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Research Report Is Uploaded Onto the Policy Innovation and Co-Ordination Office’S (PICO’S) Website for Public Reference PUBLIC POLICY RESEARCH FUNDING SCHEME 公共政策研究資助計劃 Project Number : 項目編號： 2015.A5.019.16B Project Title : Youth Radicalism in Hong Kong: Exploring Changes in 項目名稱： Adolescents' Civic Consciousness and Attitudes to the Nation 香港青年的激進主義：探索青少年時期學生的公民意識 及對國家態度之變化 Principal Investigator : 首席研究員： Professor Kerry John KENNEDY Institution/Think Tank : The Education University of Hong Kong 院校 ／智庫： 香港教育大學 Project Duration (Month): 推行期 (月) ： 10.5 Funding (HK$) : 總金額 (HK$)： 569,905.00 This research report is uploaded onto the Policy Innovation and Co-ordination Office’s (PICO’s) website for public reference. The views expressed in this report are those of the Research Team of this project and do not represent the views of PICO and/or the Assessment Panel. PICO and/or the Assessment Panel do not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this report. Please observe the “Intellectual Property Rights & Use of Project Data” as stipulated in the Guidance Notes of the Public Policy Research Funding Scheme. A suitable acknowledgement of the funding from PICO should be included in any publication/publicity arising from the work done on a research project funded in whole or in part by PICO. The English version shall prevail whenever there is any discrepancy between the English and Chinese versions. 此研究報告已上載至政策創新與統籌辦事處（創新辦）網站，供公眾查閱。報告內所表 達的意見純屬本項目研究團隊的意見，並不代表創新辦及／或評審委員會的意見。創新辦及／或 評審委員會不保證報告所載的資料準確無誤。 請遵守公共政策研究資助計劃申請須知內關於「知識產權及項目數據的使用」的規定。 接受創新辦全數或部分資助的研究項目如因研究工作須出版任何刊物／作任何宣傳，均 須在其中加入適當鳴謝，註明獲創新辦資助。 中英文版本如有任何歧異，概以英文版本為準。 YOUTH RADICALISM IN HONG KONG: EXPLORING CHANGES IN ADOLESCENTS’ CIVIC CONSCIOUSNESS AND ATTITUDES TO THE NATION 1 香港青年的激進主義：探索青少年時期學生的公民意識及對國家態度之變化 Project 2015.A5.019.16B FINAL REPORT2 1 Project 2015.A5.019.16B was funded by the Central Policy Unit of the Hong Kong SAR Government. 2 This Report was prepared by Professor Kerry J Kennedy, Dr Li Lijuan and Dr Ng Hoi Yu TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS 2 LIST OF TABLES 4 LIST OF FIGURES 5 ABSTRACT 6 POLICY IMPLICATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 9 PROJECT OBJECTIVES AND RATIONALE 12 Project Objectives .................................................................................................................. 12 Policy Relevance .................................................................................................................... 12 Key Questions ........................................................................................................................ 13 Project Rationale/Background ............................................................................................. 14 Summary ................................................................................................................................ 24 CHAPTER 2 25 PROJECT METHODOLOGY AND METHODS 25 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 25 Methods .................................................................................................................................. 26 Participants ............................................................................................................................ 28 Data Analysis ......................................................................................................................... 28 CHAPTER 3 31 THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL ISSUES: UNDERSTANDING YOUTH RADICALISM IN HONG KONG 31 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 31 What is radicalism? ............................................................................................................... 31 Youth radicalism in Hong Kong: A historical account ...................................................... 34 Factors Contributing to the Recent Rise of Youth Radicalism ......................................... 38 The focus of the Report ......................................................................................................... 41 CHAPTER 4 43 THE CIVIC PROFILE OF YOUNG ADOLESCENTS IN HONG KONG: PRELUDE TO RADICALISM? 43 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 43 Socio-demographic Profiles of the 1999 Cohort and 2009 Cohort Secondary Students ..................................................................................................................... 45 Creating Civic Profiles through Identifying Distinct Groups of Individuals ................... 48 Socio-demographic Information of the Student Clusters in Each Cohort ....................... 49 Respective “Profiles” of the Two Cohorts of Students ....................................................... 58 2 How do Groups within Each Cohort Differ from One Another Considering Some Other Civic Elements? ................................................................................... 63 Summary ................................................................................................................................ 67 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 68 Extension ................................................................................................................................ 69 CHAPTER 5 74 FROM ADOLESCENCE TO ADULTHOOD: THE RADICALIZATION OF CIVIC ENGAGEMENT 74 Abstract .................................................................................................................................. 74 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 74 Sampling Procedures, Interviewees, and Data Analysis .................................................... 75 What Does Radicalism Mean to the Interviewees? ............................................................ 79 Radicalization Process and the Leading Factors ................................................................ 84 Major Factors Contributing to Radicalization ................................................................... 95 Critical Political Events ...................................................................................... 95 Daily and Personal Experiences ........................................................................ 97 School Education ................................................................................................ 98 Chinese History Teachers .................................................................................. 99 Family Socialization ........................................................................................... 99 Peers and Social Networks ............................................................................... 100 Politicians and Opinion Leaders ..................................................................... 101 Media and the Internet ..................................................................................... 101 Summary .............................................................................................................................. 103 CHAPTER 6 104 CONCLUSIONS 104 Summary .............................................................................................................................. 118 References 119 Appendices 127 Appendix 1: Common items and factors used in both the 1999 CivED and 2009 ICCS surveys.................................................................................................. 127 Appendix 2: Tables and Graphs Reporting the Results of Latent Profile Analysis ................................................................................................................... 139 Appendix 3: Project Description (English and Chinese) ................................................. 148 Appendix 4: Interview Guide (English and Chinese) ....................................................... 154 3 LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Socio-demographic Information of the 1999 Cohort of Students ............................. 46 Table 2. Socio-demographic Information of the 2009 Cohort of Students ............................. 47 Table 3. Comparison of Item Means across the Two Cohorts ................................................ 51 Table 4. Comparison of Factor Means across the 1999 and 2009 Cohorts ............................. 53 Table 5. Response Patterns to the Items Measuring Civic Trust and National Attitudes (the 1999 cohort) ............................................................................................................................ 55 Table 6. Response Patterns to the Items Measuring Civic Trust and National Attitudes (the 2009 cohort) ............................................................................................................................ 57 Table 7. Changes of the Proportions of the Three Groups Over Time .................................... 58 Table 8. Socio-demographic information of the 1999 cohort (By clusters) ........................... 60 Table 9. Socio-demographic Information of the 2009 Cohort (By Clusters) .......................... 61 Table 10. Comparison of Civic Knowledge Mean Scores across the groups within the respective 1999 and 2009 cohorts ........................................................................................... 62 Table 11. Comparison of Civic Values, Attitudes, Behaviors, and Behavioural Intentions across the Two Cohorts ..........................................................................................................
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