History Exam Board: Edexcel Course Code: 1Hio Topic Topic Topic Topic Number Number

SUBJECT: HISTORY EXAM BOARD: EDEXCEL COURSE CODE: 1HIO TOPIC TOPIC TOPIC TOPIC NUMBER NUMBER

The Weimar Republic and the years of Medicine in Medieval England 1 13 crisis 1250-1500 1918-23 Medicine in Renaissance England The Golden Years 2 14 1500-1700 1924-29?

Medicine in Industrial England 3 15 Hitler’s rise to power 1919-33 1700-1900

Medicine in Modern Britain 1900- 4 16 Nazi Control and dictatorship 1933-39 present The British sector of the Western Life in Nazi Germany 5 front. 1914-18. Injuries 17 1933-39 treatments and trenches The role of factors throughout Weimar and Nazi Germany Exam 6 18 Medicine through time guidance (Paper 3)

Medicine Exam Guidance (Paper 7 20 The Origins of the Cold War, 1941-1958 1)

Queen, Government and Religion 8 21 The Crises of the Cold War 1958-70 1558-69

Challenges to Elizabeth at home 9 22 The end of the Cold War, 1970-1991 and abroad 1569-88

Elizabethan society in the Age of Superpower Relations and the Cold War 10 23 Exploration 1558-88 exam guidance (Paper 2 Section A)

How did Elizabeth strengthen her 11 position?

Early Elizabethan England exam 12 guidance (Paper 2 Section B)

Where could you go for treatment? Starting point 1. Medieval Medicine c1250 - 1500 The Church- They supported Galen’s ideas and ran local hospitals. They also supported Key thinker Description the Regimen Sanitatis, a list of rules published by Galen designed to improve the health Known as the father of medicine. of people. Hippocrates Came up with theory of the 4 Physician- A physician would diagnose a patient’s illness and decide what treatment humours should be used. They decided this using urine charts and astrology. Continued Hippocrates’ ideas and Galen developed the theory of opposites. Apothecary- They created medicines to treat illnesses Also wrote over 300 books about Barber surgeon- This was where you went for treatment such as tooth extracting, medicine. His ideas were supported amputations and bloodletting. by the church throughout the Middle Ages.

Ideas about what Description Treatments made you ill 4 humours This was theory pushed by the Church; it claimed The humours had to be balanced out. This could be done in a variety of different that you became ill due to an imbalance in the 4 ways. humours that made up your body. Blood, Black Bile, 1- Cutting a vein- A vein was cut and blood allowed to be drained. Yellow Bile and Phlegm. 2- Leeches were applied to drain blood from a patient 3- Purging- Removing one of the other humours from the body by inducing vomiting or diarrhoea. Miasma This is the theory that illness was linked to bad Keeping the air pure was seen as a way to keep to avoid Miasma. You could walk smells. People believed that swamps, corpses and around with a bunch of flowers in front of you, or bathe in rose water. rotting food would cause miasma. Religious The church claimed that illness was caused by God You could pray to God, give money to the church, fast or go on a pilgrimage as a punishment for sin. Supernatural Some people believed that the alignment of the You could decide on where you would drain blood depending on the alignment of planets was what made people sick. the planets.

CASE STUDY: The Black Death, 1348. Resulted in the death of 40% of the population. Starting point 2- Medicine in Renaissance England. 1500-1700 How did medical treatments change during the Renaissance?

Key individual Ideas - A new theory called transference was introduced. This was the idea that a disease could be transferred to something else. For example an animal. Andreas Vesalius’ main work was done in the - Herbal remedies continued to be used but now included ingredients from Vesalius field of anatomy. He published a book called On the Fabric of the Human Body in1543. In it were all over the world as new areas were being discovered. detailed drawings that successfully proved Galen - Chemical cures were also introduced. wrong over 300 times. William Harvey also proved Galen wrong and Harvey identified correctly that blood travels around the human body. He also proved that the heart acted like a pump. What preventions were used during the Renaissance?

Thomas Sydenham was an English doctor that - People believed that you could avoid getting ill by avoiding things such as Sydenham theorised that people became ill when their body too much food, alcohol or being too lazy. was attacked by something. However the - Being clean was also important to people. During the 16th Century Henry VIII technology to prove this was germs had not yet had to close many bath houses due to the rise of syphilis. been created. - Miasma was still seen as a problem and you could be fined for not keeping

the area in front of your house clean and tidy Ideas about what Description made you sick This idea continued to be the main rational 4 humours explanation of what made you sick, due to the How did medical care change during the Renaissance? support of the Church. - Due to the printing press many new medical books were produced and Miasma This was still one of the most popular theories shared. about why people got sick. - Physicians, apothecaries and barber surgeons were now trained to a higher Supernatural/ Most people stopped believing these ideas. standard. religious - New Hospitals were created called pest houses and were no longer ran by

CASE STUDY: The plague came to England in 1665- This led to people the Church questioning the ideas of Galen and the Church. Starting point 3- Medicine in Industrial England. C.1700- c.1900

Individual Description Key points: By 1900 the mystery of what caused many illnesses had been Edward Jenner 1798 - Discovered the first ever vaccination for smallpox. solved. The vaccination later became compulsory and smallpox New treatments had not yet been developed was eradicated. However he could not explain how it worked. Vaccinations had been invented to prevent many diseases Florence Nightingale Was responsible for cleaning up hospitals and improving The government began to take action to improve public health the training of nurses. She made a link between in cities. This included the 1875 Public Health Act. cleanliness and illness. John Snow Investigated an outbreak of cholera in 1854 and traced it to contaminated water from a water pump in Broad Street Soho. The pump water was contaminated by sewage from CASE STUDY: Fighting Cholera in London in 1854 a cess pit.

