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El Carbón Del Grano De Arroz En Colombia: Una Revisión

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El Carbón Del Grano De Arroz En Colombia: Una Revisión ISSN 0568-3076 agron. 22 (2): 35 - 47, 2014 EL CARBÓN DEL GRANO DE ARROZ EN COLOMBIA: UNA REVISIÓN Lilliana Hoyos-Carvajal*, Alexander Marín Pavas** * Profesora Asociada, Universidad Nacional de Colombia sede Medellín, Colombia. Autor para correspondencia: [email protected] ** Estudiante Ingeniería Agronómica, Universidad Nacional de Colombia sede Medellín, Colombia. Recibido: enero 22 de 2014 ; aprobado: febrero 13 de 2014 RESUMEN ABSTRACT El carbón del grano de arroz, enfermedad que ataca los KERNEL SMUT OF RICE IN COLOMBIA: granos, se registra en las diferentes zonas productoras de A REVIEW arroz en el mundo; causando pérdidas económicas que oscilan entre el 1 y el 40 % de la producción; su daño puede ocurrir, incluso, a bajos niveles de la enfermedad, en Kernel smut of rice, a disease that attacks the grains, is procesos de parbolizado en el cual las teliosporas de este registered in different rice producing areas in the world patógeno manchan el grano y de esta forma no es apto para causing economic losses ranging from 1 to 40% of the consumo humano. Al presente existe controversia sobre la production. Its damage can occur even at low levels of identidad de la especie que causa el carbón del arroz, pues the disease in parboiling processes in which teliospores of T. horrida y T. barclayana aún siguen siendo tratados como the pathogen stain the grains, and thus make them not fit sinónimos por varios autores y protocolos fitosanitarios. for human consumption. At present there is controversy El debate se encuentra en las evidencias de separaciones about the identity of the species that causes kernel smut en clados obtenidas mediante técnicas enzimáticas y de of rice since T. horrida and T. barclayana are still viewed as secuenciamiento de algunas regiones genéticas, aunque su synonyms by some authors and by international phytosani- coincidencia con rango de hospederos únicos no ha sido tary protocols. The debate is on evidence of separations in determinada con precisión pues aspectos fundamentales clades obtained by enzymatic and sequence techniques in en pruebas de patogenicidad, variabilidad y posibles some genetic regions, though its coincidence with range of grados de virulencia siguen sin aclararse. Al ser esta una unique hosts has not been accurately determined because especie objeto de reportes recientes en Colombia se hace fundamental aspects of pathogenicity tests, variability necesario conocer su identidad precisa, ya que mediante las and possible degrees of virulence remain unclear. As it is crecientes importaciones de grano de arroz puede ser o ha a species of recent reports in Colombia, it is necessary to sido introducida; mientras que su impacto en campo aún know its precise identity because, by increasing imports se desconoce. Para ello es necesario que las comunidades, of grain of rice, the fungus can be or has been introduced regiones o bloques comerciales transnacionales puedan while its impact on the field is unknown. This requires that tener protocolos adecuados a las particularidades del communities, regions or transnational trading blocs may género Tilletia, mencionadas en esta revisión, las cuales have appropriate protocols to the particularities of the permitan cubrir aspectos de seguridad fitosanitaria y genus Tilletia mentioned in this review, allowing coverage alimentaria en las regiones. of phytosanitary and food security aspects. Palabras clave: Tilletia horrida, Tilletia barclayana, Oryza, Key words: Tilletia horrida, Tilletia barclayana, Oryza, taxonomía. taxonomy. Hoyos-Carvajal, L. & Marín Pavas, A. 2014. El carbón del grano de arroz en Colombia: una revisión. Revista Agronomía. 22 (2): 35-47. 36 Lilliana Hoyos-Carvajal, Alexander Marín Pavas INTRODUCCIÓN Para esta enfermedad las pérdidas de rendimiento reportadas antes de 1970 en boletines de agricultura El arroz (Oryza sativa L.) es el alimento básico para locales eran de 2 a 5 % en Mandalay (Myanmar, más de la mitad de la población mundial y representa en 1933) (Ou, 1985) y Carolina del Sur (Arkansas, alrededor del 20 % de la energía total ingerida (IRRI, EE.UU.) con valores entre <1 a 15 % a principios 2007). Una de las limitantes que restringen la expan- del siglo XX (Lanoiselet & Cother, 2008). sión de las áreas de siembra, e incrementan los costos por insumos y responden por los bajos rendimientos, Por su parte, Royer y Rytter (1988) recogen la co- son las enfermedades de origen biótico. En el mundo municación personal de Whitney en la cual se afirma se estima que las plagas, entendidas como problemas que los costos de la enfermedad en Texas (EE.UU.) causados por insectos, ácaros y microorganismos, eran de US$ 15 millones para 1968 y 12 años más destruyen cerca del 37 % de la producción de arroz tarde de US$ 1,2 millones. Para 2006, en un boletín (Oerke, 2006; Webster, 1992). Dentro de los micro- local en Brasil, se reportan niveles de disminución de organismos esta planta es afectada por bacterias, productividad de un 10 al 40 % (Zemolin et al., 