydrew a large number of potential investors from Taiwan, the labor costs – primarily due to the high was limited investmened amount project. behind the backers of government-sponsored and the lack the 21 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 26 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side B 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 26 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 27 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Si- 53 53 177 SIA As shown in Table 3.2, As shown in Table A 179 OUTHEAST S , London: Routledge, 2003, p. 172. p. 172. 2003, Routledge, , London: note 176, p. 173; in official P.R.C.’sin official statistics, 176, p. 173; note “uti- supra , The CCP’s liberalization of land use rights also use rights The CCP’s liberalization of land AIWAN ANDAIWAN 176 Capitalist Development and Economism in East Asia: The Rise of Hong of Hong Rise Asia: The East in Economism and Development Capitalist , September 1994. , September 1994. Given that total world investment is relatively constant in the is relatively Given that total world investment constant in the , p. 161. , p. 161. 178 Capitalist Development Ibid 180 According to LI Kui Wai, utilization of FDI in mainland China in- FDI in mainland Wai, utilization of According to LI Kui lized FDI” is the actual value of investment that has already materialized in mainland China. already materialized has in mainland China. investment that actual value of lized FDI” is the 179. http://www.asean.org/storage/im- 2015, p.3; Report Investment ASEAN See 180. ages/2015/November/asean-investment-re- port/ASEAN%20Investment%20Report%202015.pdf. early 1992, DENG Xiaoping traveled to the special economic zones zones early economic special XiaopingDENG to the traveled 1992, rebuild the in order to help after, Soon Shenzhen and Zhuhai. (SEZs) of in of foreign investors confidence mainland after the Tiananmen China Communist the Chinese crisis of 1989, Party its “social- (CCP) confirmed at Partythe Fourteenth policyist roadmap economy” Congress in market China re- mainland in conditions and labor Favorable land October 1992. foreign direct invest- Asia over for Southeast new competition sulted in in Indone- of labor cost the low exports. Despite ment and light industrial in mainland of labor the cost sia, Thailand, Malaysia, and the Philippines, China was even lower. 176. Kui Wai Li, Wai Kui 176. Korea South and Taiwan Singapore, Kong, 177. Batam Island,” in – Indonesia’s Ship to Come for Its “Waiting Chang, Chung-fang Li, Magazine norama 178. T No. 2 2016 Macro (Do Not Delete) Delete) Not (Do Macro 2 2016 No. PM 3:29 7/29/2016 short run, China’s accelerated FDI in the early 1990s could only have hap- only short run, China’s acceleratedearly FDI in the 1990s could economies. of other Asian pened at the expense contributed to China’s competitiveness. For example, the governments of governments the example, For competitiveness. China’s contributed to land but state ownership of maintained China and Indonesia both mainland al- only years, Indonesia 50 while of up to leases mainland China granted years of 30 land lease at Batam. lowed a maximum creased from US$46.5 billion in 1985 to US$585.6 billion in 1998 result- 1998 in US$585.6 billion 1985 to in billion US$46.5 creased from between 1991 utilized FDI 24.3 percent averageof ing in annual growth and 1998. mainland China’s annual FDI growth skyrocketed in 1992 from 25 percent mainland China’s annual FDI in Indonesia, Malaysia, investments to 156 percent in 1993, outpacing 2013, mainland 1993 to combined. From Thailand, and the Philippines China attracted FDI inflows than ASEAN countries, more the making two dec- world for FDI in the developing recipient of P.R.C. the largest ades. 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 27 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side A 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 27 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 27 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 In 183 A shared A shared 181 ERIES S TUDIES note 148, p. 67. p. 67. 148, note S , London: Routledge, 2003, p. 172. 172. p. 2003, Routledge, , London: SIAN A (1991-1998) These favorable conditions, coupled with main- These favorable conditions, 184 182 ONTEMPORARY Capitalist Development and Economism in East Asia: The Rise of East Asia: The Economism in and Development Capitalist Conflict across the Taiwan Strait, supra Conflict across the Taiwan Ibid. Malaysia, Thailand, and the Philippines) and Mainland China China Mainland and Philippines) and the Thailand, Malaysia, Drawn by the lucrative opportunities in mainland China, Taiwanese mainland lucrative opportunities in Drawn by the Following this dramatic increase in Taiwanese the LEE dramatic investment, Following this Table 3.2: Annual Growth in FDI (%) of ASEAN-4 (Indonesia, (Indonesia, ASEAN-4 of (%) FDI in Growth Annual 3.2: Table 199160 40 38 -6 3 Year Indonesia Malaysia1992 36 Thailand1993 20 71 Philippines1994 13 Mainland China 30 -18 1995 5 3 -3 5 1996 106 -13 -58 -15 443 1997 42 -27 -5 29 25 -42 1998 156 13 145 51 -20 23 13 -8 4 59 -18 6 14 11 language and culture helped lower barriers to entry for Taiwanese busi- to entry barriers language and culture helped lower such as preferential treatments nesspeople in mainland China. Moreover, tax breaks or tax waivers were offered to Taiwanese companies by the Chinese government. 183. 183. MOEA, R.O.C.; the Investment Commission, calculated from acquired and Data 184. http://www.moeaic.gov.tw/system_external/ctlr?PRO=PubsCateList&cid=5. 181. in Cooperation Technological Investment and Indirect Managing on “Regulations The invest- on ban partially lifting Taiwan’s 1990, October went into effect in Area” the Mainland Tian, ment in mainland China. 182. Source: Kui Wai Li, and South Korea Taiwan Hong Kong, Singapore, 54 C 54 No. 2 2016 Macro (Do Not Delete) Delete) Not (Do Macro 2 2016 No. PM 3:29 7/29/2016 investors actively joined the investment fever in 1991 after Taipei’sban 1990. China was partially in lifted on investment in mainland land China’s cheap production base and huge market potential, attracted a potential, attracted huge market base and cheap production land China’s mainland China. to Taiwan inflow from of capital significant amount 1992, Taiwan’s total approved investment in mainland China was valued China was in mainland 1992, Taiwan’s total approved investment figure dramatically to increased 1993, this In at just US$247 million. overseas of Taiwan’s total percent 66 for accounting US$3,168 million, year. in that investment Teng-hui administration began to worry about the risks inherent to increas- to worry Teng-hui administration began speechChina. In a with mainland interdependence economic ing Taiwan’s Lee urged Taiwan- 1996, President at a business convention in September slowlyand ad- more ese investors interested in mainland China to move vocated a policy of “No Haste, Be Patient.” This policy required that all 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 27 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side B 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 27 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 28 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 However, However, Moreover, Moreover, 188 185 55 55 SIA A , Vol. 15, No. 1 (2002), p. 132. 132. (2002), p. 1 No. 15, Vol. , OUTHEAST S note 184. note 187 supra AIWAN ANDAIWAN However,Be Patient” the “No Haste, policy was in- 186 . Cambridge Review of International Affairs of Review Cambridge Ibid Besides the favorable business environment in mainland China, de- business environment in mainland Besides the favorable crisis devastated some companies, Though the 1997 financial many 188. 15, 2016. February Thailand, Bangkok, Shu-tien, with LIU interview Author’s as a result of the 1997 financial crisis, as a result of the 1997 financial crisis, many Taiwanese investors suffered huge losses and were forced to abandon ininvestments ASEAN countries capital to mainland China. or divert their investments in mainland China be reported to the government and not ex- and not government to the be reported China in mainland investments ceed US$50 special governmental million without approval. MOEA detailed a list of prohibited investments in mainland China, includ- in mainland investments prohibited a list of MOEA detailed products. different manufacturing seventeen insurance, and ing real estate, such as railways, projects Major infrastructure airports, mass harbors, systems, included in plants were also transit zones, and power industrial list. the prohibited effective in preventing Taiwanese companies from restrictions skirting where theybenefited the parts of their business to mainland and moving from lowermuch operational from costs. Statistics Taiwan’s Investment of MOEA showCommission as 60 percent of Tai- in 1997 as that much went to wan’s outward investments China while onlymainland 9 percent went to ASEAN countries. 185. Cross-Strait ImplicationsPolicy: for Patient’ Haste, Be ‘No the “Lifting T.Y. Wang, Relations,” 186. 187. Investment Commission, T No. 2 2016 Macro (Do Not Delete) Delete) Not (Do Macro 2 2016 No. PM 3:29 7/29/2016 creasing Taiwanese investments in ASEAN can also be attributed to the to the attributed ASEAN can also be in investments creasing Taiwanese Taiwan’s overseas investment Asian financial crisis. of the 1997 impact the suffering economies of Thailand,were noticeably In- withdrawn from donesia, Malaysia, Thai- Philippines between 1997 and 1998. In and the million US$2,785 Taiwan plummeted from FDI from example, land, for to US$254 million in 1997, falling even further US$414 million in 1996 to in 1998. Taiwanese investments in Indonesia also fellUS$3,419 mil- from (see Table 3.1). 1998 in lion in 1997 to US$165 million benefited actually in the region companies Taiwanese export-oriented as the period such the depreciation of currencies during that time from LIU Shu-tien, a follower of Lee’s Co. Ltd, founded by Thai First Enamel Thai- of the President current early in the policy 1990s and “Go South” steelTaiwan Business Association, and stainless enamel which exports fall of the Japan. The massive Europe, and teakettles to the United States, in cheaper exports encouraging Thai Baht between 1997 and 1998 resulted losses into profits. company’s overseas sales which turned the 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 28 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side A 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 28 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 28 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Under These These 192 190 , Feb 2, 2013; 2, 2013; , Feb ERIES S When President Ma suc- 191 TUDIES S SIAN A The SAIS Review of the International Affairs Review of SAIS The 189 ONTEMPORARY This trend continued and the gap between Taiwan’s between the gap and trend continued This in investments After Ma took office in MayAfter Ma took office proactively2008, Taiwan began expand- ceeded PresidentMay2008, this percentage had already increased Chen in the last seventeen years. over billion) (US$69.0 percent to 55.9 cross-Strait agreements facilitated investment opportunities for Taiwanese facilitated investment cross-Strait agreements businesses interested 1991 to 2005, approxi- in Chinese From markets. mately 53.3 percent (US$47.3 billion) of Taiwanese investment that accu- overseas went to China. mulated mainland https://saisreviewdc.wordpress.com/2013/02/02/will-chinas-leadership-transition-lead-to-a- new-cross-strait-policy/ Cross-Strait Eco- Country (Area),” Investment by Outward Approved “Taiwan See 191. R.O.C; MAC, 2006, 13, March Table nomic StatisticsNo. 160, Monthly, http://www.mac.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=52072&ctNode=5720&mp=1&xq_xCat=2006. Cross-Strait Eco- Country (Area),” 192. Investment by Outward Approved “Taiwan See R.O.C; MAC, 2008, 13, May Table nomic StatisticsNo. 186, Monthly, http://www.mac.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=51035&ctNode=5720&mp=1&xq_xCat=2008. Policy,” MAC, Effective Management and Openness Active the of “Explanation 189. 7, 2001; R.O.C., November http://www.mac.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=68176&ctNode=6621&mp=1. 190. to a Lead Transition Jing, “Will China’s Leadership Bao-chiun Cristina Garafola and New Cross-Strait Policy?” 56 C 56 No. 2 2016 Macro (Do Not Delete) Delete) Not (Do Macro 2 2016 No. PM 3:29 7/29/2016 Ma’s presidency, the figure increased percent to- from 5.5 percent to 61.4 while January 2015 – through December 1991 tal (US$154.9 billion) from percent went 3.2 to Vi- billion), 4.3 percent went to Singapore (US$10.9 0.5 billion), to Thailand (US$2.8 went percent (US$8 billion), 1.1 etnam percent went to 0.4 billion), and (US$1.4 percent went to the Philippines mainland China and ASEAN widened under both CHEN Shui-bian’s pres- Shui-bian’s under both CHEN widened China and ASEAN mainland In 2008 to 2016. from 2008 and MA Ying-jeou’s 2000 to idency from Affairs Council and his Mainland 2001, Chen at the time, Minister TSAI by Guided mainland China. for investment to relaxed regulations Ing-wen, their “Active Openness andChen ad- policy, the Management” Effective reversed Lee’sministration “No Haste, the approach, lifting Be Patient” pol- This China. investments to mainland cap on individual US$50 million for the first time, allowing direct investment channel icyopened up a also Taiwanese companies transfer- in mainland China without first to invest such as Hong party locations in third subsidiaries ring capital through Kong or Singapore. ing cross-Strait economic relations; signing the Economic Cooperation signing the Economic relations; ing cross-Strait economic on postal services and air (ECFA) agreements and Agreement Framework agreements Each side also signed China. with mainland and sea transport aimed to create a better cooperation, protection and customs on investment for business on both sides of the Taiwan Strait. environment 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 28 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side B 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 28 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 29 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 57 57 SIA A OUTHEAST S These figures illustrate why illustrate figures These concern public 193 AIWAN ANDAIWAN Table 3.3 shows Taiwan’s annual investment in in Taiwan’s annual investment Table 3.3 shows 194 Irrespective of the Chen administration’s pledge to “Go South” again again “Go South” pledge to of the Chen administration’s Irrespective regarding Taiwan’s perceived over-reliance on Chinese on Taiwan’sregarding markets over-reliance perceived has in- creased. 2006 Asia in Southeast investment between 2002 and Taiwan’s in 2002, pre-Asian financial did not reach crisis levels.R.O.C. former According to stronger economic to the relatively due Eugene Chien, Foreign Minister compared China to growth in mainland Southeast Asia in the early 2000s, Taiwan- China for with mainland struggled to compete ASEAN countries ese investment. Indonesia (US$1.1 billion). (US$1.1 Indonesia ASEAN countries from 2001 to 2015. Between 2002 and 2007, Taiwan’s 2002 and 2007, Taiwan’s ASEAN 2001countries from Between to 2015. bil- to US$12.2 countries amounted in ASEAN investment total approved from 1992 total investments of billion lower than the US$21.7 lion – much sluggish investmentto 1997. However, between ASEAN countries ties around in 2008. Boosted byand Taiwan turned huge FDI outflows into reached a rec- in ASEAN that investment year,Vietnam Taiwan’s annual presidency,Under Ma’s ASEAN in 2008. US$12.5 billion ord high of approved total of Taiwan’s a large portion attract countries continued to Taiwanese investments The US$16.7 billion worth of in investment. 2014 surpassed Taiwan’s to 2009 investment lev- ASEAN countries from year-end Taiwan remains 2015, As of 2007. 