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Vicia Ervilia) Seed for Moult Induction and Post-Moult Performance in Commercial Laying Hens

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Vicia Ervilia) Seed for Moult Induction and Post-Moult Performance in Commercial Laying Hens British Poultry Science Volume 50, Number 2 (March 2009), pp. 207—212 Using different ratios of bitter vetch (Vicia ervilia) seed for moult induction and post-moult performance in commercial laying hens L. MOHAMMADI AND Gh. SADEGHI Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Kurdistan, Iran Abstract 1. The applicability of different ratios of bitter vetch seed as a new method for moult induction in laying hens was studied. The effectiveness of bitter vetch seed on post-moult production and post-moult egg quality was also investigated. 2. A total of 120 Single Comb White Leghorn hens, 78 weeks of age, were used in this study. The hens were randomly assigned to 5 treatment groups of 24 birds each. The treatments were 30% bitter vetch seed (BV30) diet, 60% bitter vetch seed (BV60) diet, 90% bitter vetch seed (90BV) diet, feed withdrawal method (FW) and full-fed non-moulted control (CON). 3. Egg production ceased first in FW and BV90 treated hens and last in BV30 treated hens. As the percentage of bitter vetch seed increased in the moulting ration, feed intake decreased and body weight loss increased during the 10-d moult induction period. Time to first egg production was significantly greater in hens exposed to the FW and BV90 diets. 4. FW and BV90 treatment hens had significantly higher hen-d egg production than non-moulted control hens. Egg weight was significantly higher in BV30 and BV90 treatments. There were no differences in egg mass, feed intake and mortality among experimental treatments during the post-moult period. 5. No significant improvements were observed in exterior or interior egg quality in moulted hens, except for Haugh units, which were significantly higher in moulted hens when compared to the non-moulted control hens. 6. In conclusion, the present study showed ad libitum feeding of a layer ration with 90% of bitter vetch seed for 10 d proved to be effective for inducing moult, increasing post-moult egg production and improving some internal egg quality parameters. Downloaded By: [University of Montreal] At: 19:38 25 August 2009 INTRODUCTION moult induction have been explored. These alternative methods include dietary manipulation Forced moulting of laying hens can be an of minerals (Keshavarz, 1995; Bell, 2003), use of important management tool to increase the anti-ovulatory drugs (Burke and Attia, 1994) and profitability in the second year of egg produc- use of feed ingredients with low nutritional value tion. The main purpose of moulting is to increase (Vermaut et al., 1998; Keshavarz and Quimby, egg production and egg quality (Webster, 2003). 2002; Donalson et al., 2005). The most common procedure for moult induc- Another strategy for reducing body weight tion is removal of feed until a hen loses between and induction of forced moulting involves 15 and 25% of body weight. However, in recent supplementing laying hen diets with components years use of feed withdrawal has been declining that provide adequate nutrition but decrease due to animal stress and susceptibility to feed intake. One such feed source is the bitter Salmonella enteritidis infections (Holt, 2003). As vetch (Vicia ervilia) seed which is known for its a consequence, non-feed-withdrawal methods for high nutritional value, capacity for nitrogen Correspondence to: Ghorbanali Sadeghi, Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Kurdistan, Iran. E-mail: [email protected] Accepted for publication 2nd September 2008. ISSN 0007–1668(print)/ISSN 1466–1799 (online)/09/020207—6 ß 2009 British Poultry Science Ltd DOI: 10.1080/00071660902773691 208 L. MOHAMMADI AND Gh.. SADEGHI fixation and ability to grow in poor soils Table 1. Ingredients and composition (as-fed basis) (Lo´pez-Bellido, 1994). It is grown in low and of the diets (g/kg) medium rainfall environments in northern Components Layer BV30 BV60 BV90 Africa, Asia, southern Europe and the USA. ration Bitter vetch seed is a good source of crude (CON)1 protein and energy containing up to 285 g/kg 2 crude protein, 18Á2 MJ/kg gross energy and Bitter vetch seed meal 0 300 600 900 Maize meal 643 300 0Á00 0Á00 12Á97 MJ/kg metabolisable energy (Farran et al., Soybean meal 190 0Á00 0Á00 0Á00 2001; Sadeghi et al., 2008). However, it also Barley meal 56 303 303 0Á00 contains anti-nutritional factors including Oyster shell 87 87 87 87 L Alfalfa meal 10 0Á00 0Á00 0Á00 -canavanine (Sadeghi et al., 2004), trypsin 3 inhibitors (Berger et al., 2003), catechin (Aletor Base mix 14 10 10 13 Calculated composition et al., 1994) and a lectin (Fornestedt and Porath, AMEN (MJ/kg) 11Á13 11Á48 11Á05 11Á37 1975) that have been associated