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SCRATCHING the SURFACE: a CONTENT ANALYSIS of GORILLAS AS ZOOGEOMORPHIC AGENTS by Andrea E. Piñon, B.S. a Thesis Submitted to T

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SCRATCHING the SURFACE: a CONTENT ANALYSIS of GORILLAS AS ZOOGEOMORPHIC AGENTS by Andrea E. Piñon, B.S. a Thesis Submitted to T SCRATCHING THE SURFACE: A CONTENT ANALYSIS OF GORILLAS AS ZOOGEOMORPHIC AGENTS by Andrea E. Piñon, B.S. A thesis submitted to the Graduate Council of Texas State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science with a Major in Geography August 2018 Committee Members: David R. Butler, Chair Jennifer Jensen Richard Dixon COPYRIGHT by Andrea E. Piñon 2018 FAIR USE AND AUTHOR’S PERMISSION STATEMENT Fair Use This work is protected by the Copyright Laws of the United States (Public Law 94-553, section 107). Consistent with fair use as defined in the Copyright Laws, brief quotations from this material are allowed with proper acknowledgement. Use of this material for financial gain without the author’s express written permission is not allowed. Duplication Permission As the copyright holder of this work I, Andrea E. Piñon, authorize duplication of this work, in whole or in part, for educational or scholarly purposes only. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I thank my advisor and Committee Chair, Dr. David R. Butler, for his invaluable input and guidance on improving the quality of this thesis. From the day I stepped into my first geography class as an undergraduate student; his intellect and wit has nurtured an insatiable love and appreciation for geography. His exemplary scholarship accompanied with his discernable passion for teaching will continue to serve as a model as I reach for my future professional and research goals. Dr. Butler’s edits, comments, and suggestions were both ingenious, and were often presented in a manner that was comical, giving me much needed relief during the editing process. I am incredibly appreciative of the many times I found myself laughing out loud at his insightful, yet, humorous comments on my thesis drafts. I would also like to thank my committee members, Dr. Richard Dixon and Dr. Jennifer Jensen. Dr. Dixon’s input and keen “wordsmithing” skills have contributed to my growth as a writer. Dr. Jensen’s continued commitment to meet with me to explain anything on geographic information systems and support through the learning process has been invaluable. I would also like to thank the Terry Foundation for their financial support during my undergraduate career and first year as a graduate student developing this project. Their monetary gift has allowed me to achieve goals that I never imagined. The foundation has changed my life, my family’s lives, and the lives of my future children by providing me the opportunity to be a first-generation college graduate. I am forever iv indebted and humbly appreciative to the late Mr. Howard and Mrs. Nancy Terry for the greatest gift I have ever received. I would also like to thank my husband, Joey Palacios, who has been incredibly supportive and patient during this process. He is the best part of my life. To my mother, I thank her for her loving guidance and support. Finally, to my deceased father, I thank him for instilling values of hard work and opportunity. His legacy lives on with every goal I reach. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... ix LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ..............................................................................................x ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... xi CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................1 II. LITERATURE REVIEW .....................................................................................8 Brief history of zoogeomorphology ..........................................................11 Trends in primate research ........................................................................13 III. RESEARCH METHODS ..................................................................................17 Site and situation ........................................................................................17 Data ............................................................................................................20 Content analysis .............................................................................20 Preliminary data .............................................................................22 Qualitative data...............................................................................24 Quantitative data ............................................................................24 Methods......................................................................................................24 Study subjects ................................................................................25 Descriptive statistical analysis.......................................................25 Extrapolating trace-specific zoogeomorphic response(s) ..............25 Grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis) ...........................................26 IV. RESULTS .........................................................................................................28 Summary of aggregate data ........................................................................28 vi Zoogeomorphic activity .............................................................................30 Soil scratching ................................................................................30 Soil scraping ...................................................................................34 Excavated chambers and depressions .............................................37 Bare/semi-bare soil bottom nest .....................................................40 Excavated insect mounds ...............................................................45 Trampling .......................................................................................47 Hand/knuckle and foot prints .........................................................51 Tool use ..........................................................................................54 Trunk uprooting ..............................................................................56 V. CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................58 APPENDIX SECTION ......................................................................................................59 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................85 vii LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Content reviewed (1963-2016) .......................................................................................7 2. Gorilla classification and species distribution ................................................................9 3. Identified gorilla zoogeomorphic categories and their descriptions ..............................23 4. Protected regions represented from content analysis .....................................................29 5. Soil scratching data ........................................................................................................31 6. Soil scraping data ...........................................................................................................35 7. Hole measurement data ..................................................................................................38 8. Excavated chamber and depressions data ......................................................................39 9. Qualitative soil nest data ................................................................................................42 10. Quantitative soil nest data ............................................................................................43 11. Qualitative mound excavation data ..............................................................................46 12. Qualitative trampling data............................................................................................48 13. Quantitative trampling data..........................................................................................50 14. Qualitative hand/knuckle and foot print data ...............................................................51 15. Quantitative hand/knuckle and foot print data .............................................................52 viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Conceptual model of gorillas as zoogeomorphic agents.................................................6 2. Gorilla distribution in Equatorial Africa .......................................................................19 3. Model of content analysis framework for categorizing zoogeomorphic data ................21 4. Flow chart of data sets, statistical analysis, and results .................................................27 5. Soil scratching trace near G. dewevrei root ...................................................................31 6. Gorilla digging for food .................................................................................................38 7. Mountain gorilla resting in soil nest site ........................................................................42 8. Gorilla breaking apart termite mound ............................................................................46
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