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Open Dissertation FINAL2.Pdf The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School College of Communications AFTER A RAINY DAY IN HONG KONG: MEDIA, MEMORY AND SOCIAL MOVEMENTS, A LOOK AT HONG KONG’S 2014 UMBRELLA MOVEMENT A Dissertation in Mass Communications by Kelly A. Chernin © 2017 Kelly A. Chernin Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy August 2017 The dissertation of Kelly A. Chernin was reviewed and approved* by the following: Matthew F. Jordan Associate Professor of Media Studies Dissertation Adviser Chair of Committee C. Michael Elavsky Associate Professor of Media Studies Michelle Rodino-Colocino Associate Professor of Media Studies Stephen H. Browne Liberal Arts Research Professor of Communication Arts and Sciences Ford Risley Professor of Communications Associate Dean of the College of Communications *Signatures are on file in the graduate school. ii ABSTRACT The period following an occupied social movement is often overlooked, yet it is an important moment in time as political and economic systems are potentially vulnerable. In 2014, after Hong Kong’s Chief Executive declared that the citizens of Hong Kong would be unable to democratically elect their leader in the upcoming 2017 election, a 79-day occupation of major city centers ensued. The memory of the three-month occupation, also known as the Umbrella Movement was instrumental in shaping a political identity for Hong Kong’s residents. Understanding social movements as a process and not a singular event, an analytic mode that problematizes linear temporal constructions, can help us move beyond the deterministic and celebratory views often associated with technology’s role in social movement activism. Memory studies can help us explore social movements in a more nuanced way. Developing an awareness of how technology continues to serve as a location of memory after an occupation is just as relevant as exploring digital media’s role prior to and during occupation. This case study of Hong Kong’s Umbrella Movement will examine the way in which we frame “what happened” and how this can influence “what comes next,” thus exploring how these narratives shape the continuous struggle for democratic freedoms. By exploring the use of symbols and their continued role after occupation; the function movement memory has in constructing various identities: political, national, and generational; how these locations of memory help and hinder the course of reflection and whether or not such reflection even occurs; and the way memory artifacts are stored to be reinterpreted in the future, will help to make sense of the continuous struggle for political freedom experienced in Hong Kong and throughout the world. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES…………………………………………………………………………….vii ABBREVIATIONS……………………………………………………………………………viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………………………………………………….........ix Chapter 1 INTRODCUTION…………………………………………………………………...1 From Fishing Village to the Land that Would Redeem China: Hong Kong’s Early History……………………………………………………………………………………11 A Sunny Moment for Hong Kong: The Beginning of a Movement…………………….18 Movements and Memory………………………………………………………………...22 New Technology and Social Movements…………………………………………25 Memory…………………………………………………………………………..29 Remembering Social Movement through Media…………………………………35 Methodology……………………………………………………………………………..42 “Asia as Method”………………………………………………………………..44 In-Depth Interviews……………………………………………………………...46 Social Media/Virtual Worlds…………………………………………………….50 Chapter Breakdown……………………………………………………………………...52 Chapter 2 JUMPING IN THE PUDDLES OF MEANING: THE SYMBOLS OF SPACE AND THE MEMORY OF MEMES…………………………………………………………..55 The Symbolism of Space………………………………………………………………...66 Lion Rock: Connecting Media and Physical Space……………………………..77 iv From Spatial Occupation to Virtual Environments: Transitioning Locations of Memory..............................................................................................................83 This is not an Umbrella: The lasting Influences of the Visual and Artistic Symbols of the Umbrella Movement……………………………………………………………………..90 Putting a Price Tag on Memory: The Commodification of Social Movement Symbols…………………………………………………………………………..98 Memory and Memes…………………………………………………………….101 A Tale of Two Countdown Clocks: The Symbolism and Significance of Time………108 Summary………………………………………………………………………………..112 Chapter 3 CONSTRUCTING IDENTITY AFTER OCCUAPTION: THE INFLUENCE OF MEMORY ON HONG KONG’S ETHNIC AND GENERATIONAL IDENTITY….115 Beyond the BrandHK Identity………………………………………………………….127 Identity and Technology……………………………………………….