Appendix 6: Energy Sector Detailed Report What This Area of Work

Appendix 6:

Energy Sector Detailed Report

What This Area of Work Covers The focus of this area of work is: • Energy conservation and energy efficiency; • Increasing levels of low carbon and renewable energy generation and storage; • Facilitating the transition to a smart, flexible energy system.

A zero-carbon world is predominantly electric. Power generation from clean renewable and low carbon sources will need to accelerate to support the increase in electrical demand resulting from the electrification and decarbonisation of heat and transport. Due to the increased role of electricity, the existing capacity issues on the distribution network will need to be addressed. A whole systems approach to energy is required, integrating energy conservation, efficiency, heat, power and transport supported by a smart, resilient and flexible grid network with greater participation from consumers.

The transition to a zero-carbon economy can address the energy trilemma (security of supply, affordability and environmental sustainability), making the UK’s energy system: • Integrated: The energy system needs to be smart, resilient and secure, • Affordable: The energy system will be affordable, to alleviate fuel poverty and allow businesses to be competitive, • Zero carbon: The energy system needs to decarbonise by 2050 to meet legally binding targets.

Local authorities are in a key position to enable the transition and to demonstrate leadership and we have the following recommended outcomes for Somerset:

Page 1 of 30 • DEVELOP AND DELIVER AN ENERGY PLAN FOR SOMERSET- ROADMAP TO DECARBONISING THE ENERGY SYSTEM IN SOMERSET. WHOLE SYSTEMS APPROACH (BUILDINGS, HEAT, TRANSPORT AND POWER GENERATION).

• LOCAL AUTHORITY ENERGY PERFORMANCE IS SMARTER, MORE EFFICIENT AND ELIMINATES THE USE OF FOSSIL FUELS FOR HEATING AND TRANSPORT BY 2030 (ESTATE AND OPERATIONS)

• 100% OF LOCAL AUTHORITY ENERGY DEMAND IS MET THROUGH LOCALLY GENERATED AND LOCALLY OWNED LOW CARBON AND RENEWABLE ENERGY BY 2030 (ESTATE AND OPERATIONS).

• SOMERSET AUTHORITIES WILL LEAD BY EXAMPLE THROUGH OPTIMISING THE ENERGY PERFORMANCE OF THEIR ESTATES AND OPERATIONS THROUGH INVESTMENT IN ENERGY CONSERVATION, EFFICIENCY, RENEWABLE ENERGY GENERATION AND SMART ENERGY INITIATIVES.

• LOW CARBON & RENEWABLE ENERGY GENERATION, STORAGE AND SCHEMES SUPPORTING SMARTER GRID FLEXIBILITY ARE DELIVERED ON LOCAL AUTHORITY LAND AND ASSETS.

• SOMERSET WILL SUPPORT COMMUNITY ENERGY INITIATIVES AND EXPLORE WHAT PRACTICAL MEASURES CAN BE OFFERED TO SUPPORT THESE ORGANISATIONS. ENERGY

• THE ELECTRICITY GRID IS SMARTER, MORE FLEXIBLE AND PEAK DEMAND IS MET THROUGH LOW CARBON AND RENEWABLE ENERGY, ENERGY STORAGE AND IMPROVED DEMAND SIDE RESPONSE.

• ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE IN SOMERSET IS ADAPTED AND RESILIENT TO THE PROJECTED IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE.

• A SIGNIFICANT PROPORTION OF ELECTRICITY DEMAND ACROSS SOMERSET IS MET BY LOCALLY GENERATED AND LOCALLY OWNED LOW CARBON AND RENEWABLE ENERGY BY 2030, MOVING TOWARDS 100% AND THEN BECOMING A NET EXPORTER BY 2050.

• OUR PLANNING POLICIES AND STRATEGIES CREATE A POSITIVE AND PROACTIVE ENVIRONMENT TO ENABLE RENEWABLE GENERATION.

• HEAT DEMAND IS REDUCED AND DECARBONISED AS FAR AS POSSIBLE BY 2030 AND FULLY BY 2050.

• THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE HINKLEY POWER STATION CREATES A POSITIVE DEMONSTRABLE LASTING LEGACY IN TERMS OF THE LOCAL ECONOMIC BENEFITS AND SKILLS AND SUPPLY CHAIN GROWTH THAT CAN DIRECTLY CONTRIBUTE TO THE OUTCOMES OF THIS STRATEGY.

Page 2 of 30 Introduction “The energy sector is transforming to a future system that will be unrecognisable from what we know today” (1). The energy system of the future will be smart and flexible. It will keep energy costs to the consumer low; keep the costs of energy infrastructure investment down; ensure better use of existing assets through smarter management and integration; use innovative smart technology; and meet our decarbonisation obligations (2).

A whole systems approach to transforming the energy system is required, integrating energy conservation, efficiency, heat, power and transport supported by a smart, resilient and flexible grid network with greater participation from consumers. Each of the topics analysed in this Strategy could be considered individually, with projects arising from each taken forward in isolation, but there are major inter-dependencies and opportunities that would be missed by taking this approach. A whole systems approach would enable these opportunities to be better exploited and potentially reducing delivery costs and improving efficiency through a strategic, rather than piecemeal, approach. Energy Systems Catapult has developed the concept of Local Area Energy Plans which are co-produced by the key energy stakeholders and local authorities in a local area (3) .A key outcome will be to develop and deliver an Energy Plan with the aim of providing a detailed roadmap to decarbonising the energy system within Somerset, taking a whole systems approach to energy (buildings, heat, transport and power generation), working with key stakeholders to develop and deliver the plan and most importantly linking local planning policy to the energy network’s strategic planning process (4).

In light of the Covid-19 crisis, the accompanying recession and the economic stimulus that will be necessary to recover, there is an opportunity for Somerset to re-prioritise and stimulate the economy through investment in renewable energy and energy efficiency to deliver our carbon neutral goals.

Within the region we have major players in the energy sector who we should work closely with to develop projects and proposals further through to delivery to address some of the challenges this paper presents to deliver an optimal outcome for Somerset. Close working relationships with Western Power Distribution (WPD), Scottish and Southern Electricity Networks (SSEN), Somerset Community Energy (SCE), community energy groups, the University of Exeter Centre for Energy and the Environment, Regen, The Centre for Sustainable Energy (CSE), the South West Energy Hub, and others will be vital to achieving success. In addition, the HotSW Local Enterprise Partnership (LEP) has reframed its Local Industrial Strategy in relation to delivering clean growth(5)and it will be important for us to engage closely with the LEP

Page 3 of 30 in how it turns this ambition and the Joint LEP Energy Strategy (6) into on the ground delivery through its emerging Energy Strategy Action Plan.

