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Exploration of Algal Varieties from Panikhaiti Area of Guwahati Using Winogradsky Column

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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(3): 1195-1204 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 6 Number 3 (2017) pp. 1195-1204 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.603.139 Exploration of Algal Varieties from Panikhaiti Area of Guwahati using Winogradsky Column Sushma Gurumayum* and Sushree Sangita Senapati Department of Microbiology, College of Allied Health Sciences, Assam down town University, Panikhaiti, Guwahati – 781026, Assam, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT An attempt has been made to explore different types of algae from Panikhaiti area of K e yw or ds Guwahati, Assam using Winogradsky column. In order to prepare Winogradsy column, soil and water samples were collected from different locations. A transparent, clear plastic Winogradsky bottle was taken and filled with 500g of soil and over layered with 500ml of water sample. colu mn; Micro The columns were enriched with different carbon and nitrogen supplements. They were algae; Soil; covered with plastic sheets and few holes were punctured on them. These were incubated Panikhaiti . at room temperature (±28°C) in presence of sunlight. One column was kept covered with dark paper and kept in dark as control. Observations were made weekly, for development Article Info of algal growth and microbial communities over a period of 12 months. A gradual change Accepted: in colour of column and also on the water layer was observed over the course of incubation 20 February 2017 period. The columns started showing stratified micro ecosystems with an oxic top layer Available Online: 10 March 2017 and anoxic sub-surface layers. Algal growth prominently appeared in all the columns. The algal specimens belonged to 18 genera which included members of class Cyanophyceae, Zygnematophyceae, Ulvophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Bacillariophyceae and Euglenoidea. Introduction Algae are found in varied habitats ranging headquarter of Panikhaiti village. The total from wetlands, water bodies and moist soil of geographical area of village is 304.74 forest areas. Algae play important role in hectares. Panikhaiti has a total population of ecosystem as primary producers and a lot of 3,817. Guwahati is nearest town to Panikhaiti industrially significant products have been which is approximately 15km away. The developed using them. Nowadays, algae are present study covers some of the village area also desirable entities for study of carbon as well as some of the surrounding forest area. sequestration. Thus, there is a requirement to In this study, an attempt has been made to study and document the varieties of algae gather information about the algal varieties in occurring in various ecological niches and these locations. This will add to the pool of specific geographical areas. Panikhaiti village existing information about algae diversity is located in Chandrapur Tehsil of Kamrup present in Assam. Till now there is no work Metropolitan district in Assam, India. It is on detailed investigation of algal diversity in situated 15km away from district headquarter Panikhaiti area of Guwahati, Assam. Chandrapur. Chandrapur is the sub-district 1195 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(3): 1195-1204 Materials and Methods Morpho-taxonomic descriptions of the different varieties of algae studied from these The study was conducted for a year from Winogradsky columns are given as follows. August, 2015 to Aug, 2016. Water and soil samples were collected from different areas of Chroococcus Panikhaiti region, Guwahati. Using these soil samples, Winogradsky columns were Kingdom: Bacteria prepared. In each of the columns, the soil was Phylum: Cyanobacteria supplemented with different carbon and Class: Cyanophyceae nitrogen sources. 500gm of soil mixed with Order: Chroococcales these supplements were overlayered with Family: Chroococcaceae water sample. These columns were covered Genus: Chroococcus with transparent plastic sheets with holes punched in them and incubated at room Chroococcus is a kind of Cyanobacteria temperature in presence of sunlight. found in freshwater. It is unicellular blue - Observations were recorded after every seven green algae. Microscopic colonies are found days. Samples of algal growth from: a) upper within an external sheath. They are usually water layer, b) biofilm on walls of the column found in colonies inside a transparent and c) surface of soil in the column were protective covering sheath which contains collected. Wet mounts of algal samples were photosynthetic pigments. It inhabits prepared and observed under bright field light underwater environments like sludge of lake microscope. and river bottoms. For photosynthesis, the algae use an extensive quantity of Results and Discussion atmospheric carbon creating free oxygen in the atmosphere. Changes were observed in the Winogradsky column around 7th day of incubation. Initially, Oscillatoria the growth of algae was seen in the upper water layer as well as on the sides of the Kingdom: Bacteria column as a biofilm. As the number of Phylum: Cyanobacteria incubation days increased, layer of growth Class: Cyanophyceae was also seen on surface of soil in the Order: Nostocales columns. Figure 1 shows the different Family: Oscillatoriaceae columns with algal growth in them. Along Genus: Oscillatoria with the algal growth, the underlying layers of soil also developed different hues of colours Oscillatoria is a filamentous blue-green or showing growth of different groups of brown-green cyanobacterium. It is named bacteria. after the oscillation in its movement. It reproduces by fragmentation. It can form long The algal specimens observed in the columns filaments of cells which can break into belonged to 18 genera which included fragments called hormogonia. The members of class Cyanophyceae, hormogonia can grow into a new, longer Zygnematophyceae, Ulvophyceaea, filament. Each filament consists of trichome Chlorophyceae, Bacillariophyceae and which is made up of rows of cells and the tip Euglenoidea (Table 1). of the trichome oscillates like a pendulum. 1196 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(3): 1195-1204 This gives the filaments easier mobility in all Anabaena directions. It is also able to fix nitrogen. Kingdom: Bacteria Phormidium Phylum: Cyanobacteria Class: Hormogoneae Kingdom: Bacteria Order: Nostocales Phylum: Cyanobacteria Family: Nostocaceae Class: Cyanophyceae Genus: Anabaena Order: Oscillatoriales Family: Phormidiaceae Anabaena is a filamentous cyanobacteria and Genus: Phormidium exists as plankton. Cells are attached to form unbranched filaments which may appear It is unbranched and occurs usually in fine, randomly twisted and coiled or entangled smooth and layered filaments. Filaments are with numerous other filaments. Vegetative short cylindrical cells in a fine sheath and cells may be spherical to oblong with granular glide within the sheath. Sheaths are tube-like, contents and conspicuous, refractive firm, colourless, joined to the trichomes, pseudovacuoles. They fix nitrogen. They opened at the ends, containing always only show symbiotic relationships with certain one trichome. Trichomes are isopolar, plants. They form heterocysts which straight, coiled, usually 2-12 μm wide, convert nitrogen into ammonia. Certain uniserial, unbranched, composed of species of Anabaena have been used as cylindrical up to slightly barrel-shaped cells, effective natural fertilizer and found to be screw-like twisted towards the ends, motile productive on rice paddy fields. within and out of sheaths. End cells are tapered, with a calyptra on the terminal cell. Microcoleus Tapering may extend several cells from the end. Organelles absent from the cells, but Kingdom: Eubacteria vesicles are common. They form mats which Phylum: Cyanobacteria may be dark brown, green, purple or blue- Class: Cyanophyceae green. They can survive in streams as well as Order: Oscillatoriales rivers. Family: Microcoleaceae Genus: Microcoleus Lyngbya The organism is a terrestrial species which Kingdom: Bacteria has filaments and are often in an interwoven Phylum: Cyanobacteria mat of densely entangled trichomes in one Order: Oscillatoriales sheath. Trichomes are found arranged Genus: Lyngbya parallelly or rope-like. Sometimes only one trichome in terminal branches is present The organisms are filamentous. They share which is known as pseudo-branching, sheath the entire range of cellular types with is colorless, diffluent, varying in thickness, oscillatoria. They also produce a distinct and not lamellated, with rough with uneven persistent sheath. The sheath is thin and surface. Trichomes attenuate at the ends. End extends beyond the terminal cell of the cells are capitate, mainly with calyptras, trichome. The trichome diameters range from bluntly-rounded, conical, hemispherical or 1µm to about 80 µm. Trichomes are usually obtuse-conical. Trichomes are pale blue- nonmotile within the sheath. 1197 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(3): 1195-1204 green, dirty green or olive-green, long, not conjugation. Zygote within the conjugation constricted at cross-walls. tube extends into both gametangia. Mature zygospores spherical to quadrate, or Pseudanabaena polygonal, with smooth or papillate outer surface and smooth mesospore wall layer. Kingdom: Eubacteria Mesotaenium resides mostly often as small Phylum: Cyanobacteria gelatinous masses among mosses, or on moist Class: Cyanophyceae soil or rocks; occasioanlly in acidic, Order: Synechococcales oligotrophic, aquatic
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  • Of New Zealand Alpine Algae for the Production of Secondary