Edwin Chadwick Was employed by the government to investigate the health of the British public. His findings showed that filthy  Cholera first appeared in Britain in 1831 conditions meant that you were more likely to die  There were 4 epidemics in the 19th Century younger.  John Snow thought that cholera was spread by James Simpson In 1847 James Simpson discovered that chloroform could water, not miasma be used as an anaesthetic during surgery.  During the 1854 epidemic, he mapped deaths Joseph Lister In 1865 Lister created the carbolic spray which was a way from cholera around Broad Street in Soho. He to perform antiseptic surgery and prevent infection found most deaths happened near the Broad during operations. Street water pump. Louis Pasteur

In 1861 the Germ theory was published by Louis Pasteur  Snow presented his findings to the government, and it proved that germs (bacteria) were what caused but they did not take action straight away. many diseases. He later went on to discover several  In 1858 the Great Stink made the government vaccinations for diseases. agree to build sewers in London. Robert Koch He built on the work done by Louis Pasteur and went on  This removed the miasma – the bad smelling air – to identify which microbes caused which diseases. These but also made the drinking water pure. Cholera included tuberculosis (TB) and cholera. This led to several disappeared. vaccinations being created for diseases including Typhoid, Diphtheria and Cholera. Starting Point 4: Medicine in Modern Britain 1900 - present

Starting point 10. Modern medicine c1900- present DNA Major discoveries The National Health Service

By 1900 people realised that not all illness was caused by during the Was opened up in 1948 and aimed to provide free health microbes. Some illness was inherited from family members. modern era. care for all from ‘cradle to grave’.

Due to advancements in technology 2 scientists (Watson and -Endoscopes It is paid for through tax payer’s money and for the first Crick) discovered in 1953 the structure of DNA and what can -ECG’s time, thousands of people visited a doctor. make people get sick. It has since become more than just a place to seek -Ultra sound scans The Human Genome Project was set up in 1990 and showed treatment and diagnosis. Now it is the centre of much scientists what a body was made up of. This led to the -CT scans research and pioneering new work such as…. development of new preventions. -MRI scans Robotics, microsurgery, laparoscopic surgery and even EG: Angelina Jolie had her DNA screened and found out she -X-rays robotic surgery. was likely to develop breast cancer. So she took the prevention It receives billions of pounds of funding every year. a double mastectomy, this vastly reduced the risk. -Blood sugar monitoring Lifestyle and health - Development of Government

Smoking became very popular in the UK between 1920 and magic bullets During this period the Government took on a much active 1950. At this time doctors also noticed that there was a rise in -NHS opened role in looking after the public’s health. Much of this was lung cancer. done through funding of the NHS. But it also included -DNA structure Diet: scientists noticed a link between diet and health Laws to ban smoking in 2007 discovered Alcohol, drugs and sex: doctors also noticed a link between - Discovery of Laws to increase tax on tobacco these things and health issues. Penicillin Health and lifestyle campaigns to warn people about the All of the above led to the Government becoming more involved - Radiotherapy dangers of a poor diet, smoking and how to stop the in people’s health. and spread of disease. This is a contributing factor towards the opening of the NHS in chemotherapy ‘Coughs and sneezes spread diseases’ 1948

Starting point 5: The British sector of the Western Front 1914-18. Injuries, treatments and trenches.

KEY BATTLES

Main types of injuries on the Western The chain of evacuation 1914 First Battle of Ypres Front • 50,000 troops died 1- RAP Regimental Aid post- serious injuries were not • The allied front still had Ypres but Wounds- 58% of wounds were caused by dealt with here. Just simple first aid was conducted. now Germany had the area outside of Ypres explosive shrapnel 2- ADS/ MDS- Advanced dressing stations/ main The use of mines at Hill 60 39% of wounds were caused by bullets Dressing stations. More serious wounds were to be • The Germans captured this hill (near cared for here. However they were often overrun due Ypres) December 1914 Gas Gangrene also caused many infections to the nature of the fighting. • The British tunnelled under the hill that led to amputations. and set off five mines to regain this 3- CCS- Casualty clearing stations were often set up in position Gas attacks- Mustard, Chlorine and abandoned buildings miles from the front line fighting. 1915 Second Battle of Ypres Phosgene gases were used • This was the first time that the On arrival soldiers were split into 3 groups. Walking Germans used chlorine gas wounded/ those needing to go to hospital/ severely • 59,000 men died Conditions caused by the trenches wounded- these men would never recover and were • The Germans were now two miles made comfortable to die. closer to Ypres Trench foot- A swelling in soldier’s feet 4- Base hospitals- The seriously injured could be sent 1916 Battle of the Somme: Trench fever- A high temperature that • 20,000 British deaths on the first day back to England for treatment. They were often for would make soldiers ill and cause them to • 400,000 total casualties soldiers suffering from gangrene • be evacuated Tanks were used for the first time

Shellshock- A psychological condition

1917 Battle of Arras caused by living under constant RAMC- Royal Army Medical • The 24,000 men hiding in the Arras tunnels attacked the Germans bombardment. Corps • Britain gained eight miles but

160,000 died FANY- First Aid Nursing 1917 Third Battle of Ypres 1917 Battle of Cambrai • The weather was bad during this • This was the first use of tanks on a Yeomanry battle (heaving rain causing very very large scale (around 500) muddy ground) • They could move over barbed wire • There were 245,000 casualties and they had good machine guns • A blood bank was used here for the first time Starting point 6: The role of factors in Medicine through time

Factor Medieval c1250-c1500 Renaissance c1500-c1700 Industrial c1700-1900 Modern c1900- present

Religion The most important factor Of less importance due to the Black Opposed Jenner’s small pox No importance to medicine during this period. It Death. However still had much vaccination dominated all medical ideas influence and opposed questioning of Drove Florence Nightingale and endorsed those of Galen Galen at first. Influenced lessened to become a nurse during Reformation. Started to allow dissection. Individuals Hippocrates Vesalius Jenner, Nightingale, Pasteur, Watson and Crick, Fleming, Florey and Galen Harvey Koch, Snow, Chadwick, Chain, Bevan Sydenham Simpson, Lister.

Science and No significance The printing press helped with the 1861- Germ theory DNA tech spread of new ideas different to those Advancements in Advanced screening of the Church microscopes Cancer treatments Vaccinations Preventative care War Stopped the spread of new Little Importance Franco- German war led to WW1 – surgery, blood transfusions, the ideas competition between Thomas Splint, facial reconstruction Pasteur and Koch. WW2 led to the development of Crimean War- led to penicillin and investment from USA. Florence Nightingale WW2 also led to a call for the NHS Government Some work to prevent the Charles II gave advice to the public to Government enforced NHS spread of the plague fast. Streets were cleaned and vaccinations, built new Public Health advertising campaigns quarantine was enforced hospitals and encouraged Mass production of medicine further research into disease

Chance N/A N/A Jenner’s vaccination worked, Discovery of penicillin in 1928 he could not explain it.