2002 to els under Chen from largest in Malaysia Thailand, fourth the third largest foreign investor in and tenth in Indonesia. seventh in Cambodia, and Vietnam, Cross-Strait Eco- Country (Area),” Investment by Outward Approved “Taiwan See 193. R.O.C; MAC, 2016, 10, February Table 274, nomic Statistics Monthly, No. http://www.mac.gov.tw/public/MMO/MAC/274_10.pdf. 194. 2016. 31, March Taipei, Taiwan, Chien, with Eugene interview Author’s T No. 2 2016 Macro (Do Not Delete) Delete) Not (Do Macro 2 2016 No. PM 3:29 7/29/2016 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 29 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side A 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 29 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 29 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 ERIES S TUDIES S SIAN SIAN A ONTEMPORARY ONTEMPORARY 58 C 58 No. 2 2016 Reduced Chart No. Not Delete) (Do Reduced 2 2016 8/8/2016 11:47 AM 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 29 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side B 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 29 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 30 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Carnegie Endowment Endowment Carnegie 59 59 SIA A note 188. 188. note 196 supra OUTHEAST S AIWAN ANDAIWAN , February 10, 2016; http://carnegieendowment.org/2016/02/10/u.s.- 2016; 10, , February ASEAN countries offere lucrative investment opportunities for for offere lucrative investment opportunities ASEAN countries As more investors from different countries flocked to Southeast Asia Southeast Asia flocked to countries different from investors As more Another opportunity to grow Taiwan’s presence in investment Another opportunity to If Taiwan is to maintain its position as a top ten investor in ASEAN, top ten investor in ASEAN, position as a its If Taiwan is to maintain 195 197 for its promising economic prospects, the region became a competitive a the region became prospects, economic for its promising firms Taiwanese for FDI. In the 1990s, destination led invest-Asia-Pacific Korea, and China, South ahead of mainland ASEAN countries, ments in outpaced to the region were FDI outflows However, Taiwanese Australia. Sec- the ASEAN by countries in the 2000s. Data from the aforementioned retariat 2006shows that from as the ninth largest Taiwan ranked 2014, to source of FDI in ASEAN, Union, ASEAN, Japan,after the European the and Australia China, Hong Kong, South Korea, United States, mainland the largest inves- with the European Union being (in descending order, tor). 195. 2006-2013,” Country, Source by ASEAN to Investment Inflows Direct “Foreign See http://asean.org/?static_post=asean-statistical-year- 110, P. ASEAN Statistic 2014, Yearbook in investment inflows foreign direct of sources ten Statistics Top “ASEAN and book-2014; http://www.asean.org/storage/2015/09/Table-27.pdf. ASEAN, 2012-2014,” 196. Plain Sight,” Hiding in relations: “U.S.-ASEAN Schoff, James L. asean-relations-hiding-in-plain-sight/itr0. 197. Shu-tien, with LIU interview Author’s for International Peace T No. 2 2016 Macro (Do Not Delete) Delete) Not (Do Macro 2 2016 No. PM 3:29 7/29/2016 ASEAN their abundant cap- can financial industry. Given be found in the ital resources, Taiwanese banksposition to tap into ASEAN’s are in a good with local banks through mergers either by collaborating financial markets region. Increased new branches in the by up or setting and acquisitions businesses should seek investmentcorrelate withthat opportunities the ris- classes in ASEAN’s developing members. Tai- Traditionally, ing middle wanese companies have heavily invested in ASEAN’s in- manufacturing dustries – such as electrical machinery, textiles, ferrous and non-ferrous United States andproducts to the the – exporting metals, and chemicals of ASEAN’sEuropean countries. However, the growth middle classes cre- ex- ates an opportunity those countries to shift economic activity for from Taiwanese domestic consumption. toward port-oriented manufacturing and structure market new consumer businesses should see ASEAN as a of the LIU Shu-tien their investment strategies accordingly.example, For investing in factories thatCo. Ltd recentlyThai First Enamel began man- ufactured enamel steel teakettles specifically tailored for ASEAN consum- ers. many reasons, not the least of which are the region’s young demographics demographics young are the region’s many least of which reasons, not the and comparatively economies. dynamic 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 30 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side A 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 30 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 30 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 , FinanceAsia , March 06, 2016; 2016; 06, March , As of March 2016, ERIES 199 S Taiwanese banks have even 200 TUDIES Channel NewsAsia Channel Once the branch officially be- S 201 SIAN A note 11, p. 110. 110. p. 11, note supra , ONTEMPORARY Taiwanese investment in ASEAN expanded quickly in the the in expanded quickly Taiwanese investment in ASEAN New Taiwan New 202 For example, in January 2015, Taiwan’s legislature passed the legislature passed the Taiwan’s in January 2015, For example, ; and see Jackie Horne, “Taiwan’s banks eye wider regional role,” role,” wider regional eye banks “Taiwan’s Horne, Jackie see ; and 198 Ibid Taiwan’sinvestment strong presence in Southeast Asia has facili- B. Relations Trade Asia Taiwan-Southeast Taiwanese banks have established branches and representative officeshave established branches and representative Taiwanese banks in accounting for 38 percent of Southeast Asia, overseas 175 institutions in Taiwan’s 458 overseas banking institutions. set up representative offices in Myanmar, eleven total, thus far. Among set up representative offices in Myanmar, far. Among eleven total, thus approval to establish Commercial preliminary E.Sun Bank obtained them, March 2016. in country a branch in the comes operational,comes companies it will support Taiwanese investing in My- this de- relations with investment stronger Taiwan forge and help anmar veloping country in Indochina. 198. 1, 2016. April Taiwan, Taipei, Ming-chung, with TSENG interview Author’s 199. FSC’s easingAct amendment, Banking limits overseas investment in the capital (share capital) to 40 per- 40 percent of paid-in banking sector from According to Tseng, the amend- cent of net worth (assets liabilities). minus capital in ment was expected billion) (NT$500 US$16 billion to release bids. and acquisition for potential offshore merger 60 C 60 No. 2 2016 Macro (Do Not Delete) Delete) Not (Do Macro 2 2016 No. PM 3:29 7/29/2016 Taiwanese banking presence in ASEAN also benefits Taiwanese busi- Taiwanese benefits also in ASEAN presence banking Taiwanese for Taiwanese the region. It is easier nesses in the credit banks to evaluate of Taiwanese investorsconditions Asia, in Southeast inves- ensuring these better access to corporate tors have invest- more and facilitating financing Supervisory Commission of the Financial Chairman former ment. In 2013, the expansion policy to promote initiated a Ming-chung, (FSC), TSENG Asia-Pacific banks into the of Taiwanese Asia in par- market – Southeast ticular. Tseng’s for hurdles Cup” strategy “Asia began easing regulatory Taiwanese companiesinsurance, and securities brokerage in the banking, sectors. tated greater Taiwan-ASEAN famil- trade relations. due to their Primarily iarity with Taiwan’s and confidence in the quality of business networks based in ASEAN often import Taiwanese products, Taiwanese businesses from and and equipment raw machines materials, parts and components, or semi-finished products back to Taiwan, later exporting their finished the island. 202. Chen, Chen, http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/business/four-more-banks-get/2577036.html. 202. June 2015; http://www.financeasia.com/News/398349,taiwans-banks-eye-wider-regional- 17, role.aspx. Supervisory Financial the First Quarter of 2016,” of Banking Sector “Overview of 200. Commission, R.O.C.; http://www.banking.gov.tw/webdowndoc?file=/stat/bas/31140.zip. license,” get Myanmar banks “Four more 201. 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 30 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side B 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 30 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 31 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 61 61 SIA A These policies effectively helped OUTHEAST 204 S AIWAN ANDAIWAN 203 , and data from Bureau of Foreign Trade, MOEA, R.O.C; R.O.C; MOEA, Trade, Foreign of from Bureau data , and Ibid In the 1990s, ASEAN became an even more important trading partner trading partner even ASEAN became an more important In the 1990s, trade relationship was briefly Taiwan-ASEAN stalled the Although late 1980s late 1980s by of Taiwan partner trading largest the third ASEAN making Ger- Hong Kong and and before and Japan, the United States 1990, after many. of Taiwan’s total from 6.4 percent trade increased Taiwan-ASEAN the re- exports to in 1990. Taiwanese in 1986 to 9.0 percent foreign trade export total of the island’s to 10.2 percent percent 5.4 rose from gion also fourth ASEAN to Taiwan’s period, elevating time the same value during market. largest export of Taiwan after President Lee’sof Taiwan after President effect incame into “Go South” policy experienced double-digit trade relationship 1994. The Taiwan-ASEAN in rate growth percent 1995 with a remarkable 23.0 1990 to growth from as 3.4). ASEAN replaced Japan 1995 (see Table 26.4 percent in 1994 and exports to in 1994, when Taiwanese market largest export Taiwan’s third percent, followed by at a rate of percent in 1995. 30.8 21.7 the region grew By the the time administration Lee the first three-year completed of phase ASEAN and Taiwan had between trade 1996, in its “Go South” strategy byexceeding 1993 trade numbers reached US$26.7 over US$10 billion, billion. with the region recov- trade Asian financial crisis, Taiwan’s by 1997 the trade suffered a negative growthered after 1999. In 1998, Taiwan-ASEAN trade However, 17.5 percent. shrinking 1990s, time in the rate for the first 1999 followed by with a 17.3 percent growth rate in bounced back 34.5 the Asian financial crisis, Lee’s wake of the percent growth in 2000. In assistancebusiness technocracy created various programs de- economic included relations. The programs signed to support Taiwanese trade measures which brought more business delegations to the region, provide risk analysisup-to-date political and economic to Taiwanese business communities, and offered Taiwanese exports more credit insurance. Lee which extendedalso expanded the “Relending Facility” – a scheme service the Ex- financial institutions from credit lines to Taiwanese and foreign Bank of the Republic of China (Eximbank). In turn, these en- port-Import their clients for the to lend funds lines to increased credit tities used their of goods from Taiwan. importation 203. 203. http://cus93.trade.gov.tw/FSCI/. 204. Strengthening Guidelines for Report: “Special See Southeast Asia, Economic New Zealand, and Tradewebsite: http://www.ex- Eximbank http://npl.ly.gov.tw/npl/report/900425/5.pdf; and and Australia,” Ties2001; 25, April R.O.C., with MOEA, imbank.com.tw/en-us/BankServices/RelendingFacility/Pages/RelendingFacility.aspx. T No. 2 2016 Macro (Do Not Delete) Delete) Not (Do Macro 2 2016 No. PM 3:29 7/29/2016 reduce the risks faced by Taiwan’s trade companies, Taiwanese promoting crisis.with ASEAN during the financial 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 31 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side A 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 31 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 31 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Share Share (%) (%) Rate Rate Growth ASEAN Value (US$ m) World World ERIES S Share Share (%) TUDIES S Value in US$ million; Share in percent percent in Share in US$ million; Value Growth Rate (%) ASEAN SIAN Value (US$ m) A World World Share Share (%) ONTEMPORARY Growth Rate (%) ASEAN Exports Imports Total Trade Total ImportsExports (US$ m) Table 3.4: Taiwan’s Trade with ASEAN (1989-2015) (1989-2015) ASEAN with Trade Taiwan’s 3.4: Table World World Despite the disruption caused by 1997-1998 Asian financial cri- the At the start of the new an unprecedentedmillennium, peaceful party 2009 203,671 30,586 -21.43 15.02 174,367-21.43 30,586 2009 203,671 -22.76 19835 37.19 11.38 378,03841,961 2010 274,596 15.28 251,23313.34 50,421 -21.96 45.62 22.83 28884 51,541 2011 308,253 16.72 281,434 11.50 525,8299.71 13.54 32796 56,547 2012 301,177 13.47 70,845 40.51 11.65 589,687 18.78 270,4693.93 58,768 2013 305,437 14.30 84,337 19.04 -3.86 31531 19.24 269,893 11.66 571,6461.30 59,529 2014 313,692 3.41 32605 18.98 274,022 88,078 4.44 18.16 228,616 15.41 -14.45 12.08 575,33050,929 2015 280,384 4.63 34114 -16.98 28323 91,374 3.74 12.39 508,999 12.45 587,714 15.88 15.57 79,252 -15.37 93,644 2.48 15.93 1993 85,092 9,419 11.49 11.07 77,059 7020 11.59 11.07 9,419 85,092 9.11 11.49 162,1511993 85,347 8753 10.14 178,38324.69 12.32 11.53 10.26 21.67 11.33 16,439 11,459 93,037 22.96 1994 20,213 30.76 14,984 1995 111,656 13.42 103,54720.64 10561 3.43 15,498 1996 115,939 10.20 215,204 13.37 102,3685.29 16,317 11.87 25,545 26.38 1997 122,078 6.01 11195 13.37 114,42210.73 104,662 10.94 218,307-27.26 11,870 1998 110,580 19.62 13391 11.70 236,500 26,693 4.50 -5.53 12650 20.41 12.23 14,293 1999 121,588 11.75 110,685 12.09 215,24112.56 29,708 11.30 11.39 14.44 14478 29.27 18,476 24,520 -17.46 2000 148,316 12.46 140,005 13.08 232,27312.16 107,966-16.87 39.74 20231 15,358 2001 126,314 12.39 28,770 17.33 14.45 288,321-20.51 16082 7.12 234,279 14.90 16,451 2002 135,313 13.42 38,707 34.54 12.16 113,238 13.42 31,440 -18.77 10.21 18,131 2003 150,595 12.04 128,0073.68 16674 5.20 35.51 17541 14.72 248,55024,026 2004 182,364 13.17 168,751 13.70 278,602 33,125 5.36 16.16 13.89 20376 27,363 2005 198,424 13.79 182,610 13.33 12.07 351,114 35,672 7.69 12.80 14.00 3.90 21170 31,193 2006 224,013 13.92 202,69512.65 44,401 24.47 11.59 381,03510.55 16.38 23403 36,301 2007 246,673 14.72 219,248 11.55 426,708 48,534 9.31 12.74 1.65 7.23 23789 38,927 2008 255,625 12.79 54,595 12.49 15.23 240,444 10.85 465,9227.94 25678 12.90 60,090 10.06 10.68 496,069 64,604 7.51 13.02 YearValue 66,304 5,505 - 1989 54,715 4169 28.93 10.20 67,214 6,853 7.62 24.50 121,929 8.30 - 1990 52,264 3,233 9.04 26.14 11,022 7,530 76,178 9.87 1991 9.88 62,860 5072 21.67 6.19 118,568 8.07 139,03872,003 6291 24.03 10.37 8,448 81,468 8.74 12.20 9.06 153,4711992 14.34 8,738 - 9.60 12,602 16.96 14,740 7.37 Source: Bureau of Foreign Trade, Ministry of Economic Affairs. http://cus93.trade.gov.tw/ Affairs. http://cus93.trade.gov.tw/ Economic of Trade, Ministry Foreign of Source: Bureau author). the by FSCI/ (compiled 62 C 62 No. 2 2016 Macro (Do Not Delete) Delete) Not (Do Macro 2 2016 No. PM 3:29 7/29/2016 sis, Taiwan-ASEAN trade ties steadily increased under Lee’s presidency. than quad- and ASEAN more Taiwan between 1989 to 2000, trade From percent 13.4 billion, accounting for to US$38.7 US$8.7 billion rupled from Table 3.4). This trade growth trade value in 2000 (see of Taiwan’s total sustained ASEAN’s largest trading partner and position as Taiwan’s third century.the twentieth at the end of export market turnover from President of Pres- LEE Teng-hui to the new administration step forward for de- - a huge place in Taiwan ident CHEN Shui-bian took mocracy on the island. President Chen faced challenges immediately when 2000, a suffered its first recession since 1951. In April Taiwan’s economy index Taiwan’s stock market before President Chen took office, month 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 31 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side B 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 31 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 32 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 207 63 63 These figures are of- As a result, Taiwan’s SIA 208 A 206 OUTHEAST note 185, p. 135. 