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SUBJECT: HISTORY EXAM BOARD: EDEXCEL COURSE CODE: 1HIO TOPIC TOPIC TOPIC TOPIC NUMBER NUMBER The Weimar Republic and the years of Medicine in Medieval England 1 13 crisis 1250-1500 1918-23 Medicine in Renaissance England The Golden Years 2 14 1500-1700 1924-29? Medicine in Industrial England 3 15 Hitler’s rise to power 1919-33 1700-1900 Medicine in Modern Britain 1900- 4 16 Nazi Control and dictatorship 1933-39 present The British sector of the Western Life in Nazi Germany 5 front. 1914-18. Injuries 17 1933-39 treatments and trenches The role of factors throughout Weimar and Nazi Germany Exam 6 18 Medicine through time guidance (Paper 3) Medicine Exam Guidance (Paper 7 20 The Origins of the Cold War, 1941-1958 1) Queen, Government and Religion 8 21 The Crises of the Cold War 1958-70 1558-69 Challenges to Elizabeth at home 9 22 The end of the Cold War, 1970-1991 and abroad 1569-88 Elizabethan society in the Age of Superpower Relations and the Cold War 10 23 Exploration 1558-88 exam guidance (Paper 2 Section A) How did Elizabeth strengthen her 11 position? Early Elizabethan England exam 12 guidance (Paper 2 Section B) Where could you go for treatment? Starting point 1. Medieval Medicine c1250 - 1500 The Church- They supported Galen’s ideas and ran local hospitals. They also supported Key thinker Description the Regimen Sanitatis, a list of rules published by Galen designed to improve the health Known as the father of medicine. of people. Hippocrates Came up with theory of the 4 Physician- A physician would diagnose a patient’s illness and decide what treatment humours should be used. They decided this using urine charts and astrology. Continued Hippocrates’ ideas and Galen developed the theory of opposites. Apothecary- They created medicines to treat illnesses Also wrote over 300 books about Barber surgeon- This was where you went for treatment such as tooth extracting, medicine. His ideas were supported amputations and bloodletting. by the church throughout the Middle Ages. Ideas about what Description Treatments made you ill 4 humours This was theory pushed by the Church; it claimed The humours had to be balanced out. This could be done in a variety of different that you became ill due to an imbalance in the 4 ways. humours that made up your body. Blood, Black Bile, 1- Cutting a vein- A vein was cut and blood allowed to be drained. Yellow Bile and Phlegm. 2- Leeches were applied to drain blood from a patient 3- Purging- Removing one of the other humours from the body by inducing vomiting or diarrhoea. Miasma This is the theory that illness was linked to bad Keeping the air pure was seen as a way to keep to avoid Miasma. You could walk smells. People believed that swamps, corpses and around with a bunch of flowers in front of you, or bathe in rose water. rotting food would cause miasma. Religious The church claimed that illness was caused by God You could pray to God, give money to the church, fast or go on a pilgrimage as a punishment for sin. Supernatural Some people believed that the alignment of the You could decide on where you would drain blood depending on the alignment of planets was what made people sick. the planets. CASE STUDY: The Black Death, 1348. Resulted in the death of 40% of the population. Starting point 2- Medicine in Renaissance England. 1500-1700 How did medical treatments change during the Renaissance? Key individual Ideas - A new theory called transference was introduced. This was the idea that a disease could be transferred to something else. For example an animal. Andreas Vesalius’ main work was done in the - Herbal remedies continued to be used but now included ingredients from Vesalius field of anatomy. He published a book called On the Fabric of the Human Body in1543. In it were all over the world as new areas were being discovered. detailed drawings that successfully proved Galen - Chemical cures were also introduced. wrong over 300 times. William Harvey also proved Galen wrong and Harvey identified correctly that blood travels around the human body. He also proved that the heart acted like a pump. What preventions were used during the Renaissance? Thomas Sydenham was an English doctor that - People believed that you could avoid getting ill by avoiding things such as Sydenham theorised that people became ill when their body too much food, alcohol or being too lazy. was attacked by something. However the - Being clean was also important to people. During the 16th Century Henry VIII technology to prove this was germs had not yet had to close many bath houses due to the rise of syphilis. been created. - Miasma was still seen as a problem and you could be fined for not keeping the area in front of your house clean and tidy Ideas about what