    Of New Zealand Alpine Algae for the Production of Secondary

    ISOLATION, CHARACTERISTATION AND SCREENING OF NEW ZEALAND ALPINE ALGAE FOR THE PRODUCTION OF SECONDARY METABOLITES IN PHOTOBIOREACTORS A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Chemical and Process Engineering University of Canterbury By KISHORE GOPALAKRISHNAN Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand 2015 i DEDICATED TO MY BELOVED FATHER MR GOPALAKRISHNAN SUBRAMANIAN. ii ABSTRACT This inter-disciplinary thesis is concerned with the production of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) from newly isolated and identified alpine microalgae, and the optimization of the temperature, photon flux density (PFD), and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration for their mass production in an airlift photobioreactor (AL-PBR). Thirteen strains of microalgae were isolated from the alpine zone in Canyon Creek, Canterbury, New Zealand. Ten species were characterized by traditional means, including ultrastructure, and subjected to phylogenetic analysis to determine their relationships with other strains. Because alpine algae are exposed to extreme conditions, and such as those that favor the production of secondary metabolites, it was hypothesized that alpine strains could be a productive source of PUFAs. Fatty acid (FA) profiles were generated from seven of the characterized strains and three of the uncharacterized strains. Some taxa from Canyon Creek were already identified from other alpine and polar zones, as well as non-alpine zones. The strains included relatives of species from deserts, one newly published taxon, and two probable new species that await formal naming. All ten distinct species identified were chlorophyte green algae, with three belonging to the class Trebouxiophyceae and seven to the class Chlorophyceae.