135. p. 185, note S supra This recession was undeniably affected by the the affected by was undeniably This recession AIWAN ANDAIWAN 205 . Ibid Deepening trade relations raised Tai- across the Taiwan Strait again In order to diversify Taiwan’s portfolio of trade partners, in July 2002 2002 in July of trade partners, portfolio Taiwan’s diversify to In order was over 10,000 points. However, it dramatically dropped to under 5,000 it dramatically However, points. over 10,000 was 5,000 to under dropped per- contracted 1.26 GDP simultaneously Taiwan’s 2001 as July points in same year.cent in the ten cited by President Ma to refute criticisms that his policies have made ten cited bycriticisms Ma to President refute markets. Chinese on dependent Taiwan more 205. Account- Budget, of Directorate General the GDP statistics provided by Taiwan’s See R.O.C; MOEA, Trade, Foreign of Bureau from acquired Data Statistics (DGBAS), R.O.C.; http://www.stat.gov.tw/point.asp?index=1. ing and 206. 207. Patient,” Be Haste, “No Wang, http://cus93.trade.gov.tw/FSCI/ 208. T No. 2 2016 Macro (Do Not Delete) Delete) Not (Do Macro 2 2016 No. PM 3:29 7/29/2016 burst of the dot-com bubble and subsequent economic downturn in the downturn subsequent economic bubble and dot-com the burst of administration’s Yet, the Chen United States. of effective economic lack the Fourth Nuclear strategy of construction the decision to halt and sudden further combinedPower Plant, gridlock in Taipei, lingering political with downtown. exacerbated economic the island’s trade with the world and with ASEAN decreased 18.7 percent and 18.8 percent and decreased 18.7 with ASEAN and trade with the world percent respectively in 2001. footsteps of his predecessor Lee andChen followed the “Go rekindled the South” policy. By Taiwan’s further strengthening trade and investment the hoped to reduce countries, the Chen administration ties with ASEAN Taiwan’s Although China. dependence on mainland island’s economic graduallytrade with ASEAN recession in 2001, prob- recovered after the by on Southeast Asia, ASEAN’sably boosted Chen’s share of emphasis world remained fairly static, hovering betweenTaiwan’s trade with the contrast, after main- In 2000 to 2008. percent from and 13.4 12.7 percent Trade Organization (WTO) in and Taiwan joined the World land China share of Taiwan’s total trade respectively, the cross-Strait 2002, 2001 and value rose substantially.year In 2004, the of Chen’sreelection, mainland China surpassed ASEAN Taiwan’sand the United States to become sec- destination. In (after Japan) and largest export partner ond largest trading (16.7 per- largest trading partner Taiwan’s China became 2005, mainland position ever since. that cent of Taiwan’s total trade) and maintained wanese concerns about over-reliance on Chinese particularly ex- on markets, wanese concerns about over-reliance of Tai- 40.7 percent 2007, and Hong Kong. In China mainland ports into and Hong Kong mainland China (25.3 percent) wan’s total exports went to between hovered 40 per- 2008 to 2014, that number (15.4 percent). From total exports to cent and 42 percent; however, in 2015, China mainland percent (25.4 percent went to main- 39 to and Hong Kong dropped slightly percent went to Hong Kong). land China and 13.6 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 32 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side A 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 32 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 32 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 (%) Share $60,658 11.9 11.9 $60,658 $39,479 7.8 7.8 $39,479 (US$ m) (US$ m) $115,392 22.7 22.7 $115,392 $352,756 69.4 69.4 $352,756 Value ERIES Kong Kong S States China China Subtotal Subtotal (%) Share TUDIES S Value in US$ million; Share in percent percent Share in in US$ million; Value (2015) SIAN Taken as a whole, ASEAN is currently as a whole, ASEAN is currently Taken $13,026 5.7 5.7 $13,026 Hong $44,183 19.3 Mainland 19.3 $44,183 11.6 $26,409 Japan $57,975 11.4 A (US$ m) (US$ m) $150,641 65.9 Top Five 65.9 $150,641 Top 209 Value rea China China States Subtotal Subtotal (%) Share ONTEMPORARY

$38,043 13.6 ASEAN 13.6 $38,043 $28,323 12.4 United $71,209 25.4 Mainland 25.4 $71,209 12.2 $34,249 United (US$ m) (US$ m) . $213,704 76.3 Top Five 76.3 $213,704 Top Exports Imports Total Trade Total Exports Imports Ibid As Table 3.6 shows, Taiwan was ASEAN’s sixth largest trading part- As Table 3.6 The fact is, Taiwan has put more eggs intoeggs put has fact is, Taiwan The basket export its ASEAN more Value Table 3.5: Top Five Taiwan’s Trade Partner Countries or Areas Areas or Countries Partner Trade Taiwan’s Five Top 3.5: Table Kong Kong China China States Subtotal Subtotal Top Five Other $66,680 23.7 Other $77,974 34.1 Other $156,243 30.6 30.6 $156,243 Other 100 34.1 $508,999 $77,974 Total 100 Other 23.7 $228,615 Total Other $66,680 100 Total $280,384 Source: Bureau of Foreign Trade, Ministry of Economic Affairs (compiled by the author). Ministry of by Affairs (compiled the Foreign Trade, of Economic Source: Bureau 209. 64 C 64 No. 2 2016 Macro (Do Not Delete) Delete) Not (Do Macro 2 2016 No. PM 3:29 7/29/2016 Taiwan’s second largest export partner after Taiwan’s second mainland China, and before of Tai- and Japan. Concerning the origins United States, Hong Kong, the partner after ASEAN import is Taiwan’s imports, third largest wan’s main Korea the United States and South Japan, and before mainland China and Taiwan-ASEAN the plunge of (see Table 3.5). Despite trade during the bilateral Taiwan’s Table 3.4), (see crisis of 2008-2009 global financial 2015, and 2015. In between 2000 than doubled trade with ASEAN more Taiwan-ASEAN ASEAN the sec- making trade exceeded US$79 billion, the and before China, after mainland of Taiwan partner ond largest trading Hong Kong. United States, Japan, and ner outside of the ASEAN bloc in 2014, accounting for 4.3 percent of percent ner outside of the ASEAN bloc in 2014, accounting for 4.3 over the past decade. As Table 3.4 shows, exports to ASEAN countries past decade. As over the countries to ASEAN 3.4 shows, exports Table 15.2 per- in 2006 and Taiwan’s total exports 13.9 percent of represented in 2013 and to 19.2 percent further increased That figure cent in 2008. representing Singapore in 2015, with percent 18.2 dropped to slightly followed (6.1 percent), ASEAN to Taiwanese exports of third one about Malaysiapercent), (2.6 per- (2.5 the Philippines percent), (3.4 by Vietnam (2.0 percent). cent), and Thailand 1 Mainland 2 ASEAN $50,929 3 Hong 18.2 Japan 4 United $38,700 16.9 ASEAN 5 Japan $79,252 Ko- $19,274 15.6 6.9 South 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 32 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side B 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 32 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 33 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 In contrast, 210 65 65 SIA A note 132, p. 11. 11. p. 132, note supra OUTHEAST S AIWAN ANDAIWAN diplomatic presence (MOFA’s representative offices de facto . To solve these economic challenges, Taiwan must prudently en- Ibid 211 Sustaining Taiwan’s role as a significant trading partner of ASEAN, as a significant trading partner of ASEAN, role Sustaining Taiwan’s ASEAN trade. Mainland China was the largest external trading partner partner trade.ASEAN trading external the largest China was Mainland States (9.5 per- the United Japan (9.7 percent), by followed percent), (13.9 (5.3 percent). Korea South and (8.2 percent), European Union cent), the the and land area, population size of Taiwan’s relativelyGiven the small goods be- Trade of trade is quite significant. Taiwan-ASEAN value of equipment,electrical in has been concentrated and Taiwan tween ASEAN mineral fuels, appliances, machineryIndone- and plastics. and mechanical sur- goods trade a ran were the only ASEAN countries that sia and Brunei mainlyin 2014 plus with Taiwan because theyof amount exported a large energy goods to Taiwan. Taken related as a whole, ASEAN ran a trade 2014. with Taiwan in billion deficit of US$29.3 the ongoing regional from confronted by challenges however, has been Community (AEC), offi- Economic integration. The ASEAN economic cially re- is expected to further integrate the launched in January 2016, over gion’s economies and the mega-trading blocs of the above Regional Part- Partnership (RCEP) and the Trans-Pacific Comprehensive Economic nership (TPP). As Joshua Meltzer has initiatives noted, these economic will impact Taiwan. ParticipationRCEP could increase Taiwan’s GDP in percent. and boost exports byover 6.5 by 4 percent up to gage with the United States and mainland China in order to join the re- order to join in China and mainland United States gage with the or bilateral in multilateral included gional economic integration and be Taiwan should also effec- Meanwhile, cooperation agreements. economic tively its public and private resources in ASEAN integrate and tomobilize forge stronger trade relations and increase its participation sup- in regional ply chains. Taiwan’s anddevelopment offices (TAITRA trade and Tai- wanICDF), Taiwanese business associations of in the region), and strong network across Southeast Asia to start. would be a good place according to Meltzer, if Taiwan continues to be left out of the Asia-Pa- to if Taiwan continues Meltzer, according to the regionalism, island “will cific’s bybe harmed new economic these FTA Taiwan’s exports lose out in FTAs’ trade diversion effect – whereby other FTA part- imports from from markets due to increased competition ners.” 211. 211. 210. and Challenges,” Meltzer, “Opportunities T No. 2 2016 Macro (Do Not Delete) Delete) Not (Do Macro 2 2016 No. PM 3:29 7/29/2016 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 33 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side A 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 33 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 33 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 (%) Share (US$ b) $135.0 5.3 5.3 $135.0 $206.9 8.2 8.2 $206.9 $350.5 13.9 13.9 $350.5 9.5 $240.8 $2131.5 84.3 84.3 $2131.5 Value Value rea China China States Union Subtotal Subtotal ERIES S (%) Share TUDIES Value in US$ billion; Share in percent in percent Share in US$ billion; Value S offices, customs departments/agencies, departments/agencies, offices, customs 9 2.1 Hong Kong $99.4 $99.4 3.9 Kong Hong 2.1 9 $82.1 6.6 South Ko- South 6.6 $82.1 $92.3 7.5 European European 7.5 $92.3 $198.0 16.0 Mainland 16.0 $198.0 9.5 $117.9 United (US$ b) $1,021.8 82.7 Top Ten Ten 82.7 $1,021.8 Top SIAN A Value Value rea China China States Union Subtotal Subtotal Countries or Areas (2014) (2014) Areas or Countries (%) Share ONTEMPORARY $52.8 4.1 $52.8 Taiwan $68.8 5.6 $108.3 Taiwan 4.3 $114.5 8.9 $114.5 European $122.9 9.5 $122.9 United $152.5 11.8 11.8 $152.5 Mainland (US$ b) Table Ten ASEAN’s3.6: Top Trade Partner $1,109.7 85.9 Top Ten Ten 85.9 $1,109.7 Top Exports Imports Total Trade Total ImportsExports rea States China China Union Taiwan officially workers in opened up its labor market to migrant ong Kong ong Kong $85.3 6.6 South Ko- Subtotal Subtotal C. Taiwan in Workers Migrant Asian Southeast Total $1,292.4 100 Total $1,236.2 100 Total $2528.6 100 100 $2528.6 Total 100 $1,236.2 Total 100 $1,292.4 Total Others $182.7 14.1 Others $214.4 17.3 Others $397.1 15.7 15.7 $397.1 Others 17.3 $214.4 Others 14.1 Others $182.7 H Top Ten Ten Top Value 3 Japan $124.4 9.6 9.6 9.9 Japan 9.7 $121.8 3 Japan $246.2 $124.4 Japan 4 United 5 European 6 Ko- 7 South 2.7 $68.1 Australia 8 Australia 1.8 $45.5 $22.5 Australia 3.5 3.2 9 India $41.9 India $25. 1 ASEAN $330.3 25.6 ASEAN 25.6 22.5 1 ASEAN $278.2 $330.3 $608.6 ASEAN 24.1 2 Mainland 10 Taiwan $39.5 3.1 Hong Kong $14.1 $14.1 Kong 1.1 Taiwan10 Hong $39.5 India 3.1 $67.9 2.7 Source: ASEAN Merchandise Trade Statistics Database (compiled/computed from data from (compiled/computed Trade Statistics Database Source: ASEAN Merchandise ASEAN websites of ASEAN Member States’ national submission, publications and/or statistics national Area (AFTA) units, Trade Free or central banks); http://www.asean.org/storage/2016/01/statistic/table20_asof121Dec15 http://www.asean.org/storage/2016/01/statistic/table20_asof121Dec15 banks); or central .pdf. Notes: 1. 2015). December 21, (as of data Preliminary 2. errors. rounding to to totals due not sum up Some figures may 66 C 66 No. 2 2016 Macro (Do Not Delete) Delete) Not (Do Macro 2 2016 No. PM 3:29 7/29/2016 October 1989 when the government allowedOctober 1989 when the government foreign laborers to work on time. the first in Taiwan for projects national infrastructure high-priority island’sHowever, before then, the private sector was alreadya hosting low-skill workers fromlarge number Southeast Asia. As of undocumented due primarily shortages and rela- to severe labor earlymid-1980s, as the work- wages in Taiwan, thousands of undocumented tivelymigrant higher jobs. Many of them Asia began to flock to Taiwan for Southeast ers from 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 33 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side B 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 33 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 34 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 214 By 1987, it had Byhad it 1987, 212 67 67 SIA A OUTHEAST , Vol. 5, No. 3, (1996), p. 604. 3, , Vol. 5, No. (1996), S 213 AIWAN ANDAIWAN , p. 605. , p. 605. , p. 613. Pacific Rim Law & Policy Journal Pacific Rim Law & Ibid Ibid Although the substantial influx of foreign workers in the 1980s re- foreign workers influx of substantial Although the Since the enactment of the 1992 Employment Service of the Act, the num- 1992 Employment Since the enactment entered Taiwan on tourist visas and worked visas on tourist Taiwan entered illegally. 213. 213. 214. 212. Foreign Workers of Influx and the Act Service Employment 1992 Liu, “The S. Dorothy in Taiwan,” T No. 2 2016 Macro (Do Not Delete) Delete) Not (Do Macro 2 2016 No. PM 3:29 7/29/2016 been reported that about 70,000 migrant workers from the Philippines, the Philippines, workers from 70,000 migrant that about been reported or overstayed entered Taiwan and MalaysiaThailand, illegally either had on the island. workforce the in order to join tourist visas their six-month processing, food textile, jobs were The illegal shoemaking, the mainly in industries. and construction ber of blue-collar workers from Southeast Asia and the industries in whichber of blue-collar workers from the statistics According to have grown steadily. they are allowed to work of Taiwan’s Ministry 2015, Labor (see Tableof 3.7), between 1995 and than tripled in Taiwan has of legal migrant workers more the total number werethe Philippines Thailand and Before 2005, to 587,940. 