………..138 Redefining Hong Kong’s Ethnic Memory……………………………………………...146 “A Hongkonger Speaks Cantonese”……………………………………………154 I am More Hong Kong than You: Memory and Immigration………………….160 Long Term Forecast: Generations of Hong Kong……………………………………..171 The Tiananmen Generation…………………………………………………….189 Summary……………………………………………………………………………….197 Chapter 4 REFLECTIONS IN THE PUDDLES AFTER THE STORM: FROM OCCUPATION TO POLITICS, DEPRESSION AND VIOLENCE, HONG KONG’S PUSH FORWARD…………………………………………………………………………….201 From the Streets to Politics: Reflection in the Form of Institutionalized Politics……..212 v Leaders and the Leaderless…………………………………………………….214 Establishing Trust………………………………………………………………222 A Cloudy Day in Hong Kong: Depression and Hopelessness in the Wake of the Umbrella Movement……………………………………………………………………239 Violent Storms: The Violent Strategy of the Localists Movement …………………….249 Cloudy with a Chance of Sun: Moving Forward in Hong Kong………………………260 Beyond the Technology…………………………………………………………268 Summary……………………………………………………………………………..…272 Chapter 5 ARCHIVES: SAVING THE RAIN IN CASE OF A DROUGHT…………......275 The Materiality of Memory…………………………………………………………….281 Lost in Space: The Preservation of Umbrella Movement Art………………….288 The Power of Pixels: Preserving the Art of the Movement Online…………….296 Digital Archives: Technological Remembering……………………………………….302 Facebook as an Archive………………………………………………………...304 Facebook Live: Remembering the Now, Later………………………………...309 Summary………………………………………………………………………………..312 Chapter 6 CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………………315 The Global Connection…………………………………………………………………320 Managing Multiple Memories………………………………………………………….324 REFERENCES………………………………………………………………………………...330 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1: Brand HK logo developed in 2002…………………………………………………59 Figure 2.2: Rubble from cleared occupation site……………………………………………….73 Figure 2.3: Images of the police barricades set up for Zhang Dejiang’s May 2016 visit………75 Figure 2.4: “We want real universal suffrage” banner hanging from Lion Rock……………….81 Figure 2.5: Facebook profile picture of participant showcasing the connection between the Umbrella Movement symbolism and online identities…………………………………………..86 Figure 2.6: Luis Simoes’ piece called “Admirality Shelter” depicting the Umbrella Man statue at the top of the illustration…………………………………………………………………………93 Figure 2.7: Popular memes shared by a participant during Zhang Dejiang’s visit to Hong Kong in May 2016…………………………………………………………………………………….103 Figure 3.1: Survey data from Hong Kong University’s bi-yearly identity study……………...152 Figure 3.2: Survey data from Hong Kong University’s yearly public opinion poll on Hongkonger’s attitudes regarding civic responsibility…………………………………………168 Figure 4.1: Photo of police advertisement taken in Tsim Tsa Tsue Metro Station…………….235 Figure 5.1: Group image taken from the “Umbrella Movement Art Preservation” Facebook Archive…………………………………………………………………………………………280 Figure 5.2: Photographs of street art taken during both of my visits to Hong Kong…………..294 Figure 6.1: Designer Steve Lee created this particular meme by “Blending simplified Lam Cheng characters & #777……………………………………………………………………….328 vii ABBREVIATIONS CCP………………………………………………………….………….Chinese Communist Party LegCo…………………………………………………………….Hong Kong Legislative Council SAR……………………………………………..……………………Special Autonomous Region HKSAR…………………………………………………Hong Kong Special Autonomous Region BrandHK…………………………………………………………….Brand Hong Kong Campaign RTHK……………………………………………………………… Radio Television Hong Kong PRC………………………………………………..People’s Republic of China (Mainland China) ICC………………………………………………………………..International Commerce Centre viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would first like to thank my advisor Matthew Jordan; your guidance has shaped my academic career. You have been both a mentor and a friend and I cannot thank you enough for your continued support and your ability to always make sense of some of my more outrageous tangents. I would also like to thank my doctoral committee, Michael Elavsky, Michelle Rodino- Colocino, Stephen Browne, and Eric Hayot, you continually pushed me to be a better academic. To my parents, Mitch and Michelle Chernin, thank you for everything. You have provided tremendous emotional—and let’s be honest, financial—support throughout this entire process. Both of you taught me how important and rewarding education can be. Old man, even though I believe in the Highlander way and the idea that “there can be only one,” I promise that I will not chop off your head once I also become Dr. Chernin. It will be a title I’m honored to share with you, hopefully you will be cool sharing it with me. If not, let me know so I can sleep with a sword under my pillow just in case. Mom, your love of movies and media inspired me to pursue this field. Watching Rocky Horror Picture Show as a child may have been somewhat traumatizing, but it was more influential than you know. I may
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