Fra Hersker Til Snorklipper – Da Monarkiene Forsvant Monarki Som Historisk- Politisk Regime I Europa 1900- 2015

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Fra Hersker Til Snorklipper – Da Monarkiene Forsvant Monarki Som Historisk- Politisk Regime I Europa 1900- 2015 MASTEROPPGAVE VED UNIVERSITETET I BERGEN Fra hersker til snorklipper – da monarkiene forsvant Monarki som historisk- politisk regime i Europa 1900- 2015 Elise A. Løvereide Vår 2015 Institutt for Sammenliknende Politikk Abstract My thesis examines the monarchy as a historical and political type of regime, including the abolishing of the monarchies in 20th century Europe. There were only three republics in Europe in the year 1900, while the rest were monarchies. By contrast, only twelve countries remain monarchies today. In conjunction with my case overview, 22 countries abolished the monarchy in the 115 years period. My research question is therefore why some countries retained the monarchy in Europe while most of them did not. In developing hypotheses for this research question, I have generated four main independent variables. These are defeat in war, revolution, electoral fraud, and the monarchs’ lack of yield to parlamentarism. My assumption is that countries that experienced these were more likely to abolish their monarchies. If the king were on the losing side in wars, suppressed his population, tried to achieve more executive power, and/ or worked against the parliamentary process, he would more likely be deposed or exiled. The variables also imply that non- violent and consensus- based transitions to democracy will be in favor of the monarchy compared to violent ones. Based on Stepan, Linz and Minoves’ study of democratic parliamentary monarchies (2014), I will use and discuss their regime typology. This typology distinguishes monarchies in three respects, the ruling monarchy, the constitutional monarchy, and the democratic parliamentary monarchy. The latter describes the surviving monarchies in today’s Europe (with the exception of Liechtenstein and the Vatican State). The thesis is two- fold. The first part is a csQCA- analysis, seeking patterns in historical context. The second part is case-oriented and will explore Spain and Greece in a case study. These cases are chosen because they both shifted their regime type between republic and monarchy and both monarchies survived the World Wars. But unlike Spain, who kept her monarchy after the death of Franco in 1975 – Greece abolished the monarchy in 1973 and the king went in exile in 1967. Both countries constitute crucial cases. These two methods complement each other into a more valid finding of why monarchy became regarded as an expired type of regime through the 20th century. i Forord Å skrive denne masteravhandlingen har vært krevende, men også svært lærerik. Europa har alltid fascinert meg, deriblant regionens politiske historie. Debatten om monarkiene har lenge vært dominert av populærkulturelle mediefremstillinger eller av tungleste, vitenskapelige artikler. Mitt bidrag vil forhåpentligvis befinne seg på et både saklig, men samtidig tilgjengelig språk. I tillegg åpner den for et nytt perspektiv på monarkene som gjerne er gått i glemmeboken blant dagens generasjoner: Nemlig at noen tiår tidligere hadde kongene eller dronningene fortsatt politisk makt. Jeg mener monarkiet har vært underkommunisert i demokratiforskningen, og særlig de europeiske monarkiene. Sammen med min fascinasjon for tabeller, håper jeg å kunne formidle monarkienes historiske utvikling på en både oppsummerende og informativ måte. Jeg vil gjerne rette en takk til veileder Einar Berntzen, for god veiledning og for lange samtaler om europeisk historie. Jeg vil også spesielt takke Elin Monstad og Leiv Marsteinstredet for veiledende hjelp med QCA. Takk til Michael Alvarez for tips, og Hilmar Mjelde for boktips. Takk til historiker Øyvind Tønnesson, og til Nasjonalbiblioteket i Athen. Takk til Troy, Sunniva og SV- biblioteket for boklån, og Mari, Frode, Mie og Sunniva for generelle råd og ellers godt selskap. Takk til Jasmin, Stian og Elin for korrekturgjennomgang. En siste takk går til Christopher, for langvarig støtte og kjærlighet. Elise Løvereide ii Innholdsfortegnelse Kapittel 1. Innledning ...........................................................................................................................1 1.1 Forskningsspørsmål ........................................................................................................................1 1.2 Vitenskapelig bidrag .......................................................................................................................2 1.3 Metodologi .....................................................................................................................................4 1.4 Sammendrag ...................................................................................................................................5 Kapittel 2. Regimetypologi og begrepsavklaring .................................................................................5 2.1 Monarki ..........................................................................................................................................5 2.1.1 Eneveldig monarki...................................................................................................................6 2.1.2 Konstitusjonelt monarki ..........................................................................................................7 2.1.3 Demokratisk parlamentarisk monarki .....................................................................................8 2.2 Demokrati .....................................................................................................................................11 2.3 Diktatur .........................................................................................................................................12 Del 1 Kapittel 3. Eksisterende litteratur: Monarkiets rotfeste i Europa...................................................13 3.1 Monarki som historisk regime ......................................................................................................13 3.2 Statsform: Monarki som politisk regime ......................................................................................15 3.3 Demokratisering ...........................................................................................................................17 3.4 Regimeendring .............................................................................................................................19 3.5 Revolusjonær endring ...................................................................................................................21 3.6 Krig og monarken som krigfører ..................................................................................................24 3.7 Parlamentarisme og monarken som aktør ....................................................................................26 3.8 Valgmanipulasjon .........................................................................................................................27 3.9 Valg av variabler ..........................................................................................................................29 3.10 Teoretiske og testbare hypoteser ................................................................................................30 Kapittel 4. Metode ................................................................................................................................31 4.1 Casevalg: Republikker og demokratiske monarkier .....................................................................31 4.2 Statsvitenskapelige og komparative metoder ...............................................................................34 4.3 Kvalitative metoder ......................................................................................................................35 4.3.1 QCA analyse .............................................................................................................................36 4.3.2 Casestudie .................................................................................................................................38 4.3.3 Process Tracing ........................................................................................................................39 Kapittel 5. Dataanalyse: Monarkiet møter motstand........................................................................40 5.1 Monarkiet under og etter første verdenskrig ................................................................................41 5.2 Monarkiet under og etter andre verdenskrig .................................................................................43 5.3 Monarkiene som ble avviklet .......................................................................................................46 iii 5.4 Monarkiene som overlevde og ble DPM ......................................................................................57 5.5 Analyse .........................................................................................................................................61 5.6 Oppsummering .............................................................................................................................66 Del 2 Kapittel 6. Casestudie: Monarkiene i Spania og Hellas ....................................................................67 6.1 Innledning .....................................................................................................................................67 6.2 Casevalg .......................................................................................................................................68 6.3
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