189,051 from sources of migrant laborers in largest ranked the largest and the second percent of Taiwan, with their workers respectively29 representing 30 and the number the Taiwan’s total foreign labor force at end of 2005. However, risen rapidlyof Indonesian workers in Taiwan has making In- since 2006, of the end island. By source of foreign laborers on the donesia the largest 40 per- laborers were in Taiwan accounting for 2015, 236,526 Indonesian by 169,981 followed island, on the foreign workers blue-collar cent of total persons (21 percent, Filipino 123,058 Vietnamese persons (29 percent), persons (10 percent). Thai and 58,372 lieved Taiwan’s labor shortages to some extent, it created social problems to some extent, it created shortages lieved Taiwan’s labor the status of for- and recognized of laws that regulated because of the lack vul- workers were migrant proper legal protection, eign workers. Without labor by example, For their Taiwanese employers. nerable to exploitation with to Taiwan workers Thai and enticed Filipino recruiters frequently On top of living conditions. wages and comfortable of high false promises their sal- of passports and portions withheld workers’ that, recruiters often foreign workers fees. aries as brokerage protection, these Without legal were left withaddress both the issues of undocu- few options. In order to Tai- labor shortage, of the and the continuation mented foreign workers Service Act in the Employment wan’s government finally promulgated and regulating foreign laborers of blue-collar hiring 1992, legalizing the Under this law, the government all foreign workers across industries. undocumented 50,000 40,000 to hoped to eventually replace the estimated with legal contract laborers. foreign workers in the private sector 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 34 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side A 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 34 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 34 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Unit: Person Unit: Person ERIES S TUDIES S SIAN A Since 2008, Vietnam has Taiwan’s become Vietnam Since 2008, 216 note 11, p.115 p.115 11, note supra , ONTEMPORARY New Taiwan New As a result, a sizable number of Vietnamese startedworkers As a result, a sizable number to 215 In terms of the industries in which the migrant workers serve in Tai- which the of the industries in In terms Among the five Southeast Asian countries that have migrant labor migrant labor that have Asian countries Southeast the five Among cember 31, 2000, and so on. so on. and 2000, cember 31, Social Welfare by Nationality. and Monthly And Industries Workers in Productive Industries Workers in Productive Foreign P. 203, Table 12-3: 2016, Bulletin, March Nationality. by Welfare and Social Table 3.7: Foreign Laborers in Taiwan by Nationality (1995-2015) (1995-2015) Nationality by Taiwan in Laborers Foreign 3.7: Table 1995 5,430 2,071 54,647 126,903 126,903 2,071 54,647 5,430 1995 - 189,051 77,830 2000 - 142,665 113 7,746 98,161 49,094 2005 326,515 13 156,332 2010 84,185 - 98,322 95,703 327,396 79 236,526 2015 10 77,538 65,742 80,030 1 123,058 169,981 58,372 379,653 1 587,938 - Year Indonesia Malaysia Malaysia Philippines Thailand Year Indonesia Vietnam Mongolia Total move to Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan. In November 1999, the first 1999, the and Taiwan. In November Korea, to Japan, South move fact that in Taiwan. Despite the Vietnamese batch of 34 workers arrived em- enforced a ban on the Labor Ministry2015 Taiwan’s of 2005 to from of ployment Vietnamese laborers in the social welfare and fishing indus- workers in of Vietnamese desertion rates, the number tries due to high Tai- in hiring Taiwan rose of steadily, bydriven primarily growth their wan’s manufacturing sector. 215. Chen, Chen, 215. 216. http://www.mol.gov.tw/an- R.O.C.; from MOL, 2015, 15, July on press release the See nouncement/2099/23158/ Source: Workforce Development Agency, Ministryof Development Labor, R.O.C. Source: Workforce Notes: 1. De- 1995, example, December 31, data. For year-end from drawn are The statistics 2. Table 13-5: Foreign from MOL Yearly 2010, P. 332, Bulletin the author by Compiled 68 C 68 No. 2 2016 Macro (Do Not Delete) Delete) Not (Do Macro 2 2016 No. PM 3:29 7/29/2016 second largest source of migrant laborers. second largest source of migrant wan, Indonesian laborers are mostly in the field of social welfare working laborers are primarilywhile Filipinos, Thais, and Vietnamese employed in the sector. Table 3.8 shows the industrydistribution of mi- manufacturing Besides the social welfare and manufacturing grant workers in Taiwan. ties with Taiwan, is the late Vietnam in Taiwan’scomer labor market. In Soviet Union and East- to sent its citizens in the work the 1980s, Vietnam ern Europe. However, following economic in the region and social crises was forced to look to different destinations for its Hanoi mi- in the 1990s, govern- with other terms of employment grant laborers and negotiate ments. 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 34 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side B 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 34 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 35 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Unit: Person Unit: Person Central News News Central 217 69 69 SIA A OUTHEAST S (As of February 2016) 2016) February of (As AIWAN ANDAIWAN This demographic trajectory correlated with the growth growth correlated with the demographic trajectory This 218 . February 9, 2016; http://focustaiwan.tw/news/asoc/201602090008.aspx; and “Age-spe- and http://focustaiwan.tw/news/asoc/201602090008.aspx; 9, 2016; . February The growing number of Indonesian social welfare workers of Indonesian social number in Taiwan The growing anufacturing anufacturing 50,256 346,004 147,425 54,432 1 93,890 Table 3.8: Foreign Laborers in Taiwan by Industry and Nationality Nationality Industry and by in Taiwan Laborers Foreign Table 3.8: Total Total 238,824 1 123,919 590,688 169,818 58,126 onstruction onstruction 1,526 - 6,778 2,105 3,107 40 ishing 7,732 - 1,643 23 842 10,240 10,240 842 23 1,643 - 7,732 ishing Industry Indonesia Malaysia PhilippinesThailand Vietnam Total Total Vietnam PhilippinesThailand Malaysia Industry Indonesia sectors, Indonesian workers contribute to 76 percent of Taiwan’s total for- total Taiwan’s of 76 percent to contribute workers Indonesian sectors, per- constitute 46 Thai laborers industry while in the fishing eign laborers By the end of Febru- sector. in construction foreign workforce cent of the laborers are Indonesian the 75 percent of ary2016, approximately employed welfare as social such workers, as domestic helpers and care- the Vi- of 87 percent of the Thai laborers, 94 percent takers. Meanwhile, the serve in man- Filipino laborers laborers, percent of the 76 and etnamese metal ufacturing industry,products, electronic particularly fabricating parts and components, machinery basic and equipment, plastics metals, food products and animal feeds. and products, textiles, of the island’s foreign workers in social of the island’s foreign workers in social welfare, which was caused by the increase of theBetween 2005 and 2015, the total Indonesian laborers. 144,015 social welfare grew from foreign workers in of Taiwan’s number 217. 12-4: Foreign Table P. 204, 2016, MOL Monthly Bulletin, March from acquired Data Nationality. Industry and Welfare by Industries and Social Workers in Productive rapidly,” aging population “Taiwan’s Low, Y.F and Cheng-wei Chen 218. Agency National age,” median and aging of ratio, index dependency cific distribution of population, http://eng.stat.gov.tw/public/data/dgbas03/bs2/yearbook_eng/y010.pdf. Statistics, R.O.C.; Source: Workforce Development Agency, Ministry of Labor (MOL), R.O.C. R.O.C. Agency,of Labor (MOL), Ministry Development Source: Workforce P. 204, Table 12- 2016, March MOL Monthly from Bulletin, bythe author Note: Compiled National- and Industry Welfare by Industries Productive Social in and Workers 4: Foreign ity. F M C Social Welfare 179,310 - 28,346 564 19,446 227,666 T No. 2 2016 Macro (Do Not Delete) Delete) Not (Do Macro 2 2016 No. PM 3:29 7/29/2016 reflects the island’s rising demand for domestic workers, which is causeddemand reflects the island’s rising primarilyDirectorate to Taiwan’s by its aging society. According General 2015, (DGBAS), as of November of Budget, Accounting and Statistics of seniors 65 years number and older per everyTaiwan’s aging index – the 52.0 a drastic increase from 91.6, under the age of 15 – was at youth 100 2005. the end of 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 35 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side A 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 35 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 35 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 219 , March The Wall Street Street Wall The Taipei Times Taipei 221 ERIES S TUDIES S SIAN A This followed the May 2015 announce- This followed note 220. note 220 supra . Feb. 14, 2015; http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/indo-14, 2015; . Feb. With respect to salary, foreign workers in the social ONTEMPORARY 222 The Straits Times Straits The , May 4, 2015; http://blogs.wsj.com/indonesiarealtime/2015/05/04/indonesia-bans- 2015; 4, , May However, as Indonesia plans to gradually phase out sending female female as However, sending phase out to gradually Indonesia plans Whether the Widodo administration will actually follow through with actually follow will Widodo administration Whether the Prior to his speech, Widodo visited Malaysia, Brunei, and the Philippines. and the Widodo visited Malaysia,Prior to his speech, Brunei, was oneBecause Indonesia of the few countries in the world supplying discussing related is- and upset when workers, he felt ashamed domestic sues with his Malaysian few weeks later, Nusron Wahid, A counterpart. the head of the Agency Indonesian the Placement and Protection of for Presi- would follow interview that Indonesia said in an Migrant Workers, home. caretakers Indonesian domestic bringing of policy dent Widodo’s 2017 and in be implemented gradually would this ban Wahid stressed that Taiwan, Hong Asia-Pacific region including would include workers in the of significant number Kong, and Malaysia,host a currently regions that Indonesian domestic workers. 219. maids overseas, as work to its women stop sending will “Indonesia Nazeer, Zubaidah says Jokowi,” nesia-will-stop-sending-its-women-to-work-as-maids-overseas-says-jokowi. 220. shortage,” to solve workers Burmese to “Ministry looks Lii, Wen http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2015/03/01/2003612508. 01, 2015; 221. Countries,” East Middle 21 Maids in Bans “Indonesia Rachman, Anita Journal maids-in-21-middle-east-countries/. 222. workers,” Lii, “Burmese 70 C 70 No. 2 2016 Macro (Do Not Delete) Delete) Not (Do Macro 2 2016 No. PM 3:29 7/29/2016 ment, which banned Indonesia’s human resource agencies from sending resource agencies from ment, which banned Indonesia’s human in the Middle East. new domestic workers to 21 countries welfare sector – unlike those employed in manufacturing, fishing, and con- in employed manufacturing, those welfare sector – unlike wage of minimum monthly regular struction industries – do not enjoy the by the Labor StandardsNT$20,008 (US$625) guaranteed in Act Taiwan. to 224,356, with Indonesian domestic workers increasing from 41,906 to 41,906 to from increasing workers domestic Indonesian with to 224,356, to continue to accommodate and is expected This trend is clear 177,265. population. of Taiwan’s aging the needs Taiwan overseas, workers maydomestic shortages encounter severe of do- 2015, Indonesia’smestic President Joko 13, workers. On February Manpower Java, “I have given Central Solo, in a speech in Widodo said to come Minister a target can stop on when we up with a clear roadmap pride and dignity.” should have workers. We domestic sending female the plan regarding the Asia-Pacific region remains to be seen. However, it regionthe plan regarding the Asia-Pacific remains Taiwan help improve that is certain that request Indonesia will continue to has instance, Wahid workers. For its migrant conditions of the working for Indonesianurged Taiwan to ensure that wages domestic workers fulfill to a level consistent limited hours are wage requirements, work minimum workers are provided and domestic with Taiwan’s Labor Standards Act, with dormitories. 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 35 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side B 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 35 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 36 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 , Septem- Taipei Times Taipei The raise was in- The raise 71 71 223 SIA A OUTHEAST S AIWAN ANDAIWAN Although the extension is conditional upon domestic workers’ domestic upon is conditional Although the extension 224 The more-than-two-decade-long cooperation on migrant laborers be- on migrant cooperation The more-than-two-decade-long If Southeast Asian migrant laborers are treated fairly and welcomed It was not until September 2015 that Taiwan’s Ministry of Labor, after an Labor, after of Ministry that Taiwan’s 2015 September not until It was Indonesia, the Philippines, with unprecedented negotiation multilateral agreed and Vietnam, Thailand, the to raise minimum wage by seven per- NT$15,840 (US$531) from to NT$17,000 domestic workers cent for – the salary(US$495) years. 18 of the previous level ber 19, 2015; http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2015/09/19/2003628075 http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2015/09/19/2003628075 2015; ber 19, deed a step forward in improving the working conditions for foreign do- foreign conditions for working the forward in improving deed a step mestic However, workers. equal government supports if the Taiwanese continue to reform workers, its Ministry of Labor must rights for migrant the wage system by for foreign domestic workers either La- the following or bybor Standards Act Legislative Yuan to pass with the collaborating in in limbo which currently Act, the Domestic remains Worker Protection the Executive Yuan. relieve labor short- not helped only Asia has Southeast tween Taiwan and and opportunities provided job age pressure but also economy on Taiwan’s Southeast espe- Asia, for blue-collar workers from generated remittances In 2015, Tai- and Vietnam. Thailand, the Philippines, cially Indonesia, wan’s Ministry to introduce agricultural and of Labor announced the plan Myanmarindustrial workers from are attempts on a trial basis. If the initial successful, Taiwan can expand to Myanmar this cooperation with other and industries such as the social welfare However, this re- fishing sectors. translators and of Burmese interpreters on the quires an adequate number Myanmar. island to facilitate better communication with workers from by Taiwanese society,workers can the serve as the bridge between Taiwan recent years,and ASEAN countries. In Taiwan’s civil society has paid offi- workers, driving government of migrant rights the attention to more legal reforms.cials and legislators to engage in related the For example, foreign domestic Service Act that allows Employment to the amendment yearsworkers to work a total of 14 in October instead of 12 was passed 2015. R.O.C.; Ministry of Labor, from the 2015, 28, August release on press the See 223. http://www.mol.gov.tw/announcement/2099/23599/. 224. extended.” of stay for foreign workers Hsiao, “Duration Alison T No. 2 2016 Macro (Do Not Delete) Delete) Not (Do Macro 2 2016 No. PM 3:29 7/29/2016 language and professional skills, the amendment provided flexibility for skills, the amendment provided flexibility language and professional experienced domestic helpers and caretakerscareers. In terms to plan their skills back in their utilize their continue to workers foreign of helping Taiwanese govern- that the countries, LIU Shu-tien has suggested home where worker database South- foreign ment should consider establishing a east Asian laborers in Taiwan can register (their names and skills) at their 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 36 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side A 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 36 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 36 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Hard 226 , New York: York: , New ERIES The Annals of the American American the of Annals The S TUDIES S note 188. 188. note supra SIAN 225 A , Vol. 616 (March 2008), p.94. p.94. 