Workstreams

Decentralisation and the Transition to a Smart Energy System

Analysis of the Current Situation Historically, electricity generation has been delivered through coal, gas, oil and nuclear power stations located in key locations around the country, connected to the transmission network. Generation was very rarely connected to the distribution networks which were traditionally designed for the optimal delivery of power from the transmission network to end users.

Figure 1 Traditional topology of the UK electricity network, with power delivered from transmission-connected generation to customers. (7)

Many large transmission connected power stations have closed with more expected to close in the coming years. This generation capacity has been replaced with smaller and in some cases renewable forms of electricity generation. Many of these new generators have been connected to the distribution network. (8)

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Figure 2 Changing topology of the UK electricity network, with more low carbon technologies and distributed generation, leading to bi-directional power-flow. (9)

What Do We Need To Plan For? To meet the UK’s Net Zero 2050 target, it is critical to decarbonise heat and transport. This will include the electrification of transport and heating, with the energy to support this generated from renewable sources. This will create additional demand and the need for greater flexibility on the distribution network.

Because of the changes in how energy is produced and consumed, the result is a less centralised and more complex network.(10) Distribution Network Operators (DNO) have a greater need to forecast and actively manage energy flows across the network. The national electricity transmission system has traditionally had this level of active management coordinated by the Transmission System Operator, National Grid. The principles of how a DNO can do this at distribution level therefore have some foundation. This shift in DNO roles and responsibilities will require a transition to Distribution System Operator (DSO).(11) A smart grid network is the vision for a modernised electricity system where information and communications technology is utilised by DSO’s to monitor and actively control generation in near real time, powered by local clean energy sources. Within a smart grid, consumers will play a more active role in balancing demand, for example reducing usage through the use of smart devices, energy efficiency, generating electricity through roof top solar, discharge electricity from batteries, increasing renewable power capacity connected to the grid and reducing energy during peak hours. Smart grids will enhance energy security and integration of low carbon technologies and take the UK a step further towards an affordable, low carbon energy system and reduce the overall costs for consumers.

Page 5 of 30

“Anyone who pays an electricity bill contributes to the cost of running the network, so a more efficient and flexible network will provide better value for money. The alternative would be to spend millions on upgrading the network infrastructure to accommodate the UK’s maximum energy demand. Because there is uncertainty about how, where, when and how much electricity we will use in the future, using the network in a flexible way is a smarter solution”. Western Power Distribution (12)

Analysis of future energy generation scenarios by Regen suggests that in all cases, significantly more energy will need to be generated to meet demand. In all scenarios, the total capacity and proportion of energy being generated from low carbon and renewable sources increases significantly, including from solar PV, and both onshore and offshore wind.

Figure 3 A range of 2030 energy generation scenarios which meet the 2050 decarbonisation objective analysed by Regen (13)

Opportunities, Challenges and Barriers to Delivery However, increasing the amount of renewable and decentralised energy generation (distributed energy) within the energy mix puts greater strain on the grid network which has existing capacity issues. Reverse power flows and possible congestion are problematic for the distribution network, which was traditionally designed to passively distribute power from the transmission system to the end consumer. In the South West, the impact of increased distributed generation has seen an increase in network congestion and insufficient capacity to facilitate new connection to the network. This has led to long waiting times and high connection costs at all voltage levels. These connection and reinforcement costs are often a barrier to development. (14) In addition, the grid will need to meet the rising demand for electricity to power our homes, vehicles and industry. To resolve these issues and to enable the transition to Net Zero

Page 6 of 30 the distribution network is becoming smarter and more flexible, with Distribution System Operators implementing a range of measures including:

• Active Network Management (ANM) which enables greater flexibility of network operation and more effective utilisation of existing assets. The deployment of ANM requires a combination of smart metering infrastructure, Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems, and distribution and substation automation to enhance visibility and controllability of networks. (15) • The roll-out of smart metering is key to how consumers will interact with the energy system in future. Smart meters enable consumers to see electricity usage and costs in real time and this might affect how and when we as consumers charge electric cars, heat homes, store and discharge electricity from batteries and how electricity from renewables is produced. (16)local authorities can play a role in raising public awareness of the need for smart metering, how they can be used to manage energy usage, save money, reduce emissions and their importance in moving the UK to a zero carbon, smart, resilient flexible energy system. • Demand Side Response (DSR): At certain times of day and year there are significant peaks in energy demand for example in the winter when people return home from work and school, switch on the lights and turn on appliances etc. Demand Side Response is where large energy users are provided with financial incentives to turn down or turn off non- essential processes in times of peak demand helping to balance supply and demand without the need for additional generation (e.g. large power stations), this will benefit all consumers by saving them money (wholesale prices of electricity are highest at peak times). However, we all have a role to play and can help by reducing energy waste through energy conservation and by improving energy efficiency. • Flexible connections and improved planning: allowing generators to connect to the network but with restricted capacity at times of peak generation, and improved planning to connect at least cost. • Energy Storage: WPD states that the use of energy storage technology is seen as the key to increasing flexibility in the distribution system. In simple terms, it can allow the capture of generated energy when it is supplemental to needs, so that it can be stored and released when it is needed, for example at times of peak demand. Energy storage also maximises the benefits of renewable energy generation, provides stability and potentially benefits consumers through lower energy bills. In future, individuals will also play an active role by using battery storage such as vehicle to grid technology to discharge energy back to the grid at times of peak demand

Page 7 of 30 Outcome

• LOCAL AUTHORITY ENERGY PERFORMANCE IS SMARTER, MORE EFFICIENT AND ELIMINATES THE USE OF FOSSIL FUELS FOR HEATING AND TRANSPORT (ESTATE AND OPERATIONS).

• THE ELECTRICITY GRID IS SMARTER, MORE FLEXIBLE AND PEAK DEMAND IS MET THROUGH LOW CARBON AND RENEWABLE ENERGY, ENERGY STORAGE AND IMPROVED DEMAND SIDE RESPONSE.

• DEVELOP AND DELIVER AN ENERGY PLAN FOR SOMERSET- ROADMAP TO DECARBONISING THE ENERGY SYSTEM IN SOMERSET. WHOLE SYSTEMS APPROACH (BUILDINGS, HEAT, TRANSPORT AND POWER GENERATION).

