FAMILY Synodontidae Gill, 1861 - Lizardfishes

FAMILY Synodontidae Gill, 1861 - lizardfishes

SUBFAMILY Synodontinae Gill, 1861 - lizardfishes [=Salmonidi Rafinesque, 1810, Sauridae Lowe, 1843, Synodontoidae Gill, 1861] Notes: Salmonidi Rafinesque, 1810a:54 [ref. 3594] (ordine) Tirus [no stem of the type genus, not available, Article 11.7.1.1] Sauridae Lowe, 1843:89 [ref. 2832] (family or tribe) Saurus [preoccupied by Sauroides Agassiz, 1833:2 [ref. 13390] (changed to Sauridae De Kay 1842 [ref. 1098]) in fishes, invalid] Synodontoidae Gill, 1861a:53 [ref. 1766] (family) Synodus [senior homonym of Synodontini Bleeker, 1862; family name sometimes seen as Synodidae]

GENUS Synodus Scopoli, 1777 - lizardfishes, sand divers [=Synodus Scopoli [J. A.] (ex Gronow), 1777:449, Allouarnia (subgenus of Synodus) Whitley [G. P.], 1937:219, Austrotirus (subgenus of Synodus) Whitley [G. P.], 1937:219, Esosynodus (subgenus of Synodus) Whitley [G. P.], 1937:219, Exotirichthys (subgenus of Synodus) Whitley [G. P.], 1937:219, Laurida Swainson [W.], 1838:242, 246, Negotirus (subgenus of Synodus) Whitley [G. P.], 1937:219, Newtonscottia (subgenus of Synodus) Whitley [G. P.], 1937:219, Salmosaurus Minding [J.], 1832:120, Saurus Catesby [M.], 1771:2, Saurus Cuvier [G.], 1816:169, Soarus Linck [H. F.], 1790:38, Synodus Gronow [L. T.], 1763:112, Synodus Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.], 1801:396 (xlix), Tirus Rafinesque [C. S.], 1810:56, Xystodus Ogilby [J. D.], 1910:5] Notes: [ref. 3990]. Masc. Esox synodus Linnaeus, 1758. Type by subsequent designation and absolute tautonymy. Described without species, first addition of species and subsequent designator not researched. •Valid as Synodus Scopoli, 1777 -- (Anderson et al. 1966:46 [ref. 6977], Cressey 1981 [ref. 5574], Sulak in Whitehead et al. 1984:409 [ref. 13675], Okiyama 1984:207 [ref. 13644], Machida in Masuda et al. 1984:60 [ref. 6441], Cressey 1986:271 [ref. 6289], Waples & Randall 1989 [ref. 9187], Paxton et al. 1989:237 [ref. 12442] with authorship as Bloch & Schneider 1801, Heemstra in Smith & Heemstra 1995:271 [ref. 21953], Wiley et al. 1998:423 [ref. 25588], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:160 [ref. 24550], Russell 1999:1930 [ref. 24747], Sato & Nakabo 2002:44 [ref. 25953], Russell 2003:925 [ref. 27004], Castellanos-Galindo et al. 2006:259 [ref. 28944], Hoese & Gates 2006:468 [ref. 28997] with authorship as Bloch & Schneider 1801, Chen et al. 2007:148 [ref. 29121], Prokofiev 2008:424 [ref. 29560], Randall & Pyle 2008:657 [ref. 29852], Kimura 2009:37 [ref. 30426], Randall 2009:402 [ref. 30454], Ho et al. 2010:64 [ref. 30761], Carvalho-Filho et al. 2010:33 [ref. 30983], Hubert et al. 2012:5 [ref. 31846], Frable et al. 2013:122 [ref. 32553], Birindelli 2014:534 [ref. 33501]). Current status: Valid as Synodus Scopoli, 1777. Synodontidae: Synodontinae. (Allouarnia) [ref. 4690]. Fem. Synodus sageneus Waite, 1905. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Synonym of Synodus Scopoli, 1777 -- (Anderson et al. 1966:47 [ref. 6977], Sulak in Whitehead et al. 1984:409 [ref. 13675], Castellanos-Galindo et al. 2006:259 [ref. 28944]). Current status: Synonym of Synodus Scopoli, 1777. Synodontidae: Synodontinae. (Austrotirus) [ref. 4690]. Masc. Synodus similis McCulloch, 1921. Type by original designation. •Synonym of Synodus Scopoli, 1777 -- (Anderson et al 1966:47 [ref. 6977], Sulak in Whitehead et al. 1984:409 [ref. 13675], Castellanos-Galindo et al. 2006:260 [ref. 28944]). Current status: Synonym of Synodus Scopoli, 1777. Synodontidae: Synodontinae. (Esosynodus) [ref. 4690]. Masc. Saurus lucioceps Ayres, 1855. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Synonym of Synodus Scopoli, 1777 -- (Anderson et al. 1966:46 [ref. 6977], Sulak in Whitehead et al. 1984:409 [ref. 13675], Castellanos-Galindo et al. 2006:260 [ref. 28944]). Current status: Synonym of Synodus Scopoli, 1777. Synodontidae: Synodontinae. (Exotirichthys) [ref. 4690]. Masc. Saurus altipinnis Günther, 1864. Type by original designation (also monotypic). Two additional species referred with question. •Synonym of Synodus Scopoli, 1777 -- (Anderson et al. 1966:47 [ref. 6977], Sulak in Whitehead et al. 1984:409 [ref. 13675], Castellanos-Galindo et al. 2006:260 [ref. 28944]). Current status: Synonym of Synodus Scopoli, 1777. Synodontidae: Synodontinae. (Laurida) [ref. 4302]. Fem. Salmo foetans of Swainson (= Salmo foetens Linnaeus, 1766). Type by subsequent designation. Also in Swainson 1839:185, 287-288 [ref. 4303]. Dates to 1838:242, 246 (with 3 included species in 1838); also mentioned on pp. 43, 221, 245, 250-252, 258. Type designated by Swain 1882:279 [ref. 5966]. •Synonym of Synodus Scopoli, 1777 -- (Nielsen 1973:161 [ref. 6885], see Anderson et al. 1966:47 [ref. 6977], Castellanos-Galindo et al. 2006:260 [ref. 28944]). Current status: Synonym of Synodus Scopoli, 1777. Synodontidae: Synodontinae. (Negotirus) [ref. 4690]. Masc. Synodus evermanni Jordan & Bollman, 1890. Type by original designation. •Synonym of Synodus Scopoli, 1777 -- (Anderson et al. 1966:47 [ref. 6977], Sulak in Whitehead et al. 1984:409 [ref. 13675] as Neotirus, Castellanos-Galindo et al. 2006:260 [ref. 28944]). Current status: Synonym of Synodus Scopoli, 1777. Synodontidae: Synodontinae. (Newtonscottia) [ref. 4690]. Fem. Synodus houlti McCulloch, 1921. Type by original designation. •Synonym of Synodus Scopoli, 1777 -- (Sulak in Whitehead et al. 1984:409 [ref. 13675], Castellanos-Galindo et al. 2006:260 [ref. 28944]). Current status: Synonym of Synodus Scopoli, 1777. Synodontidae: Synodontinae. (Salmosaurus) [ref. 3022]. Masc. Salmosaurus lacerta Minding, 1832. Apparently an unneeded new name for Saurus Cuvier 1816. •In the synonymy of Synodus Scopoli, 1777. Current status: Synonym of Synodus Scopolo, 1777. Synodontidae: Synodontinae. (Saurus) [ref. 774]. Masc. Not available, published in a rejected work on Official Index (Opinion 89, Opinion 259). •In the synonymy of Synodus Scopoli, 1777. Current status: Synonym of Synodus Scopoli, 1777. Synodontidae: Synodontinae. (Saurus) [ref. 993]. Masc. Salmo saurus Linnaeus, 1758. Type by absolute tautonymy. •Synonym of Synodus Scopoli, 1777 -- (Anderson et al. 1966:47 [ref. 6977], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:160 [ref. 24550], Castellanos-Galindo et al. 2006:260 [ref. 28944]). Current status: Synonym of Synodus Scopoli, 1777. Synodontidae: Synodontinae. (Soarus) [ref. 4985]. Masc. Appeared without included species; probably a misprint for Saurus (see Gill 1903:962 [ref. 4983]). •In the synonymy of Synodus Scopoli, 1777 -- (Nielsen 1973:161 [ref. 6885], see Anderson et al. 1966:46 [ref. 6977], Castellanos-Galindo et al. 2006:260 [ref. 28944]). Current status: Synonym of Synodus Scopoli, 1777. Synodontidae: Synodontinae. (Synodus) [ref. 1910]. Masc. Not available, published in a rejected work on Official Index (Opinions 20, 89, 261). •In the synonymy of Synodus Scopoli, 1777 -- (see Anderson et al. 1966:46 [ref. 6977]). Current status: Synonym of Synodus Scopoli, 1777. Synodontidae: Synodontinae. (Synodus) [ref. 471]. Masc. Esox synodus Linnaeus, 1758. Type by absolute tautonymy. •Objective synonym of Synodus Scopoli, 1777 -- (Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:160 [ref. 24550], Castellanos-Galindo et al. 2006:260 [ref. 28944]). Current status: Synonym of Synodus Scopoli, 1777. Synodontidae: Synodontinae. (Tirus) [ref. 3594]. Masc. Tirus marmoratus Rafinesque, 1810. Type by monotypy. •Synonym of Synodus Scopoli, 1777 – (Nielsen 1973:161 [ref. 6885], Anderson et al. 1966:47 [ref. 6977], Castellanos-Galindo et al. 2006:260 [ref. 28944]). Current status: Synonym of Synodus Scopoli, 1777. Synodontidae: Synodontinae. (Xystodus) [ref. 3288]. Masc. Xystodus banfieldi Ogilby, 1910. Type by original designation (also monotypic). Type designated on p. 1. •Synonym of Synodus Scopoli, 1777 -- (Sulak 1977:53 [ref. 4299], Sulak in Whitehead et al. 1984:409 [ref. 13675], Castellanos-Galindo et al. 2006:260 [ref. 28944]). Current status: Synonym of Synodus Scopoli, 1777. Synodontidae: Synodontinae.