2008), 616 (March , Vol. SOUTHEAST ASIA SOUTHEAST ASIA Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics The Means Power: Soft Taiwan has preserved and cultivated high culture high culture Taiwan has preserved and cultivated 227 ONTEMPORARY This chapter analyzes Taiwan’sis- how the soft power resources and According to Nye, “soft power is attractive power,” and a country’s Nye,According to is attractive power,” and a country’s “soft power IV. TAIWAN’S SOFT POWER AND PUBLIC DIPLOMACY IN POWER AND PUBLIC DIPLOMACY SOFT TAIWAN’S IV. PublicAffairs, 2004, pp. 6-11. pp. 6-11. PublicAffairs, 2004, 225. Shu-tien, with LIU interview Author’s 226. Power,” Soft and Diplomacy “Public Nye, Jr., S. Joseph of Political and Social Science Academy 72 C 72 227. Nye, Jr., S. Joseph No. 2 2016 Macro (Do Not Delete) Delete) Not (Do Macro 2 2016 No. PM 3:29 7/29/2016 such as competitive as well as indigenous Chinese and education, higher of popular The island also serves as a hub Taiwanese art and literature. and food, particu- television programs, movies, culture including music, of terms world. In the Chinese populations throughout ethnic larly among political values, Taiwan’s vibrant democracy has not only the encouraged of free formation of an open societybut also sustained a number and fair soft-power asset in the interna- elections. This openness is an invaluable discretion. Liu, the President of the Thai-Taiwan the Thai-Taiwan of the President Liu, discretion. Association,Business Taiwanese busi- database with human resource that sharing a has argued Asianess associations will Southeast in Taiwanese companieshelp recruit are already workers who well-trained Taiwan’s familiar with business en- workers and their beneficial to the also be culture. This can and vironment secure and contribute jobs it will help them countries because respective for laborers, situation creating a win-win-win back home, to employment governments. business owners, and land uses public diplomacy to mobilize public Asian in Southeast support to mobilize land uses public diplomacy hard powercountries. Whereas is used by to induce international actors via change in other actors military might, Joseph Nye’s or economic defi- outcomes obtain the to affect others to ability the “soft power is nition of payment.” coercion or than one wants through attraction rather power is the ability to force change through threats or inducements while while inducements change through threats or force ability to power is the soft power is the ability to shape outcomes by attraction and persuasion. challenges that Taiwan economic Given the international political and faces, particularlyChina in Southeast Asia, Taiwan mainland vis-à-vis has sense, power to exercise in the region. In this of hard amount a limited to help improve power the concept of soft embrace Taiwan should fully its relationships with ASEAN countries its interests in South- and promote east Asia. soft power rests primarily on its resources such as culture, political values, and foreign policy. 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 36 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side B 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 36 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 37 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Soft Power Super- Power Soft Journal of Current Journal , New York: Routledge, York: Routledge, , New 73 73 SIA A Furthermore, based on Nye’s Nye’s based on Furthermore, 228 note p. 169. 228, OUTHEAST S supra note 226, p. 95. p. 226, note supra note p. 17. 227, AIWAN ANDAIWAN supra , In this regard, Taiwan in recent years dedicated has Taiwan in recent In this regard, It is therefore fair to say that Taiwan’s liberal-democratic to say that Taiwan’s liberal-democratic It is therefore fair Or according to Philip Altbach and Patti Peterson, public Philip Altbach and Patti Peterson, public Or according to 232 229 231 , Vol. 43, No. 3 (2014), p. 166. p. 166. (2014), 3 No. Vol. 43, , Soft Power These activities, which presidents have Taiwanese often referred 230 With respect to foreign policy, is a regional leader in human- Taiwan Taiwan has also incorporated the concept of public diplomacy intodiplomacy the concept of public Taiwan has also incorporated of a Projection Education as Peterson. “Higher Patti McGill and Philip G. Altbach 232. eds., McConnell, David and Watanabe Yasushi in Power,” America’s Soft the United States of Japan and powers: Cultural and National Assets 38. 2008, p. 231. Diplomacy,” “Public Nye, tional arena. As Gary arena. As tional Rawnsley Taiwan’s notes, democ- liberal successful racy soft power capacitymore China than mainland the island far gives environ- shape an enabling helps within and credibility works “because of the au- because environment access to this PRC is denied the ment and system.” of its political nature thoritarian to as the fulfillment of obligations to the international community and the the community international and to the of obligations to as the fulfillment the island’s sources of soft are also among rights, human of promotion power. In the words its foreign policyof Nye, tries to platform. diplomacy public attention to soft power resources attract foreign populations bydrawing exchanges, cultural exports, arranging subsidizing “through broadcasting, and so forth.” more effort towardsmore the formation strategies that can of public diplomacy the resources necessarymobilize the island’s to produce and reinforce soft Southeast Asia, Taiwan holds a chapter argues that within power. This ex- and cultural of soft power assets in academic significant amount Taiwanchanges as well as in technical assistance aid. If and humanitarian political system and values without anypolitical system control serves as cultural a source of soft power. Affairs (MOFA) and its Foreign of Ministry itarian aid. The R.O.C.’s (Tai- Fund and Development International Cooperation semi-official organiza- wanICDF) have actively non-governmental partnered with the aid and humanitarian to provide technical support tions (NGOs) in Taiwan rescuewell as as to developing countries, natural dis- work in areas hit by asters. 230. Soft Power,” “Taiwan’s Rawnsley, 228. Diplomacy,” Public and Power Soft “Taiwan’s D. Rawnsley, Gary Nye, Chinese Affairs 229. T No. 2 2016 Macro (Do Not Delete) Delete) Not (Do Macro 2 2016 No. PM 3:29 7/29/2016 argument, government in a liberal society cannot and should not control liberal society government in a argument, not should cannot and a source be control can itself of policies of “the absence culture because of attraction.” diplomacy consists of engaging, informing, and influencing citizens of influencing citizens and consists of engaging, informing, diplomacy other countries. 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 37 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side A 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 37 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 37 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 ERIES S es and People-to-People People-to-People and es TUDIES S SIAN A note p. 107. 227, supra , ONTEMPORARY Nye there are three dimensions argued that of public 233 Taiwan has effectively liberal leveraged its education system Soft Power , p. 109. , p. 109. 234 Connectivity Ibid A key of public diplomacy, as Nye component points out, is “building Table 4.1 demonstrates the number of ASEAN students in Taiwanese of ASEAN students in the number Table 4.1 demonstrates A. Exchang Cultural Academic and 234. 234. diplomacy, which all require long-term cultural relationships. While the While cultural relationships. long-term which all require diplomacy, on gov- – focus communication and strategic – daily first two dimensions press corps, the third foreign and domestic information and both ernment According to and cultural exchanges. academic dimension emphasizes over key of lasting relationships with Nye, individuals “the development manyyears confer- exchanges, training, seminars, through scholarships, of public di- the third dimension is channels” to ences, and access media plomacy. 233. Nye, Nye, 233. 74 C 74 No. 2 2016 Macro (Do Not Delete) Delete) Not (Do Macro 2 2016 No. PM 3:29 7/29/2016 can continue to use public diplomacy to mobilize these resources, resources, these is- the mobilize to diplomacy public to use can continue Asia. Southeast in soft power more wield much land will long-term relationships that create an enabling environment for govern- an relationships that create enabling environment long-term ment policies.” and rich Chinese language and this third dimension literature to flourish in attract foreign in search of high quality educa- students and professionals language litera- and rich Chinese the liberal education system tion. With ture cultivated by society, Taiwan’s democratic Taiwan has adequately to attract foreign students and professionals utilized this third dimension education. seeking higher colleges and period, the universities between 2009 and 2015. During this to Taiwan are Ma- students the most Southeast Asian countries that sent of Malaysianlaysia, stu- Indonesia, Vietnam, and Thailand. The number grew substantiallydents in Taiwanese colleges and universities 5,181 from of Indone- numbers growth). The percent (188 in 2009 to 14,946 in 2015 2,277 to 4,394 (93 per- from students also increased sian and Vietnamese respectively. percent growth) 2,774 to 4,043 (46 cent growth) and from in Tai- students source of international a major Although Singapore is not well-established higher education sys-wan – not least because of its own population size – the number of Singaporean and its relatively small tem percent growth). In 2009 to 747 in 2015 (228 228 in students rose from recent years, of ASEAN countries have sent an increasing the majority ex- and Laos are the Cambodia, of students to Taiwan (Myanmar, number of ASEAN students number more ceptions). Taken as a whole, the total percent growth), 2015 (108 in 2009 to 26,756 12,866 in from than doubled 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 37 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side B 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 37 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 38 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Unit: Person Unit: Person 75 75 (Mandarin) Enrich- SIA A Huayu OUTHEAST S Universities (2009-2015) (2009-2015) Universities AIWAN ANDAIWAN 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2012 2013 2010 2011 2009 12,866 14,019 16,334 17,793 20,305 23,390 26,756 26,756 23,390 20,305 17,793 16,334 14,019 12,866 The growth in scholarships and short-term exchange programs devel- The growth in scholarships and short-term Laos 5 4 2 3 2 5 - Total Table 4.1: Southeast Asian Students in Taiwanese Colleges and and Colleges Taiwanese in Students Asian Southeast 4.1: Table Year/ Brunei 6 31 25 9 17 14 16 ASEAN Vietnam Vietnam 4,043 3,681 3,641 3,915 3,922 3,469 2,774 Thailand Thailand 1,481 1,557 1,601 1,250 1,287 1,109 1,017 Country Malaysia 5,181 5,836 7,256 8,530 10,374 13,024 14,946 14,946 13,024 Malaysia 10,374 8,530 7,256 5,836 5,181 Indonesia 4,394 3,455 3,223 2,799 2,520 2,279 2,277 Myanmar 579 486 725 560 449 419 997 Singapore 603 747 232 331 348 452 228 Cambodia 14 6 9 6 4 3 4 9 6 4 6 14 Cambodia Academic Philippines Philippines 545 533 480 570 352 429 372 ment Scholarship for students who want to pursue degrees, conduct short- degrees, conduct to pursue who want ment Scholarship for students in Taiwan colleges and univer- learn Mandarin Chinese research, or term sities. In 2008, MOE also Study established the Elite Taiwan in (ESIT) project office to specifically between foster higher education cooperation of scholarships tailoredTaiwan and Southeast Asia by a number providing the Vietnam- the region. For instance, for students and professionals from ese Elites Study in Taiwan 500 (VEST-500) Scholarship, jointly funded university lec- aims to sponsor 500 Vietnamese by Taiwan and Vietnam, turers to obtain doctorates in Taiwan. Similarly, the Elite 600 Scholarship plans to send 600 lecturers or staff members Thai universities to Tai- from wan to pursue master’s ESIT’s or doctoral degrees. Moreover, Aceh Gov- Aceh Province of Indonesia from ernment Scholarship supports students making ASEAN the second largest source of non-R.O.C. students in Tai- in students of non-R.O.C. source largest the second ASEAN making Tablewan (see 4.2). Source: Ministry of Education, R.O.C. (compiled by the author). the author). by (compiled R.O.C. of Education, Source: Ministry students. and non-degree-seeking degree-seeking both include The statistics Note: T No. 2 2016 Macro (Do Not Delete) Delete) Not (Do Macro 2 2016 No. PM 3:29 7/29/2016 oped by the Taiwanese government and universities partially explain the Taiwanese government and universities partially the oped by the explain in Taiwan. The Ministry of Education rapid increase of ASEAN students Taiwan MOFA have instituted several programs such as the (MOE) and Taiwan Fellowship, and the the Scholarship, 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 38 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side A 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 38 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 38 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 As 238 235 ERIES S TUDIES S SIAN note 236. 236. note A supra According to former R.O.C.Min- Foreign to former According 236 ONTEMPORARY Before the Ma administration started allowing students from main- allowing students from started Before the Ma administration Another factor contributing to the increase of ASEAN to the increase factor contributing Another students in To develop longer lasting relationships with younger ASEAN indi- with younger lasting relationships To develop longer 237 Taiwan is the strong cultural linkage between Taiwanbetween linkage the strong cultural Taiwan is overseas Chi- and nese communitiesin the region. Malaysia, is an for example, ASEAN 6.5 than its more culture with well preserved Chinese has a country that Malaysians.million Chinese 235. See ESIT scholarship information at http://www.esit.org.tw/esit.scholarship.infor- information at scholarship ESIT See 235. mation/index/scholarship_sn/4. 236. 2016. 7, Lumpur, Malaysia, March Kuala Chi-ping, CHANG with interview Author’s 237. 1, 2016. April Taipei, Taiwan, Lin, David with interview Author’s 238. Chang, with interview Author’s land China to study in Taiwan in 2011, Malaysian students were the largest the largest were 2011, Malaysian in students study Taiwan to in land China Ac- and Table 4.2). 4.1 in Taiwan (see Table group non-R.O.C. student Chi-ping, Representativecording to CHANG Economic and of the Taipei Malay- Malaysia,Cultural Office in high schools in independent Chinese sia are the primary source of Malaysian students that later pursue higher out, there are 62 Chinese inde- As education in Taiwan. Chang pointed pendent high schools funded by the Chinese Malaysian and communities each of these private schools provides secondary education instruction in independent high school cur- Mandarin Chinese. Moreover, the Chinese to that in the Taiwanese secondary is similar and course structure riculum to enabling Malaysianconducive students is turn This in education system. to successfully on to higher continue education in Taiwanese universities. type helped increase the number of of schoolThe existence of this has coun- largest host Taiwan the third making Malaysian students in Taiwan, Australia and the United Kingdom. try students, after of Malaysian 76 C 76 No. 2 2016 Macro (Do Not Delete) Delete) Not (Do Macro 2 2016 No. PM 3:29 7/29/2016 ister David Lin, mainly because Chinese because ister David Lin, mainly Malaysians and Taiwanese share Mandarin Chinese language, Taiwanand Hakka cultures and the Hokkian and Malaysia and educational ties for strong cultural have developed dec- ades. to study master’s or doctoral degrees in Taiwan. Between in Taiwan. 2015, 2010 and degrees doctoral or master’s to study to study in Taiwan. 