Medicine through time: Exam Structure: Hints and Tips

Question Marks Key words You need to… Revise by watching these Number film clips about Medicine! 2. Edexcel ‘Revision Guide and Workbook’, Pearson. 3. Target ‘Get Back on Track: Grade 5’, Perason. 1 4 ‘Describe two features of…’  Identify TWO features about the topic. 4. Target ‘Get Back on Track: Grade 9’, Pearson.  Add supporting information for each feature. Websites:

1. https://getrevising.co.uk/revision-cards/history-9-1-edexcel-gcse- 2(a) 8 ‘How useful are Source A and B for an  Read each source with a pen in your hand. Underline three key points in each source that you know something medicine-through-time enquiry into...’ about. 2. https://www.bbc.com/bitesize/guides/zxg6wxs/revision/1 You explain your answer using Sources  Start by recycling the words of the question in your opening sentence. Then write about what the source

A and B and your historical knowledge suggests/states and follow this with what you can add of your own knowledge about it. Do this three times! The of the historical context. source is useful because it states/suggests/shows…adding your own knowledge to each point.  Write about the provenance of the source (the type of source, the author if known, the date, why it was written or produced). Explain how these points make the source useful or may limit its usefulness.

2(b) 4 ‘How could you follow up Source B to  Select a detail from Source B that could form the basis of a follow-up enquiry about that topic find out more about…’  Write a question that is linked to this detail and enquiry. In your answer you must give the  Identify an appropriate source for the enquiry. This might include army medical records with data about the topic. Be question you would ask and the type specific. of source you could use.  Explain how the source might help answer your follow-up question.

3 4 ‘Explain one way in which ___ were  Identify a similarity/difference. similar/different in the ___ and ___  Support the comparison with specific details from both periods. centuries…’

4 12 ‘Explain why ____. You may use the  Explain AT LEAST THREE causes – you can use the points in the question but MUST also use at least one point of your following in your answer… [two given own. points].  Try to include three points from your knowledge in each paragraph – can you use a date, a name, a fact to show that You must demonstrate own your knowledge is good? knowledge, not just the two given  Ensure that you focus on explaining why, as the question asks. points.  Write 3 PEEL paragraphs. 5/6 16 + 4 ‘[Statement]. How far do you agree?  Plan your answer – agree, disagree, conclusion. SPaG Explain your answer. You may use the  Ensure you agree AND disagree with the statement following in your answer… [two given  Use the given points AND your own knowledge points].  Remember the rule of three – include three reasons if you can to explain the points you have made. You must demonstrate own  Ensure you write a conclusion giving your final judgement on the question knowledge, not just the two given  There are up to 4 marks for spelling, punctuation, grammar and the use of specialist words. points.

• The Royal Society You must also include information of your own  Question 5/6: You may use the following in your answer: • 1848 Public Health Act Starting point 8. Queen, Government and Religion. 1558-69

Key term Description The biggest problem Elizabeth faced was Religion. In order to keep the peace between Catholics Monarch Believed to have been chosen by God to and Protestant she created her Religious Settlement. rule a country. Was in charge of land, religion, money and war. Secretary of Elizabeth’s most important advisor and Three main features of the Religious Settlement were… state member of the Privy council 1- Act of Supremacy- Made Elizabeth the supreme Governor of the Church of England. Privy council Leading advisors and courtiers who gave 2- Act of uniformity- Made the appearance of Churches and services all the same. Everyone the Monarch advice. had to go to Church on Sunday or would be fined. Parliament House of Lords/ Commons. Was called 3- Royal injunctions- A set of instructions about how to worship God. It stopped priests and dismissed by Elizabeth. Few people (Catholic) preaching without a license. It also made the clergy wear special clothing. could vote. Lords Each country had one LL chosen by the Lieutenant monarch. Part of their job was to enforce Elizabeth’s wishes The settlement was accepted by most people; however it was opposed by some groups. Justices of the Large landowners who kept law and The Church of England was essential to the lives of most people in England; that meant the peace order. Part of local Government. settlement needed to be successful.

What were the problems Description Opposition to the settlement 1 Elizabeth faced on becoming

Queen? Puritans did not like the settlement and wanted the removal Legitimacy and religion She was the daughter of Henry VIII and his second wife. of crucifixes and did not want Priests to wear special clothes. Catholics did not acknowledge Henry’s first divorce. This made Elizabeth illegitimate. Also she was Protestant, this made Elizabeth removed the crucifixes but kept the clothes. Catholics not accept her.

Gender Women were seen as weaker than men and it was widely Opposition to the settlement 2 agreed that a Queen could not rule the country on her own. Financial weakness England was in debt of £300,000. In order to defend England The Counter Reformation had started against Protestants in

she needed money Europe and the Pope encouraged English Catholics to not France England lost Calais to France after defeat in war. France was follow Elizabeth’s rules. also a Catholic country on Protestant England’s doorstep. Spain and France tried to force Elizabeth to back down. Starting point 9. Challenges to Elizabeth at home and abroad 1558-88

Domestic threats Foreign threats

Threat 1- Revolt of the Northern Earls- In 1569 English Catholics France- France had traditionally been a threat due to the Auld Alliance with that lived in the North of England revolted against Elizabeth’s Scotland. This meant that 2 of England oldest rivals were in alliance. Mary Queen of settlement. She put the uprising down and killed some of the Scots was also a legitimate Catholic alternative to Elizabeth.

leaders. SPAIN

Threat 2- The Ridolfi plot (1571), Throckmorton Plot (1583) and At this time Spain was the most powerful and wealthy country in the world. The Babington Plot (1586) were all attempts to remove Elizabeth from the throne. They were all supported by the Pope and Spain. They also controlled parts of the Netherlands on England’s doorstep.

All were foiled and as a result life in England became much more Tensions were also increased due to English pirates, stealing from Spanish ships. difficult for Catholics. Alongside this there was also competition for land overseas. Threat 3- Pope- after Elizabeth’s religious settlement and the The tension came to a head when Philip II launched the Spanish Armada against ending of the Northern revolt, the Pope excommunicated the England in 1588. Elizabeth and asked Catholics to disobey and plot against her.