Description made you sick This idea continued to be the main rational 4 humours explanation of what made you sick, due to the How did medical care change during the Renaissance? support of the Church. - Due to the printing press many new medical books were produced and Miasma This was still one of the most popular theories shared. about why people got sick. - Physicians, apothecaries and barber surgeons were now trained to a higher Supernatural/ Most people stopped believing these ideas. standard. religious - New Hospitals were created called pest houses and were no longer ran by CASE STUDY: The plague came to England in 1665- This led to people the Church questioning the ideas of Galen and the Church. Starting point 3- Medicine in Industrial England. C.1700- c.1900 Individual Description Key points: By 1900 the mystery of what caused many illnesses had been Edward Jenner 1798 - Discovered the first ever vaccination for smallpox. solved. The vaccination later became compulsory and smallpox New treatments had not yet been developed was eradicated. However he could not explain how it worked. Vaccinations had been invented to prevent many diseases Florence Nightingale Was responsible for cleaning up hospitals and improving The government began to take action to improve public health the training of nurses. She made a link between in cities. This included the 1875 Public Health Act. cleanliness and illness. John Snow Investigated an outbreak of cholera in 1854 and traced it to contaminated water from a water pump in Broad Street Soho. The pump water was contaminated by sewage from CASE STUDY: Fighting Cholera in London in 1854 a cess pit. Edwin Chadwick Was employed by the government to investigate the health of the British public. His findings showed that filthy Cholera first appeared in Britain in 1831 conditions meant that you were more likely to die There were 4 epidemics in the 19th Century younger. John Snow thought that cholera was spread by James Simpson In 1847 James Simpson discovered that chloroform could water, not miasma be used as an anaesthetic during surgery. During the 1854 epidemic, he mapped deaths Joseph Lister In 1865 Lister created the carbolic spray which was a way from cholera around Broad Street in Soho. He to perform antiseptic surgery and prevent infection found most deaths happened near the Broad during operations. Street water pump. Louis Pasteur In 1861 the Germ theory was published by Louis Pasteur Snow presented his findings to the government, and it proved that germs (bacteria) were what caused but they did not take action straight away. many diseases. He later went on to discover several In 1858 the Great Stink made the government vaccinations for diseases. agree to build sewers in London. Robert Koch He built on the work done by Louis Pasteur and went on This removed the miasma – the bad smelling air – to identify which microbes caused which diseases. These but also made the drinking water pure. Cholera included tuberculosis (TB) and cholera. This led to several disappeared. vaccinations being created for diseases including Typhoid, Diphtheria and Cholera. Starting Point 4: Medicine in Modern Britain 1900 - present Starting point 10. Modern medicine c1900- present DNA Major discoveries The National Health Service By 1900 people realised that not all illness was caused by during the Was opened up in 1948 and aimed to provide free health microbes. Some illness was inherited from family members. modern era. care for all from ‘cradle to grave’. Due to advancements in technology 2 scientists (Watson and -Endoscopes It is paid for through tax payer’s money and for the first Crick) discovered in 1953 the structure of DNA and what can -ECG’s time, thousands of people visited a doctor. make people get sick. It has since become more than just a place to seek -Ultra sound scans The Human Genome Project was set up in 1990 and showed treatment and diagnosis. Now it is the centre of much scientists what a body was made up of. This led to the -CT scans research and pioneering new work such as…. development of new preventions. -MRI scans Robotics, microsurgery, laparoscopic surgery and even EG: Angelina Jolie had her DNA screened and found out she -X-rays robotic surgery. was likely to develop breast cancer. So she took the prevention It receives billions of pounds of funding every year. a double mastectomy, this vastly reduced the risk. -Blood sugar monitoring Lifestyle and health - Development of Government Smoking became very popular in the UK between 1920 and magic bullets During this period the Government took on a much active 1950. At this time doctors also noticed that there was a rise in -NHS opened role in looking after the public’s health.
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