Species Synodus binotatus Schultz, in Schultz et al., 1953 - twospotted lizardfish [=Synodus binotatus Schultz [L. P.], in Schultz et al., 1953:35, Fig. 8] Notes: [Bulletin of the United States National Museum No. 202, v. 1; ref. 3975] Lagoon reef near southern end, Ennylabegan Island, Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands, western Pacific. Current status: Valid as Synodus binotatus Schultz, 1953. Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: East Africa, Seychelles, to Madagascar and Réunion (Mascarenes) east to Hawaiian Islands and Line Islands, north to Ryukyu and Ogasawara Islands, south to Western Australia and New Caledonia. Habitat: marine.

Species Synodus bondi Fowler, 1939 - sharpnose lizardfish [=Synodus bondi Fowler [H. W.], 1939:7, Figs. 5-6] Notes: [Notulae Naturae (Philadelphia) No. 35; ref. 1431] Kingston, Jamaica. Current status: Valid as Synodus bondi Fowler, 1939. Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

Species Synodus capricornis Cressey & Randall, 1978 - Capricorn lizardfish [=Synodus capricornis Cressey [R. F.] & Randall [J. E.], 1978:767, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v. 91 (no. 3); ref. 8941] Off Ahu Akapu, Easter Island [southeastern Pacific], depth 70 feet. Current status: Valid as Synodus capricornis Cressey & Randall, 1978. Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Distribution: Western and central Pacific, antitropical: Taiwan, Hawaiian Islands, Pitcairn, Easter Island. Habitat: marine.

Species Synodus cubanus Poey, 1876 - Cuban sand lizardfish (author) [=Syndus cubanus Poey [F.], 1876:185 [143]] Notes: [Anales de la Sociedad Española de Historia Natural, Madrid v. 5; ref. 3510] Cuba. Current status: Valid as Synodus cubanus Poey, 1876. Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Distribution: Habitat: marine.

Species Synodus dermatogenys Fowler, 1912 - sand lizardfish [=Synodus dermatogenys Fowler [H. W.], 1912:566, Fig. 3, Synodus amaranthus Waples [R. S.] & Randall [J. E.] 1989:185, Figs. 1, 3] Notes: [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 63 (for 1911); ref. 14954] Hawaiian Island. Current status: Valid as Synodus dermatogenys Fowler, 1912. Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Distribution: Red Sea, Indo-West Pacific: East Africa,to Comores and Mascarenes east to Hawaiian Islands and Pitcairn Group, south to Australia, Lord Howe Island and New Caledonia. Habitat: marine. (amaranthus) [Pacific Science v. 42 (nos 3-4) [1988]; ref. 9187] Honolulu market, Oahu Island, Hawaiian Islands. Current status: Synonym of Synodus dermatogenys Fowler, 1912. Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Synodus doaki Russell & Cressey, 1979 - Arrowtooth lizardfish [=Synodus doaki Russell [B. C.] & Cressey [R. F.], 1979:166, Fig. 1] Notes: [Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v. 92 (no. 1); ref. 8790] Nursery Bay [35°30'S, 174°44'E], Port Knights Islands [off eastern Northland], New Zealand, depth 19 meters. Current status: Valid as Synodus doaki Russell & Cressey, 1979. Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: East Africa east to Hawaiian Islands, north to southern Japan, south to eastern Australia, Chesterfield Islands (New Caledonia), New Zealand and Kermadec Islands. Habitat: marine.

Species Synodus evermanni Jordan & Bollman, 1890 - Inotted lizardfish [=Synodus evermanni Jordan [D. S.] & Bollman [C. H.], 1890:152] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 12 (no. 770); ref. 2433] Off Pacific Coast of Colombia, depth 33 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Synodus evermanni Jordan & Bollman, 1890. Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Synodus falcatus Waples & Randall, 1989 - Maro lizardfish (author) [=Synodus falcatus Waples [R. S.] & Randall [J. E.], 1989:191, Pls. 1f, 3c; Figs. 1, 4, Synodus janus Waples [R. S.] & Randall [J. E.] 1989:195, Figs. 1, 5] Notes: [Pacific Science v. 42 (nos 3-4) [1988]; ref. 9187] Maro Reef, northwestern Hawaiian Islands, 25°24'N, 170°53'W, depth 88-95 meters. Current status: Valid as Synodus falcatus Waples & Randall, 1989. Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Distribution: Hawaiian Islands. Habitat: marine. (janus) [Pacific Science v. 42 (nos 3-4) [1988]; ref. 9187] Hilo, Hawaii Island, Hawaiian Islands. Current status: Synonym of Synodus falcatus Waples & Randall, 1989. Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Distribution: Hawaiian Islands (known only from holotype) [probably not valid]. Habitat: marine.

Species Synodus fasciapelvicus Randall, 2009 - Randall's sand diver [=Synodus fasciapelvicus Randall [J. E.], 2009:404, Figs. 2-3] Notes: [Zoological Studies v. 48 (no.3); ref. 30454] Tanjung Luar fish market, Lombok, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Synodus fasciapelvicus Randall, 2009. Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Distribution: Indonesia and the Philippines. Habitat: marine.

Species Synodus foetens (Linnaeus, 1766) - inshore lizardfish [=Salmo foetens Linnaeus [C.], 1766:513, Osmerus albidus Lacepède [B. G. E.], 1803:229, 235, Saurus longirostris Spix [J. B. von] & Agassiz [L.], 1829:80, Pl. 43, Coregonus ruber Lacepède [B. G. E.], 1803:244, 263, Pl. 4 (fig. 3), Saurus mexicanus Cuvier [G.], 1829:314, Esox salmoneus Mitchill [S. L.], 1815:442, Saurus spixianus Poey [F.], 1860:304] Notes: [Systema naturae sive regna tria naturae v. 1 (pt 1); ref. 2786] South Carolina, 3°47'34.80"N, 79°39'46.80"N, depth 10 meters. Current status: Valid as Synodus foetens (Linnaeus, 1766). Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: brackish, marine. (albidus) [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepéde) v. 5; ref. 4930] Carolinas, U.S.A. Current status: Synonym of Synodus foetens (Linnaeus, 1766). Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (longirostris) [Reise nach Griechenland und der Türkei; ref. 13] Brazil (?Salvador, Bahia). Current status: Synonym of Synodus foetens (Linnaeus, 1766). Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (ruber) [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepéde) v. 5; ref. 4930] American coasts and near the tropics [Martinique Island, West Indies]. Current status: Synonym of Synodus foetens (Linnaeus, 1766). Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (mexicanus) [Le Règne Animal (Edition 2) v. 2; ref. 995] Gulf of Mexico. Current status: Synonym of Synodus foetens (Linnaeus, 1766). Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Habitat: marine. (salmoneus) [Transactions of the Literary and Philosophical Society of New-York v. 1 (art. 5) (for 1814); ref. 13292] New York, U.S.A. Current status: Synonym of Synodus foetens (Linnaeus, 1766). Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (spixianus) [Memorias sobre la historia natural de la Isla de Cuba v. 2; ref. 3499] Cuba. Current status: Synonym of Synodus foetens (Linnaeus, 1766). Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Synodus fuscus Tanaka, 1917 - Tanaka's lizardfish (author) [=Synodus fuscus Tanaka [S.], 1917:38, Notes: [Dobutsugaku Zasshi = Zoological Magazine Tokyo v. 29 (no. 340); ref. 17353] Japan. Current status: Valid as Synodus fuscus Tanaka, 1917. Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Distribution: Western North Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Synodus gibbsi Cressey, 1981 - Gibbs' lizardfish (author) [=Synodus gibbsi Cressey [R. F.], 1981:18, Figs. 12-13] Notes: [Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology No. 342; ref. 5574] Tanzania, 6°51'S, 39°54'E, depth 100 meters. Current status: Valid as Synodus gibbsi Cressey, 1981. Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Distribution: Indian Ocean. Habitat: marine.

Species Synodus hoshinonis Tanaka, 1917 - blackear lizardfish [=Synodus hoshinonis Tanaka [S.], 1917:38] Notes: [Dobutsugaku Zasshi = Zoological Magazine Tokyo v. 29 (no. 340); ref. 17353] Hiro, Wakayama Prefecture, Japan. Current status: Valid as Synodus hoshinonis Tanaka, 1917. Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Distribution: Red Sea, Indo-West Pacific, south to northern New Zealand. Habitat: marine.