Spain versus England - timeline Mary Queen of Scots

MQS was a Catholic who had a strong claim to the English throne. Her mother was Mary of Guise, who was from a very powerful French Catholic family. 1570 Papal Bull issued - 1571 Ridolfi plot telling telling When she arrived in Scotland, she married her second husband (Lord Darnley). He was murdered and Mary was suspected of being involved. She was arrested and then escaped to England in 1568 looking for Elizabeth’s help. 1581- Drake knighted on the

Golden Hind – after raiding Elizabeth kept her under house arrest for twenty years until she eventually and Spanish ships reluctantly agreed to have her executed on account of treason. Mary had become the centre for the Ridolfi, Throckmorton and Babington plots. Sir Francis Walsingham claimed to have evidence that proved Mary was conspiring against Elizabeth. 1588- Spanish Armada Mary was executed in 1587.

Starting point 10: Elizabethan society and the age of exploration 1558-88

Key term- Education Definition Key term- leisure and the Definition

poor hey Humanist Believed that learning Bear baiting A spectator sport where was important for all people would watch dogs Literate The ability to read fight bears

and write was seen as

Theatre A popular choice of furtherattempts important. entertainment for all Noble Children Received most

Population During the Elizabethan education, especially period it grew by 35% boys Poverty When people do not have Grammar School Schools for intelligent enough money to survive boys from well-off Sheep farming Wool was big business families during period. It required Punishments Included exclusions very few workers and beatings Enclosures Small farms were replaced Merchant Schools More practical with big farms. schools where English Vagabonds Homeless people without (America).

boys were taught ofthe New World led this and to 2 jobs arithmetic. Impotent poor Poor who could not work Petty Schools Set up in a teacher’s

house. They taught Able-bodied poor Chose not to work and

Failed due poor to planning organisation. and

writing and were harshly treated - Elizabethans rest the and the of world. arithmetic 1563- Statute of artificers A law to collect money to murdered were by Natives the area. the in Dame School Schools . They didn’t help poor people

often go to school 1572- Vagabonds act A law to deter people from Attempt1

Labourers and poor Having the children begging

Alsothe however failed, reason why for unknown. are believed is It that t children around at home or on 1576- Poor relief act A law to encourage people - the farm was more to find work. If they did not useful than them

they could be sent to a had and made England sea a fearing nation.He also foundedCaliforniacolony a in

being in school. special prison.

Attempt2

Elizabethordered further exploration The period The was great of time exploration. Sir Francis Drakecircumnavigated had globe the establish to in colony a Virginia. Both were organised Sir by Walter and Raleigh failed. both Starting point 11. How did Elizabeth strengthen her position?

Mary Queen of Scots flees to England 1568 Throckmorton Plot 1583 Elizabeth is crowned Queen of England 1558 Revolt of the Northern Earls 1569 The Babington Plot 1586

The Ridolfi Plot 1571 Mary Queen of Scots is executed Elizabeth implements her Religious 1587 Settlement 1559

1558 1588

Sir Francis Drake is The Vagabonds Act 1572 knighted 1580

Elizabeth agrees the Treaty of War is declared between Edinburgh 1560 The Poor relief Act 1576 England and Spain 1585

Spanish Armada is The Dutch Revolt 1566 The Spanish Fury 1576 defeated 1588

The Pacification of Ghent 1576

Elizabeth: Exam Structure, tips and hints Useful Links:

Question Marks Key Words You need to… Edexcel BBC revision guide: Number 1 4 Describe two features  Ensure that you have of… two valid features  Fully describe each feature 2 12 Explain why…You may  Analyse at least three Example questions use the following in your events/developments answer: (two given  Fully explain each Q1. Describe two features of the problems faced by Elizabeth when she events/developments) with supporting became queen. detail. You must also include  Write 3 PEEL Q2. Explain why the Babington Plot was a threat to Queen Elizabeth. information of your paragraphs You may use the following in your answer: own.  Focus on causes  Involvement of Mary, Queen of Scots 3 16 You will be given a  You MAY use the  Spain choice here. Choose the stimulus bullet points question that you feel – BUT only if you You must include information of your own. most confident about. know about the Q3. The Revolt of the Northern Earls was Elizabeth’s main domestic problem in How far do you agree event/development. the period 1569-86.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer. with the statement  You MUST include ‘…was the most information of your You may use the following in your answer: important/main/most…’ own How far do you agree?  Ensure that you focus  Revolt of the Northern Earls Explain your answer. on  The Poor important/main/most You must also use information of your own. Plan your answer:  Fully explain its

 Agree importance using  Disagree precise evidence  Conclusion  Write a conclusion and explain it.

Starting point 14. The Weimar Republic and the years of crisis. 1918-23.

Key terms Germany post WW1- The First World War had taken a terrible toll on Germany. 11 million Germans had fought during the war, 2 million were killed and over 4 The Weimar Republic - This was the name given to Germany after million were wounded. The cost of the war also meant that Germany’s debts the Kaiser had abdicated in November 1918. This was a time of trebled. Leaving Germany in a weak position. Over 750,000 Germans died of despair and hope for Germany. At first, the country faced lots of starvation during the war and the man responsible for starting the war, the chaos but under Gustav Stresemann, there was some stability. Kaiser abdicated. This was largely down to his unpopularity. The Treaty of Versailles- Is the name given to the peace treaty that Germany Timeline were forced to sign to end World War One. No opportunity was given to negotiate, if they failed to sign the agreement, then they would be invaded by 1918 World War One ended. The Kaiser abdicated and Germany the allies. The terms consisted of… became a country without a monarch (a Republic). G – Guilt - Germany signed article 231 and admitted the blame for starting WW1 1919 (January) Spartacist Uprising A – Armed forces - Germany was limited to having an army of only 100,000 men R – Reparations – Germany had to pay 6.6 billion pounds to France and Belgium 1919 (June) Signing of the Treaty of Versailles G – German Land Lost - Germany was forced give up land to the French, such as the Saar coalfields 1919 (August) Weimar Constitution finalised Le – the League of Nations was set up

