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Indiana Emigrants to Liberia the Indiana Historian a Magazine Exploring Indiana History

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Indiana Emigrants to Liberia the Indiana Historian a Magazine Exploring Indiana History Indiana Emigrants to Liberia The Indiana Historian A Magazine Exploring Indiana History Answer of the Agent, 476-77. In 1852, the Indiana General Assem- colonization in the context of bly formed the Indiana Colonization antislavery and abolitionist move- Focus Board and began providing funds to ments in the U.S. and Indiana is help Indiana free blacks emigrate to discussed. Front cover illustrations: On February 3, Liberia on the western coast of On page 10, there is a brief 1852, the Indiana General Assembly requested information about Liberia from Africa. Today, this may sound like overview of the founding of Liberia James Mitchell, agent of the Indiana an extraordinary idea, but black and conditions there at that time. Colonization Society. Mitchell responded in colonization had been proposed as On pages 11-13, life in Liberia the pamphlet, portions of which are early as 1815. is presented through the stories of reproduced on the cover. Pamphlet is in the This issue explores black several emigrants, mainly from the Indiana Division, Indiana State Library. The colonization and Indiana’s part in Wabash Valley of Indiana. map of Africa is reproduced from a school geography textbook, circa 1850. the nationwide movement in the On page 14, “You be the nineteenth century. The guest historian” provides suggestions for editor, Mary Anthrop, Lafayette, is further work. An interesting ques- introduced on page 3. Thanks to her tion of a conflict of documents is for sharing her fascinating work. also presented. On pages 4-5, there is an On page 15, there is the usual overview of the legal and social page of bibliography and resources. status of blacks in Indiana during Page 16 lists the known this period. Hoosiers who emigrated to Liberia. On pages 6-9, the history of The Indiana Historian Questions about Liberia March 2000 ISSN 1071-3301 Order Number 7051 Editor Pamela J. Bennett Lead Researcher Paula A. Bongen Designer Dani B. Pfaff Contributing Editors Carole M. Allen, Janine Beckley, Paula Bongen, Alan Conant, Dani B. Pfaff, James Williams The Indiana Historian provides resources and models for the study of local history to encourage Indiana’s citizens of all ages to become engaged with the history of their communities and the state of Indiana. The Indiana Historian (formerly The Indiana Junior Historian) is issued quarterly from March through December. It is a membership benefit of the Indiana Junior Historical Society. One complimentary subscription is provided to Indiana libraries, school media centers, and cultural and historical organizations. Annual subscriptions are available for $5.00 plus tax. Back issues are available at individual and bulk pricing. This material is available to visually impaired patrons in audio format, courtesy of the Indiana History Project of the Indiana Historical Society. Tapes are available through the Talking Books Program of the Indiana State Library; contact the Talking Books Pro- gram, 317-232-3702. The Indiana Historian is copyrighted. Educators may reproduce items for class use, but no part of the publication may be reproduced in any way for profit without written permission of the Indiana Historical Bureau. Room 408, 140 North Senate Avenue, India- napolis, IN 46204; 317-232-2535. Reproduced above is the list of questions asked by the Indiana General E-MAIL [email protected] Assembly in February 1852. The state was considering whether to support INTERNET www.state.in.us/history the establishment of an Indiana colony in Liberia. 2 The Indiana Historian, March 2000 © Copyright Indiana Historical Bureau 2000 Mary Anthrop, guest editor One afternoon about twelve years ago, the key to understanding nineteenth- Curiosity prompts long-term search as I was reading microfilm copies of century African-American life. newspapers in the Tippecanoe County Contemporary newspapers and Public Library, my attention wan- periodicals occasionally made refer- July 7, 1854. dered to a small local article. The ences to African Americans and their 1854 notice announced the visit to activities. Newspapers noted church Lafayette of John McKay, an African- and social gatherings. African- American agent of the Indiana American barbers described their Daily Courier, Colonization Society. Having recently businesses in newspaper ads. Local returned from Liberia, he was travel- white commentary on African- Lafayette ing around the state recruiting American activities, however, often emigrants and securing financial reflected a biased viewpoint. Newspa- support from white benefactors. How per articles rarely quoted African interesting, I thought, and I copied Americans. the article. Legal documents, such as Several years later I was asked marriage records, court records, and to prepare a program on African- deeds, helped to answer questions American life in Tippecanoe County about family life, religious practices, before the Civil War. When I remem- legal disputes, and land ownership Mary Anthrop noticed this article in an bered the clipping on John McKay’s among African Americans. 