Species Synodus houlti McCulloch, 1921 - Hoult's lizardfish (author) [=Synodus houlti McCulloch [A. R.], 1921:165, Pl. 8 (fig. 1)] Notes: [Memoirs of the Queensland Museum v. 7; ref. 15318] Near the Capricorn Group, Queensland, Australia, depth 25-30 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Synodus houlti McCulloch, 1921. Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Distribution: Southwestern Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Synodus indicus (Day, 1873) - Indian lizardfish [=Saurus indicus Day [F.], 1873:526, Synodus dietrichi Kotthaus [A.], 1967:72, Figs. 62-65] Notes: [The Journal of the Linnean Society of London. Zoology v. 11; ref. 17368] Madras, India [Indian Ocean]. Current status: Valid as Synodus indicus (Day, 1873). Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Distribution: Red Sea, Indo-West Pacific: East Africa east to Philippines, south to Western Australia. Habitat: marine. (dietrichi) [Meteor Forschungsergebnisse. Reihe D, Biologie No. 1; ref. 2668] Off Somalia coast, 3°25'N, 47°14.8'E TO 3°23.8'N, 47°14'E, depth 38-37 meters. Current status: Synonym of Synodus indicus (Day, 1873). Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Synodus intermedius (Spix & Agassiz, 1829) - sand diver [=Saurus intermedius Spix [J. B. von] & Agassiz [L.], 1829:81, Pl. 44, Saurus anolis Valenciennes [A.], in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1850:483] Notes: [Reise nach Griechenland und der Türkei; ref. 13] Off northeastern Brazil, 0°01'48.00"S, 44°49°47.99"W, depth 62-64 meters. Current status: Valid as Synodus intermedius (Spix & Agassiz, 1829). Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine. (anolis) [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 22; ref. 1014] Martinique Island, West Indies. Current status: Synonym of Synodus intermedius (Spix & Agassiz, 1829). Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Habitat: marine. Species Synodus isolatus Randall, 2009 - Easter Island lizardfish (author) [=Synodus isolatus Randall [J. E.], 2009:407, Figs.4-5] Notes: [Zoological Studies v. 48 (no.3); ref. 30454] West side of Motu Tautara, Easter Island, depth 10 meters. Current status: Valid as Synodus isolatus Randall, 2009. Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Distribution: Easter Island. Habitat: marine.

Species Synodus jaculum Russell & Cressey, 1979 - lighthouse lizardfish [=Synodus jaculum Russell [B. C.] & Cressey [R. F.], 1979:169, Fig. 2] Notes: [Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v. 92 (no. 1); ref. 8790] Granite Bluff, Lizard Island (14°40'S, 145°27'E), Great Barrier Reef, Queensland, Australia, depth 16 meters. Current status: Valid as Synodus jaculum Russell & Cressey, 1979. Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Distribution: Red Sea; Indo-West Pacific: South Africa, East Africa, Seychelles and Mauritius (Mascarenes) east to Marquesas Islands and Line Islands, north to Izu Islands (Japan) and Ogasawara Islands, south to Australia, Chesterfield Islands, New Caledonia and Loyalty Islands. Habitat: marine.

Species Synodus kaianus (Gunther, 1880) - Gunther's lizardfish [=Saurus kaianus Günther [A.], 1880:50, Pl. 23 (fig. C)] Notes: [Report on the shore fishes procured during the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger in the years 1873-1876 v. 1 (pt 6); ref. 2011] Kai Islands, Molucca Islands, Indonesia, Challenger station 192, depth 129 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Synodus kaianus (Günther, 1880). Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Distribution: Eastern Indian Ocean: northwestern Australia; western Pacific: southern Japan to northern Australia, Fiji and Hawaiian Islands. Habitat: marine.

Species Synodus lacertinus Gilbert, 1890 - Sauro lizardfish [=Synodus lacertinus Gilbert [C. H.], 1890:55] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 13 (no. 797); ref. 1623] Acapulco, Mexico. Current status: Valid as Synodus lacertinus Gilbert, 1890. Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Synodus lobeli Waples & Randall, 1989 - Lobel's lizardfish [=Synodus lobeli Waples [R. S.] & Randall [J. E.], 1989:198, Pls. 2 (fig. a), 3 (fig. d); Fig. 1] Notes: [Pacific Science v. 42 (nos 3-4) [1988]; ref. 9187] Off Kailua, Kona coast of Hawaii Island, Hawaiian Islands, depth 32 meters. Current status: Valid as Synodus lobeli Waples & Randall, 1989. Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Distribution: Western and central Pacific: Ogasawara Islands, Marshall Islands, Hawaiian Islands. Habitat: marine.

Species Synodus lucioceps (Ayers, 1855) - California lizardfish [=Saurus lucioceps Ayres [W. O.], 1855:66] Notes: [Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 1) v. 1 (pt 1); ref. 159] San Francisco Bay, California, U.S.A. Current status: Valid as Synodus lucioceps (Ayres, 1855). Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Synodus macrocephalus Cressey, 1981 - Chesterfield lizardfish [=Synodus macrocephalus Cressey [R. F.], 1981:27, Figs. 21, 26b, Synodus cresseyi Prokofiev [A. M.], 2008:424, Figs. 1, 2a-d] Notes: [Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology No. 342; ref. 5574] Somalia, 17°24'N, 51°35'E, depth 75-175 meters. Current status: Valid as Synodus macrocephalus Cressey, 1981. Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Distribution: Western Indian Ocean; southwestern Pacific (Chesterfield Islands). Habitat: marine. (cresseyi) [Zoologicheskii Zhurnal v. 84 (no. 4); ref. 29560] Current status: Synonym of Synodus macrocephalus Cressey, 1981. Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Synodus macrops Tanaka, 1917 - triplecross lizardfish [=Synodus macrops Tanaka [S.], 1917:38] Notes: [Dobutsugaku Zasshi = Zoological Magazine Tokyo v. 29 (no. 340); ref. 17353] Tokyo fish market, Tokyo, Japan. Current status: Valid as Synodus macrops Tanaka, 1917. Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Distribution: Red Sea, Indo-West Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Synodus macrostigmus Frable et al., in Frable et al., 2013 - largespot lizardfish [=Synodus macrostigmus Frable [B. W.], Luther [B. M.] & Baldwin [S. B.], in Frable, Baldwin, Luther & Weigt, 2013:124, Figs. 2a, 3(A & B)] Notes: [Fishery Bulletin v. 111 (2); ref. 32553] Off Pamana City, Florida, U.S.A., 29°16'59.95"N, 85°53'12.94"W, depth 71-73 meters. Current status: Valid as Synodus macrostigmus Frable, Luther & Baldwin, 2013. Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: South Carolina to Georgia, Florida and Gulf of Mexico west to Yucatan, Mexico. Habitat: marine.

Species Synodus marchenae Hildebrand, 1946 - lizardfish [=Synodus marchenae Hildebrand [S. F.], 1946:114, Fig. 25] Notes: [Bulletin of the United States National Museum No. 189; ref. 2161] Marchena Island, Galápagos Islands. Current status: Valid as Synodus marchenae Hildebrand, 1946. Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: Galápagos Islands. Habitat: marine.

Species Synodus mascarensis Prokofiev, 2008 - Mascar lizardfish (author) [=Synodus mascarensis Prokofiev [A. M.], 2008:430, Figs. 2o, 5.] Notes: [Zoologicheskii Zhurnal v. 84 (no. 4); ref. 29560] Western Indian Ocean, 11°06'-11°05'N, 62°01'-62°04'E, depth 58-61 meters. Current status: Valid as Synodus mascarensis Prokofiev, 2008. Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Distribution: Western Indian Ocean. Habitat: marine.

Species Synodus mundyi Randall, 2009 - Mundy's lizardfish (author) [=Synodus mundyi Randall [J. E.], 2009:410, Fig. 7] Notes: [Zoological Studies v. 48 (no.3); ref. 30454] Penguin Bank, Kaiwi Channel, Hawaiian Islands, depth 84 meters. Current status: Valid as Synodus mundyi Randall, 2009. Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Distribution: Hawaiian Islands. Habitat: marine.

Species Synodus nigrotaeniatus Allen et al., 2017 - Lembeh lizardfish (author) [=Synodus nigrotaeniatus Allen [G. R.], Erdmann [M. V.] & Peristiwady [T.], 2017:61, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [Journal of the Ocean Science Foundation v. 26; ref. 35278] Lembeh Strait, Aw Shucks dive site, North Sulawesi Province, Indonesia, 01°30.013'N, 125°14.573'E, depth 12 meters. Current status: Valid as Synodus nigrotaeniatus Allen, Erdmann & Peristiwady, 2017. Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Distribution: Indonesia. Habitat: marine.

Species Synodus oculeus Cressey, 1981 - large-eyed lizardfish [=Synodus oculeus Cressey [R. F.], 1981:30, Figs. 24-25, 26a] Notes: [Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology No. 342; ref. 5574] Macclesfield Bank, South China Sea, 16°04' to 16°03'30"N, 114°42'30" to 114°39'E, depth 76.8-82.3 meters. Current status: Valid as Synodus oculeus Cressey, 1981. Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Synodus orientalis Randall & Pyle, 2008 - oriental lizardfish (author) [=Synodus orientalis Randall [J. E.] & Pyle [R. L.], 2008:659, Figs. 4-5] Notes: [Zoological Studies v. 47 (no. 5); ref. 29852] Off Hobihu, southwestern Taiwan, depth 80 meters. Current status: Valid as Synodus orientalis Randall & Pyle, 2008. Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Distribution: Western North Pacific: Taiwan and Japan. Habitat: marine.