with decreased Crude protein (g/kg) 157Á7 144Á0 196Á2 243Á4 feed intake in poultry. Several studies have found Lysine (g/kg) 8Á06Á29Á712Á6 that supplementing feed with more than 15% Methionine (g/kg) 4Á22Á73Á23Á8 bitter vetch seed decreases feed intake in Methionine þ cystine (g/kg) 7Á14Á65Á56Á5 Calcium (g/kg) 35Á834Á234Á635Á0 broiler chickens (Halaby, 1997; Sadeghi et al., Available phosphorus (g/kg) 1Á71Á41Á41Á4 2004) and laying hens (Ergun et al., 1993; Farran Sodium (g/kg) 1Á21Á21Á21Á2 et al., 2005). Feeding a diet with greater propor- 1CON ¼ full-fed non-moulted control; BV30 ¼ 30% bitter vetch seed; tions (60%) of raw bitter vetch seed resulted BV60 ¼ 60% bitter vetch seed; BV90 ¼ 90% bitter vetch seed. 2 in reduced feed intake and egg production in The bitter vetch seed contained 12Á55 MJ/kg AMEN, 265 g/kg crude laying hens and cessation of egg production protein, 4 g/kg crude fat, 1Á6 g/kg calcium, 3 g/kg phosphorus, 74Á2 g/kg lysine and 11Á1 g/kg methionine. within 2 weeks (Halaby, 1997; Sadeghi, unpub- 3The base mix contained 5Á44 MJ/kg metabolisable energy, 300 g/kg lished data). crude protein, 50 g/kg calcium, 38Á7 g/kg available phosphorus, 34 g/kg Because of its potential as a feed source for lysine, 39Á5 g/kg methionine, and vitamin and trace mineral premixes moult induction, there is a need to determine the that provided per kg of diet: vitamin A (retinyl acetate) 3Á9 mg, vitamin D (cholecalciferol) 0Á083 mg, vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) 27 mg, vitamin optimum proportion of bitter vetch seed to add B1 (thiamin mononitrate) 2 mg, vitamin B2 (riboflavin) 4 mg, vitamin B6 to regular poultry feed that will achieve the (pyridoxine hydrochloride) 2 mg, D-pantothenic acid (calcium D-pantothe- desired goal of moult induction. The objective nate) 9 mg, niacin 25 mg, choline chloride 100 mg, folic acid 0Á7 mg, biotin 0Á02 mg, cyanocobalamin 0Á015 mg, Fe 70 mg, Zn 100 mg, Mn 100 mg, of the study was to investigate the applicability Cu 5 mg, I 0Á8 mg, Se 0Á2 mg. of different ratios of bitter vetch seed as a new forced moulting method and to compare this with a conventional feed withdrawal method. requirements, and in the BV diets corn, soybean and barley were replaced by bitter vetch seed MATERIALS AND METHODS (Table 1). Throughout the adaptation period and the experimental phase of the study the birds Experimental design were allowed ad libitum access to water and Downloaded By: [University of Montreal] At: 19:38 25 August 2009 A total of 120 Single Comb White Leghorn hens their respective diets. The treatment diets were (78 weeks of age) were obtained from a commer- fed to the hens for 10 d. Each hen’s weight and cial laying facility. The birds were selected on the feed intake was measured by weighing the birds basis of having similar rates of egg production and their feed consumption before and after and body weight. The birds were divided into the moult period. After the moult period, all the 30 groups (4 per cage) and housed at the Isfahan hens received a complete layer ration diet until University of Technology Poultry Science termination of the study at 96 weeks of age. Research Centre. The hens were given a 2-week On d 1 (the initiation of feed withdrawal adaptation period prior to the initiation of the or feeding moult diets), the daily photoperiod experiment. During this time, the birds were was reduced to 10Á5 h to ensure a more complete given a complete layer ration (Table 1) ad libitum and rapid moult (Andrews et al., 1987). On d 22 and allowed full access to water. After the and 31 the daily photoperiod was increased to adaptation period, the hens were allocated 12 and 13 h, respectively. The photoperiod randomly to 5 experimental groups with 24 was then increased by 30 min per week until birds (6 replicates of 4 hens) per treatment a photoperiod of 16 h was reached. group. The experimental treatments were as follows: full-fed non-moulted control (CON), Egg production and quality parameters feed withdrawal (FW), 30% bitter vetch seed diet (BV30), 60% bitter vetch seed diet (BV60) Production parameters and egg quality were and 90% bitter vetch seed diet (BV90). The measured for 12 weeks after moulting. Egg control diet was formulated to meet NRC (1994) production (hen-d production) and mortality BITTER VETCH FOR MOULT INDUCTION 209 were measured daily. Feed intake was recorded vetch seed experienced significantly reduced at 2-week intervals and 3 d of eggs were daily feed intake. collected from the end of each 2-week period As noted earlier, the reduction in feed intake and weighed. Egg mass was calculated using in hens fed with bitter vetch seed may be hen-d production and average egg weight. Shell attributable to the presence of anti-nutritional weight, shell thickness, shell strength, albumen factors, especially canavanine and lectin.
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