Aldrig Har Han Helt Været Vor Egen” – Valget Af Den Danske Prins Carl Til Norges Konge I November 1905

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Aldrig Har Han Helt Været Vor Egen” – Valget Af Den Danske Prins Carl Til Norges Konge I November 1905 ”Aldrig har han helt været vor egen” – valget af den danske prins Carl til Norges konge i november 1905 1. Indledning Norge havde siden 1814 været et selvstændigt kongerige, en nationalstat med egen konstitutionel kongemagt i den svensk-norske personalunion (1814-1905), defineret i den norske Eidsvoll- forfatning fra 17. maj 1814. Den svensk-norske personalunion brød sammen med kongeriget Norges ensidige udmeldelse ved en parlaments- og regeringsbeslutning af den 7. juni 1905, den såkaldte 7. juni-erklæring, der fra den norske regerings side fastslog unionens opløsning. Beslutningen blev bekræftet ved en norsk folkeafstemning i august 1905 og den svenske rigsdags anerkendelse af opsigelsen og kong Oscar 2.s (1872-1907) tronfrasigelse som norsk konge i oktober 1905, hvorved Norge blev en uafhængig nationalstat. Med sikringen af den nationalpolitiske uafhængighed efter personalunionens opløsning aktualiseredes spørgsmålet om valget af fremtidig statsform, og i tilfælde af et monarki at vælge en kandidat til den ledige norske trone, som ville kunne få opbakning af alle europæiske stormagter.1 To stormagtsmonarker, den russiske zar Nikolaj 2. (1894-1917) og den tyske kejser Wilhelm 2. (1888-1918), foreslog den danske prins Valdemar, kong Christian 9.s (1863-1906) yngste søn, som ny norsk regent. Men han afslog i 1905 tilbuddet. Den evangelisk-lutherske prins Valdemar havde i 1885 ægtet den franske prinsesse Marie af Orléans (1865-1909). Katolske kvindelige fyrstelige beholdt ifølge gængs praksis deres tro, hvis de giftede sig ind i ikke-katolske (protestantiske og ortodokse) fyrstehuse. Den katolske prinsesse Marie konverterede ikke til sin gemals tro. Valdemars gemalindes katolske tro voldte tillige besværligheder i det protestantiske Norge.2 1 Umiddelbart efter den norske opsigelse af unionen med Sverige i juni 1905, foranlediget af nationalismen, fremsatte den norske regering Bernadotte-tilbuddet, der under betingelse af en fraskrivning af arveretten til den svenske trone tilbød en valgt Bernadotte-monark i et uafhængigt Norge. I dette forslag om en sekundogenitur inden for Bernadotte- dynastiet, som er blevet perspektiveret som et udslag af en taktisk monarkisme og en (taktisk) dynastisk skandinavisme i traditionen fra 1800-tallet, rettedes opmærksomheden på kong Oscar 2.s tredje søn, prins Carl (1861-1951), bror til kronprins Gustaf (5.) (1907-50), som ny norsk konge. Bernadotte-tilbuddet blev dog endeligt officielt skrinlagt i oktober 1905 med kong Oscar 2.s tronfrasigelse som norsk konge. I stedet blev den danske prins Carl (1872-1957), der var halvnevø og siden 1897 svoger til den anden prins Carl, valgt til norsk konge i november 1905. 2 Den tyske kejser Wilhelm 2. havde endvidere sin svoger hertug Friedrich Ferdinand af Slesvig-Holsten-Sønderborg- Glücksborg (1855-1934, hertug fra 1885 og hertug af Slesvig-Holsten fra 1931 som overhoved for Huset Oldenborg) i Mads Valdemar Egsgaard Hauge 1 Den 12.-13. november fandt en rådgivende folkeafstemning sted i Norge, det andet af slagsen på under ét år. Formelt omhandlede afstemningen en fuldmagt fra vælgerne og dermed parlamentet (Stortinget) til regeringen om at indlede forhandlinger med den danske prins Carl med henblik på ham som ny norsk konge. Reelt blev folkeafstemningen dog i den norske offentlighed set som et nationalt valg mellem to statsformer, mellem monarki eller republik. 