Species Synodus pacificus Ho et al., 2016 - Kaohsiung lizardfish (author) [=Synodus pacificus Ho [H.-C.], Chen [J.-P.] & Shao [K.-T.], 2016:135, Figs. 1A-C, 2A, 3A, C, E, G, I] Notes: [Zootaxa 4162 (no. 1); ref. 34725] Off Ke-tsu-liao, Kaohsiung, southwestern Taiwan, Taiwan Strait, depth about 100 meters. Current status: Valid as Synodus pacificus Ho, Chen & Shao, 2016. Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Distribution: Taiwan, Philippines and New Caledonia. Habitat: marine.

Species Synodus poeyi Jordan, 1887 - offshore lizardfish [=Synodus poeyi Jordan [D. S.], 1887:526, Synodus dominicensis Fowler [H. W.], 1912:564, Fig. 2] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 9 (no. 593); ref. 2387] Havana, Cuba. Current status: Valid as Synodus poeyi Jordan, 1887. Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: North Carolina (U.S.A.) to Bahia, Brazil. Habitat: marine. (dominicensis) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 63 (for 1911); ref. 14954] Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, West Indies. Current status: Synonym of Synodus poeyi Jordan, 1887. Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Synodus pylei Randall, 2009 - Pyle's lizardfish (author) [=Synodus pylei Randall [J. E.], 2009:413, Fig. 8] Notes: [Zoological Studies v. 48 (no.3); ref. 30454] Off Suva Harbor, Viti Levu, Fiji, 18°09'51.18"S, 178°24'01.2"E, depth 90 meters. Current status: Valid as Synodus pylei Randall, 2009. Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Distribution: Fiji. Habitat: marine. Species Synodus randalli Cressey, 1981 - Red Sea lizardfish (author) [=Synodus randalli Cressey [R. F.], 1981:33, Fig. 27] Notes: [Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology No. 342; ref. 5574] Off Port Sudan, Sudan, Red Sea, depth 80 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Synodus randalli Cressey, 1981. Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Distribution: Red Sea endemic. Habitat: marine.

Species Synodus rubromarmoratus Russell & Cressey, 1979 - redmarbled lizardfish [=Synodus rubromarmoratus Russell [B. C.] & Cressey [R. F.], 1979:172, Fig. 3] Notes: [Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v. 92 (no. 1); ref. 8790] Mrs. Watson's Bay, Lizard Island [14°40'S, 145°27'E], Great Barrier Reef, Queensland, Australia, depth 15 meters. Current status: Valid as Synodus rubromarmoratus Russell & Cressey, 1979. Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Distribution: Western Pacific: Philippines east to Hawaiian Islands, north to Taiwan, south to Western Australia, Queensland (Australia) and Chesterfield Islands (New Caledonia). Habitat: marine.

Species Synodus sageneus Waite, 1905 - speartoothed grinner [=Synodus sageneus Waite [E. R.], 1905:58, Pl. 8 (fig. 1), Xystodus banfieldi Ogilby [J. D.], 1910:6] Notes: [Records of the Australian Museum v. 6 (no. 2); ref. 4562] Between Fremantle and Houtman Abrolhos, Western Australia. Current status: Valid as Synodus sageneus Waite, 1905. Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. Habitat: marine. (banfieldi) [Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland v. 23; ref. 3288] Near Dunk Island, Queensland, Australia. Current status: Synonym of Synodus sageneus Waite, 1905. Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Synodus sanguineus Randall, 2009 - Manado lizardfish (author) [=Synodus sanguineus Randall [J. E.], 2009:415, Fig. 9] Notes: [Zoological Studies v. 48 (no.3); ref. 30454] Manado Bay, Sulawesi, Indonesia, depth about 100 meters. Current status: Valid as Synodus sanguineus Randall, 2009. Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Distribution: Indonesia. Habitat: marine.

Species Synodus saurus (Linnaeus, 1758) - Atlantic lizardfish [=Salmo saurus Linnaeus [C.], 1758:310, Synodus cinereus Hildebrand [S. F.], 1948:10, Fig. 5, Osmerus fasciatus Risso [A.], 1810:326, Saurus griseus Lowe [R. T.], 1838:188, Tirus marmoratus Rafinesque [C. S.], 1810:56, Pl. 1 (fig. 3), Laurida mediterranea Swainson [W.], 1838:242, 246, Fig. 48, Alpismaris risso Risso [A.], 1827:458, Stolephorus risso Risso [A.], 1810:342, Pl. 10 (fig. 36), Saurus trivirgatus Valenciennes [A.], 1839:[72], Pl. 15 (fig. 1), Saurus vulgaris Cloquet [H.], 1827:454 (v. 47)] Notes: [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] Europe. Current status: Valid as Synodus saurus (Linnaeus, 1758). Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic from Bermuda and Bahamas to Lesser Antilles; eastern Atlantic from Morocco, Madeira and Azores to Cape Verde Islands; Mediterranean Sea [apparently not in Brazil]. Habitat: marine. (cinereus) [Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections v. 110 (no. 9); ref. 2162] Clarence Harbor, Bahamas. Current status: Synonym of Synodus saurus (Linnaeus, 1758). Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Habitat: marine. (fasciatus) [Ichthyologie de Nice; ref. 3755] Nice, France, northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Current status: Synonym of Synodus saurus (Linnaeus, 1758). Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Habitat: marine. (griseus) [Transactions of the Zoological Society of London v. 2 (pt 3, art. 14); ref. 2831] Off Madeira. Current status: Synonym of Synodus saurus (Linnaeus, 1758). Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Habitat: marine. (marmoratus) [Caratteri di alcuni nuovi generi e nuove specie di animali e piante della Sicilia; ref. 3594] Palermo, Sicily, Italy, Mediterranean Sea. Current status: Synonym of Synodus saurus (Linnaeus, 1758). Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Habitat: marine. (mediterranea) [The natural history and classification v. 1; ref. 4302] Mediterranean Sea. Current status: Synonym of Synodus saurus (Linnaeus, 1758). Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Habitat: marine. (risso) [Histoire naturelle des principales productions de l'Europe méridionale v. 3; ref. 3757] Nice, France, northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Current status: Synonym of Synodus saurus (Linnaeus, 1758). Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Habitat: marine. (risso) [Ichthyologie de Nice; ref. 3755] Nice, France, northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Current status: Synonym of Synodus saurus (Linnaeus, 1758). Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Habitat: marine. (trivirgatus) [Ichthyologie des îles Canaries v. 2 (pt 2); ref. 4502] Canary Islands. Current status: Synonym of Synodus saurus (Linnaeus, 1758). Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Habitat: marine. (vulgaris) [Dictionnaire des sciences Naturelles; ref. 852] Antilles, Arabian Coast and Mediterranean Sea. Current status: Synonym of Synodus saurus (Linnaeus, 1758). Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Synodus scituliceps Jordan & Gilbert, 1882 - shorthead lizardfish [=Synodus scituliceps Jordan [D. S.] & Gilbert [C. H.], 1882:344, Synodus jenkinsi Jordan [D. S.] & Bollman [C. H.], 1890:153] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 4 (no. 237); ref. 2470] Mazatlán, Sinaloa, western Mexico.; Panama (Pacific). Current status: Valid as Synodus scituliceps Jordan & Gilbert, 1882. Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific. Habitat: marine. (jenkinsi) [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 12 (no. 770); ref. 2433] Off Pacific coast of Colombia. Current status: Synonym of Synodus scituliceps Jordan & Gilbert, 1882. Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Synodus sechurae Hildebrand, 1946 - Sechura lizardfish [=Synodus sechurae Hildebrand [S. F.], 1946:111, Fig. 24] Notes: [Bulletin of the United States National Museum No. 189; ref. 2161] Sechura Bay, Peru, 5°32'S, 81°07'W. Current status: Valid as Synodus sechurae Hildebrand, 1946. Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Synodus similis McCulloch 1921 - lavender lizardfish [=Synodus similis McCulloch [A. R.], 1921:167, Pl. 8 (fig. 2)] Notes: [Memoirs of the Queensland Museum v. 7; ref. 15318] Near the Capricorn Group, Queensland coast, Australia, depth 25-30 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Synodus similis McCulloch, 1921. Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Distribution: Southwestern Pacific: eastern Australia and New Caledonia south to northern New Zealand. Habitat: marine.

Species Synodus synodus (Linnaeus, 1758) - diamond lizardfish [=Esox synodus Linnaeus [C.], 1758:313, Saurus atlanticus Johnson [J. Y.], 1863:41, Synodus fasciatus Lacepède [B. G. E.], 1803:318, 321, Synodus gronovii Walbaum [J. J.], 1792:655, Saurus meleagrides Valenciennes [A.], 1834:no p., Pl. 11 (fig. 2), Synodus nicholsi Breder [C. M., Jr.], 1927:13, Fig. 6] Notes: [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] America. Current status: Valid as Synodus synodus (Linnaeus, 1758). Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Distribution: Western and eastern Atlantic, including Mediterranean Sea. Habitat: marine. (atlanticus) [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1863 (pt 1); ref. 5021] Madeira. Current status: Synonym of Synodus synodus (Linnaeus, 1758). Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Habitat: marine. (fasciatus) [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepéde) v. 5; ref. 4930] North America. Current status: Synonym of Synodus synodus (Linnaeus, 1758). Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Habitat: marine. (gronovii) [Petri Artedi sueci genera piscium Part 3; ref. 4572] No locality stated. Current status: Synonym of Synodus synodus (Linnaeus, 1758). Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Habitat: marine. (meleagrides) [Voyage dans l'Amérique méridionale; ref. 20720] Buenos Aires, Argentina. Current status: Synonym of Synodus synodus (Linnaeus, 1758). Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Habitat: marine. (nicholsi) [Bulletin of the Bingham Oceanographic Collection Yale University v. 1 (art. 1); ref. 635] Royal Island, Eleuthera, Bahamas. Current status: Synonym of Synodus synodus (Linnaeus, 1758). Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Synodus taiwanensis Chen et al., 2007 - Chen's lizardfish (author) [=Synodus taiwanensis Chen [J.-P.], Ho [H.-C.] & Shao [K.-T.], 2007:149, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Zoological Studies v. 46 (no. 2); ref. 29121] Off Hobihu, southwestern Taiwan, depth about 80 meters. Current status: Valid as Synodus taiwanensis Chen, Ho & Shao, 2007. Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Distribution: Southwestern Taiwan. Habitat: marine.