Renewable Energy

Analysis of the Current Situation Nationally, our energy mix is changing rapidly, and the power sector has decarbonised significantly over recent years. Emissions fell nationally by 10% in 2018 alone and are now 68% below 1990 levels. (17) This has largely been met by phasing out coal power stations, but with coal nearly eradicated from the UK power generation mix (the UK went 83 days without coal in 2019), progress in this sector is slowing down and low carbon electricity output grew by the smallest amount in a decade in 2019.(18) Therefore, continued decarbonisation of the grid cannot be guaranteed, and clearly needs new and improved interventions to continue decarbonising to the levels necessary. The Committee on Climate Change’s (CCC) Net Zero Report identifies that electricity generation will need to be fully decarbonised in order to meet a net zero future.(19) The report identifies that “fully decarbonising electricity supply can be achieved through increasing the share of renewables and firm low-carbon power from around 50% today to around 95% in 2050, whilst meeting additional demand for electricity from electric vehicles and heat pumps. Decarbonised gas – via combined capture and storage and hydrogen will be required for the remaining 5%. Renewable generation could be four times today’s levels, requiring a sustained and increased build out between now and 2050, complemented by firm low-carbon power options such as nuclear power and combined capture and storage (applied to biomass or gas-fired plants)”.

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40000 35000 30000 25000 20000 GWh 15000 10000 5000 0 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Year

Nuclear Coal Oil Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Open Circuit Gas Turbine Wind Pumped Storage Hydro Other Solar PV Biomass Interconnectors (net)

Figure 4: Average annual UK electricity generation by source

In 2018, the average mix of sources for electricity generation in the UK was as follows:

Source 2018 average generation 2018 average % of mix Combined Cycle Gas 13,165 GWh 40% Turbine Nuclear 6,924 GWh 21% Wind 4,501 GWh 14% Interconnectors (net) 2,198 GWh 7% Biomass 1,839 GWh 6% Coal 1,756 GWh 5% Solar PV 1,523 GWh 5% Hydro 366 GWh 1% Pumped Storage 271 GWh 1% Other 82 GWh 0% Open Circuit Gas Turbine 2 GWh 0% Oil 0.0044 GWh 0%

The average power generated and percentage of mix changes significantly across the seasons of the year, because electricity demand changes and some renewable energy technologies such as wind and solar are intermittent in their nature and more effective at different times of year.

Page 9 of 30 In Somerset, we currently generate electricity from the following sources: Source 2018 number 2018 capacity (21) 2018 generation (22) of sites (20) Nuclear 1 1,061 MW (23) 7,244 GWh Solar PV 13,579 467 MW 461 GWh Biomass 31 28 MW 104 GWh Anaerobic Digestion 16 13 MW 69 GWh Landfill Gas 5 8 MW 33 GWh Onshore Wind 59 4 MW 9 GWh Hydro 27 2 MW 5 GWh Sewage Gas 1 1 MW 2 GWh

As of March 2019, there were an estimated 13,158 domestic Solar PV installations in Somerset in receipt of Feed in Tariff payments. This equates to an estimated average of 536 installations per 10,000 homes (approximately 181% of the national average).(24)

What Do We Need To Plan For? Somerset has significant untapped potential in relation to renewable energy generation. The Power to Transform the South West report considers at a high level the renewable energy opportunities across the South West and suggests that 152% of total future energy needs for Somerset could be produced through renewable energy generation in the County to a tune of 3,646 MWe (electrical) and 1,320 MWth (thermal) generation (assuming a 40% reduction in demand through energy efficiency improvements). (25) The report suggests this could be met through 29% offshore wind, 17% tidal lagoons and 15% from biomass, but acknowledges the increased role that solar PV, wave, heat pumps and onshore wind could play.

Previous studies have been conducted both at a regional and local level. The REvision 2020 study from 2005 looked at the available resource and recommended regional targets for inclusion in the SW Regional Spatial Strategy to be achieved by 2020: 847 MWe of onshore and 400 MWe of offshore renewable electricity generation, generating approximately 20% of the region’s demand by 2020; and 503 MWth of renewable heat by 2020. However, technologies have moved on since this point, and delivery has not lived up to expectations to date. Updating our understanding of the available renewable resources and opportunities is an important first step.

More work is required to understand accurately the costs per tonne of carbon saved for different energy interventions here in Somerset. But, as an example, Marginal Abatement Cost Curve (MACC) analysis for the Greater Exeter Strategic Plan identified that developing out large-scale solar PV within 2km of the grid offered the potential to save 13,405 ktCO2 between 2020 and 2040, at a cost of £250/tCO2 saved, whilst building new dwellings to the equivalent of level 6 of the Code for Sustainable Homes and using a carbon offset scheme such as Allowable Solutions could save in the region

Page 10 of 30 of 3,616 ktCO2 at a cost of £160/tCO2, delivering onshore wind might save in the region (26) of 325 ktCO2 at a cost of £416/tCO2.

Opportunities, Challenges and Barriers to Delivery Beyond simply mapping the potential, it is important that this is moved forward into deliverable proposals. In order to be deliverable, our planning policies and strategies must create a positive and proactive environment to enable renewable generation to come forward. A more detailed study capable of meeting the robust requirements for Local Plan evidence would be needed here. Whilst all the Somerset authorities are at different points of the Local Plan cycle, there is an opportunity to commission this evidence collectively and subsequently produce individual or collective Development Plan Documents and/or Supplementary Planning Documents to provide the necessary policy framework. As an example, North Somerset had their wind and solar resource and opportunities assessed in 2014, (27) and Merthyr Tydfil had a wider range of resources and opportunities assed in 2017. (28) There are pockets of such assessments across Somerset (including West Somerset from 2011(29)), but the picture is incomplete and inconsistent in approach.

Outcomes

• ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE IN SOMERSET IS ADAPTED AND RESILIENT TO THE PROJECTED IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE.

• A SIGNIFICANT PROPORTION OF ELECTRICITY DEMAND ACROSS SOMERSET IS MET BY LOCALLY GENERATED AND LOCALLY OWNED LOW CARBON AND RENEWABLE ENERGY (EXCLUDING NUCLEAR), MOVING TOWARDS 100% AND THEN BECOMING A NET EXPORTER BY 2050.

• DEVELOP AND DELIVER AN ENERGY PLAN FOR SOMERSET- ROADMAP TO DECARBONISING THE ENERGY SYSTEM IN SOMERSET. WHOLE SYSTEMS APPROACH (BUILDINGS, HEAT, TRANSPORT AND POWER GENERATION).

Community Energy

Analysis of the Current Situation There is a well-established community energy sector within Somerset. The recently formed Somerset Community Energy acts as an umbrella group incorporating eight of the larger groups in Somerset but a number of other, smaller groups also exist.

What Do We Need To Plan For? Community energy offers an opportunity for communities to take a more direct role in taking action to reduce their energy consumption and energy costs, increasing local renewable energy generation, and benefitting economically, socially and in terms of security of supply.