150 students has sponsored program the Aceh of March 2016, more than 60,000 Malaysians have studied in Taiwan, have studied in Taiwan, than 60,000 Malaysians of March 2016, more associationsmany to maintain the bonds of alumni of whom have joined Associationfriendship under the Federation of Alumni of Taiwan Univer- sities in Malaysia. this Federation has 39 alumni As Chang has described, network to a very strong association branches across Malaysia form and higher education in Taiwan. These encourage and help students to pursue former students, who usually greater return home with a appreciation of reservoir a remarkable can form Taiwanese culture and democratic values, Taiwan. of goodwill for mayviduals who seek more leaders in the future, Taiwan should become 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 38 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side B 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 38 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 39 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 77 77 SIA A OUTHEAST S Furthermore, Taiwanese universities can can Furthermore, Taiwanese universities 239 , March 19, 2016. 2016. 19, , March AIWAN ANDAIWAN United DailyNews 240 Secondly, Taiwan’s MOE has set up Taiwan Education Centers in MOE has set up Taiwan Education Secondly, Taiwan’s educational partnerships with ASEAN countries. Firstly, within Southeast Firstly, within countries. with ASEAN partnerships educational Asia, Taiwan with cooperation agreements signed educational has only two ASEAN 2013 and the in September with Thailand countries – one nature politicized in Given the less March 2015. Vietnam with other one more Taiwan to negotiate there is room for cooperation, of educational In this ties with ASEAN. educational deals and to strengthen education cooperation an educational establishing consider may regard, Taiwan agreement with because the Philippines both sides already mem- signed a on such cooperation in May of understanding Malaysia 2012. orandum on for Taiwan to ink agreements partners also potential and Singapore are because theyeducation, not least have already established solid cultural relations with Taiwan. for opportunities to promote and Indonesia Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, Eco- its first Taipei Taiwan. Since MOFA just opened higher education in for in March 2016, it is practical and Cultural Office in Myanmar nomic in Center in Yangon as a foothold a Taiwan Education MOE to establish about higher education information will help disseminate the country. This Myanmar. In a similar talented students from in Taiwan and attract more proactivelyvein, Taiwanese universities should compete for top perform- six uni- March 2016, countries. In ASEAN from students high school ing versities led by University National Taiwan (NTU) announced a first-ever Malaysia, students from joint recruitment project targeting Indonesia, will not only This kind of initiative Vietnam. Thailand, Singapore, and reinforce Taiwan’sbut also make the campuses soft power in the region elements. dynamicAs NTU’s and diverse with ASEAN more President vision YANG Pan-chyr Southeast Asian students have a global said, “most uni- can help internationalize they so than one language, and speak more versity campuses in Taiwan.” utilize the existing network of the Southeast and South Asia and Taiwan Universities (SATUPresident’s Forum ac- to promote President’s Forum) universities in Southeast member and cultural exchanges with its ademic Asia. 239. “Led by NTU, 6 Taiwan Universities Yu-qian Zheng, Recruit Southeast More Asian Students,” T No. 2 2016 Macro (Do Not Delete) Delete) Not (Do Macro 2 2016 No. PM 3:29 7/29/2016 240. established at Forum was Secretariat of SATU Presidents’ the International In 2005, member 26 it has in 2016, its website, to According Taiwan. University, Kung National Cheng website at 4 in India. See SATU’s universities in ASEAN, 53 in Taiwan, and http://conf.ncku.edu.tw/satu/index.php. 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 39 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side A 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 39 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 39 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Unit: Person Unit: Person ERIES S TUDIES 3,582 3,439 3,278 3,806 3,806 3,278 3,439 3,582 S SIAN A - - 12,155 - 41,951 33,288 25,120 17454 ONTEMPORARY 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 Universities by Source Country or Area (2009-2015) (2009-2015) or Area Country Source by Universities Table 4.2: Non-R.O.C. Students in Taiwanese Colleges and and Colleges Taiwanese in Students Non-R.O.C. 4.2: Table Finally, students’ con- ASEAN leaders should leverage Taiwanese education with ASEAN, cooperation on higher Besides promoting Area Japan 6,319 5,620 5,726 4,457 3,699 2,620 2,438 Other 12,581 11,068 10,475 9,931 9,251 7,816 7,216 Total 110,182 92,685 78,261 64,558 55,463 36,863 34,285 Year/ China China Macau 5,144 4,721 4,495 4,500 4,352 3,932 4,101 France 834 1,545 1,623 1,262 1,232 1,045 866 ASEAN ASEAN 26,756 23,390 20,305 17,793 16,334 14,019 12,866 Mainland Academic Hong Kong Kong 8,260 6,209 4,399 3,083 2,561 2,411 2,001 Hong Country or South Korea Korea 3,820 3,488 3,035 2,531 2,505 2,035 2,041 South United States 3,561 2,950 2,957 United Source: Ministry of Education, R.O.C. (compiled by the author). the author). by (compiled R.O.C. of Education, Source: Ministry students. and non-degree-seeking degree-seeking both include The statistics Note: 78 C 78 No. 2 2016 Macro (Do Not Delete) Delete) Not (Do Macro 2 2016 No. PM 3:29 7/29/2016 nections with their home countries to facilitate and deepen cultural and countries to nections with their home exchanges.economic offer invaluable Southeast Asian students can in their norms business, and societal the cultural, of knowledge theyand countries of origin. Therefore, hometowns can serve as influential further integrated within other regional bridges to help Taiwan become develop better strate- should thus government The Taiwanese economies. Taiwan’s soft ASEAN countries. By doing so, gies to retain talent from will reinforce each other, creating a virtuous might power and economic circle favorable Taiwan’s for interests. and Southeast Asian immigrants Taiwan should also take steps to help integratedtheir children to not only within Taiwanese soci- become more ety but to also serve as cultural bridges between Taiwan and their countries to Taiwan’s National Immigration of ethnic origin in ASEAN. According Agency, as of March 2016, Taiwan has become to morehome than 512,000 immigrants who married Taiwanese of citizens. At least 140,000 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 39 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side B 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 39 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 40 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 79 79 SIA A These kinds of stereotypes under- These kinds of stereotypes 244 OUTHEAST For this reason, Lin has actively pro- For this reason, Lin S 243 The number of second generation children has has children of second generation The number 241 AIWAN ANDAIWAN . January 1, 2016; http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapa- 1, 2016; . January LIN Li-chan, Taiwan’s first immigrant legislator who was who was legislator Taiwan’s first LIN Li-chan, immigrant 242 Another effective approach to enhance people-to-people connectivity people-to-people Another effective approach to enhance Channel NewsAsia these come from ASEAN from come these mostly Thai- Indonesia, – countries Vietnam, Philippines. the land, and cut the island’s to strengthen relations with Southeast Asia. efforts In 2015, as Table 4.3 shows, about of tourism. is to further the promotion visitors were from 10 million 13.7 percent of Taiwan’s record-breaking percent were mainland China. As of May Southeast Asia while 40.1 from Singapore for tourists from waives visa requirements only island 2016, the should fol- nations. Taiwan ASEAN member among from and Malaysia low in the footsteps of Korea and consider granting visa- South Japan and free access to travelers from The more Thailand, Brunei, and Indonesia. ASEAN Southeast Asian the more countries, tourists Taiwan attracts from values, culture and democratic popular publics are exposed to Taiwanese thereby the island’s soft power resources. In enriching the end, any well- exchanges will promote formed policy that facilitates people-to-people 241. National Immi- 2016), (March in Taiwan nationality by spouses Statistics on foreign the Interior, http://www.immigra-R.O.C.; gration Agency, Ministry of tion.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=1313198&ctNode=29699&mp=1. R.O.C.; Interior, the Ministry of Agency, National Immigration from acquired Data 242. and Ministry of http://ifi.immigration.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=270&ctNode=36534&mp=ifi_zh; Education, R.O.C.; http://stats.moe.gov.tw/files/analysis/son_of_foreign_104.pdf. 243. 2016. April 1, Taipei, Taiwan, Li-chan, with LIN interview Author’s 244. soci- place in Asian immigrants finally earn their Southeast Taiwan, “In Victoria Jen, ety,” T No. 2 2016 Macro (Do Not Delete) Delete) Not (Do Macro 2 2016 No. PM 3:29 7/29/2016 moted government-sponsored programs to assist the children of immi- assist the children of programs to government-sponsored moted to breaks school during their countries of ethnic origin grants in visiting origin. Moreover, and languages of their ethnic learn about the cultures environ- the domestic to improve rights groups civil Lin has worked with immigrantsment for ASEAN by down stereotypes against them. breaking preju- who hold people in Taiwan to find Nowadays, is still common it seeing the latter as low-skilled im- diced views against Southeast Asians, to society.migrants who are a burden inaugurated in February 2016, said the language skills and cultural under- and cultural skills said the language February 2016, in inaugurated by source of strength immigrants are a possessed standing for themselves in Taiwan, has advocated lawmaker Lin, a Cambodia-born Taiwan. and for be- people-to-people connectivity to facilitate strength this use of for the and the former build stronger cultural helping ASEAN, tween Taiwan and Southeast Asia. business ties with also surpassed 350,000. About 123,000 of these are of or ele- middle school 123,000 350,000. About also surpassed South- from a father or have a mother mentary either who students school east Asia. cific/in-taiwan-southeast-asian/2391344.html. 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 40 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side A 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 40 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 40 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Ratio World World ASEAN/ Through- Unit: Person Unit: Person Total Total World World 245 Total Total ERIES S TUDIES S SIAN A note 7, p. 238. p. 238. note 7, supra Residence (2006-2015) (2006-2015) Residence ONTEMPORARY Taiwan also has a long history of offering developmental assistance offering developmental of Taiwan also has a long history B.Aid Humanitarian and Assistance Technical accounting for 40.1 percent of Taiwan’s total visitor arrivals during that year. arrivals during that visitor Taiwan’s total of percent 40.1 for accounting Table 4.3: Southeast Asian Visitor Arrivals to Taiwan by Country of of Country by Taiwan to Arrivals Visitor Asian Southeast 4.3: Table 245. Relations” “Indonesia’s Ku, Source: Tourism Bureau, Ministry of Transportation and Communications, R.O.C. (com- R.O.C. Communications, Transportation and of MinistrySource: Tourism Bureau, author). the by piled Notes: 1. Vietnam (2006-2011) and Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Others include Brunei, 2. Taiwan was 4,184,120, to arrivals Chinese visitor of mainland the number In 2015, 80 C 80 No. 2 2016 Macro (Do Not Delete) Delete) Not (Do Macro 2 2016 No. PM 3:29 7/29/2016 mutual understanding between ASEAN ASEAN between understanding a necessary – and Taiwan mutual for step integration. in regional participate effectivelyTaiwan to and South” “Go and humanitarian aid to several ASEAN countries, which helps the island helps the countries, which ASEAN aid to several and humanitarian Tai- the nations in Southeast Asia. Ever since up goodwill among build in 1959, the Vietnam specialists arrived in of agricultural wan’s first group assistto the region to missions R.O.C. has dispatched numerous technical especially in the agricultural sector. In the case ofin rural development, has received agricultural technical Indonesia, the archipelago countrymis- Taiwan since 1976.sions from The main has been goal of these missions methods of improved through to boost Indonesia’s agricultural production for crops, livestock, and fisheries. cultivation and pest control out the four-decade-long partnership, Taiwanese agricultural support has Taiwanese agricultural partnership, out the four-decade-long support has project Bali. The latest completed of Java, Sumatra, and covered the areas Agribusiness Project” in Bali. This was the “One Village, One Product from with 2010 to 2015 by nearly TaiwanICDF project, implemented of regencies successfully assisted the Bangli and Badung US$100 million, Cur- and asparagus production. Bali to increase specialization in orange in Bandung farmers for project rently, TaiwanICDF focuses on a training 2006115,202 184,160 90,8702007141,308 204,494 95,5722008155,783 205,449110,420 79,9932009166,987 194,523106,612 85,030 95,643 87,9362010285,734 241,334123,834 90,069 77,2062011 307,898 299,599156,281 84,586 87,9442012 341,032 327,253163,598 78,405 101,5392013 394,326 364,733171,299 - 92,949 105,130 102,9022014 439,240 77,470 376,235182,704 - - 99,6982015431,481 83,814393,037177,743 97,712 643,338 136,978 81,577 - 104,138 89,354 3,519,827 700,287 139,217 65,294 104,812 - - 118,467 725,751 18.3 103,756 3,716,063 137,177 79,379 8,513 124,409 3,845,187 689,027 8,935 1,071,975 18.9 11,159 1,132,592 146,380 18.9 4,395,004 911,174 1,261,596 6,087,484 1,388,305 13,218 7,311,470 15.7 5,567,277 8,016,280 17.6 9,910,204 1,425,485 15.5 10,439,785 16.4 15.7 14.0 13.7 Year Malaysia Singapore Indonesia PhilippinesIndonesia Singapore ThailandYear Malaysia Vietnam Others ASEAN 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 40 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side B 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 40 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 41 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Central Central 249 , December 24, 2005; 24, 2005; December , 81 81 SIA A Taipei Times OUTHEAST CHEN Charng-ven, former President CHEN Charng-ven, former S 248 246 NGOs such as the Red Cross Society in Taiwan AIWAN ANDAIWAN 247 , January 19, 2005. 2005. 19, , January . Ibid Another notable agricultural partnership exists between Taiwan and exists between partnership agricultural notable Another Taiwan also responded swiftly to the mass devastation caused by mass Taiwan also responded swiftly to the Ty- Both Taiwan’s governmental and non-governmental sectors have non-governmental and Both Taiwan’s governmental city to improve agricultural operations. These projects have not have projects These operations. agricultural city improve to only but also productivitytheir skills and improve farmers helped Indonesian in the country. image Taiwan’s positive enhanced three years 1973, Thai King after In Project Foundation. Royal Thailand’s Adulyadej dis- SHEN Chang-huan R.O.C. Ambassador and Bhumibol highland crops on the poppies with temperate opium cussed how to replace RoyalProject partnered with the Taiwan officiallyof northern Thailand, to experts to northern Thailand send agricultural began to of Thailand and fruit trees, vegetables,plant temperate ornamental flowers, and forest trees. This Thailand-Taiwan has successfully cooperation transformed poppies into lands with high-yield- by covered lands formerly weeds and Wei-ho, TaiwanICDF’sing cash crops. LIN representative to Thailand Control PathologyPrevention and of the ongoing and the Project Manager Fruit Project in the Royalof Citrus and Passion Foundation, said Project assistanceTaiwan’s agricultural has the livelihood significantly improved a long-term technical in northern Thailand, support of highland residents the Thai people appreciated. of the Red Cross Society in Taiwan, said a victim told him, “I don’t know “I don’t him, told Society in Taiwan, said a victim of the Red Cross Taiwanese people are kind.” where Taiwan is, but I know that the 246. 