Species Synodus tectus Cressey, 1981 - Tectus lizardfish [=Synodus tectus Cressey [R. F.], 1981:39] Notes: [Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology No. 342; ref. 5574] Visayan Sea, Philippines, depth 41 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Synodus tectus Cressey, 1981. Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Distribution: Western Pacific to Arafura Sea. Habitat: marine.

Species Synodus ulae Schultz, in Schultz et al., 1953 - red lizardfish [=Synodus ulae Schultz [L. P.], in Schultz et al., 1953:38] Notes: [Bulletin of the United States National Museum No. 202, v. 1; ref. 3975] Honolulu market, Oahu Island, Hawaiian Islands. Current status: Valid as Synodus ulae Schultz, 1953. Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Distribution: Western and central North Pacific: Ryukyu Islands, southern Japan, Ogasawara Islands, Hawaiian Islands. Habitat: marine.

Species Synodus usitatus Cressey, 1981 - Oahu lizardfish (author) [=Synodus usitatus Cressey [R. F.], 1981:42, Fig. 35] Notes: [Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology No. 342; ref. 5574] Off Haleiwa, Oahu Island, Hawaiian Islands, depth 55 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Synodus usitatus Cressey, 1981. Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Mascarrene Ridge, Indonesia, southern Japan, Hawaiian Islands. Habitat: marine.

Species Synodus variegatus (Lacepede, 1803) - variegated lizardfish [=Salmo variegatus Lacepède [B. G. E.] (ex Commerson), 1803:157, 224, Pl. 3 (fig. 3), Synodus englemani Schultz [L. P.], in Schultz et al., 1953:41, Fig. 9, Saurus erythraeus Klunzinger [C. B.], 1871:590, Saurida rubrotaeniata Liénard [F.], in Sauvage, 1891:482, Salmo varius Lacepède [B. G. E.], 1803:157, 224, Pl. 3 (fig. 3)] Notes: [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepéde) v. 5; ref. 4930] Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. Current status: Valid as Synodus variegatus (Lacepède, 1803). Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Distribution: Red Sea, Indo-West Pacific: East Africa, Seychelles, Madagascar and Mascarenes east to Hawaiian Islands and Pitcairn Group, north to Ryukyu Islands, south to Lord Howe Island, New Caledonia, Kermadec Islands and Rapa, straying to New Zealand. Habitat: marine. (englemani) [Bulletin of the United States National Museum No. 202, v. 1; ref. 3975] Lagoon coral head, Kieschiechi Island, Rongelap Atoll, western Pacific, depth 20 feet. Current status: Synonym of Synodus variegatus (Lacepède, 1803). Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Habitat: marine. (erythraeus) [Verhandlungen der K.-K. zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien v. 21; ref. 2622] Al-Qusair, Red Sea Governorate, Egypt, Red Sea. Current status: Synonym of Synodus variegatus (Lacepède, 1803). Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Habitat: marine. (rubrotaeniata) [Histoire physique, naturelle et politique de Madagascar; ref. 14503] [Ile Maurice] Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. Current status: Synonym of Synodus variegatus (Lacepède, 1803). Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Habitat: marine. (varius) [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepéde) v. 5; ref. 4930] Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. Current status: Synonym of Synodus variegatus (Lacepède, 1803). Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Synodus vityazi Ho et al., 2010 - Vityaz's lizardfish (author) [=Synodus vityazi Ho [H.-C.], Prokofiev [A. M.] & Shao [K.-T.], 2010:64, Figs. 2-3] Notes: [Zootaxa v. 2419; ref. 30761] Northeast of Madagascar, 12°04'-12°10'N, 53°14'-53°09'E, Western Indian Ocean, depth 30-40 meters. Current status: Valid as Synodus vityazi Ho, Prokofiev & Shao, 2010. Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Distribution: Western Indian Ocean. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Trachinocephalus Gill, 1861 - snakefishes, painted grinners [=Trachinocephalus Gill [T. N.], 1861:53, Goodella Ogilby [J. D.], 1897:249] Notes: [ref. 1766]. Masc. Salmo myops Forster, 1801. Type by monotypy. •Valid as Trachinocephalus Gill, 1861 -- (Anderson et al. 1966:37 [ref. 6977], Sulak 1977:53 [ref. 4299], Okiyama 1984:207 [ref. 13644], Machida in Masuda et al. 1984:61 [ref. 6441], Cressey 1986:273 [ref. 6289], Paxton et al. 1989:239 [ref. 12442], Heemstra in Smith & Heemstra 1995:273 [ref. 21953], Russell 1999:1930 [ref. 24747], Sato & Nakabo 2002:44 [ref. 25953], Russell 2003:925 [ref. 27004], Hoese & Gates 2006:471 [ref. 28997], Russell 2008:261 [ref. 30632], Kottelat 2013:270 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Trachinocephalus Gill, 1861. Synodontidae: Synodontinae. (Goodella) [ref. 3273]. Fem. Goodella hypozona Ogilby, 1897. Type by monotypy. •Synonym of Trachinocephalus Gill, 1861 – (Anderson et al. 1966:46 [ref. 6977]). Current status: Synonym of Trachinocephalus Gill, 1861. Synodontidae: Synodontinae.

Species Trachinocephalus gauguini Polanco Fernandez et al., 2016 - Hiva Oa Island snakefish (author) [=Trachinocephalus gauguini Polanco Fernandez [A.], Acero P. [A.] & Betancur-R. [R.], 2016:[4], Fig. 1] Notes: [Journal of Fish Biology v. 89 (no. 2); ref. 34512] Hiva Oa Island, Marquesas Islands, 9°41'S, 139°3'W, depth 95-305 meters. Current status: Valid as Trachinocephalus gauguini Polanco Fernandez, Acero P. & Betancur-R., 2016. Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Distribution: French Polynesia. Habitat: marine.

Species Trachinocephalus myops (Forster, in Bloch & Schneider, 1801) - painted grinner, snakefish [=Salmo myops Forster [J. R.], in Bloch & Schneider, 1801:421, Saurus brevirostris Poey [F.], 1860:305, Osmerus lemniscatus Lacepède [B. G. E.], 1803:230, 236, Pl. 6 (fig. 1), Saurus limbatus Eydoux [J. F. T.] & Souleyet [F. A.], 1850:199, Pl. 7 (fig. 3), Saurus truncatus Spix [J. B. von] & Agassiz [L.], 1829:82, Pl. 45] Notes: [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] Saint Helena [southeastern Atlantic]. Current status: Valid as Trachinocephalus myops (Forster, 1801). Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Distribution: Circumglobal in tropical and subtropical seas (including Red Sea and Hawaiian Islands), but not in eastern Pacific. Habitat: marine. (brevirostris) [Memorias sobre la historia natural de la Isla de Cuba v. 2; ref. 3499] Cuba. Current status: Synonym of Trachinocephalus myops (Forster, 1801). Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Habitat: marine. (lemniscatus) [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepéde) v. 5; ref. 4930] Martinique Island, West Indies. Current status: Synonym of Trachinocephalus myops (Forster, 1801). Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Habitat: marine. (limbatus) [Voyage autour du monde; ref. 4501] No locality. Current status: Synonym of Trachinocephalus myops (Forster, 1801). Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Habitat: marine. (truncatus) [Reise nach Griechenland und der Türkei; ref. 13] Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Trachinocephalus myops (Forster, 1801). Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Habitat: marine

Species Trachinocephalus trachinus (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846) - Nagasaki lizardfish (author) [=Saurus trachinus Temminck [C. J.] & Schlegel [H.], 1846:231, Pl. 106 (fig. 2), Goodella hypozona Ogilby [J. D.], 1897:250] Notes: [Fauna Japonica Parts 10-14; ref. 4374] Nagasaki, Japan. Current status: Valid as Trachinocephalus trachinus (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846). Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Distribution: African coast of Indian Ocean, Red Sea to Hawaii. Habitat: marine. (hypozona) [Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales v. 22 (pt 2); ref. 3273] Beach near Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Current status: Synonym of Trachinocephalus trachinus (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846). Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Habitat: marine.