Page 11 of 30 Opportunities, Challenges and Barriers to Delivery Traditional renewable energy models whereby large national or international companies often impose their proposals on communities has generally not worked on a large enough scale in the majority of the UK and has often created antagonism and resistance to such proposals, a greater level of public consent is required.(30) Community energy presents an opportunity to enable public consent by building local understanding and knowledge of the issue at hand and what is required to take action locally. Supporting and developing the community energy sector in Somerset could enable a greater level of renewable energy to be generated locally. Community energy also presents an opportunity to ensure that economic impacts and benefits of increased renewable energy in Somerset are retained locally and do not flow out of the area.

There could be a major opportunity for the local authorities to play a more active role in developing the community energy sector locally in Somerset and partnering with the community energy sector on projects. As an example, Devon County Council (DCC) has recently partnered with a host of community energy groups in the county to set up the Devon Energy Collective. This will see DCC provide seed funding to develop the collective’s portfolio to include large-scale community owned renewable assets, including on DCC land, and in return, enable DCC to procure locally generated renewable energy. Other business and investment models exist too.

Somerset County Council has joined UK100 as founding members of the Countryside Climate Network. UK100 is a network of local government leaders, who have pledged to secure the future for their communities by shifting to 100% clean energy by 2050. This is not just good for the planet but for the people and communities they serve, be they in villages, towns or cities. Local leaders are working together to create flourishing communities, seizing the opportunities of technology to create jobs and establishing a nationwide project of renewal, focused on local needs and ambitions.

Lord Deben, the Chair of the Committee for Climate Change has stated his support for the UK100 scheme “the transition to 100% clean energy is an economic and environmental imperative. Cities and local leaders are key to ensuring this shift happens in a way that meets the science and the needs and ambitions of the citizens and businesses of the UK. UK100 is leading the way in committing to make the clean energy transition a reality and I commend them for all their remarkable work.” (31)

Somerset will support Community Energy Initiatives and explore what practical measures can be offered to support these organisations.

Outcome

• DEVELOP AND DELIVER AN ENERGY PLAN FOR SOMERSET- ROADMAP TO DECARBONISING THE ENERGY SYSTEM IN SOMERSET. WHOLE SYSTEMS APPROACH (BUILDINGS, HEAT, TRANSPORT AND POWER GENERATION)

Page 12 of 30 Grid Capacity

Analysis of the Current Situation The electricity grid in Somerset is constrained. Ageing infrastructure is inflexible and unable to cope with significant additional demand or generation in certain locations. Western Power Distribution (WPD) and Scottish and Southern Electricity Networks (SSEN) are the main distribution network operators within Somerset. Western Power Distribution provide network capacity maps and offer opportunities for customers to participate in flexibility programmes at peak times (turning down demand and/or turning on decentralised generation). They are also working hard to understand how the grid can be made smarter by increasing its flexibility and reducing the costs of expensive grid reinforcement.

What We Need To Plan For? With population growth and the need to electrify heat and transport coming through strongly from the Committee on Climate Change as key aspects of a net zero future, electricity demand is likely to increase significantly over the next 10 years and beyond. In addition to this, increased levels of decentralised and intermitted renewable energy generation are identified as necessary.

Opportunities, Challenges and Barriers to Delivery The grid underpins the transition to net zero and should act as an enabler, not a block. It is important that the Distribution Network Operators have early engagement with Local Authority strategies, plans and proposals to ensure that they are aware of what is wanted and expected and can then adjust their business plans accordingly to make the necessary capacity to deliver the plans in time. To help the grid become more flexible, the appropriate mix of grid balancing flexibility and frequency services need to be delivered.

The Office of Gas and Electricity Markets (Ofgem) is an independent regulator of the UK’s energy system and energy companies operating within it, their role is to facilitate the most cost- effective path to net zero at the lowest cost to consumers, in the context of government policy.(32) Distribution Network Operators base their business plans for network upgrades and reinforcement on Future Energy Scenarios from National Grid. These forecasts currently align with the Government’s target of achieving net zero by 2050. Price controls are set by Ofgem to determine how much Distribution Network Operators can spend, revenues earned and what consumers will receive as a result. The Distribution Network Operators are engaging key stakeholders in their planning for RII0-ED2 in 2020/21. RIIO-ED2 (Revenue=Incentives +Innovation+ Outputs- Electricity Distribution 2) is the next Business Plan period and will run for 5 years 2023-2028.

Page 13 of 30 Energy Consumption and Efficiency

Analysis of the Current Situation Across Somerset, we currently consume approximately 2,451 GWh of electricity(33) and 3,179 GWh of gas per annum.(34) In addition to this, we consume approximately 2,570 GWh of residual fuels such as petroleum, coal, solid fuels, bioenergy and waste (excluding road transport)(35).

Energy efficiency refers to minimising the amount of energy required to meet demands. Efficiency can be improved by reducing that demand and/or meeting the demand through more efficient processes. According to the energy hierarchy, demand should always be reduced as the first port of call. This applies across all types of energy use, not just in our buildings, but in our business processes, transport and consumer habits for instance. “Since 2000, domestic energy consumption in the UK has fallen by 14%, despite a 15% increase in households, greater electrification, economic growth and a 12% increase in the population. By 2015, domestic energy bills were on average £490 lower than they would otherwise have been, due to energy efficiency improvements since 2004.” (36)

In terms of household energy efficiency, as of December 2019, a total of 12,269 measures have been installed across Somerset through the range of Energy Company Obligation (ECO) schemes. This equates to an average of 51.6 installations per 1,000 households. This is significantly below the national average of 100.3, and the South West average of 72.2 measures per 1,000 households. The average ranges between 46.7 and 62.9 across the four districts but remains low in all cases.(37)Improving energy efficiency of our housing stock can not only reduce energy demand and increase energy efficiency, but also lead to lower fuel bills, reduced fuel poverty, and improved health outcomes.

What Do We Need To Plan For? As seen in Figure 5 The energy hierarchy (, reducing the need to expend energy and the efficiency of the energy which you need to expend are always the first ports of call.

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Figure 5 The energy hierarchy (38)

Without a focus on reducing energy demand, we would forever need to create more and more energy. Even if all of that energy could be generated from renewable sources, this would cost significantly more to deliver, run and maintain. It would also result in significant inefficiencies in supply in order to meet peak demand and require consumption of more natural resources to manufacture and host the necessary infrastructure. Through energy conservation (minimising energy waste) and improving energy efficiency, we can reduce the amount of additional energy generation that is required, minimise capacity issues and support transition to a smarter energy future. This means designing and retrofitting our buildings to use less energy to heat, cool, light and power them. It means reducing waste in the system derived from transmission over long distances, and from inefficient processes (e.g. heat is often a waste by-product of generating power and other industrial processes – using that waste heat to heat nearby homes on a heat network can drive the efficiency of such a plant). Reducing the need to travel and improving the ability to travel by active means can reduce the need for energy, be that from petrol, diesel or electricity.