2016. 16, February Thailand, Wei-ho, Bangkok, with LIN interview Author’s 247. relief: president,” profile in post-tsunami will keep low “Taiwan Huang, Luis Agency News stories,” Cross shares tsunami “Red Lin, Jean 248. T No. 2 2016 Macro (Do Not Delete) Delete) Not (Do Macro 2 2016 No. PM 3:29 7/29/2016 also played significant roles in tsunami relief – more than US$25 million relief – also playedmore significant roles in tsunami 200,000 people in Taiwan to the of private donations were made byover relief project. Red Cross tsunami phoon Haiyan in the Philippines on November 8, 2013. Within ten days ten days 2013. Within 8, on November phoon Haiyan in the Philippines the Taiwanese govern- Philippines, landfall in the after the typhoon made ment sent morerelief supplies to the affected areas, than 680 metric tons of an planes and one trip from cargo of C-130 via 18 sorties distributed contributed to Taiwan’s soft power by providing timely humanitarian aid Taiwan’s soft power by humanitarian timely contributed to providing natural disastersto Southeast Asia in the wake of major in the region. For and subsequent tsu- earthquake instance, shortly after the 9.0 magnitude in the Indian Ocean that struck the coastal areas in Southeast Asia namis the CHEN Shui-bian administra- and South Asia on December 26, 2004, disaster relief in Indonesia, Thai- for donate US$50 million tion pledged to Lanka. land, and Sri http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2005/12/24/2003285797. http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2005/12/24/2003285797. 249. 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 41 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side A 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 41 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 41 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Cen- 254 Taiwan’s Taiwan’s 253 century, led to led to century, st ERIES S , December 27, 2013; http://fo- 2013; 27, December , TUDIES note 228, pp. 169-170. 169-170. 228, pp. note S As Nye notes, “telling is far less As Nye “telling is far notes, less supra 252 SIAN A note 226, p. 103. 103. p. 226, note The provision of typhoon The provision relief significantly supra 251 Central News Agency Central News A number of NGOs also provided immediate immediate assis- A number also provided of NGOs 250 ONTEMPORARY TAIWAN-SOUTHEAST ASIA RELATIONS ASIA TAIWAN-SOUTHEAST RELATIONS V. V. CONCLUSION: PROSPECTS FOR , June 12, 2014; http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aipl/201406120030.aspx. http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aipl/201406120030.aspx. 2014; 12, , June Since the late 1980s, Taiwan has sought to both expand its interna- Since the late 1980s, Taiwan has sought Taiwan’s accession into the World Trade Organization in 2002 and the Taiwan’s into the World Trade accession withconclusion of a free trade Singapore in 2013. The incum- agreement also pledged to further buttress eco- bent, President TSAI Ing-wen, has and cultural ties withnomic Southbound” Southeast Asia under her “New either with the region, policy. However, Taiwan’s continued engagement or a bilateral basis, has been overshadowed byon a multilateral Beijing’s humanitarian actions convey a far more than words, convincing narrative actions convey a far more humanitarian adding credibility Asia. Southeast diplomacy in to the island’s public influential than actions and symbols that show as well as tell.” show symbols that actions and influential than 250. had Taiwan ‘nearest friend,’ Manila’s “As Chen, Jay and Tang, Pei-chun Lee, Shu-hua Ma,” responsibility to help: custaiwan.tw/news/aipl/201312270029.aspx. custaiwan.tw/news/aipl/201312270029.aspx. 251. 2016. 10, March Makati, Philippines, Song-huann, with LIN interview Author’s 252. day event,” relief at national typhoon thanks Taiwan for “Philippines Hou, Elaine tral News Agency tral News 253. Diplomacy,” “Public Nye, 254. Soft Power,” “Taiwan’s Rawnsley, See 82 C 82 No. 2 2016 Macro (Do Not Delete) Delete) Not (Do Macro 2 2016 No. PM 3:29 7/29/2016 R.O.C. navy vessel. navy R.O.C. tional participation and strengthen bilateral relations with its neighboring bilateral tional participation and strengthen “prag- the banners of LEE Teng-hui’s countries in Southeast Asia. Under resumed par- Taiwan not only matic diplomacy”policy, South” and “Go ticipation in the Asian Development Bank’s annual meeting in 1988 and forged but also Cooperation 1991 in Asia-Pacific Economic joined the ties withstronger economic Asian countries and provided de- Southeast assistancevelopmental to the their indus- region, particularly in improving under both President efforts, continued trial and agricultural sectors. These the 21 in MA Ying-jeou CHEN Shui-bian and President tance. The Buddhist Compassion Relief Tzu Chi Foundation, for example, example, for Relief Tzu Chi Foundation, Buddhist Compassion tance. The in the Leyte the of one province, school buildings temporary helped build severelymost affected Representative Taiwanese areas. LIN Song-huann, commentedto the Philippines, that Taiwanese aid for TyphoonHaiyan the was one of immediatemost efforts initiated humanitarian and effective by any country at the time. enhanced the friendship between Taiwanenhanced the friendship and the Philippines. As Philip- to Taiwan Antonio Basilio said,pine Representative “The quick and timely generosity will for- of this and the scope and magnitude response byever be remembered our people.” 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 41 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side B 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 41 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 42 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 de facto 83 83 SIA A OUTHEAST S AIWAN ANDAIWAN As discussed Taiwan under Lee’s in Chapter II, presidency effec- of a set of aggressive foreignPresident Chen’spursuit policies and maritimeIn spite of the P.R.C.’s territorial several disputes with “one-China” principle and its rising economic and political influence in influence political and rising economic and its principle “one-China” particularly the late 1990s. the region, since ad- diplomatic island’s clout to the economic tively strong leveraged its Philippines, trips to the unprecedented Lee’s the early 1990s. vantage in of reciprocal high-level number with a and Thailand, coupled Indonesia, epito- countries, agreements with Southeast Asian visits and economic relations in general. This momen- of Taiwan-ASEAN mized the elevation nevertheless, tum, was stopped subsequently Taiwan by 1995-1996 the made crisis. The former Asian financial Strait crisis and the 1997-1998 ASEAN leaders wary forced the latter of closely engaging Taipei while to mainland many to divert their capital Taiwanese investors in ASEAN wake the the ASEAN Plus Three in of the formation China. Furthermore, ties economic crisis enhanced mainland China’s of the Asian financial agree- framework initial signing of the leading to the with ASEAN, later ment of the ASEAN-China Free Trade2002. The emergence of Area in con- mainland China and ASEAN between closer economic cooperation in Southeast strained Taiwan’s leewaydiplomatic engagement for further Asia. political ties South” strategy “Go failed to improve of the his rekindling relations turned sour because of with ASEAN. Instead, Taiwan-ASEAN Chen’s space provocative pro-independence policies that minimized for ASEAN countries was re- spiral to engage with Taiwan. The downward 2008, in reconciliation on cross-Strait versed after President Ma embarked Cross-Strait peace was an inte- Asia. enhancing regional stability in East policy toward Southeast Asia, and of Ma’s more engagement gral element truce” in his foreign pol- diplomacy” and “diplomatic the “viable broadly, the fact that negate did not cross-Strait relations icy. However, improved regional architec- to block Taiwan’s participation in the Beijing continued ture as a dialogue partner of ASEAN, or to sign free trade agreements with member states. Beijing’s stra- of ASEAN whole and its individual both the to Tai- any international dimensions tegic rationale was to avoid lending the island’s view of its wan’s participation that would confirm independent status. ASEAN countries, remains to be ASEAN’s largest trad- China mainland initia- China’s ongoing ASEAN bloc. Mainland outside of the ing partner tives such as the Asian Infrastructure Investment “One Belt, Bank and One Road” are expectedcooperation with to strengthen its economic ASEAN prowess in the region. In order tocountries, increasing China’s economic T No. 2 2016 Macro (Do Not Delete) Delete) Not (Do Macro 2 2016 No. PM 3:29 7/29/2016 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 42 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side A 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 42 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 42 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Ac- 256 255 ERIES S Though this was not a was not a Though this 257 TUDIES S SIAN A ONTEMPORARY . Ibid As noted in details in Chapter III, from 1991 to 2015, approximately in ChapterAs noted in details approximately 1991 III, from 2015, to continue to fos- should On the cultural front, the Tsai administration In her inaugural speech on May speech on In her inaugural reiterated President Tsai 20, 2016, brand-new policy goal of reducing the degree of trade and investment de- degree of trade and investment the of reducing brand-new policygoal ten- the throughout been achieved China, it had not mainland pendence on and Ma. ures of Lee, Chen, percent of accumulatedTaiwanese overseas investments 55.9 went to China has becomemainland mainland China. On the trade side, Taiwan’s 2005. Although largest export destination since largest trading partner and over the to ASEAN countries of exports Taiwan has increased its share past decade, theisland is still largely reliant on its Chinese export market. needs portfolio, Tsai and trade In order to diversify investment Taiwan’s to effectively integrate and utilize Taiwan’s public and private resources collaboration, economic Asia to facilitate embedding in Southeast more region. the in deeply Taiwan more Taiwan and between ASEAN by utiliz- ter people-to-people connectivity draws that re- attention to the island’s soft power ing public diplomacy sources. As illustrated amount in Chapter IV, Taiwan holds a remarkable assetsacademic in areas ranging from of soft power and cultural ex- changes to technical assistance aid. and humanitarian govern- The new soft these resources to wield much more ment strive to mobilize must such as encouraging measures two-way region. Moreover, power in the by as emphasized for ASEAN and nurturing talents markets, tourism Office, should be fully James Huang,New Southbound Policy head of the with interview phone see “CNBC Glaser, Bonnie by was expressed A similar view 255. Glaser,” May 20, 2016; http://video.cnbc.com/gallery/?video=3000519250. 256. 22, September on diplomatic reception DPP at a policy Southbound” “New a pursue to her plan introduced Ing-wen 2016 presidential election, TSAI trail campaign of Taiwan’s On the and see http://english.dpp.org.tw/dpp-29th-anniversary/; at speech the of full text the See 2015. the full text of Tsai’s inaugural address in 2016 at http://english.president.gov.tw/De- fault.aspx?tabid=1124&itemid=37443&view=home. 257. 84 C 84 No. 2 2016 Macro (Do Not Delete) Delete) Not (Do Macro 2 2016 No. PM 3:29 7/29/2016 benefit economicallybenefit will Asian countries Southeast China, mainland from unlikely risk ire from Beijing a FTA with Taiwan. by forging cording to Tsai, the overall objective of the policycording to Tsai, the was to “elevate the bid farewell to our and to economy, external of our scope and diversity on a single past overreliance – a clear referencemarket” to Taiwan’s per- economy. China’s mainland ceived reliance on that the new government will promote a “New Southbound” policy in the in the Southbound” policy a “New will promote government that the new yearswith regional and cooperation exchanges to “broaden ahead, aiming areas such as and expand and commerce, in neighbors culture, technology, in particular our dynamic and India.” relationships with ASEAN 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 42 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side B 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 42 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 43 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 , May 28, 2016; 28, , May 85 85 SIA A The Straits Times OUTHEAST S AIWAN ANDAIWAN With respect to the large number of immigrants and migrant and migrant of immigrants number the large to respect With 258 Ultimately, the future of Taiwan’s engagement Asia with Southeast Ultimately, engagement the future of Taiwan’s embraced. workers from Southeast Asia, Taiwan needs to improve and uphold their their and uphold workers from needs to improve Asia, Taiwan Southeast society. integrated in Taiwanese become better These help them rights and and between Taiwan cultural linkages serve as intrinsic individuals their of origin in ASEAN. countries the island can depends on how effective its economic utilize and cultural relations and peo- stronger government-to-government resources to foster Taipei and Beijing also predicated upon whether ties. It is ple-to-people can and stable cross-Straitpeaceful com- maintain relations and develop and prosperity multilateralism to economic is conducive that ground mon Asia.in East Asia and Southeast Asean visitors,” for waiver visa plans “Taiwan 258. T No. 2 2016 Macro (Do Not Delete) Delete) Not (Do Macro 2 2016 No. PM 3:29 7/29/2016 http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/taiwan-plans-visa-waiver-for-asean-visitors. 