****************************************************************************************************************************** SUBFAMILY Harpadontinae Bleeker, 1875 - lizardfishes [=Sauridoidei Bleeker, 1859, Harpadontini Bleeker, 1870-75] Notes: Name in prevailing recent practice Sauridoidei Bleeker, 1859a:356 [ref. 16983] (family) Saurida [also Bleeker 1859b:372 [ref. 16984] and Bleeker 1859d:XXXII [ref. 371]; family-group name not used as valid after 1899 in fishes; Saurididae occupied in Reptilia] Harpadontini Bleeker, 1870-75:151, 156 [ref. 428] (phalanx=tribe) Harpadon [stem changed to Harpadon- by Fowler, 1958b:7 [ref. 1470] family-group name used as valid by: McAllister 1968 [ref. 26854], Lindberg 1971 [ref. 27211], Nelson 1976 [ref. 32838], Lagler, Bardach, Miller & May Passino 1977, Nelson 1984 [ref. 13596], Paxton et al. 1989 [ref. 12442], Nelson 1994 [ref. 26204], Eschmeyer 1998 [ref. 23416], Chen (2002) [ref. 26587], Hoese et al. 2006, Nelson 2006 [ref. 32486]; family name sometimes seen as Harpodontidae]

GENUS Harpadon Lesueur, 1825 - Bombay ducks [=Harpadon (subgenus of Saurus) Lesueur [C. A.], 1825:50, Harpodon Cuvier [G.], 1829:footnote on 314, Peltharpadon (subgenus of Harpadon) Fowler [H. W.], 1934:281, Sauridichthys Bleeker [P.], 1858:2, Triurus (subgenus of Laurida) Swainson [W.], 1839:185, 288] Notes: [ref. 5024]. Masc. Salmo microps Lesueur, 1825. Type by original designation (also monotypic). Spelled Harpodon by Cuvier 1829:314 [ref. 995]. Lesueur states, "type of a new subgenus near to Saurus"; it is somewhat unclear if he was describing Harpadon as a subgenus of Salmo or Saurus. Spelling of subfamily correctly is Harpadontinae. •Valid as Harpadon Lesueur, 1825 -- (Klausewitz 1983 [ref. 6011], Okiyama 1984:207 [ref. 13644], Fujii in Masuda et al. 1984:62 [ref. 6441], Paxton et al. 1989:242 [ref. 12442], Ataur Rahman 1989:70 [ref. 24860] as Harpodon, Russell 1999:1932 [ref. 24747], Sato & Nakabo 2002:44 [ref. 25953], Ataur Rahman 2003:86 [ref. 31338] as Harpodon, Hoese et al. 2006:473 [ref. 29051], Kottelat 2013:270 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Harpadon Lesueur, 1825. Synodontidae: Harpadontinae. (Harpodon) [ref. 995]. Masc. Salmo microps Lesueur, 1825. Original genus should have been Harpadon. Apparently an incorrect subsequent spelling of Harpadon Lesueur, 1825, misquoted by Cuvier as Harpodon. •In the synonymy of Harpadon Lesueur, 1825 -- (Kottelat 2013:270 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Harpadon Lesueur, 1825. Synodontidae: Harpadontinae. (Peltharpadon) [ref. 1416]. Masc. Harpodon squamosus Alcock, 1891. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Synonym of Harpadon Lesueur, 1825 -- (Sulak 1977:53 [ref. 4299], Kottelat 2013:270 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Harpadon Lesueur, 1825. Synodontidae: Harpadontinae. (Sauridichthys) [ref. 364]. Masc. Saurus ophiodon Cuvier, 1829. Type by monotypy. •Synonym of Harpadon Lesueur, 1825 – (Kottelat 2013:270 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Harpadon Lesueur, 1825. Synodontidae: Harpadontinae. (Triurus) [ref. 4303]. Masc. Triurus microcephalus Swainson, 1839. Type by monotypy. Objectively invalid; preoccupied by Triurus Lacepède, 1800 in fishes; not replaced. •In the synonymy of Harpadon Lesueur, 1825 -- (Kottelat 2013:270 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Harpadon Lesueur, 1825. Synodontidae: Harpadontinae.

Species Harpadon erythraeus Klausewitz, 1983 - Red Sea Bombay duck (author) [=Harpadon erythraeus Klausewitz [W.], 1983:36, Figs. 2-6, 10] Notes: [Senckenbergiana Biologica v. 64 (nos 1/3); ref. 6011] Red Sea, 21°26.5'N, 38°38.3'E, depth 779-801 meters. Current status: Valid as Harpadon erythraeus Klausewitz, 1983. Synodontidae: Harpadontinae. Distribution: Red Sea endemic. Habitat: marine.

Species Harpadon microchir Gunther, 1878 - Japanese Bombay duck (author) [=Harpodon microchir Günther [A.], 1878:487] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 5) v. 1 (no. 6) (art. 56); ref. 18236] Tokyo, Japan. Current status: Valid as Harpadon microchir Günther, 1878. Synodontidae: Harpadontinae. Distribution: Western North Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Harpadon mortenseni Hardenberg, 1933 - Bali Sea lizardfish (author) [=Harpodon mortenseni Hardenberg [J. D. F.], 1933:221, Fig.] Notes: [Treubia, Buitenzorg v. 14 (pt 2); ref. 16424] Bali Sea, 8°36'S, 114°34'E, Indonesia, depth 300 meters. Current status: Valid as Harpadon mortenseni Hardenberg, 1933. Synodontidae: Harpadontinae. Distribution: Indonesia. Habitat: marine.

Species Harpadon nehereus (Hamilton, 1822) - Bombay duck [=Osmerus nehereus Hamilton [F.], 1822:209, 380, Salmo microps Lesueur [C. A.], 1825:48, Pl. 3, Saurus ophiodon Cuvier [G.], 1829:314, Saurus ophiodon Valenciennes [A.], in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1850:490] Notes: [An account of the fishes found in the river Ganges; ref. 2031] Ganges River mouths, India. Current status: Valid as Harpadon nehereus (Hamilton, 1822). Synodontidae: Harpadontinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. Habitat: brackish, marine. (microps) [Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia v. 5 (pt 1); ref. 5024] East Indian Seas. Current status: Synonym of Harpadon nehereus (Hamilton, 1822). Synodontidae: Harpadontinae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (ophiodon) [Le Règne Animal (Edition 2) v. 2; ref. 995] The Indies [Vizagapatam, India]. Current status: Synonym of Harpadon nehereus (Hamilton, 1822). Synodontidae: Harpadontinae. Habitat: marine. (ophiodon) [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 22; ref. 1014] Coromandel, Malabar, Ganges River mouth, Mumbai, Rangoon, China, Puducherry and Malacca, Malay Peninsula, Malaysia. Current status: Synonym of Harpadon nehereus (Hamilton, 1822). Synodontidae: Harpadontinae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Harpadon nudus Ganga & Thomas, in Ganga et al., 2016 - Arabian lizardfish (author) [=Harpadon nudus Ganga [U.] & Thomas [J. P.], in Ganga, Thomas & Sukumaran, 2016:2, Fig. 1, 2a, 3, 4, 5a] Notes: [Indian Journal of Fisheries v. 62 (no. 4) (for 2015); ref. 34160] Arabian Sea, 19°53'N, 69°23'E, depth 371 meters. Current status: Valid as Harpadon nudus Ganga, Thomas & Sukumaran, 2016. Synodontidae: Harpadontinae. Distribution: Arabian Sea. Habitat: marine.

Species Harpadon squamosus Alcock, 1891 - Bengal lizardfish (author) [=Harpodon squamosus Alcock [A. W.], 1891:127] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 6) v. 8 (no. 43/44); ref. 87] Bay of Bengal, India, 15°56'50"N, 81°30'30"E, Investigator station 120, depth 240-276 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Harpadon squamosus Alcock, 1891. Synodontidae: Harpadontinae. Distribution: Bay of Bengal, India. Habitat: marine.

Species Harpadon translucens Saville-Kent, 1889 - glassy Bombay duck [=Harpodon translucens Saville-Kent [W.], 1889:222, 234, Pl. 13 (fig. 2)] Notes: [Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland v. 6 (pt 5); ref. 18382] Ord River, Cambridge Gulf, northern Australia. Current status: Valid as Harpadon translucens Saville-Kent, 1889. Synodontidae: Harpadontinae. Distribution: Australia and New Guinea. Habitat: brackish, marine.

GENUS Saurida Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1850 - lizardfishes, saurys [=Saurida Valenciennes [A.], in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1850:499, Notes: [ref. 1014]. Fem. Salmo tumbil Bloch, 1795. Type by subsequent designation. Type designated by Jordan, Tanaka & Snyder 1913:53 [ref. 6448]. •Valid as Saurida Valenciennes, 1850 -- (Anderson et al. 1966:84 [ref. 6977], Shindo & Yamada 1972:3 [ref. 571], Nielsen 1973:162 [ref. 6885], Sulak 1977:53 [ref. 4299], Waples 1982:217 [ref. 8397], Sulak in Whitehead et al. 1984:408 [ref. 13675], Okiyama 1984:207 [ref. 13644], Machida in Masuda et al. 1984:61 [ref. 6441], Cressey 1986:271 [ref. 6289], Paxton et al. 1989:242 [ref. 12442], Gomon et al. 1994:270 [ref. 22532], Heemstra in Smith & Heemstra 1995:270 [ref. 21953], Russell 1999:1932 [ref. 24747], Sato & Nakabo 2002:44 [ref. 25953], Russell 2003:926 [ref. 27004], Hoese et al. 2006:473 [ref. 29051], Inoue & Nakabo 2006:379 [ref. 29238], Russell 2008:260 [ref. 30632], Kimura 2009:36 [ref. 30426], Carvalho-Filho et al. 2010:31 [ref. 30983], Russell 2011:21 [ref. 31610], Frabel et al. 2013:122 [ref. 32553], Kottelat 2013:271 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Saurida Valenciennes, 1850. Synodontidae: Harpadontinae.

