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Tillväxtstrategier För En Krympande Kommun: Growth Strategies

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Tillväxtstrategier För En Krympande Kommun: Growth Strategies Tillväxtstrategier för en krympande kommun: En kvalitativ fallstudie över Simrishamns kommun Growth strategies for a shrinking municipality: A qualitative case study over Simrishamn municipality Andrea Milakovic & Oscar Stark Byggd miljö i fakultetet för kultur och samhälle Självständigt arbete 20 HP Vårterminen 2020 Handledare: Robert Hrelja Förord Vi vill tacka vår handledare Robert Hrelja som har varit till en stor hjälp för oss. Dessutom vill vi tacka Simrishamn kommuns representanter som har ställt upp på intervjuerna och varit tillmötesgående. Sist men inte minst vill vi betona att vi är väldigt tacksamma för varandras stöd och insatser i studien. 1 Sammanfattning Syftet med denna studie har varit att genom ett kvalitativt metodval se med hjälp av vilka metoder en svensk landsbygdskommun hanterar en kontinuerlig befolkningsminskning, som anses medföra en regional obalans. Detta har skett genom en litteraturstudie som innefattar olika perspektiv på ämnet och en fallstudie. För att besvara uppsatsen syfte har vi utgått från en litteratur- och intervjustudie, samtidigt har vi granskat Simrishamns kommunala dokument. Detta arbete grundar sig i att det finns tendenser i dagens samhälle som tyder på att flertalet av Sveriges kommuner minskar i befolkning. Detta uttrycker sig mest i Sveriges mindre kommuner och landsbygder, som avfolkas allt mer genom att både människor och företag flyttar därifrån till större städer. En respons till detta görs av politiker och kommuner genom satsningar på strategier som ska motverka en fortsatt befolkningsminskning samtidigt ska strategierna generera en befolkningsökning för att kunna föra kommunen framåt. I denna studie har vi utgått ifrån begreppet tillväxtstrategier som vi sedan har satt i förhållande till fallstudien över Simrishamns kommun som innehar en befolkningsminskning. Därav har vi skapat denna studies frågeställning; Vilka tillväxtstrategier har framlagts av Simrishamns kommun, för hantering av en befolkningsminskning och varför? Resultaten av studien, påvisar att de generella tillväxtstrategier som har förekommit i litteraturöversikten, inte har kunnat appliceras fullt ut på Simrishamns kommun eftersom kommunens tillväxtstrategier inte har fokus på att skapa en befolkningsökning. Istället jobbar Simrishamns kommun med att förbättra och förstärka dagens förutsättningar vilket ska generera en starkare attraktionskraft, tillväxt kommer på köpet. Nyckelord: tillväxtstrategi, befolkningsminskning, krympande städer, attraktivitet, regionförstoring 2 Abstract The purpose of this qualitative study has been to see what type of strategies are being used by a Swedish rural municipality that faces a continuing depopulation, which is considered to cause a regional disparity. We have based our thesis upon reviewings of literature, interviews and municipal documents. The work is based on the fact that there are trends in today's society that indicate that most of Sweden's municipalities have a declining population. This is most pronounced in Sweden's smaller municipalities and rural areas, which are increasingly depopulated by both people and businesses who are moving to larger cities. Politicians and municipalities response is to develop strategies that will counteract a continued reduction in population while generating a population increase in order to further advance the municipality. The study is originated from the concept of growth strategies, which we have then put in relation to the case study of Simrishamn municipality which has a population decrease. Hence, we have created this study's question; What growth strategies have been put forward by the municipality of Simrishamn for managing population decrease and why? The results of the study show that the general growth strategies found in the literature review, could not be fully applied to the municipality of Simrishamn, since the municipality's growth strategies do not focus on creating a population increase. Instead, the municipality of Simrishamn is working to improve and strengthen today's conditions, which will generate a stronger attractiveness, growth follows. Key words; growth strategy, population reduction, shrinking cities, attractiveness, regional enlargement 3 Innehållsförteckning Förord 1 Sammanfattning 2 Abstract 3 Innehållsförteckning 4 1. Inledning 7 1.1 Bakgrund och avgränsning 7 1.2 Syfte och problemformulering 8 1.3 Forskningsfråga 8 1.4 Disposition 8 1.5 Begreppsdefinition 9 1.5.1 Regional Obalans 9 1.5.1.1 Strategi 10 1.5.2 Tillväxt 10 1.5.3 Krympande städer och kommuner 11 1.5.4 Regionförstoring 12 2. Bakgrund 13 2.1 Urbana regioners betydelse 13 2.2 Urbanisering och pendlingsavstånd i Sverige 13 2.3 Utbildning 15 2.4 Konsekvenser av en minskad befolkning 15 2.4.1 En kommuns image 16 2.5 Varför eftersträvas en befolkningstillväxt? 