1920 Kapp Putsch Stab in the back theory- Many critics of the treaty of Versailles claimed that German politicians had stabbed the German people in the back by signing it. 1923 French occupation of the Ruhr and hyperinflation Weimar Government- Not only did the Weimar Government face opposition due The Weimar Republic faced much opposition, It was disliked by to the Treaty of Versailles; it also had 2 major weaknesses. Proportional the left wing who wanted Germany to be like Communist Russia representation- Made it difficult for a strong Government to form and Article 48 and it was disliked by the right wing who wanted the Kaiser back. meant that the president had the ability to rule without the Reichstag in an emergency. The Treaty of Versailles caused many problems for Germany. The German people disliked the politicians for signing it and it caused political problems and economic problems. Individuals Fredrich Ebert- President of Germany between 1919 and 1925 Wolfgang Kapp- A right wing journalist who led the Freikorps in the Kapp Putsch Rosa Luxemburg- The leader of the communist, Spartacist uprising

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Starting point 2. The Golden Years 1924-29

Key events The Golden Years in Germany was the term given for the explosion of culture during the period. It led to a more stable Germany and therefore there was less 1924- The Rentenmark was introduced. A new currency to replace political change. the old Reichsmark. It helped ease the problem of Hyperinflation.

1924 Dawes Plan- An agreement between the USA and Germany to loan money to help pay reparations. Germany borrowed 25 billion Dollars from the USA. Life improved for women they were given voting rights and many made 1925 Locarno Pact- It was an agreement between Germany and progress in careers such as medicine and education. France to secure the border between the 2 countries. It improved relations between Germany and France.

1926 Germany joined the League of Nations, establishing Germany as an important country again.

1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact- an agreement between Germany and Cinema and theatre became incredibly important in Germany during these 61 smaller countries to the east. years. Issues such as WW1 were discussed 1929 Young Plan- An agreement that more time would be given to paying the reparations. The bill was also reduced by 2 billion.

Gustav Stresemann helped to bring about recovery in Germany after 1924. He solved economic problems by introducing the Gustav Stresemann- Became foreign secretary of Germany until 1929. Rentenmark and getting American money in the Dawes Plan. Much of the work done during this period was down to him. However, historians have very different views about the extent of this recovery.

The Golden Age of the Weimar Republic was the period from 1924-29 and it saw significant changes in culture, the standard of living and the position of women in Germany.

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Starting point 16. Hitler’s rise to power 1918-33

Hitler set up the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in 1920 and became Chancellor in The Munich Putsch is a significant event. Although a failure, Hitler gained publicity January 1933. This happened for a variety of reasons – Hitler’s in his trail. Whilst in prison he wrote Mein Kampf and he realised that if he was to strengths, inbuilt problems of the Weimar Republic, and external factors win power, he needed to do this by votes and not by force. such as the Wall Street Crash and the Great Depression. Stable Stresemann caused problems for the popularity of the Nazi Party. When 1919 Hitler joins the German Worker’s Party times were good, voters were not attracted to the Nazi policies. 1920 Hitler sets up the Nazi Party The Wall Street Crash was a major turning point in the fortunes of the Nazi Party. 1921 Hitler introduces the SA The Nazi message did not change but people were now prepared to hear it.

1923 The Munich Putsch NSDAP- The Nazis 1925 Mein Kampf published Iron Cross award- Given for bravery Putsch- An attempt to get power 1926 Bamberg Conference during WW1 illegally 1928 Nazis win 12 seats in Reichstag Volk- The German people Blood Martyrs- 16 Nazis who died 25 point plan- The political manifesto 1929 Death of Stresemann and Wall Street Crash during the Munich Putsch Swastika- Nazi Symbol 1930 Nazis win 107 seats in Reichstag SS- Hitler’s bodyguards SA- Private Army of the Nazis KPD- German Communist Party By 1932 There are 6 million unemployed people in Germany. The Nazis Aryan- Pure German people promise ‘Work and Bread’. Propaganda- Goebbels’ attempt to Anti-Semitism- Hatred of the Jewish make people think a certain way 1932 July Nazis win 230 seats in Reichstag people Hindenburg- The president of Weimar 1932 November Nazis win 196 seats in Reichstag Mein Kampf- Hitler’s book in which he between 1925-34 set out his ideas – he blamed 1933 January Hitler becomes Chancellor everything that was wrong in Germany on the Communists and the Jewish population.

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Starting point 17 Nazi control and dictatorship 1933-39.

This was a time when Hitler formed a legal dictatorship and put Key words in place methods of propaganda and censorship to persuade and Marinus Van Der Lubbe- The Reichstag fire was blamed on this Communist encourage all Germany people to support Nazi ideals. Enabling Act- Gave the Nazis full power for the next 4 years – no need to go through 1933 (January) Hitler becomes Chancellor the Reichstag

1933 (February) Reichstag Fire Gleichschaltung- Hitler’s attempt to bring German society into line with Nazi philosophy 1933 (March) Election - Nazis win 288 seats 1933 (March) Enabling Act passed German Labour Front (DAF)- Set up to replace trade Unions

1933 (July) Nazis become the only legal party in Germany Dachau- First Concentration camp set up; it was for political prisoners

1934 (June) Night of the Long Knives Centralisation- Germany had been divided into districts called Lander. Now Germany was run from Berlin alone 1934 (August) President Hindenburg dies Purge- To remove opposition 1934 (August) Hitler combines the post of Chancellor and

President and becomes Fuhrer Gestapo- Secret police headed by Goering 1934 (August) German army swears unconditional allegiance to Hitler Night of the Long Knives- The purging of the SA. Ernst Rohm and other SA leaders were murdered. This results in the support of the German Army for Hitler. Removal of opposition – From 1933 to 1934, Hitler removed all opposition and established himself as Fuhrer. Concordat- An agreement between the Catholic Church and the Nazis to stay out of each other’s business. Control – There was an attempt to control and influence attitudes. This was done by propaganda and terror. Edelweiss Pirates and Swing Youth- Groups of young people opposed to the Hitler youth Opposition – Some young people and the churches opposed the Confessional Church- Followed traditional German Protestantism and refused to allow Nazi regime. the ‘Nazification’ of religion.

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Kinder, Kuche, Kirche Children, Kitchen, Church. This summed up the Nazi Starting point 18 - Life in Nazi Germany 1933-39 ideal of womanhood

The Motherhood Cross Given to women for large families Key events Award

1933 Boycott of Jewish shops and businesses. Law for the Lebensborn Where unmarried women were impregnated by SS Encouragement of Marriage. Sterilisation Law passed. men.