Species Saurida argentea Macleay, 1881 - shortfin saury [=Saurida argentea Macleay [W.], 1881:220] Notes: [Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales v. 6 (pt 2); ref. 6222] Endeavour River, Queensland, Australia. Current status: Valid as Saurida argentea Macleay, 1881. Synodontidae: Harpadontinae. Distribution: Western Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Saurida brasiliensis Norman, 1935 - Brazilian lizardfish [=Saurida brasiliensis Norman [J. R.], 1935:125, Fig. 14] Notes: [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1935 (pt 1); ref. 13913] Cape Frio, Brazil, depth 40 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Saurida brasiliensis Norman, 1935. Synodontidae: Harpadontinae. Distribution: Atlantic. Habitat: marine. Species Saurida caribbaea Breder, 1927 - smallscale lizardfish [=Saurida caribbaeus Breder [C. M., Jr.], 1927:14, Fig. 7] Notes: [Bulletin of the Bingham Oceanographic Collection Yale University v. 1 (art. 1); ref. 635] North of Glovers Reef, Belize, depth 48 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Saurida caribbaea Breder, 1927. Synodontidae: Harpadontinae. Distribution: Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

Species Saurida elongata (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846) - slender lizardfish [=Aulopus elongatus Temminck [C. J.] & Schlegel [H.], 1846:233, Pl. 105 (fig. 2), Saurida eso Jordan [D. S.] & Herre [A. W. C. T.], 1907:520, Fig. 1] Notes: [Fauna Japonica Parts 10-14; ref. 4374] Nagasaki, Japan. Current status: Valid as Saurida elongata (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846). Synodontidae: Harpadontinae. Distribution: Western Pacific. Habitat: marine. (eso) [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 32 (no. 1544); ref. 10631] Wakanoura, Wakayama Prefecture, Japan, Inland Sea, western North Pacific. Current status: Synonym of Saurida elongata (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846). Synodontidae: Harpadontinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Saurida filamentosa Ogilby, 1910 - threadfin saury [=Saurida filamentosa Ogilby [J. D.], 1910:88] Notes: [On some new fishes from the Queensland coast; ref. 3289] Off Cape Moreton, southern Queensland, Australia, depth 73 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Saurida filamentosa Ogilby, 1910. Synodontidae: Harpadontinae. Distribution: Southwestern Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Saurida flamma Waples, 1982 - orangemouth lizardfish [=Saurida flamma Waples [R. S.], 1982:225, Fig. 2] Notes: [Pacific Science v. 35 (no. 3) [1981]; ref. 8397] Kewalo basin, Oahu Island, Hawaiian Islands, depth 10 meters. Current status: Valid as Saurida flamma Waples, 1982. Synodontidae: Harpadontinae. Distribution: Hawaiian Islands, Johnston Atoll, Austral Islands, Rapa, Pitcairn. Habitat: marine.

Species Saurida golanii Russell, 2011 - Golani's lizardfish [=Saurida golanii Russell [B. C.], 2011:22, Fig. 1] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 3098; ref. 31610] Off Heinz Steinitz Marine Biology Laboratory, Eilat, Israel, Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea. Current status: Valid as Saurida golanii Russell, 2011. Synodontidae: Harpadontinae. Distribution: Gulf of Aqaba, northern Red Sea. Habitat: marine.

Species Saurida gracilis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) - gracile lizardfish [=Saurus gracilis Quoy [J. R. C.] & Gaimard [J. P.], 1824:224, Saurus minutus Lesueur [C. A.], 1825:118, Pl. 5, Saurida sinaitica Dollfus [R. P.], in Gruvel, 1936:174] Notes: [Voyage autour du monde; ref. 3574] Hawaiian Islands; Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. Current status: Valid as Saurida gracilis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824). Synodontidae: Harpadontinae. Distribution: Red Sea, Indo-West Pacific: East Africa, South Africa, Seychelles, Madagascar and Mascarenes east to Hawaiian Islands and Pitcairn Group, north to Ryukyu Islands and Ogasawara Islands, south to Western Australia and New Caledonia. Habitat: marine. (minutus) [Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia v. 5 (pt 1); ref. 17522] Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. Current status: Synonym of Saurida gracilis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824). Synodontidae: Harpadontinae. Habitat: marine. (sinaitica) [Mémoires de l'Institut d'Égypte N. S., v. 29; ref. 17404] Current status: Synonym of Saurida gracilis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824). Synodontidae: Harpadontinae.

Species Saurida grandisquamis Gunther, 1864 - grey saury [=Saurida grandisquamis Günther [A.], 1864:400] Notes: [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 5; ref. 1974] Louisiade Archipelago and Australia. Current status: Valid as Saurida grandisquamis Günther, 1864. Synodontidae: Harpadontinae. Distribution: Australia and Louisiade Archipelago. Habitat: marine.

Species Saurida isarankurai Shindo & Yamada, 1972 - shortjaw saury [=Saurida isarankurai Shindo [S.] & Yamada [U.], 1972:6 [No. 11], Fig. 7 [No. 12]] Notes: [Uo (Japanese Society of Ichthyology) Nos 11-12; ref. 571] Prachanbririkan Province, Gulf of Thailand, South China Sea. Current status: Valid as Saurida isarankurai Shindo & Yamada, 1972. Synodontidae: Harpadontinae. Distribution: Western North Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Saurida lessepsianus Russell et al., 2015 - Red Sea lizardfish (author) [=Saurida lessepsianus Russell [B. C.], Golani [D.] & Tikochinski [Y.], 2015:560, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [Zootaxa 3956 (no. 4); ref. 33799] Red Sea, Israel. Current status: Valid as Saurida lessepsianus Russell, Golani & Tikochinski, 2015. Synodontidae: Harpadontinae. Distribution: Red Sea and Mediterranean Sea migrant. Habitat: marine.

Species Saurida longimanus Norman, 1939 - longfin lizardfish [=Saurida longimanus Norman [J. R.], 1939:23, Fig. 5] Notes: [Scientific Reports, John Murray Expedition v. 7 (no. 1); ref. 6556] Gulf of Oman, station 75, depth 201 meters. Current status: Valid as Saurida longimanus Norman, 1939. Synodontidae: Harpadontinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Red Sea, Gulf of Oman, India, southern Imdonesia, and northern Australia. Habitat: marine.

Species Saurida macrolepis Tanaka, 1917 - migrant saury (author) [=Saurida macrolepis Tanaka [S.], 1917:39] Notes: [Dobutsugaku Zasshi = Zoological Magazine Tokyo v. 29 (no. 340); ref. 17353] Tokyo market, Japan. Current status: Valid as Saurida macrolepis Tanaka, 1917. Synodontidae: Harpadontinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific, and Red Sea and Mediterranian Sea migrant. Habitat: marine.

Species Saurida microlepis Wu & Wang, 1931 - Chefoo saury (author) [=Saurida microlepis Wu [H.-W.] & Wang [K. F.], 1931:1, Fig. 1] Notes: [Contributions from the Biological Laboratory of the Science Society of China. (Zoological Series) v. 8 (no. 1); ref. 16407] Chefoo, Shantung Province, China. Current status: Valid as Saurida microlepis Wu & Wang, 1931. Synodontidae: Harpadontinae. Distribution: Western North Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Saurida micropectoralis Shindo & Yamada, 1972 - shortfin lizardfish [=Saurida micropectoralis Shindo [S.] & Yamada [U.], 1972:11 [No. 11], Fig. 9 [No. 12]] Notes: [Uo (Japanese Society of Ichthyology) Nos 11-12; ref. 571] Prachanbkirikan Province, Gulf of Thailand, South China Sea. Current status: Valid as Saurida micropectoralis Shindo & Yamada, 1972. Synodontidae: Harpadontinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Saurida nebulosa Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1850 - clouded lizardfish [=Saurida nebulosa Valenciennes [A.], in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1850:504, Pl. 648, Synodus sharpi Fowler [H. W.], 1900:497, Pl. 19 (fig. 2)] Notes: [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 22; ref. 1014] Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. Current status: Valid as Saurida nebulosa Valenciennes, 1850. Synodontidae: Harpadontinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Aldabra, Mascarenes and Maldives east to Hawaiian Islands and Society Islands, north to Ryukyu and Ogasawara islands, south to New Caledonia and Tonga. Habitat: brackish, marine. (sharpi) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 52; ref. 14727] Hawaiian Islands. Current status: Synonym of Saurida nebulosa Valenciennes, 1850. Synodontidae: Harpadontinae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Saurida normani Longley, 1935 - shortjaw lizardfish [=Saurida normani Longley [W. H.], 1935:87] Notes: [Carnegie Institution of Washington Year Book No. 34; ref. 13714] Tortugas, Florida, U.S.A., depth 60-100 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Saurida normani Longley, 1935. Synodontidae: Harpadontinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic, including Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea to Brazil. Habitat: marine.

Species Sauridia parri Norman, 1935 - Angolan lizardfish (author) [=Saurida parri Norman [J. R.], 1935:126, Fig. 15] Notes: [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1935 (pt 1); ref. 13913] Off St. Paul de Loanda, Angola, depth 35-36 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Saurida parri Norman, 1935. Synodontidae: Harpadontinae. Distribution: Eastern Atlantic and Ascension. Habitat: marine.