Energy UK identifies that nationally, “a 25% reduction in domestic energy use could be achieved through existing low-cost measures alone, and would save the equivalent amount of energy to that produced by six nuclear power stations the size of Hinkley Point C – and deliver average bill savings of £270 per year. This energy could instead

Page 15 of 30 help to meet the substantial need for electricity to support decarbonisation in other areas, such as transport and heating.” (39)

Energy efficiency and decarbonisation of heat are very closely related. In response to this, the Committee on Climate Change (CCC) Net Zero Report states that “an overhaul of the approach to low-carbon heating and energy efficiency is needed.” (40) 80% of buildings that will be standing in 2050 are here now.(41) Conversations through the recent Built Environment workshop identified that meaningful incentives are required to tackle energy consumption and energy efficiency through a whole house retrofit approach, rather than through the current system whereby small pots of funding are available for those on the lowest incomes to make individual improvements i.e. through the Energy Company Obligation Scheme (ECO), or those that are already able to pay to install renewable heat i.e. through the Renewable Heat Incentive (RHI). Such incentives need to be wider in scale to enable more people to install measures. The Government has recently announced that the RHI will end in March 2022, to be replaced by a Clean Heat Grant and a Green Gas Support scheme. Incentives are also required for businesses and industry to help them reduce emissions. But it is not just existing buildings that need tackling, we cannot continue building new homes and non-residential buildings that will require future retrofit to be 2030 or 2050-ready.

Opportunities, Challenges and Barriers to Delivery The place we can make our most direct difference in relation to energy efficiency and reducing consumption is in our own estates and social housing / other leased assets where they exist. The Somerset authorities will lead by example through optimising the energy performance of their estates and operations through adequate investment in energy conservation, efficiency, renewable energy generation and smart energy initiatives. Minimising energy waste through energy conservation, investing in energy efficiency and renewable energy demonstrates leadership and commitment to meeting the 2030 target and will also serve to demonstrate real world applications of low carbon initiatives in public buildings and Council owned land which may lead to behaviour change within the wider community. In addition to minimising the Council’s carbon footprint, energy management epitomises responsible public stewardship of public money, and will mitigate the impact of rising energy costs.

There is potential to develop large scale renewable energy and smart energy schemes across Council owned land, creating localised energy generation, enabling the transition to a smart, flexible energy system, providing a level of energy security to the local area, generating revenue income streams, contributing towards reducing the County’s dependency on fossil fuels and the County’s target of achieving carbon neutrality by 2030. For example, a 6MW system will typically generate the equivalent energy consumed by 1800 residential properties over a 12-month period. Providing security of supply and creating a localised energy solution for the local communities, as the output of the solar farms are connected to the local electricity grid network.

Page 16 of 30 Being energy secure means having a consistent, reliable and affordable supply of energy. Increasing reliance on imported energy supplies poses a risk to energy security. In addition to climate change, energy security is a key driver towards a low carbon economy. To be energy secure we need to use less energy by minimising energy waste, optimising efficiency and increase local decentralised renewable energy generation to meet the County’s energy requirements.

The Somerset Authorities should conduct detailed energy audits across their property portfolios, the output being a fully costed list of measures and recommendations (kWh savings/ CO2). This would put the authorities in a strong position to begin tackling the resulting recommendations. Through assessment of our own assets, there may also arise potential opportunities for wider-scale collaboration with each other and with other public and private sector partners to deliver greater benefits.

Salix Finance provides 100% interest-free capital for the public sector to reduce energy costs and carbon emissions by enabling the installation of modern energy efficiency and renewable energy measures. The Salix Decarbonisation Fund is a 50/50 matched fund, ring fenced to finance energy efficiency projects managed and held by the public sector body with support from Salix. Savings made from energy efficiency projects are reinvested back into the fund to finance further energy saving projects. Project Payback must not exceed 10 years. However, high equipment and installation costs can often cause projects to overrun the 10-year payback period. Under the Salix scheme projects can be combined e.g. works with high costs and long paybacks are packaged with low cost/ high payback measures to improve viability. Salix Energy Efficiency Loan Scheme (SEELS) provides an interest free loan to 100% finance energy efficiency projects. There is no maximum loan amount however the loan must be repaid within 5 years.

Somerset authorities are at different points in terms of understanding the carbon footprints and energy use. It is important that these baselines are established and opportunities to reduce energy demand and improve energy efficiency are explored.

Outcome

• SOMERSET AUTHORITIES WILL LEAD BY EXAMPLE THROUGH OPTIMISING THE ENERGY PERFORMANCE OF THEIR ESTATES AND OPERATIONS THROUGH ADEQUATE INVESTMENT IN ENERGY CONSERVATION, EFFICIENCY, RENEWABLE ENERGY GENERATION AND SMART ENERGY INITIATIVES

• DEVELOP AND DELIVER AN ENERGY PLAN FOR SOMERSET- ROADMAP TO DECARBONISING THE ENERGY SYSTEM IN SOMERSET. WHOLE SYSTEMS APPROACH (BUILDINGS, HEAT, TRANSPORT AND POWER GENERATION).

Page 17 of 30 Heat

Analysis of the Current Situation 37% of carbon emissions in the UK are derived from heat(42)and approximately 70% of homes in Somerset are connected to the gas network.(43) Gas is the predominant heating source across the county, however, with approximately 30% of homes not connected to the network, there is a significant proportion of homes being heated by other means including LPG, oil, electricity, biomass, solid and other fuels. (44)

The Renewable Heat Incentive (RHI) is a Government initiative to incentivise installation of low carbon heat solutions into homes and businesses. In Somerset, a total of 1,728 RHI accredited domestic installations have been undertaken between April 2014 and December 2019, and 430 non-domestic installations have been undertaken between November 2011 and December 2019.(45) This means only a very small proportion of Somerset’s homes and businesses have made use of the RHI to date. This is due to a range of reasons, but in particular, the current costs of renewable heat technologies means that households and businesses looking to install it require a certain amount of capital and interest in sustainability to realistically access it and utilise the RHI. As the market share of renewable heat increases and the supply chain establishes, costs will come down, but in the meantime greater levels of incentive and education are likely required to drive uptake.

In 2017, the gas network in the South West was made up by approximately 1.7% biogas and there was no hydrogen within the blend (46) Depending on the scenario that plays out, green gas is expected to make up between 4.7% and 11.7%, and hydrogen between 0% and 0.4% of the mix by 2035.