2009). hongos, virus, micoplasmas y nematodos; y estos, A pesar de esto, solo como caso excepcional, en Ar- según el escenario de manejo, pueden llegar a causar kansas (EE.UU.) ha alcanzado grados epidémicos de pérdidas que oscilan entre el 20 y el 70 % (Fahad et forma esporádica (Brooks et al., 2009); no siendo esto al., 2014). Según Farr y Rossman (2013), 560 especies consistente con los reportes mencionados por Royer fungosas se encuentran asociadas al cultivo del arroz y Rytter (1988) dados los costos de esta enfermedad a nivel mundial; dentro de estas se encuentra Tilletia para otro Estado del mismo país. No obstante hay horrida, agente causal del carbón del grano de arroz. que tener en cuenta que estos reportes hacen alusión a T. barclayana, la cual se asume como sinónimos de T. Esta enfermedad se describió en Japón en 1896 por horrida; asunto mencionado con anterioridad. Takahasi (Ou, 1985); a principios de 1900, el carbón del arroz se consideraba generalizado en Asia orien- El impacto económico en la producción de arroz tal y meridional y se había reportado en India, Java, causado por T. horrida se hace evidente en el proceso Tailandia y China. En Estados Unidos se registró de parbolizado, que consiste en precocer el grano; en casi simultáneamente al Japón, en 1898, en Carolina este, la cocción libera esporas en el agua que se im- del Sur. La introducción al continente americano, se pregnan en granos sanos tiñéndolos de color oscuro presume, sucedió a través de importaciones de semilla debido al pigmento de las teliosporas y deteriorando de arroz japonés (Carris et al., 2006; Ou, 1985). En la calidad de estos (Lanoiselet & Cother, 2008; Brooks 1920 apareció en las Filipinas mediante la misma vía et al., 2009); por tanto, se han establecido niveles de llegada que a EE.UU. Hoy en día este patógeno está de tolerancia estrictos de menos del 3 %; valor por presente en Asia, Australasia y Oceanía, en Europa encima del cual el grano no puede ser parbolizado; (Grecia), Centroamérica (Belice, Cuba, Nicaragua, por lo que el carbón del arroz puede llegar a tener Panamá y Trinidad), Centro (México) y Suramérica repercusiones económicas, incluso a niveles bajos de (Brasil, Guyana, Surinam y Venezuela), Norteamérica la enfermedad (USDA, 1995). (EE.UU. y México) y en África (Sierra Leona) (Cárca- mo-Rodríguez et al., 2009; Carris et al., 2006; Ou, 1985; Desde finales de los años 90 en los EE.UU. se han Ribeiro et al., 1973; Zemolin et al., 2009). El carbón introducido híbridos con diferentes niveles de re- del arroz causado por T. horrida es considerado una sistencia a T. horrida con resultados variables en el enfermedad menor, aunque persistente en las áreas tiempo; sin embargo, las bases de la resistencia a arroceras del mundo y afecta tanto el rendimiento esta enfermedad aún siguen siendo desconocidas como la calidad, infectando los floretes y granos del (Lanoiselet & Cother, 2008; Brooks et al., 2009). En arroz (Brooks et al., 2009; Carris et al., 2006). 37 El carbón del grano de arroz en colombia: una revisión general la incidencia del carbón del arroz es menor Tilletia barclayana (Bref.) Sacc. & P. Syd., en Saccardo, en cultivares de porte bajo, mientras que a la inversa Syll. fung. (Abellini) 14(1): 422 (1899) (Index fungo- con los de porte alto, suponiéndose que la densidad rum, 2015). del dosel de los cultivares de porte bajo pueden proteger a los floretes de los esporidios que están Sinónimos: Neovossia horrida (Takah.) Padwick & A. en la lámina de agua. Whitney (1992) afirma que el Khan, Mycol. Pap. 10: 2 (1944), Tilletia pulcherrima Ellis grado de resistencia en los diferentes tipos de granos & Galloway, en Clinton, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. está correlacionado con la duración de la antesis y el 31: 441 (1904), Neovossia pulcherrima (Ellis & Galloway tamaño de la apertura del florete, el cual es grande en ex G.P. Clinton) Vánky, Mycotaxon 38: 272 (1990), granos largos y pequeño en granos cortos. Tilletia ajrekarii Mundk., Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 23(1): 103 (1939) (Index fungorum, 2015; MycoBank, 2015). En la actualidad, y para fines comerciales y regulato- rios, en Colombia existe controversia sobre la identi- Posición taxonómica: Eukaryota, Fungi, Basi- dad de la especie que causa el carbón del arroz puesto diomycota, Ustilaginomycotina, Exobasidiomycetes, que T. horrida y T. barclayana son sinónimos para Exobasidiomycetidae, Tilletiales, Tilletiaceae (Index algunos autores, por ejemplo: Duran & Fischer (1961) fungorum, 2015; MycoBank, 2015). en la monografía de Tilletia, que es el documento de consulta base para este taxa y la referencia a partir de Tilletia se halla ubicado en el orden Tilletiales junto con la cual se escriben documentos de cuarentena como los géneros Neovossia, Conidiosporomyces, Erratomyces, el procedimiento NRMF 21 de la North American Ingoldiomyces, Oberwinkleria, Salmacisia y Tilletia (Castle- Plant Protection Organization (NAPPO, 2014) y la bury et al., 2005; Chandra & Huff, 2008); todos estos norma NIMF 27 de la Convención Internacional de atacan a la familia Poaceae; excepto Erratomyces, que Protección Fitosanitaria (CIPF, 2014).
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