1935 The Nuremberg Laws were passed. Nazi Teachers League All teachers had to swear an oath of loyalty to the

Nazis 1935 Conscription was introduced. Invisible unemployment The Nazi unemployment figures did not include 1936 Membership of the Hitler Youth was made compulsory. women, Jews, opponent and unmarried men under 25

1938 Jewish children were not allowed to attend German schools. Autobahn Motorway Lebensborn programme introduced. Kristallnacht. Rearmament Building up the armed forces I readiness for war Key terms Strength Through Joy An attempt to improve the leisure time of German Anti-Semitism – Persecution of the Jews grew continuously after workers 1933. Beauty of Labour Tried to improve working conditions of German Young– The Nazis placed much emphasis on controlling the young as workers. only then could they secure a ‘thousand year Reich’. Youth Nuremberg Laws Jews were stripped of their citizenship rights and organisations like the Hitler Youth and the League of German Maidens indoctrinated the German youth. marriage between Jews and no Jews was forbidden

Women – The Nazis had traditional family values but even these were Kristallnacht (Night of A Nazi sponsored event against the Jewish th tested by the needs of war and the desire to ensure a growing Aryan the Broken Glass) community. 9 November 1938. population.

5

Starting point - What are the key debates from Weimar and Nazi Germany?

Key debates from Hitler’s rise to power 1918-1933 Key debates from Weimar to Nazi Germany 1918- 1929 How important was the cult of Hitler to the success of the Nazi Party? Was the Weimar Republic destined to fail between 1919 and 1929? The Wall Street Crash of 1929 was the most important reason for why the Nazi’s electoral success? How lean were the years 1924-29 for the Nazi Party? Assess the role of propaganda between 1924 and 1933 To what extent was Germany dancing on a volcano between Should the Munich Putsch be judged as a success or failure for the the years 1924 and 1929? Nazis?

Key debates from Nazi dictatorship and control 1933-39 Life in Nazi Germany 1933-39

How did Hitler consolidate his power after 1933? How did life for women change between 1933 and 1939?

How fair is it to suggest that Hitler was never in complete control of What is meant by the term ‘invisible unemployed’? Germany after 1933? How did the Nazis persecute the Jews between 1933 and 39?

How successful were the Nazi’s attempts at controlling the Church Who did life improve for? The working classes? Middle classes? and children? Upper classes? 6

Weimar Germany: Exam Structure, tips and hints Useful Links

Key words You need to… Edexcel GCSE (9-1) History Weimar and Nazi Germany

Question number Marks 1 4 Give two things you can  Make at least two inferences infer from source A  Use quotes from the source to back up your inference, about… or describe a specific part if it is a picture Example questions 2 12 Explain why…You may  Explain at least three causes. You can use the points in use the following in the question but must also use at least one point of 1. Give two things you can infer from Source A about Hitler’s leadership your answer: [two given your own points] You must also  Ensure you focus these on the question 2. Explain why the Weimar Republic experienced a period of recovery, 1923-29 use information of your  Write 3 PEEL paragraphs own OR Explain why there was opposition to the Treaty of Versailles in Germany 3(a) 8 How useful are  Read each source with a pen in your hand. Underline sources…for…an three key points in each source that you know 3(a). How useful are sources A and B for an enquiry into the Nazi policies enquiry into…. something about. towards women in the years 1933-39?  Start by recycling the words of the question in your opening sentence. Then write about what the source 3(b) Study interpretations 1 and 2. They give different views of Nazi policies suggests/states and follow this with what you can add of your own knowledge about it. Do this three times! towards women in the years 1933-39. What is the main difference between The source is useful because it these views? Explain your answer using details from both interpretations. states/suggests/shows…adding your own knowledge to each point. 3 [c] Suggest one reason why interpretations 1 and 2 give different views about  Write about the provenance of the source (the type of the achievements of Nazi policies towards women in the years 1933-39. You source, the author if known, the date, why it was may use Sources B and C to help explain your answer written or produced). Explain how these points make the source useful or may limit its usefulness. 3(d) How far do you agree with interpretation 2 about Nazi policies towards 3(b) 4 Study interpretations 1  Ensure that you understand the main view of each and 2. What is the main interpretation women in the years 1933-39? Explain your answer using both interpretations difference between  Give the view from each interpretation to support your and your knowledge of the historical context. these views? answer (Interpretation 1 argues that… whereas Interpretation 2 states that…)

3(c ) 4 Suggest one reason  Remember you only have to explain one reason why Interpretations 1  Make use of the two sources and 2 give different  The Interpretations may have given weight to different views sources OR  The Interpretations may have a different emphasis 3(d) 20 How far do you agree  Plan your answer: with Interpretation 2  Agree with Interpretation 2. Say what points are made about…? in the Interpretation. Use your knowledge to say how you agree with the historian writing Interpretation 2.  Disagree with Interpretation 2 – use your knowledge AND Interpretation 1.  Write a strong conclusion  There are up to 4 marks for spelling, punctuation, The origins of the Cold War, 1941 -58

Key Events

1941 Formation of the Grand Alliance Communism – Ideology followed by USSR. Believed 1943 Tehran Conference all property should be shared between the people. 1945 Yalta and Potsdam Conferences State control of industry. 1945 The USA explodes first atomic bomb 1946 Kennan’s long telegram and Novikov telegram Capitalism – Ideology followed by USA. Believed

1947 Truman Doctrine and Marshall plan launched individuals should be able to become privately 1947 Setting up of Cominform wealthy. Private ownership of industry. 1948 Beginning of Berlin blockade 1948 Setting up of Comecon The breakdown in trust - Ideological differences and the 1949 End of Berlin blockade atomic bomb had made relations between the

1949 Formation of Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) superpowers worse. The USA saw the Soviet Union as a 1949 Formation of German Democratic Republic (East Germany) threat to its economic interests in Europe. The Soviet 1949 Formation of NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation) Union feared and resented the USA’s nuclear monopoly,