What Do We Need To Plan For? The Committee on Climate Change Net Zero Report identifies that heat should be decarbonised across the building stock, with all new buildings, all non-residential buildings and 90% of existing homes having their heat demand met by low carbon heat. (47) This is a significant increase on the 4.5% of existing buildings which currently meet their heat demand from low carbon sources. The report identifies that meeting this target will require far greater and faster roll out of heat pumps, hybrid heat pumps and district heating, in conjunction with hydrogen, and new smart storage heating, combined with high levels of energy efficiency as well as no new homes being connected to the gas grid from 2025.

However, the Government does not currently have a national strategy for the decarbonisation of heat. Installation of heat pumps remain niche; policy, regulatory and financial support for heat networks requires further development; and the role of hydrogen and other technologies in the Government’s plans for greening the gas grid are unclear. The image below (Figure 6) taken from a report by Imperial College

Page 18 of 30 London for the CCC identifies the low regret options for decarbonising heat and the main remaining challenge in relation to on-gas properties not able to access heat networks.

Figure 6 Imperial College London analysis identifying low regret options for decarbonising heat (48)

Opportunities, Challenges and Barriers to Delivery There are likely to be opportunities to develop heat networks in Somerset, however, there have been no concerted efforts to understand this potential or to take any potential opportunities forward as yet. The Government has confirmed that heat networks will play an important part in decarbonising heat in both new build and existing areas of development. Whilst their initial development can be complex and expensive, they present potentially easier and more cost effective routes to decarbonising heat in the future because once the network is in place, the heat source serving all connected buildings can be upgraded and decarbonised in one go, rather than having to replace every single gas boiler. Mapping opportunities would allow us to focus on developing projects that could realistically be delivered. The Government already has the Heat Networks Investment Project and Heat Networks Delivery Unit as vehicles to move heat networks forward in the UK and Somerset is currently not exploiting these. There is significant experience and knowledge in relation to heat networks in the South West in Exeter (49)/East Devon (50), Bristol (51) and Plymouth (52), and we should be tapping into that opportunity to understand better what opportunities exist here in Somerset. The CSE are also leading a European funded project “THERMOS” looking at accelerating heat networks and there could be an opportunity to explore this further in Somerset. (53)

Page 19 of 30 Outcome

• HEAT DEMAND IS REDUCED AND DECARBONISED AS FAR AS POSSIBLE BY 2030 AND FULLY BY 2050.

• DEVELOP AND DELIVER AN ENERGY PLAN FOR SOMERSET- ROADMAP TO DECARBONISING THE ENERGY SYSTEM IN SOMERSET. WHOLE SYSTEMS APPROACH (BUILDINGS, HEAT, TRANSPORT AND POWER GENERATION).

Electrification of Transport

Analysis of the Current Situation Data from Regen/Western Power Distribution indicates that in 2017, there were 7,111 EVs in the south west, making up 0.3% of all cars owned, with just 1.3% of all new cars sold in 2017 being EV. (54) The following table and maps identify the current picture of public EV charge points across Somerset (n.b. excludes TESLA charge points) (55)

Local Authority Total Total rapid Charging devices charging charging per 100,000 devices devices Mendip 21 4 18 Sedgemoor 18 5 15 Somerset West and Taunton 27 2 18 South Somerset 20 2 12

Figure 7 Total public EV charging devices in comparison to rest of UK

Page 20 of 30

Figure 8 EV charging devices per 100,000 population compared to rest of UK

Figure 9 Rapid EV charging devices compared to rest of the UK

What Do We Need To Plan For? The Committee on Climate Change Net Zero Report identifies that extensive electrification of surface transport is required to meet net zero, coupled with major expansion of renewable and low carbon power generation. (56) The shift to electric vehicles has the potential to reduce the annual cost of transport in the UK by £5 billion (57) and combat local air quality issues. The shift to all cars and vans being electric by 2050 “would require 3,500 rapid and ultra-rapid chargers near motorways to enable long journeys and 210,000 public chargers in towns and cities. Today in total there are 21,000 public chargers of all speeds”. (58)

Western Power Distribution and REGEN’s Distribution Future Energy Scenario’s Generation and demand study, analysing technology and growth scenarios to 2032. Scenarios included: Consumer Power- a world which is relatively wealthy, and market driven, Two Degrees- a world where environmental sustainability is top priority for government and consumers, Steady State- a world focused on security of supply and short term thinking and Slow Progression- a world focused on long-term environmental strategy. Depending on the scenario from Steady State to Two Degrees there might be between 267,631 and 1,122,657 EVs on the road in the south west, representing between 7.1% and 31.7% of all cars owned, and with between 22.5% and

Page 21 of 30 71.3% of all new cars being EV (59). The Government has confirmed that it will be bringing the ban on the sale of new petrol and diesel cars forward to 2035, or potentially earlier if possible. (60)

Opportunities, Challenges and Barriers to Delivery EV charging infrastructure in Somerset needs to scale up significantly. There is an element of ‘chicken and egg’, in that people want the security that there are sufficient charge points in order to make the switch, providing too many, too soon costs money and taking away parking spaces in public areas from the general market. However, we know that EVs are certainly part of the solution going forward and should see investment here as a least regret option.

There are concerns that the grid currently has insufficient capacity to accommodate EVs on a wide scale within Somerset. WPD’s Electric Nation project trialled smart off- street domestic charging, with nearly 700 EV owners participating across the WPD network area over an 18-month period. This provided real-world data on how and when EV owners charge and how the grid can cope and where attention might be required. The report categorically concluded that through well-designed EV tariffs offered by energy suppliers, and flexible smart charging, the WPD electricity network “will not be a barrier to the rapid decarbonisation of the transport sector through vehicle electrification”.(61)But, this is reliant upon all charge points being “smart” – able to support bi-directional flows and draw electricity only at desired points in time, as well as a range of supporting grid reinforcement, flexibility services and smart infrastructure improvements.

However, a significant proportion of homes do not have access to off-street parking. More work is required to understand how best to serve these households – be that through on-street charge points, destination charge points, electric forecourts / fast charging hubs or a combination of all of these. The strategy for how this element is approached will need to take significant account of the electricity grid, where constraints exist, and how they can be overcome.

Taunton will be hosting Western Power Distribution’s National Innovation Competition Project ‘DC Share’. This will see 15 rapid chargers (mix 50/100kW) deployed across the town powered by an innovative DC Meshed system.