Species Saurida suspicio Breder, 1927 - suspicious lizardfish [=Saurida suspicio Breder [C. M., Jr.], 1927:15, Figs. 8, 9 (lower)] Notes: [Bulletin of the Bingham Oceanographic Collection Yale University v. 1 (art. 1); ref. 635] Misteriosa Bank, between Grand Cayman and Yucatán, surface. Current status: Valid as Saurida suspicio Breder, 1927. Synodontidae: Harpadontinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

Species Saurida tumbil (Bloch, 1795) - greater lizardfish [=Salmo tumbil Bloch [M. E.], 1795:112, Pl. 430, Saurus argyrophanes Richardson [J.], 1846:302, Saurida australis Castelnau [F. L.], 1879:393, Saurus badi Cuvier [G.], 1829:314, Saurus badimottah Rüppell [W. P. E. S.], 1837:77, Saurida ferox Ramsay [E. P.], 1883:177, Saurida tombil Valenciennes [A.], in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1850:500, Saurida truculenta Macleay [W.], 1881:219] Notes: [Naturgeschichte der ausländischen Fische v. 9; ref. 464] Malabar o Tranquebar, India. Current status: Valid as Saurida tumbil (Bloch, 1795). Synodontidae: Harpadontinae. Distribution: Red Sea, Indo-West Pacific: East Africa east to Fiji, north to Taiwan, and south to Western Australia and New Caledonia. Habitat: marine. (argyrophanes) [Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 15th meeting [1845]; ref. 3742] Most probably China seas. Current status: Synonym of Saurida tumbil (Bloch, 1795). Synodontidae: Harpadontinae. Habitat: marine. (australis) [Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales v. 3 (pt 4); ref. 764] Port Jackson, New South Wales, Australia. Current status: Synonym of Saurida tumbil (Bloch, 1795). Synodontidae: Harpadontinae. Habitat: marine. (badi) [Le Règne Animal (Edition 2) v. 2; ref. 995] Vizagapatam, India. Current status: Synonym of Saurida tumbil (Bloch, 1795). Synodontidae: Harpadontinae. Habitat: marine. (badimottah) [Neue Wirbelthiere zu der Fauna von Abyssinien gehörig. Fische des Rothen Meeres; ref. 3844] Gulf of Suez. Current status: Synonym of Saurida tumbil (Bloch, 1795). Synodontidae: Harpadontinae. Habitat: marine. (ferox) [Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales v. 8 (pt 1); ref. 14346] Port Jackson, New South Wales, Australia. Current status: Synonym of Saurida tumbil (Bloch, 1795). Synodontidae: Harpadontinae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (tombil) [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 22; ref. 1014] Current status: Synonym of Saurida tumbil (Bloch 1795). Synodontidae: Harpadontinae. (truculenta) [Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales v. 6 (pt 2); ref. 6222] Port Jackson, New South Wales, Australia. Current status: Synonym of Saurida tumbil (Bloch, 1795). Synodontidae: Harpadontinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Saurida tweddlei Russell, 2015 - Seycheles lizardfish (author) [=Saurida tweddlei Russell [B. C.], 2015:441, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [Zootaxa 3947 (no. 3); ref. 33739] Saya de Malha Bank, 10.91°S, 60.97°E, depth 127 meters. Current status: Valid as Saurida tweddlei Russell, 2015. Synodontidae: Harpadontinae. Distribution: Saya de Malha Bank, and Seycheles Bank, Mascarene Plateau, Western Indian Ocean. Habitat: marine.

Species Saurida umeyoshii Inoue & Nakabo, 2006 - Umeyoshi's saury (author) [=Saurida umeyoshii Inoue [T.] & Nakabo [T.], 2006:386, Figs. 3A-B, 4, 8, 9B, 11, 12A] Notes: [Ichthyological Research v. 53 (no. 4); ref. 29238] East China Sea, 28°30'N, 126°30'E. Current status: Valid as Saurida umeyoshii Inoue & Nakabo, 2006. Synodontidae: Harpadontinae. Distribution: Western North Pacific: Japan, Sea of Japan and China Sea. Habitat: marine.

Species Saurida undosquamis (Richardson, 1848) - brushtooth lizardfish [=Saurus undosquamis Richardson [J.], 1848:138, Pl. 51 (figs. 1-6)] Notes: [Ichthyology of the voyage of H. M. S. Erebus & Terror v. 2 (2); ref. 3740] Coast of northwestern Australia. Current status: Valid as Saurida undosquamis (Richardson, 1848). Synodontidae: Harpadontinae. Distribution: Western Pacific; not Red Sea on ref. 33460 and S. macrolepis is widespread. Habitat: marine.

Species Saurida wanieso Shindo & Yamada, 1972 - Wanieso lizardfish [=Saurida wanieso Shindo [S.] & Yamada [U.], 1972:8 [No. 11], Fig. 8 [No. 12]] Notes: [Uo (Japanese Society of Ichthyology) Nos 11-12; ref. 571] East China Sea. Current status: Valid as Saurida wanieso Shindo & Yamada, 1972. Synodontidae: Harpadontinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. Habitat: marine ********************************************************************** Unavailable names, uncertain taxa

(genera)

Alpismaris Risso [A.] 1827:458 [ref. 3757]. Fem. Alpismaris risso Risso 1827 (= Stolephorus risso Risso 1810). Type by subsequent designation. Type designated by Jordan & Evermann 1896:533 [ref. 2443]. •Synonym of Synodus Scopoli 1777 in family Synodontidae -- (Anderson et al. 1966:47 [ref. 6977], Nielsen 1973:161 [ref. 6885], Castellanos-Galindo et al. 2006:260 [ref. 28944]). •Doubtfully a synonym of Aphanius Nardo 1827 in Cyprinodontidae -- (Wildekamp et al. 1986:165 [ref. 6198], Wildekamp et al. 1999:24 [ref. 26561]). Current status: Uncertain as Synodus Scopoli 1777. Synodontidae: Synodontinae.

(species) acutus, Synodus Garman [S.] 1899:252 [Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 24; ref. 1540] Off Pacific coast of Panama, 7°40'N, 79°17'50"W, Albatross station 3387, depth 127 fathoms; 7°26'10", 79°53'50"W, station 3390. Syntypes: MCZ 28512 (2). Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Habitat: marine. chinensis, Synodus Lacepède [B. G. E.] 1803:319, 321, Pl. 10 (fig. 1) [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepéde) v. 5; ref. 4930] China. No types known. ferox, Saurus Eydoux [J. F. T.] & Souleyet [F. A.] 1850:197, Pl. 7 (fig. 3) [Voyage autour du monde; ref. 4501] No locality. Genus misprinted Saurux once on p. 197. •Status uncertain, genus Synodus -- (Waples & Randall 1989:204 [ref. 9187]). Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Habitat: marine. gronovianus, Gonorhynchus (Synodus) Swainson [W.] 1839:286 [The natural history and classification v. 2; ref. 4303] Based on Gro. Zoop. Pl. 7 (fig. 1) -- which is Gronovius 1763:Pl. 7 (fig. 1) [ref. 1910]. Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Habitat: marine. japonica, Cobitis Houttuyn [M.] 1782:337 [Verhandelingen der Hollandsche Maatschappij der Wetenschappen, Haarlem v. 20 (pt 2); ref. 2220] Japan. No types known. •Unidentifiable, in Synodus -- (Waples & Randall 1989:204 [ref. 9187]). •See Boeseman 1995:6 [ref. 21811]. Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Habitat: marine. lucius, Saurus Temminck [C. J.] & Schlegel [H.] 1846:232, Pl. 106 (fig. 1) [Fauna Japonica Parts 10-14; ref. 4374] Shimabara, near Nagasaki, Japan. No types known. Based on a drawing and manuscript of Burger (Boeseman 1947:172 [ref. 12876]). •Status uncertain, in Synodus -- (Waples & Randall 1989:204 [ref. 9187]). Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Habitat: marine. melasma, Saurus Gruvel [A.] & Chabanaud [P.] (ex Dollfus) 1937:4 [Mémoires présentées à l'Institut d'Égypte N. S., v. 35; ref. 17405] Suez, Gulf of Suez, Egypt, Red Sea. Non-types: MNHN 1979-0688 (1). See Goren & Dor 1994: 12 [ref. 25356]. Current status: Uncertain as Synodus melasma (Gruvel & Chabanaud 1937). Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Habitat: marine. microps, Laurida Swainson [W.] 1838:246, Fig. 49 [The natural history and classification of fishes, amphibians, & reptiles, or monocardian animals. v. 1; ref. 4302] America. No types known. Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Habitat: marine. mormoririk, Saurus Montrouzier [X.] 1857:482 [204] [Annales de la Société d'Agriculture, Histoire Naturelle et Arts Utiles de Lyon (sér. 2) v. 8 (1856); ref. 17789] On p. 204 of reprint. Not available, manuscript name mentioned in passing in synonymy under Saurus synodus; from Woodlark I., South Pacific. Synodontidae: Synodontinae. simulans, Synodus Garman [S.] 1899:251, Pl. L' (fig. 3) [Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 24; ref. 1540] Off Cocos Islands, eastern Pacific, surface. Syntypes: MCZ 28513 (2), USNM 153607 [ex MCZ 28513] (1). Synodontidae: Synodontinae. Habitat: marine. pseudotumbil, Saurida Dutt [S.] & Sagar [J. V.] 1981:846, Fig. 1 [Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy Part B Biological Sciences v. 47 (no. 6); ref. 8611] Visakhapatnam, India. Holotype: ZSI. Paratypes: (4). Other material: (60). Synodontidae: Harpadontinae. Habitat: marine.