1955 Setting up of Warsaw Pact which did not end until 1949. 1956 Soviet invasion of Hungary Satellite states – Between 1947 and 1949, the Soviet Union spread its sphere of influence to neighbouring Key Figures countries. Countries like Poland and Hungary became Franklin D Roosevelt President of USA until 1945 ‘satellite states’ under the control of the Soviet Union. Josef Stalin Leader of USSR until 1953 This increased tension between the superpowers. Harry S Truman President of USA from 1945-1953 George F Kennan US Ambassador to USSR QR code – Video on Nikolai Novikov Soviet Ambassador to USA conferences Nikita Khrushchev Leader of USSR from 1953-1964 Winston Churchill Prime Minister of UK 40-45 and 51-55 Clement Atlee Prime Minister of UK 1945-1951 The origins of the Cold War, 1941 -58

Germany and the Cold War - the Allies were unable to agree about The Truman Doctrine - President Truman said that it was America’s duty to prevent the spread of Germany’s future. A short-term solution, agreed at Potsdam in July 1945, was to divide the country and it’s capital, Berlin, into zones of communism throughout the world. military occupation However Berlin was deep in Soviet-controlled The Marshall plan – system of loans from USA to Germany, and divided into US, British, French and Soviet zones. In European countries to help recovery from WWII. June 1948 the Soviet Union closed all road, rail and canal links into West Berlin to force the western allies to give their zones of Berlin The USA was determined to stop the spread of to the Soviets. communism, and the Soviet Union was determined to West Berlin couldn’t last for many days without supplies. It looked defend itself against Western attack. Europe was like the Western powers would have to pull out of Berlin. In the centre of this ideological ‘battleground’. The response the Western allies organised a airlift – between 26 June Truman Doctrine and the Marshall plan increased 1948 and 30 September 1949 thousands of tonnes of supplies were tension between the superpowers. flown daily into Berlin. The Soviet invasion of Hungary, 1956 – The new prime minister of Comecon – Organisation coordinating economies of Hungary, Imre Nagy, wanted reform, including for Hungary to leave Soviet satellite states. the Warsaw pact. Khrushchev disapproved of Nagy’s reforms and in 1956 Soviet troops invaded Hungary. The USA supported Hungary’s Cominform – Organisation to exchange information uprising – with money, medical aid and words but couldn’t send between Soviet satellite states. troops because this would risk nuclear war. Hungary was on its own against the Soviet Union. Satellite states saw that the USA would not NATO –Military defence organization for Western defend them against the Soviet Union. Soviet control retightened nations. across Eastern Europe.

Western Europe was now in one camp. It was linked to the USA. QR code – video on Hungarian Uprising Vs

Eastern Europe was now in one camp. It was tied to the Soviet Union as satellite states.

The Cold War crises, 1958 -70

Key Events

1958 Khrushchev’s Berlin ultimatum Containment – US policy of opposing expansion of 1960 Paris Summit Communism into non-communist countries. 1961 Construction of the Berlin Wall 1961 Bay of Pigs invasion Warsaw Pact – A military association between 1962 The Cuban Missile Crisis Soviet Union and satellite states.

1963 President Kennedy’s visit to West Berlin A divided Berlin – After the war, Germany was divided into 1963 Hotline set up between Washington and Moscow four zones and its capital city, Berlin, was also divided into 1963 The Limited Test Ban Treaty four. The divided city became a focus for the Cold War. 1967 Six Day War 1968 The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty The refugee problem in Berlin – Between 1949 and 1961, 1968 The Prague Spring and Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia 2.7 million East Germans crossed from the East to the 1969 Jan Palach sets fire to himself in Prague West in berlin. The population of West German increased while the economy benefitted from an influx of skilled

workers. Many left for the West, leaving the East with a skills shortage. This is known as the ‘brain drain’.

Key Figures Khrushchev’s Berlin Ultimatum (November 1958) - This stated that all Berlin belonged to East Germany and that Nikita Khrushchev Leader of USSR from 1953-1964 occupying troops must leave in six months. This led to a Dwight Eisenhower President of USA from 1953-1961 series of summit meetings between the superpowers. The John F Kennedy President of USA from 1961-1963 Soviet Union and USA started negotiations to sort out the Lyndon B Johnson President of USA from 1963-1968 Berlin problem, but they broke down. Khrushchev’s th Richard Nixon President of USA from 1968-1974 solution was the berlin Wall. On 12 August 1961, East Fidel Castro Leader of Cuba from 1959 to 2011 German troops erected a barbed wire fence around the Alexander Dubcek Chairman of Slovak Communist party city. The fence eventually became a heavily guarded wall. Leonid Brezhnev Leader of USSR from 1964 to 1982 Soviet tanks were deployed to stop Western access to the East. While the construction of the Berlin Wall affected relations between the Soviet Union and the United States, it made war over Berlin less likely.

‘A wall is better than a war’ JFK The Cold War crises, 1958 -70

Czechoslovakia and the Prague Spring – Like in Hungary, a relaxation The Cuban Missile Crisis: origins - Before 1959 Cuba of control in Czechoslovakia – led to a challenge to Soviet authority. was very closely linked to the USA, for example, there were lots of US-owned businesses. Cuba had a The new leader of Czechoslovakia, Alexander Dubcek wanted to socialist revolution in 1959 and the USA refused to make communism better and easier to live under. His reforms deal with the new government. Instead, Cuba resulted in the ‘Prague Spring’ – a period of increased political started to build economic links with the Soviet freedom and lots of criticism of communism.

Union. The relationship between Cuba and USA Brezhnev now had a dilemma: military action would damage the deteriorated. The CIA convinced President Kennedy Soviet Union’s reputation. On the other hand, if he did nothing, that a US-backed invasion of Cuba, designed to expectations would rise and the whole Eastern bloc might collapse. overthrow Castro, could solve the problem. The Brezhnev Doctrine and Soviet control in Czechoslovakia –

th The Bay of Pigs incident – 17 April 1961 -A 1400 Brezhnev could not accept Dubcek’s reforms and the Soviet Union strong Us-backed force invaded Cuba to overthrow invaded Czechoslovakia in August 1968. Brezhnev then established Castro but 20,000 of Castro’s troops were waiting. the Brezhnev doctrine. In August 1968, the Soviet Union sent tanks The US-backed troops surrendered. Castro to Prague and Dubcek was arrested. The Brezhnev doctrine declared announced he was a communist. Cuba and the Soviet that the Soviet Union had the right to invade any Eastern bloc country threatening the security of the Eastern bloc as a whole. Union started building closer ties. Therefore, other Eat European states, such as Poland or Hungary, were required to rigidly stick to Soviet-style communism or risk invasion themselves. Cuban Missile Crisis – When the USA discovered the Soviet Union’s missile sites on Cuba, the USA was torn on how best to respond: attack while it could or do everything possible to avoid war. Kennedy chose QR code – video on the Cuban Missile Crisis peace.