The Somerset Local Authorities are developing an EV Charging Strategy for Somerset. The strategy will provide the basis for the Local Authorities to:

• Develop and deliver projects on their own land and assets as appropriate, informed by the best way to future proof investment, maximise opportunities and benefits; • Influence investment in the grid and work to release capacity in the grid by the Distribution Network Operators;

Page 22 of 30 • Set policies and guidance and allocate specific sites for charge point development though Local Plans and other means; • Lobby Government and others on what prerequisites are required in order to proliferate EVs in Somerset; and • Understand what their role should be on delivering charge points going forward

Significant action is needed from the whole community, locally and nationally, working together. Local Authorities have limited options and funding available to accelerate the shift to zero emission vehicles so the strategy will identify how Somerset authorities can work closely with Government, industry and other stakeholders to bring about change.

Output

• EV CHARGING INFRASTRUCTURE IN SOMERSET NEEDS TO SCALE UP SIGNIFICANTLY AND MORE WORK IS REQUIRED TO ASSESS HOW TO ENSURE ACCESS TO EV CHARGERS IS EQUITABLE ACROSS THE COUNTY, TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THOSE WHO DO NOT HAVE ACCESS TO OFF-STREET PARKING. • • DEVELOP AND DELIVER AN ENERGY PLAN FOR SOMERSET- ROADMAP TO DECARBONISING THE ENERGY SYSTEM IN SOMERSET. WHOLE SYSTEMS APPROACH (BUILDINGS, HEAT, TRANSPORT AND POWER GENERATION).

Hinkley Point

Analysis of the Current Situation Hinkley Point B and (once active) C supply a low carbon source of power generation from within Somerset. Hinkley Point C (HPC) plays a vital role in meeting the UK’s Net Zero target, providing a steady supply of power to the grid and 7% of the UK’s current electricity requirements The Hinkley Point C reactor has a capacity to generate 3,260MW of electricity, enough to supply 6 million homes. It is expected to generate sufficient electricity to offset 9 MtCO2/annum and 600 MtCO2 over its 60year lifespan. (62) When compared to electricity from gas fired power stations.

By comparison, the emissions produced by all sectors within Somerset in 2017 (63) amounted to just shy of 3.3 MtCO2 , However, electricity generated at Hinkley is distributed to the National Grid and therefore the carbon reduction benefits are distributed across the country and therefore will be counted proportionally in Somerset’s future emissions data.

What Do We Need To Plan For? The Committee on Climate Change Net Zero Report identifies that hydrogen may well play a role in decarbonising heat and transport. It can potentially be used (alone or as part of a mixed supply) to replace natural gas within the gas network, and trials are

Page 23 of 30 currently being developed nationally to understand this further.(64)The Net Zero report also expects that hydrogen is most likely to play a role in decarbonising long distance transport journeys from trains, HGVs and potentially buses. However, creating hydrogen requires either use of methane (which creates significant volumes of carbon dioxide as a by-product), or electrolysis (which requires massive amounts of energy to achieve at scale). EDF is exploring the use of its nuclear plants in the UK (including Hinkley) to drive hydrogen production through electrolysis. (65) There may be further opportunities arising from this to trial how hydrogen can decarbonise heat and transport in Somerset.

Opportunities, Challenges and Barriers to Delivery The economic legacy of Hinkley both in terms of funding to help deliver carbon reduction schemes, and also supply chain and skills development are important opportunities for Somerset to exploit. In time, as Hinkley is built out, there may be opportunities to repurpose skills and supply chains to focus on growing the wider green economy including in relation to renewable energy, retrofit and developing new build solutions.

HPC is identified in the new Local Industrial Strategy as key to delivering ‘Energy Futures’ for the Heart of the South West. ‘Energy Futures’ is defined as the opportunities for clean, inclusive growth associated with the nuclear industry, marine renewables and improvements to energy infrastructure. During the construction supply chain, skills development and inward investment all benefit significantly from this £21bn project, with over £1.3 billion already invested directly to South West Businesses. At peak construction at least 5,600 workers will work on site each day. The Hinkley Point C education, skills and employment pipeline is continuing to ensure that the huge opportunities available throughout the construction of the new power station can be accessed by individuals from across Somerset and the Southwest, whether they are in school, exploring careers or accessing apprenticeships and other career routes. Several initiatives are already under way to secure a clean energy legacy from HPC, including: • Nuclear South West • The South West Nuclear Hub • Nuclear Sector Deal

EDF has now begun to look at creating a legacy from the investment in skills, business development, supply chain, environment, housing and infrastructure secured through the HPC project. Although in its very early stages it is already clear that creating a low carbon region and nurturing a high-tech, low carbon nuclear supply chain must be central to any plan. (66)

Page 24 of 30 Outcome

Local Energy Markets

Analysis of the Current Situation Smart home technology, electric vehicles (and vehicle-to-grid technology), advancements in renewable generation and storage technologies as well as growth of community energy means that in the future, consumers will play a much more active role in the energy network. (67)This means they won’t just take energy when the need it, but technology and regulation will help to take just what they need at the most appropriate time, and to complement this with providing grid balancing services too.

Opportunities, Challenges and Barriers to Delivery In Cornwall, Centrica has pioneered a Local Energy Market programme whereby 100 homes have had solar PV and battery systems installed and 125 businesses have had a range of flexible, low carbon technologies and monitoring equipment installed to enable both WPD and National Grid to buy grid flexibility from home owners and business at points of peak supply and demand.(68) There could be opportunities to develop a similar project in Somerset, increasing renewable generation and storage locally as well as creating a transparent financial incentive for home owners and businesses to invest in such technology. Developing a project along these lines could also be extended further to enable the local authorities (in the first instance, but then wider communities and businesses) to also purchase locally generated renewable energy through a sleeved power purchase agreement.

Outcome

• LOCAL AUTHORITY ENERGY PERFORMANCE IS SMARTER, MORE EFFICIENT AND ELIMINATES USE OF FOSSIL FUELS FOR HEATING AND TRANSPORT (ESTATE AND OPERATIONS)

Conclusions Delivery against the renewable and low carbon energy opportunities in Somerset could deliver significant economic benefits to the area through job creation and sector development and any Somerset-wide study could quantify this potential. As an example, the Low Carbon Study for the Greater Exeter Strategic Plan identifies (at a very broad level) the potential for on-shore wind and solar in the Greater Exeter area and identifies that delivery against the more constrained scenario might see a net 1,995 FTE jobs being created and GVA in the region of £94 million to the Greater Exeter economy. (69) In addition to the economic benefits of increasing renewable energy installations, there are clear economic impacts and benefits that could be realised from

Page 25 of 30 a dedicated programme of energy efficiency and low carbon heat retrofit, and that could be released through the proliferation of EVs both in terms of direct impacts and indirect (as a result of improved air quality for instance). There are also potential revenue generation opportunities in relation to bringing forward all of the above on local authority assets, all of which would need to be quantified.

