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Environmental Stewardship by Microalgae: Air and Water Juhyon Kang Iowa State University

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Environmental Stewardship by Microalgae: Air and Water Juhyon Kang Iowa State University Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Graduate Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2015 Environmental stewardship by microalgae: air and water Juhyon Kang Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Part of the Environmental Engineering Commons, and the Natural Resources Management and Policy Commons Recommended Citation Kang, Juhyon, "Environmental stewardship by microalgae: air and water" (2015). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 14570. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/14570 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Environmental stewardship by microalgae - air and water by Juhyon Kang A dissertation submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Co-majors: Food Science and Technology; Biorenewable Resources & Technology Program of Study Committee: Zhiyou Wen, Major Professor Tong Wang Byron F. Brehm-Stecher Hongwei Xin Jacek A. Koziel Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2015 Copyright © Juhyon Kang, 2015. All rights reserved. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLDEGEMENTS ............................................................................................................ v ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................. vii CHAPTER 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION ............................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................................ 2 1. Microalgae ............................................................................................................................... 2 1.1. Introduction of microalgae ............................................................................................... 2 1.2. Application of microalgae ................................................................................................ 3 2. Effect of CO 2 and nitrogen (ammonia) to microalgae cultivation .......................................... 4 2.1. Role of CO 2 in microalgae cultivation ............................................................................. 4 2.2. Ammonia as a nitrogen source ....................................................................................... 10 3. Astaxanthin production from microalgae .............................................................................. 12 3.1. Chemistry of astaxanthin: Origin and effectiveness ....................................................... 12 3.2. Biosynthesis of astaxanthin ............................................................................................ 16 3.3. Production of astaxanthin ............................................................................................... 20 4. Wastewater treatment ............................................................................................................ 24 4.1. Overall wastewater treatment procedure ........................................................................ 24 4.2. Current phosphorus removal methods ............................................................................ 27 References ................................................................................................................................. 31 CHAPTER 3. USE OF MICROALGAE FOR MITIGATING AMMONIA AND CO 2 EMISSIONS FROM ANIMAL PRODUCTION OPERATIONS – EVALUATION OF GAS REMOVAL EFFICIENCY AND ALGAL BIOMASS COMPOSITION ................................... 41 ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................. 41 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 42 2. Materials and Methods .......................................................................................................... 44 2.1 Cell species and growth conditions ................................................................................. 44 2.2 Experimental set up ......................................................................................................... 45 2.3 Evaluation of ammonia and CO 2 mitigation efficiencies by algal cultures ..................... 46 2.4. Microalgae cell composition analysis ............................................................................. 47 2.5. Statistical analysis........................................................................................................... 47 iii 3. Results and Discussion .......................................................................................................... 48 3.1 Cell growth performance ................................................................................................. 48 3.2 Ammonia gas removal by the algal culture system ......................................................... 50 3.3 CO 2 gas removal by the algal culture system .................................................................. 51 3.4 Biomass chemical composition ....................................................................................... 52 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 56 References ................................................................................................................................. 57 CHAPTER 4. ASTAXANTHIN PRODUCTION FROM HAEMATOCOCCUS PLUVIALIS USING AMMONIA GAS FROM ANIMAL PRODUCTION OPERATIONS .......................... 70 ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................. 70 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 71 2. Materials and Methods ......................................................................................................... 73 2.1. Cell seed and culture medium ........................................................................................ 73 2.2. Photobioreactor set up .................................................................................................... 74 2.3. Ammonia feeding strategies ........................................................................................... 75 2.4. Induction of astaxanthin accumulation ........................................................................... 75 2.5. Analyses.......................................................................................................................... 77 2.6. Statistical analysis........................................................................................................... 78 3. Results and discussion ........................................................................................................... 78 3.1. Effect of initial pH on the cell growth and astaxanthin production ................................ 78 3.2. Cell growth and astaxanthin production of H. pluvialis under different N sources ....... 79 3.3. Cell growth and astaxanthin production using ammonia gas as nitrogen source ........... 80 3.4. Cell growth and astaxanthin production under different ammonia feeding strategies ... 83 3.5. Induction of astaxanthin from vegetative cells grown in ammonia gas culture ............. 84 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 85 References ................................................................................................................................. 86 CHAPTER 5. PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL DYNAMICS IN REVOLVING MICROALGAL BIOFILM SYSTEMS TREATING WASTEWATER ................................................................. 97 ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................. 97 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 98 2. Materials and methods ........................................................................................................ 100 iv 2.1. Algae cell strain and preparation .................................................................................. 100 2.2. RAB configuration and operation................................................................................. 101 2.3. Analytical methods ....................................................................................................... 103 2.4. Statistical analysis......................................................................................................... 104 3. Result and discussions ......................................................................................................... 104 3.1. Characterization of the different wastewater streams ................................................... 104 3.2. Cell growth of different wastewater streams ...............................................................
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