During the crisis the world came very close to nuclear war. There was a need to ensure this didn’t happen again, so relations between the superpowers actually improved.

The end of the Cold War, 1970 -91

Key Events

1972 SALT I signed Détente in the 1970’s – Détente, meaning the relaxing 1974 Nixon visits Moscow of tension between rivals, was used to describe the 1975 Helsinki Agreements relationship between the USA and Soviet Union in the 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan later 1960’s and 1970’s. 1980 USA boycotts Moscow Olympics 1983 Reagan announced the Strategic Defence Initiative SALT 1 – Superpowers agreed to limit the number of nuclear weapons they had. 1984 USSR boycotts Los Angeles Olympics 1985 Reagan and Gorbachev first meeting at Geneva 1975 Helsinki conferences – Representatives from 35 1986 Reagan and Gorbachev meet in Reykjavik countries including the superpowers agreed on security 1987 Intermediate Nuclear Forces Treaty issues, cooperation, human rights and boarders. 1989 Pulling down of the Berlin Wall SALT 2 and the failure of détente – SALT 2 was an arms control 1990 Conventional Armed Forces in Europe Treaty (CFE) agreement that marked the end of détente. The treaty was 1990 Collapse of the Soviet Union never ratified due to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979. 1991 START Treaty signed between Gorbachev and Bush 1991 Gorbachev resigns The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan – Brezhnev gambled that the USA wouldn’t do anything if the Soviet Union clamped down on trouble in Afghanistan. But the US

reaction revived the Cold War and put an end to détente. Key Figures

Richard Nixon President of USA from 1968-1974 Leonid Brezhnev Leader of USSR from 1964 to 1982 Jimmy Carter President of USA from 1977-1981 Ronald Reagan President of USA from 1981-1989 Mikhail Gorbachev Leader of USSR from 1985 to 1991 George H Bush President of USA from 1989-1993 Erich Honecker Leader of GDR from 1971 to 1989 QR code – Video on Détente The end of the Cold War, 1970 -91

The Consequences of the Soviet invasion of The loosening Soviet grip on Eastern Europe - in 1985, Gorbachev

Afghanistan –the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan became leader of the Soviet Union. He recognised that the Soviet marked an end to détente and the start of the Union could not win the Cold War; together he and Reagan would ‘Second Cold War’. It led to the Carter Doctrine and bring the Cold War to an end within a few years. the Olympic boycotts of 1980 and 1984. Gorbachev’s reforms spread out from the Soviet Union to Eastern The Carter Doctrine, January 1980-threatened to bloc countries, but not quite as he intended. Instead of making the Soviet system work better, the countries wanted to become use force if the Soviet Union attempted to take independent. control of the Persian Gulf. The US imposed economic sanctions on the Soviet Union. In this way In December 1988 Gorbachev announced the end of the Brezhnev the USA ceased cooperating with the Soviet Union Doctrine and by December 1989 in all old Eastern bloc countries a non-communist government had come to power. and began to confront it instead. The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan persuaded many Americans The fall of the Berlin Wall – that the Soviet Union could not be trusted. This helped lead to the election of President Reagan. He The fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989 led to the reunification was an anti-communist with a hard-line attitude of Germany and the end of Soviet control in Eastern Europe. towards the Soviet Union. The significance of the fall of the berlin Wall for superpower Reagan and the ‘Second Cold War’ – Between 1979 relations – and 1984, relations between the USA and the Soviet The end of the Warsaw Pact in July 1991. Union deteriorated. Reagan believed the USA had a ‘mission from God’ to win the Cold War. He even The withdrawal of Soviet troops from Eastern Europe from 1990 described the Soviet Union as an ‘evil empire’. onwards.

Reagan’s Strategic Defence Initiative (SDI) – NATO continued to exist but expanded to include former members of the Warsaw Pact. Previously, nuclear strategy was based on MAD. Reagan wanted to win the Cold War, so he launched At the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START), the USA and Soviet SDI, known as ‘Star Wars’; a system of lasers and Union agreed to reduce nuclear warheads by about a third. mirrors in space which could destroy Soviet Missiles The break-up of the Eastern bloc was followed by the break-up of before they reached the USA. ‘Star Wars’ badly the Soviet Union. In December 1991, Gorbachev dissolved the Soviet damaged the East-West relations. Union and resigned. The Cold War was over.

Elizabeth: Exam Structure, tips and hints Useful Links - Revision guide: Superpower Relations and the Cold War 1941- 1991 Que Marks Key Words You need to… stion Num ber 1 2 X 4 Explain two  Ensure that you focus on marks consequences consequences only; don’t tell the of… story of the event  Think about how each event had an impact on relations between the USA and the USSR 2 8 Write a  Write three paragraphs about the

marks narrative event: causes, what happened and account the consequences analysing…  Write the paragraphs in chronological order. Your answer Example questions The question should have a beginning, a middle Q1 Explain two consequences of the decisions made by the Grand will have two and an end. hint bullet  Link each paragraph to the next Alliance at the Yalta Conference in February 194 points using phrases such as ‘this caused…’; Q2 Write a narrative account analysing the key events of the Berlin this led to…’; ‘this was important Crisis, 1948–49. because…’ You may use the following in your answer: 3 2 X 8 You will be  Write an explanation of how an marks given a choice event was important (X2) • Stalin’s fears here. Choose  Focus on what difference the event • The Berlin Airlift two of the three made to whatever is the focus of the You must also use information of your own. questions that question. Q3 3 Explain two of the following: you feel most confident • The importance of the events in Hungary in 1956 for the development about. of the Cold War. Explain the • The importance of the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia (1968) for importance of … relations between the US and the Soviet Union. for the development of • The importance of Gorbachev’s ‘new thinking’ for Soviet control of the Cold War Eastern Europe.