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 43 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side A 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 43 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 43 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 chyr chyr an- YANG P ᳿㐍ῧ George Yeo ᳿ᴿᩥ Rongji ZHU ᮒ㙎ᇶ ᳿὆ụ Timothy Yang MA Ying-jeouMA 㤿ⱥ஑ Ou Francisco Ḻ㬨㘟 Vincent Siew ⷜⴙ㛗 Soong James Ᏽᴆ⍜ SU Chi ⸽㉳ Tan Tony 㝞៞⅖ Ing-wen TSAI ⶧ⱥᩥ TSENG Ming- chung ᭯㖭᐀ DaohanWANG ứ㐨ᾰ Wee WEE Kim 㯣㔠㍤ WEN Jiabao ⁈ᐙᑌ XI Jinping ⩦㏆ᖹ ERIES S TUDIES S SIAN SIAN A tao in ኵ U Shu-tien I L HU J ๽ᶞῧ Annette Lu ࿅⚽ⶈ ⬌㘊℀ James Huang 㯣ᚿⰾ JIANG Zemin Ụ⃝Ẹ KOO Chen-fu ㎟᣺⏠ Hsien LEE Loong ᮤ㢷㱟 Kuan Yew LEE ᮤග⪀ Teng-hui LEE ᮤⓏ㍤ LIEN Chan 㐃ᡚ Kim SanLIM ᯘ㔠ᒣ David Lin ᯘỌᵹ LIN Li-chan ᯘ㯇Ꮁ LIN Song-huann ᯘᯇ↵ Wei-ho LIN ᯘ⥔࿴ Yi-fu LIN ᯘ⩏ ONTEMPORARY ONTEMPORARY GLOSSARY OF SELECTED NAMES NAMES SELECTED OF GLOSSARY సᲷ ⬌ᐃ࿃ 86 C 86 CHANG Chi-ping ❶ィᖹ Shui-bian CHEN 㝞Ỉᡥ CHEN Tang-shan 㝞၈ᒣ Yunlin CHEN 㝞㞼ᯘ CHIANG Ching- kuo ⶩ⥂ᅧ CHIANG Kai-shek ⶩ௓▼ CHIANG Pin-kung Ụ୤ᆞ Eugene Chien ⡆ཪ᪂ Frederick Chien 㘆᚟ CHIOU I-jen 㑪⩏ோ Eric Chu ᮒ❧೔ DENG Xiaoping 㒭ᑠᖹ Tong GOH Chok 藀 HAU Pei-tsun 㒃᯽ᮧ Hsia Andrew ኟ❧ゝ Hu Benny No. Macro 2 2016 Delete) Not (Do 8/4/2016 11:20 AM 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 43 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side B 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 43 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 44 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 U.S.A. (410) 706-1516 (410) 706-3870 1977 Series Tel: Fax: Maryland Series Maryland 500 West Baltimore Street 500 West Baltimore Baltimore, Maryland 21201-1786 Baltimore, Maryland in Contemporary Asian Studies in Contemporary in Contemporary Asian Studies, 1977-1999) Asian in Contemporary (Formerly Occasional Papers/Reprints Series Papers/Reprints Occasional (Formerly limiting Seabed in Southeast Asia (Hungdah CHIU), 32 pp.limiting Seabed in Southeast Asia (Hungdah $3.00 lic of China (Yuan-Li WU), 45 pp.Kroef), 31 pp.Viability (Thomas J. Bellows), 22 pp. $3.00 148 pp. IndexProblems (Edited by Chun-tu HSUEH), (SONG Yook Hong), 80 Other North Pacific Fisheries Agreements $6.00 pp. $3.00 $3.00 $5.00 Chinese Attitude Toward Continental Shelf and Its Implication on De- Chinese Attitude Toward Continental Shelf Growth of the Repub- Income Distribution in the Process of Economic Maoists:Indonesian The and Perspectives (Justus M. van der Doctrines Taiwan’s Foreign Policy in the 1970s: A Case Study Adaptation and Asian Political Scientists in North America: Professional and Ethnic of 1975:The Sino-Japanese Fisheries Agreement A Comparison with (For back issues, new prices effective from October 1, 1991) new prices effective from October (For back issues, No. 1 - 1977No. 2 - 1977 ISSN 0730-0107No. 3 - 1977 ISSN 0730-0107No. 4 - 1977 ISBN 0-942182-00-6 ISSN 0730-0107No. 5 - 1977 ISBN 0-942182-01-4 ISSN 0730-0107No. 6 - 1977 ISBN 0-942182-02-2 ISSN 0730-0107 ISBN 0-942182-03-0 ISSN 0730-0107 ISBN 0-942182-04-9 ISBN 0-942182-05-7 \\jciprod01\productn\A\AOP\16-2\nex162.txt unknown Seq: 1 10-AUG-16 16:04 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 44 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side A 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 44 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 44 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 $3.00 1978 Series pp. CHIU, with contri- Analysis, and Documents (Edited by Hungdah King C. Chen, Eugene bution by G. J. Sigur, Robert A. Scalapino, C. Hsiung and James W. A. Theroux, Michael Y.M. Kau, James Morley), 207 pp. Index WU and Kung-chia the Republic of China (Edited by Yuan-li YEH), 227 pp. Indexwan (Jan S. Prybyla), 31 pp. $5.00 $3.00 $5.00 $3.00 People’s Republic of China: Republic People’s 22 pp. Heuser), (Robert A Case Study tencing Documents (Randle Edwards, Translation of Documents Edwards, Translation (Randle tencing Documents CHIU), 67 pp. Edwards and Hungdah by Randle Wai-lim YIP), 126 pp. $3.00 of In- Conference of the American Society ceedings of a Regional Simon), by Hungdah CHIU and David ternational Law (Edited 217 pp. IndexRelations, 62 pp.ployment Policy, 24 pp. $5.00 $8.00 $3.00 $3.00 Indian Ocean Politics:Ocean Indian (K.P. Misra), 31 An Asian-African Perspective Republic of China:Normalizing Relations with the People’s Problems, Growth, Distribution, and Social Change: of Essays on the Economy The Societal Objectives of Wealth, Growth, Stability, and Equity in Tai- Foreign Trade Contracts Between West German Companies and the and Companies West German Between Contracts Trade Foreign Reflections on Crime and Punishment in China, with Appended Sen- in China, on Crime and Punishment Reflections Chinese Arts and Literature: of Recent Trends (Edited by A Survey — Pro- of China Trade and Investment Legal Aspects of U.S.-Republic Paper:Position Assembly American Asian I. A Review of U.S. China Paper:Position Assembly American Asian II. 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Beer and Hide- Law (Lawrence the Study of Japanese A Guide to and Mayaguez Incidents:The Pueblo, EC-121, Some Continuities and 82 pp. Policy and Strategy (Yong Soon YIM), Two Korea’s Unification No. 1 - 1979 (22)No. 2 - 1979 (23) ISSN 0730-0107No. 3 - 1979 (24) ISSN 0730-0107 ISBN 0-942182-21-9 No. 4 - 1979 (25) ISSN 0730-0107 ISBN 0-942182-22-7 No. 5 - 1979 (26) ISSN 0730-0107 ISBN 0-942182-23-5 No. 6 - 1979 (27) ISSN 0730-0107 ISBN 0-942182-24-3 ISSN 0730-0107 ISBN 0-942182-25-1 ISBN 0-942182-26-X No. 5 - 1978 (17)1978 5 - No. (18)No. 6 - 1978 ISSN 0730-0107 (19)No. 7 - 1978 ISSN 0730-0107 ISBN 0-942182-16-2 No. 8 - 1978 (20) ISSN 0730-0107 ISBN 0-942182-17-0 No. 9 - 1978 (21) ISSN 0730-0107 ISBN 0-942182-18-9 ISSN 0730-0107 ISBN 0-942182-19-7 ISBN 0-942182-20-0 \\jciprod01\productn\A\AOP\16-2\nex162.txt unknown Seq: 3 10-AUG-16 16:04 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 45 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side A 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 45 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 45 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 1981 Series 1980 Series inal Justice System (Hungdah CHIU), 31 pp. $3.00 (Charles Cochran and Hungdah CHIU), 130 pp. Index 130 CHIU), and Hungdah Cochran (Charles $4.00 200 pp. IndexCHIU and Karen Murphy), 17 pp.(James C. 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Chen), Law and Arms Control The People’s Republic of China, International Chinese Law and Justice: Trends Over Three Decades (Hungdah Control in Japan:Disarmament and Civilian A Constitutional Dilemma No. 1 - 1983 (54)No. 2 - 1983 (55) ISSN 0730-0107No. 3 - 1983 (56) ISSN 0730-0107 ISBN 0-942182-53-7 ISSN 0730-0107 ISBN 0-942182-54-5 ISBN 0-942182-55-3 No. 5 - 1982 (50)1982 5 - No. (51)No. 6 - 1982 ISSN 0730-0107 ISSN 0730-0107 ISBN 0-942182-49-9 ISBN 0-942182-50-2 No. 4 - 1983 (57)No. 5 - 1983 (58) ISSN 0730-0107No. 6 - 1983 (59) ISSN 0730-0107 ISBN 0-942182-56-1 (Hardcover edition published in Politics Series ISSN 0730-0107 ISBN 0-942182-57-X ISBN 0-942182-58-8 \\jciprod01\productn\A\AOP\16-2\nex162.txt unknown Seq: 6 10-AUG-16 16:04 No. 7 - 1982 (52)No. 7 - 1982 No. 8 - 1982 (53) ISSN 0730-0107 ISSN 0730-0107 ISBN 0-942182-51-0 ISBN 0-942182-52-9 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 46 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side B 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 46 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 47 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 $3.00 $5.00 org-Meinhard Rudolph), 174 pp. Index 1985 Series 1984 Series 1984 Maryland Studies in East Asian Law and Maryland Studies in , No. 4, ISBN 0-942182-63-4) $15.00 public of China (Alan P. 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(out of print) $4.00 People’s Daily $8.00 $3.00 $8.00 18 pp. (out of print) (out of 18 pp. 22 pp. Joanne CHANG), (Jaw-Ling A. Silk), 32 pp.in Murky Waters (Mitchell $3.00 $3.00 $3.00 Since Aquino: and the United States (Justus M. The Philippine Tangle From Tradition to Modernity:to Tradition From Interpretation on A Socio-Historical in Korea and International Law (Byung-Hwa Peace and Unification Foreign Policy (Hungdah The Hong Kong Agreement and American United States-China Normalization:Evaluation of Foreign Policy An Integration:Communications and China’s National of An Analysis The 1982 Chinese Constitution and the Rule of Law (Hungdah CHIU), of Law (Hungdah the Rule and Constitution Chinese The 1982 Style:Peking’s Negotiating Normalization Case study of U.S.-PRC A Protection Law: Environmental China’s Marine Creeping Dragon The No. 6 - 1986 (77) ISSN 0730-0107 ISBN 0-942182-80-4 No. 1 - 1986 (72)No. 2 - 1986 (73) ISSN 0730-0107No. 3 - 1986 (74) ISBN 0-942182-74-X ISSN 0730-0107No. 4 - 1986 (75) ISSN 0730-0107 ISBN 0-942182-75-8 Studies in East Asian Law and Politics (Hardcover edition published in Maryland ISSN 0730-0107Series, No. 7. ISBN 0-942182-78-2) ISBN 0-942182-76-6 No. 5 - 1986 (76) ISBN 0-942182-77-4 ISSN 0730-0107 ISBN 0-942182-79-0 $12.00 No. 4 - 1985 (69)1985 4 - No. (70)No. 5 - 1985 ISSN 0730-0107 (71)No. 6 - 1985 ISSN 0730-0107 ISBN 0-942182-71-5 ISSN 0730-0107 ISBN 0-942182-72-3 ISBN 0-942182-73-1 \\jciprod01\productn\A\AOP\16-2\nex162.txt unknown Seq: 8 10-AUG-16 16:04 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 47 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side B 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 47 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 48 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 1988 Series 1987 Series 1987 Comparative Analysis (Clyde D. Stoltenberg and David Comparative Analysis (Clyde D. Stoltenberg 1987 (Hungdah CHIU), 41 pp.20 pp.Cohen), 103 pp. (out of print)ating Behavior (with text of 1887 Protocol and 1987 Declaration) $3.00 (Jaw-ling Joanne CHANG), 37 pp. $5.00 $3.00 $3.00 (Benjamin Chin), 40 pp.(Benjamin of Jaw-ling Jo- with the assistance by Hungdah CHIU, 1986 (edited pp.anne CHANG), 222 IndexNathan), 24 pp.25 pp. $3.00 Taiwan: A W. 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Gary Vause), 47 pp. $3.00 $4.00 $6.00 $4.00 $3.00 The International Legal Status of the Republic of China (Hungdah The International Legal Status of the The Draft Basic Law of Hong Kong: Law of Basic The Draft Analysis and Documents (edited Constitutionalism in Asia:Influence of the American Asian Views of China Appeal in the People’s Republic The Right to a Criminal and International Law, Treaties, Agreements The Status of Customary Rights in the People’s Re- One Step Forward, One Step Back, Human Tibet: Law of Human Rights in the Chinese Attitude toward International Tiananmen: to Tibet Chinese Human Rights and United States Foreign No. 1 - 1990 (96) ISSN 0730-0107 ISBN 0-925153-06-0 No. 5 - 1988 (88)1988 5 - No. (89)No. 6 - 1988 ISSN 0730-0107 ISSN 0730-0107 ISBN 0-942182-91-X No. 1 - 1989 (90) ISBN 0-942182-92-8 No. 2 - 1989 (91) ISSN 0730-0107No. 3 - 1989 (92) ISSN 0730-0107 ISBN 0-925153-00-1 ISBN 0-925153-01-X No. 4 - 1989 (93) ISSN 0730-0107No. 5 - 1989 (94) ISBN 0-925153-02-8 ISSN 0730-0107No. 6 - 1989 (95) ISSN 0730-0107 ISBN 0-925153-03-6 ISSN 0730-0107 ISBN 0-925153-04-4 ISBN 0-925153-05-2 \\jciprod01\productn\A\AOP\16-2\nex162.txt unknown Seq: 10 10-AUG-16 16:04 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 48 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side B 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 48 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 49 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 $6.00 1991 Series Maryland Studies in East Asian Law and Studies in East Asian Maryland , No. 11, ISBN 0-925153-08-7), No. 11, ISBN $14.00 China’s Struggle for Democracy—Its Prelude, Develop- Prelude, for Democracy—Its Struggle China’s Politics Series CHIU), 37 pp.CHIU), 37 27 pp. of print)CHIU), 34 pp. (out Copper), 174 pp. Index (out of print) $4.00 $4.00 $8.00 $3.00 ited by John T. McDermott, with contributions by Linda F. Powers, ited by John T. McDermott, with contributions H. Chen, Cheryl M. Ronald A. Case, Chung-Teh LEE, Jeffrey Douglas T. Hung), 94 pp. Friedman, Hungdah CHIU, K.C. Fan and ment, Aftermath, and Impact (Winston L. Y. Yang and Marsha L. Marsha Yang and L. Y. (Winston and Impact Aftermath, ment, pp. 314 Wagner), of print) out (paperback Index $8.00 public of China, 1988/89 (Ta-ling LEE and John F. Copper), 150 pp. public of China, 1988/89 (Ta-ling LEE and IndexCulture (Lawrence W. 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A Long-Term Perspective Analysis of Opposition Movements (Ching-chane An Entreprenurial No. 1 - 1996 (132)No. 2 - 1996 (133) ISSN 0730-0107No. 3 - 1996 (134) ISSN 0730-0107 ISBN 0-925153-44-3 No. 4 - 1996 (135) ISSN 0730-0107 ISBN 0-925153-45-1 No. 5 - 1996 (136) ISSN 0730-0107 ISBN 0-925153-46-X ISBN 0-925153-47-8 ISSN 0730-0107 ISBN 0-925153-49-4 No. 2 - 1995 (127)1995 2 - No. (128)No. 3 - 1995 ISSN 0730-0107 (129)No. 4 - 1995 ISSN 0730-0107 ISBN 0-925153-39-7 No. 5 - 1995 (130) ISBN 0-925153-40-0 ISSN 0730-0107No. 6 - 1995 (131) ISSN 0730-0107 ISBN 0-925153-41-9 ISSN 0730-0107 ISBN 0-925153-42-7 ISBN 0-925153-43-5 \\jciprod01\productn\A\AOP\16-2\nex162.txt unknown Seq: 14 10-AUG-16 16:04 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 50 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side B 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 50 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 51 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 $7.00 $6.00 ) in the People’s Republic of ) in the People’s Republic Shoushen 1998 Series 1997 Series Conceptual Scheme for the Integration of Divided Nations Conceptual Scheme for the Integration (Yung WEI), 20 pp. (Stephen Kho), 63 pp. parency in the People’s Republic of China $4.00 America and the People’s Republic of China (Stephen Kho), 68 pp. Kho), 68 (Stephen of China Republic People’s and the America pp.(Yuan-Li WU), 348 IndexWai), 72 pp.China: WONG), 53 pp. Law, Policy, and Practices (Kam C. $6.00 $35.00 Implications, (LUO Qizhi) 68 pp.(John F. 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Sun), $8.00 $8.00 $18.00 $5.00 pp. $6.00 From “Multi-System Nations” to “Linkage Communities”:From “Multi-System Nations” to “Linkage A New on the Lack of Trans- The Impact of the World Trade Organization A Study of the Consular Convention between the United States of United States the between Convention Consular of the A Study 1947-1996 China under Communism to Tiananmen, Tiananmen (Hardcover edition: ISBN 0-925153-53-2) (TING and International Status of Hong Kong The External Relations ( Sheltering for Examination $45.00 Legal Aid Practices in the PRC in the 1990s — Dynamics, Contents and The KMT’s 15th Party Congress: The Ruling Party at a Crossroads From Pirate King to Jungle King:Intellec- Taiwan’s of Transformation The Nationalist Ideology of the Chinese Military (Xiaoyu CHEN), 45 No. 1 - 1998 (144)No. 2 - 1998 (145) ISSN 0730-0107 ISBN 0-925153-59-1 ISSN 0730-0107 ISBN 0-925153-60-5 No. 6 - 1996 (137)1996 6 - No. ISSN 0730-0107 (138)No. 1 - 1997 ISBN 0-925153-51-6 No. 2 - 1997 (139) ISSN 0730-0107No. 3 - 1997 (140) ISBN 0-925153-52-4 ISSN 0730-0107No. 4 - 1997 (141) ISSN 0730-0107 ISBN 0-925153-54-0 No. 5 - 1997 (142) ISSN 0730-0107 ISBN 0-925153-55-9 No. 6 - 1997 (143) ISSN 0730-0107 ISBN 0-925153-56-7 ISSN 0730-0107 ISBN 0-925153-57-5 ISBN 0-925153-58-3 \\jciprod01\productn\A\AOP\16-2\nex162.txt unknown Seq: 15 10-AUG-16 16:04 No. 3 - 1998 (146) ISSN 0730-0107 ISBN 0-925153-61-3 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 51 Side A 08/11/2016 08:45:46 Side A 08/11/2016 Sheet No. 51 38189-aop_16-2 38189-aop_16-2 Sheet No. 51 Side B 08/11/2016 08:45:46 2000 Series 1999 Series tions Act (Edited by Jaw-Ling Joanne Chang & William W. 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Baltimore, Maryland: of Maryland University Legal Problems of Seabed Boundary Delimitation in Legal Problems of Seabed Boundary .York:New Albany, State University of New York The People’s Republic of China, International Law and The People’s Republic Publishers, A Division of Holt, Rinehart and Winston/CBS, Inc., of Holt, Rinehart and Winston/CBS, Publishers, A Division 1979. 295 pp. distributed by the Greenwood Press) (Now ISBN 0-03-048911-3 $49.95 Mao China Press, 1985. 325 pp. Committee on Asian Studies, (Published under the co-auspices of University of Virginia.) ISBN 0-87395-950-7 (hardcover)ISBN 0-87395-948-5 (paperback) $74.50 $24.95 Calendar of Events 1966-1980 Calendar of Events 1981.Rinehart and Winston/CBS, Inc., Division of Holt, 329 pp. by the Greenwood Press) (Now distributed ISBN 0-03-059443-XArms Control School of Law OPRSCAS*, 1983. 325 pp. ISBN 0-942182-59-6the East China Sea School of Law, 1984. 308 pp. ISBN 0-942182-63-4 $49.95 $15.00 $15.00 ter the 1911 Hsin-hai Revolution versity Press of Virginia, 1984. 600 pp. the Committee on Asian Stud- (Published under the co-auspices of ies, University of Virginia.) ISBN 0-8138-1027-7 $35.00 MARYLAND STUDIES IN EAST ASIAN LAW AND ASIAN EAST IN STUDIES MARYLAND (The following books are published under the auspices or co- published under books are (The following of the Univer- Legal Studies Program of the East Asian auspices Law. 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Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Law and Policy in Law and Policy Environmental United States-China Normalization: States-China United An Taiwan Trade and Investment Law . Baltimore, Maryland: Maryland University of Oxford University Press, 1994. 693 pages. .CT:Westport, 1987. Press (Quorum Books), Greenwood Kong: ISBN 0-19-585289-3 $59.00 China’s Struggle for Democracy—Its Prelude, Development, After- Democracy—Its Prelude, Development, China’s Struggle for math, and Impact School of Law OPRSCAS, 1990. pp. 314 Index ISBN 0-925153-08-7 $14.00 tion and Constitutionalism in China tion and Constitutionalism wood Press (Quorum Books), 1987.wood Press (Quorum 262 pp. ISBN 0-89930-241-6 1988.Global Strategy Council, 166 pp. Distributed by OPRSCAS, Paper. $55.00 $8.00 Hong Kong:Hong Beyond Toward 1997 and Evaluation of Foreign Policy Decision Making. Policy Decision Foreign of Evaluation land: 1986. 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