259.563 stemte ja til forslaget om at indlede et kongevalg, mens 69.284 stemte nej til regeringens forslag og dermed egentlig for en republik. På baggrund af dette resultat valgte Stortinget enstemmigt prins Carl af Danmark til Norges konge den 18. november. Prinsen underrettede samme dag forsamlingen om, at han modtog valget og antog navnet kong Haakon 7. (1905-57). Hans toårige søn, prins Alexander, født i 1903, den senere kong Olav 5. (1957-91), skulle bære navnet Olav. Med grundlæggelsen af det moderne norske kongehus ved en folkeafstemning og en afstemning ved enstemmighed i Stortinget i november 1905 var det nationalt selvstændige norske kongehus på ny en historisk realitet. Prins Carl fik støtte til sit kandidatur af stormagterne, ikke mindst Storbritannien, hvis konge, Edward 7. (1901-10), var onkel og svigerfar til prins Carl, og via sin mor var han beslægtet med Bernadotterne, det afsatte dynasti, der ved en sekundogenitur var blevet tilbudt den norske trone. Kong Edward 7. propaganderede stærkt i en række breve, for at svigersønnen prins Carl, der i 1896 havde ægtet sin britiske kusine prinsesse Maud af Storbritannien og Irland (1869-1938), kongens yngste datter, skulle blive Norges nye monark.3 Grundlæggelsen af det nationalt selvstændige norske kongehus ved en folkeafstemning i november 1905 var således hovedsageligt et resultat af sikkerhedspolitiske hensyn, der vejede tungt i forhold til en nær relation til Storbritannien.4 Det var tankerne som ny norsk konge. Friedrich Ferdinand var nevø til den danske kong Christian 9., den danske prins Carls farfar. Selvom hertug Friedrich Ferdinand fra den tyske glücksborgske sidelinje ikke blev norsk konge, endte et andet medlem af Slesvig-Holsten-Sønderborg-Glücksborg-dynastiet, fra det danske kongehus, i den sidste ende med at bestige den norske trone i 1905. Prins Carl var brorsøn til prins Valdemar og kronprins Frederiks (8.) (1906-12) næstældste søn. 3 Lee: King Edward VII, 318-21. Denne virksomhed var et resultat af såvel dynastiske som stormagtspolitiske interesser, eftersom Storbritannien ville have et fri, monarkisk Norge, der ikke blev infiltreret af den tyske kejsers magtambitioner. 4 Den svensk-norske personalunion opløstes i 1905 som følge af nationalismen, der i en norsk kontekst foranledigede unionsopløsningen. Omvendt var grundlæggelsen af det nationalt selvstændige norske kongehus ved en folkeafstemning i november 1905 primært et resultat af sikkerhedspolitiske overvejelser, ikke mindst i forholdet til stormagten Storbritannien. Dette forhold kan tydeligt aflæses i de statsbesøg, som kong Haakon 7. aflagde umiddelbart efter sin tronbestigelse. Efter statsbesøget i Danmark i oktober 1906 hos sine forældre, kong Frederik 8. og dronning Lovisa (Louise) (1851-1926, født prinsesse af Sverige-Norge), der aflagde genvisit i 1907 i Norge, foretog den nye konge et statsbesøg til Storbritannien i november 1906 hos sin svigerfar og onkel, kong Edward 7., og hans danskfødte dronning, Alexandra (1844-1925), Haakon 7.s faster, der i 1908 aflagde genvisit hos svigersønnen. I december 1906 aflagde kong Haakon 7. statsbesøg i kejserriget Tyskland hos kejser Wilhelm 2., der var fætter til Haakon 7.s gemalinde, dronning Maud, og kejserinde Augusta Viktoria (1858-1921). Endelig besøgtes republikken Frankrig under præsident Armand Fallières (1841-1931, præsident fra 1906-13), i maj 1907. Det var afgørende at få bekræftet og fastholdt støtten til det nye, uafhængige norske monarki fra Europas stormagter, hvorfor Haakon 7. aflagde statsbesøg i Storbritannien, Tyskland og Frankrig inden for de første to år af sin tid som konge. I september 1918 fandt der endelig en officiel udsoning med Sverige sted, da kong Haakon 7. aflagde statsbesøg i Sverige hos sin halvonkel kong Gustaf 5. (1907-50) Mads Valdemar Egsgaard Hauge 2 endvidere af afgørende betydning, at prins Carl med sin toårige søn havde sikret den mandlige arvefølge i Norge. Det blev endvidere pointeret fra Stortingets side, at prins Carl som skandinav ville kunne forstå norsk sprog og kultur. I det afsendte svar til det norske storting den 18. november, hvori den 33-årige søofficer prins Carl accepterede den norske kongetrone, understregede den danske prins, at den afholdte folkeafstemning var blevet til på hans anfordring. Som det vil være Dem, mine herrer, bekjendt, var det paa mitt Forlangende, at den netop afsluttede Folkeafstemning fandt sted. Jeg vilde have sikkerhed for, at det var et Folk og ikke et Parti, som ønsket mig til Konge, da min Opgave fremfor alt bør være at samle, ikke splitte. I overensstemmelse med dette udgangspunkt antog den nyvalgte konge ”Alt for Norge” som sit valgsprog. Den 20. november ankom en norsk deputation til København for i Christian 7.s Palæ på Amalienborg officielt at anmode den 87-årige kong Christian 9. om sønnesønnens valg til norsk regent.5 Den gamle monark holdt en bevæget tale til den norske deputation, hvor han understregede sit barnebarn prins Carls dynastiske legitimitet i adkomsten til den norske trone. Den unge Konge kommer ikke til Norge som en Fremmed, thi han er i Slægt med de tidligere norske Konger, og Kongeriget Norge vil heller ikke være ham fremmed, thi rundt om i Landet vil fælles Minder af Rigets Historie og af hans Slægts Historie træde ham imøde. Det er vort Haab, at de Baand, som allerede nu forener den unge Konge og hans Dronning med det gamle Land og Folk, maa styrkes ved godt Samarbeide mellem Kongen og Folket for Landets Lykke og Fremtid, og det er vor Tro, at derved fremmes ikke alene det norske Folks vel, men ogsaa dets Stammefrænders. Vi beder til den Almægtige Gud, at dette Skridt maa blive til Lykke og Velsignelse for hele Norden, at enighed, fred og fordragelighed maa vokse mellem de nordiske Folk. Vi har den sikre Forvisning, at vort hele Hus og det danske Folk deler dette Ønske med os. Dermed anbefaler vi Eder Gud og beder Eder om at modtage vor hjertelige hilsen til det norske Folk, som I her repræsenterer. Kongen rettede dernæst en personlig hilsen til sine to børnebørn: Men til Eder, mine kjære Børnebørn, vender jeg mig med ønsket om, at Gud vil forunde Eder kraft og styrke til at tjene Eders Land og Folk med Troskab og Retsind. Da vil I vinde Eders Folks kjærlighed og selv føle Eder som og hans gemalinde, dronning Victoria (1862-1930). Forsoningen var forberedt med de to trekongemøder under 1. verdenskrig (1914-18). Trekongemødet i Malmø i 1914 var Haakon 7.s første besøg i Sverige som norsk konge. Trekongemødet i den norske hovedstad Kristiania (fra 1925 Oslo) i 1917, som var Gustaf 5.s første besøg i Norge efter 1905, cementerede forsoningen mellem det norske og svenske kongehus.
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