The Somerset local authorities are collectively major landowners and asset holders across the county. As we develop strategies and projects to deliver on the need to increase renewable generation and proliferate EV charging infrastructure for instance, we should use that opportunity to directly deliver projects on our land. Not only can this help as a catalyst to delivery, but it is a potential revenue generating opportunity that we should grasp with both hands. This opportunity has been demonstrated well by Public Power Solutions, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Swindon Borough Council which delivers renewable energy projects and waste solutions in a bid to save money, generate income and support the environment.(70)There are potential opportunities to develop similarly ambitious vehicles here in Somerset either alone or in partnership with other organisations such as community energy groups which we should actively explore further.

We have an opportunity to help raise awareness and take action to reduce energy consumption, switch to renewable energy and other low carbon services. We can also talk about what we and others are doing in this area. We have a captive audience in our local authority officers and members where the right kinds of comms and engagement (ranging from general to specific and technical) can help us to reduce our own energy use and carbon emissions, but also help to spread the word via their own personal networks. In order to take a whole systems approach to energy, more of our officers and members will need to be aware and informed to play a more active role in planning for a smarter, more flexible energy future. Internally is where we should focus our attention through lunch and learn sessions, carbon and energy literacy and climate change impacts training, energy conservation campaigns and champions etc. Through our social media platforms and press releases we are also able to reach much wider audiences with specific and targeted messages.

In light of the COVID-19 crisis, the accompanying recession and the economic stimulus that will be necessary to recover, there is an opportunity for Somerset to re-prioritise and stimulate the economy through investment in renewable energy and energy efficiency to deliver our carbon neutral goals.

Page 26 of 30 References

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Page 28 of 30 41. UKGBC (2017), Climate Change: UKGBC’s vision for a sustainable built environment is one that mitigates and adapts to climate change, available at https://www.ukgbc.org/climate-change/ [accessed 18/02/2020]. 42. BEIS (2018) Clean Growth – Transforming Heating, available at https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file /766109/decarbonising-heating.pdf [accessed 14/02/2020]. 43. BEIS (2019) Sub-national estimates of properties not connected to the gas network 2018, available at https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/sub-national-estimates-of-households-not- connected-to-the-gas-network [accessed 14/02/2020]. 44. BEIS (2020) RHI Deployment Data: December 2019, available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/rhi-monthly-deployment-data-december-2019-annual- edition [accessed 18/05/2020]. 45. BEIS (2020) RHI Deployment Data: December 2019, available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/rhi-monthly-deployment-data-december-2019-annual- edition [accessed 18/05/2020]. 46. Regen (2019) Network Innovation: Regional Growth Scenarios for Gas and Heat, Phase 2: South West regional assessment, available at: https://www.regen.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/WWU- Regional-FES-Phase-2-SW-Results-Report.pdf [accessed 18/05/2020]. 47. Ibid 48. Imperial College London (2018) Analysis of Alternative UK Heat Decarbonisation Pathways for the Committee on Climate Change, available at https://www.theccc.org.uk/wp- content/uploads/2018/06/Imperial-College-2018-Analysis-of-Alternative-UK-Heat-Decarbonisation- Pathways.pdf, [accessed 14/02/2020]. 49. DEXTCO – see https://www.dextco.org.uk/ 50. Cranbrook – see https://www.rtpi.org.uk/media/3643329/Appendix%20C%20- %20Case%20Studies.pdf 51. Bristol – see https://www.energyservicebristol.co.uk/business/heat-networks/ 52. Plymouth – see https://www.cibsejournal.com/technical/plymouths-5th-generation-heating- network/ 53. CSE - https://www.cse.org.uk/projects/view/1314 54. Regen for WPD (2018) Distribution Future Energy Scenarios: A generation and demand study, available at: https://www.regen.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/Distributed-generation-demand-and- storage-study-South-West-2018.pdf [accessed 19/02/2020]. 55. Zap Map for DfT (2019) Electric vehicle charging devices by local authority, available at: http://maps.dft.gov.uk/ev-charging-map/ [accessed 19/02/2020]. 56. CCC (2018) Net Zero: The UK’s contribution to stopping global warming, available at https://www.theccc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Net-Zero-The-UKs-contribution-to- stopping-global-warming.pdf, [accessed 14/02/2020]. 57. Ibid. 58. Ibid. 59. Regen for WPD (2018) Distribution Future Energy Scenarios: A generation and demand study, available at: https://www.regen.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/Distributed-generation-demand-and- storage-study-South-West-2018.pdf [accessed 19/02/2020]. 60. BEIS (2020) PM launches UN Climate Summit in the UK, available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/pm-launches-un-climate-summit-in-the-uk [accessed 19/02/2020]. 61. Electric Nation (2019), Powered Up: Charging EVs without stressing the electricity network, available at http://www.electricnation.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Electric-Nation- Powered-Up-Report-WEB.pdf [accessed 18/02/2020]. 62. EDF (2020) About Hinkley Point C, available at: https://www.edfenergy.com/energy/nuclear- new-build-projects/hinkley-point-c/about [accessed 19/02/2020].

Page 29 of 30 63. EDF (2020) About Hinkley Point C, available at: https://www.edfenergy.com/energy/nuclear- new-build-projects/hinkley-point-c/about [accessed 19/02/2020]. 64. BEIS (2019) UK local authority and regional carbon dioxide emissions, available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/uk-local-authority-and-regional-carbon-dioxide- emissions-national-statistics-2005-to-2017 [accessed 19/02/2020]. 65. EDF (2019) Generating hydrogen energy from nuclear power, available at https://www.edfenergy.com/energy/nucle/ar-new-build-projects/hinkley-point-c/news- views/generating-hydrogen-energy-nuclear-power [accessed 18/02/2020]. 66. Hinkley point C: Realising the Socio- economic benefits 2020 https://edition.pagesuite- professional.co.uk/html5/reader/production/default.aspx?pubname=&edid=dd86b444-cd47-459c- 8e34-fdca673f1808 67. Energy UK (2019) The Future of Energy: The future retail market and customer’s relation with it, available at https://www.energy- uk.org.uk/files/docs/The_Future_of_Energy/2019/FutureofEnergy_ReportSection_Chapter1_04.19(1 ).pdf [accessed 18/02/2020]. 68. Centrica (2019) Cornwall Local Energy Market achieves major flexibility breakthrough, available at: https://www.centrica.com/media-centre/news/2019/cornwall-local-energy-market-achieves- major-flexibility-breakthrough/ [accessed 18/02/2020]. 69. University of Exeter Centre for Energy and the Environment (2018) GESP Low Carbon Study, available at https://www.gesp.org.uk/evidence/ [accessed 18/02/2020]. 70. Public Power Solutions – see https://www.publicpowersolutions.co.uk/

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