1854 Lafayette, Indiana newspaper. Her visit to Lafayette, I began a research Census records of 1850 listed curiosity about this article has led her on a journey that would take me from heads of household, family members, continuing search for more information about Indiana emigrants to Liberia. county and state depositories to the occupations, and personal wealth. A Library of Congress. few historical depositories held The American Colonization Researching African-American business account books, which Society Collection at the Library of history and the colonization move- described African-American economic Congress provides an invaluable source ment in Indiana has been challenging exchanges. of primary materials; it contains as well as fascinating. Indiana refer- Locating original writings of letters from Indiana emigrants. ences to colonization relied almost African Americans was another Microfilm of the records is available solely on Indiana governmental difficult task. The Indiana Coloniza- through interlibrary loan. records, and did not reveal the tion Society agents frequently quoted I began my research journey with emigrants’ personal stories. So I excerpts of emigrant letters in their a single newspaper clipping. Now I turned to county secondary and reports or reprinted them in local have an overflowing archival box of primary resources. newspapers. Some historians, how- file folders. I do not, however, consider Unfortunately secondary county ever, question the authenticity of the journey complete. On the research histories often do not discuss minority such letters. Opponents of coloniza- trail, I explored only one experience of experiences prior to the Civil War. At tion had often charged that agents Hoosier African Americans. Now I first, some of the fragmented glimpses had edited emigrant letters. Original hope to begin a writing and sharing of African-American life in primary copies of the letters which would journey, and I encourage young sources appeared insignificant. I dis- prove the authenticity of the printed historians to take on similar challeng- covered, however, that these collected versions have almost all disappeared. ing trips. bits of primary information presented 1509 1518 1619 1700 1746 1778 1787 1792 1793 Beginnings of Lorens de Gominot First African Samuel Sewall’s Five black slaves U.S. Congress U.S. Congress Denmark U.S. law requires slave trade; granted license to slaves in North book, The Selling belonging to French prohibits import passes Northwest becomes 1st escaped slaves be Spanish settlers to import 4,000 America arrive at of Joseph, settlers in Vincennes are of slaves into Ordinance nation to returned to owners take African African Va. (Grun, 279). becomes 1st 1st documented blacks U.S. (Grun, prohibiting slavery abolish slave (Grun, 369). slaves to New slaves to Spanish- American protest living in what is now Ind. 361). in Northwest trade (Grun, World American colonies against slavery (Thornbrough, Negro, 1). Territory (Hawkins, 368). (Grun,␣ 227). (Grun, 231). (Grun, 321). 23). © Copyright Indiana Historical Bureau 2000 The Indiana Historian, March 2000 3 Being black in Indiana The earliest report of African Ameri- Ordinance and restricting the rights North Carolina, Virginia, and Ken- cans living in what is now Indiana of all blacks in the Territory. tucky provided most of Indiana’s comes from a 1746 report on French By the time Indiana became a black settlers. settlements which states that forty state, the antislavery faction had At least thirty black farm white men and five black slaves lived assumed political leadership. The 1816 communities were established, mostly in Vincennes on the Wabash River. Constitution clearly prohibited slavery in central and southern Indiana, Frenchmen living in the area contin- and involuntary servitude. The effects between 1820 and 1850. Farming and ued to keep slaves throughout both of the 1816 Constitution and of farm labor were the most common the French and English occupations. Indiana Supreme Court rulings in occupations of blacks listed in the After the American Revolution, the favor of blacks over the next decades 1850 census. Others included barber, U.S. Congress adopted the Ordinance slowly eliminated slavery and inden- blacksmith, carpenter, plasterer, of 1787 to govern the new western tured servitude in Indiana. Nothing brickmason, whitewasher, shoemaker, territory. This Ordinance prohibited was done however to restore civil cooper, teamster,
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