17 3. Metod 19 3.1 Litteraturstudie 19 3.1.1 Utförande 19 3.2 Fallstudie 20 3.2.1 Dokumentanalys 21 3.2.2 Simrishamns hemsida 22 3.2.3 Kvalitativ semi- strukturerad intervju 23 3.2.3.1 Utförande av intervjuer 23 4. Litteraturöversikt 25 4.1 Synen på en framgångsrik stad 25 4 4.2 Teoretiska antaganden 26 4.3 Tillväxtstrategier 27 4.3.1 Marknadsföring 28 4.3.2 Värvning 30 4.3.3 Samarbeten 32 4.3.4 Regionförstoring 32 4.3.4.1 Virtuell regionförstoring 34 4.3.5 Profilering och/ eller specialisering 35 4.3.6 Attraktiv boendemiljö 35 4.4 Sammanfattning/ reflektion 36 5. Fallstudie Simrishamns kommun 38 5.1 Bakgrund 38 5.2 Befolkningsutveckling 39 5.3 Åldersfördelning 41 5.4 Försörjningskvot 43 5.5 Pendling 44 5.6 Utbildning 45 6. Resultat och analys 47 6.1 Marknadsföring 47 6.1.2 Analys av marknadsföring 48 6.2 Ambassadörer 49 6.2.1 Analys av ambassadörer 50 6.3 Profilering och/ eller specialisering 50 6.3.1 Analys av Profilering och/ eller specialisering 51 6.4 Värvning 52 6.4.1 Analys av värvning allmän och värvning av personer med utländsk bakgrund 53 6.5 Attraktiv boendemiljö 53 6.5.1 Analys av attraktiv boendemiljö 55 6.6 Regionförstoring 55 6.6.1 Analys av regionförstoring 56 6.7 Samarbeten 57 6.7.1 Analys av samarbete 58 6.8 Synen på en befolkningstillväxt 59 7. Diskussion och slutsats 61 7.1 Senare forskning 64 5 Källförteckning 65 Artikel 65 Bok 65 E-bok 66 Examensarbeten och uppsatser 67 Rapport 69 Strategidokument 70 Webbsidor 70 Bilagor 73 Bilaga 1. 73 Bilaga 2. 74 Bilaga 3. 75 Arbetsfördelning 76 6 1. Inledning 1.1 Bakgrund och avgränsning Idag pågår en urbanisering i Sverige som även innehar den högsta urbaniseringstakten inom EU. Vad som menas med det är att det sker en folkförflyttning från landsbygden till stadsområden. Det finns flertalet kommuner som domineras av landsbygd som nu påverkas av att deras invånare förflyttar sig utanför kommunens gränser och därmed skapar en negativ befolkningsutveckling inom den. Cirka hälften av Sveriges kommuner (290 st) minskar i sin befolkning och majoriteten av dessa har gjort det sen början av 1970-talet. Enligt SCB (2020) visar det sig att var femte kommun under 2010-talet har minskat och att det funnits kommuner som tappat upp emot 10% av befolkningen. Om denna trend fortsätter kommer en stor del av landets kommuner att påverkas negativt. Med utebliven befolkning finns risk för överdimensionerad infrastruktur till en underdimensionerad användarskara. Skatteintäkterna från invånarna uteblir och det blir allt svårare att upprätthålla ett välfungerande samhälle. Om intäkterna minskar, drabbar det välfärden och försök till att investera inom kommunen (Syssner, 2014), vilket leder till att det skapas en regional obalans. För att vända detta, vidtar många kommuner strategier för att antingen bibehålla den befintliga befolkningsandelen eller skapa en befolkningstillväxt. I en rapport skriven av Syssner (2014) betonas särskilt två strategier för hantering av en befolkningminskning; anpassningsstrategier och tillväxtstrategier. Då den förstnämnda, anpassningstrategin, betonar anpassningen ”av kommunens organisation och verksamhet efter rådande och framtida förutsättningar”, prioriterar tillväxtstrategierna lockandet av en ny befolkning och företag som ska skapa en tillväxt (Ibid sid. 40). Tillväxtstrategin går i hand med det som Fjertorp (2012) skriver om; politiker och tjänstemän i landets kommunernas tro på strategier för att skapa tillväxt är att öka befolkningen inom kommuner. På grund av politikernas starka tillväxttro som en lösning för befolkningsminskningen och för att inte göra ett för brett arbete, har vi valt att avgränsa oss till just tillväxtstrategier (Ibid). Denna studie kommer att ske genom en kvalitativ innehållsanalys, som kommer att innefatta en triangulering av metoder. Arbetet kommer att bygga på en fallstudie över Simrishamns kommun, som i nuläget anses vara krympande. Utöver fallstudien kommer vi även att 7 använda oss av en litteraturstudie som ger en bakgrund för att kunna diskutera fallet om Simrishamn. 1.2 Syfte och problemformulering Syftet är att genom ett kvalitativt metodval se med hjälp av vilka metoder en svensk landsbygdskommun använder för att hanterara en kontinuerlig befolkningsminskning som anses medföra en regional obalans. Detta kommer att ske genom en fallstudie och en litteraturstudie som innefattar olika perspektiv på ämnet. Anledning till valet av forskningsområde är på grund av att det i dagens samhälle finns tendenser som tyder på att flertalet av Sveriges kommuner minskar i befolkning. Detta uttrycker sig mest i Sveriges mindre kommuner och landsbygder, som avfolkas allt mer genom att både människor och företag flyttar därifrån till större städer. En respons till detta görs av politiker och
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