DOCSLIB.ORG

Phylogenetic Position of the Phacotaceae Within the Chlamydophyceae As Revealed by Analysis of 18S Rdna and Rbcl Sequences

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Phylogenetic Position of the Phacotaceae Within the Chlamydophyceae As Revealed by Analysis of 18S Rdna and Rbcl Sequences J Mol Evol (1998) 47:420–430 © Springer-Verlag New York Inc. 1998 Phylogenetic Position of the Phacotaceae Within the Chlamydophyceae as Revealed by Analysis of 18S rDNA and rbcL Sequences D. Hepperle,1 H. Nozaki,2 S. Hohenberger,3 V.A.R. Huss,3 E. Morita,2 L. Krienitz1 1 Institute of Freshwater Ecology & Inland Fisheries, Department of Limnology of Stratified Lakes, Alte Fischerhu¨tte 2, D-16775 Neuglobsow, Germany 2 University of Tokyo, Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113, Japan 3 University of Erlangen, Institute of Botany and Pharmaceutical Biology, Staudtstr. 5, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany Received: 9 June 1997 / Accepted: 17 October 1997 Abstract. Four genera of the Phacotaceae (Phacotus, and ഛ86.6% in the rbcL gene. It showed major similari- Pteromonas, Wislouchiella, Dysmorphococcus), a family ties to the 18S rDNA of Dunaliella salina, with 95.3%, of loricated green algal flagellates within the Volvocales, and to the rbcL sequence of Chlamydomonas tetragama, were investigated by means of transmission electron mi- with 90.3% sequence homology. Additionally, the croscopy and analysis of the nuclear encoded small- Phacotaceae sensu stricto exclusively shared 10 (rbcL: 4) subunit ribosomal RNA (18S rRNA) genes and the plas- characters which were present neither in other Chlam- tid-encoded rbcL genes. Additionally, the 18S rDNA of ydomonadales nor in Dysmorphococcus globosus. Dif- Haematococcus pluvialis and the rbcL sequences of ferent phylogenetic analysis methods confirmed the hy- Chlorogonium elongatum, C. euchlorum, Dunaliella pothesis that the Phacotaceae are polyphyletic. The parva, Chloromonas serbinowii, Chlamydomonas ra- Phacotaceae sensu stricto form a stable cluster with af- diata, and C. tetragama were determined. Analysis of finities to the Dunaliellaes and possibly Haematococcus ultrastructural data justified the separation of the Phaco- pluvialis. Dysmorphococcus globosus represented an in- taceae into two groups. Phacotus, Pteromonas, and Wis- dependent lineage that is possibly related to Chlamydom- louchiella generally shared the following characters: onas moewusii and C. tetragama. egg-shaped protoplasts, a single pyrenoid with planar thylakoid double-lamellae, three-layered lorica, flagellar Key words: Phacotaceae — Volvocales — 18S rDNA channels as part of the central lorica layer, mitochondria — Phylogeny — Lorica-bearing flagellates — Green al- located in the central cytoplasm, lorica development that gae occurs in mucilaginous zoosporangia that are to be lysed, and no acid-resistant cell walls. Dysmorphococcus was clearly different in each of the characters mentioned. Direct comparison of sequences of Phacotus lenticularis, Introduction Pteromonas sp., Pteromonas protracta, and Wislouch- iella planctonica revealed DNA sequence homologies of Ettl (1983) classified the flagellated members of the ജ98.0% within the 18S gene and 93.9% within the rbcL green algae with respect to their cell walls and or- gene. D. globosus was quite different from these species, ganization into three classes: (1) Prasinophyceae— with a maximum of 92.9% homology in the 18S rRNA scale-bearing taxa (Polyblepharidales), cyst-forming Prasinophytes (Halosphaerales), and thecate taxa (Tetraselmidales); (2) Chlorophyceae—taxa without cell walls (Dunaliellales); and (3) Chlamydophyceae— Correspondence to: D. Hepperle; e-mail: [email protected] (‘‘beha¨utete’’) flagellates that have cell walls and appear 421 as unicellular (Chlamydomonadales) or multicellular perle et al. 1994; Hepperle and Krienitz 1996). This in- taxa (coenobial, ‘‘Volvocales’’). But he also mentioned dicates that the family might be polyphyletic and thus an in a previous study that Chlamydomonas seemed to be an artificial conglomerate. Although the loricae were stud- artificial genus that unified different phylogenetic lin- ied almost excessively, ultrastructural data on internal eages and had a more provisional character (Ettl 1976). morphology are scarce. This stimulated reanalyses of ul- However, this system is not consistent with analyses trastructure from different members of the Phacotaceae. based upon comparison of characteristics of the flagellar Concerning the taxonomy of the Phacotaceae it is of apparatus and molecular markers, such as 18S rDNA. interest that the genus Dysmorphococcus (Takeda 1916) Now, it is well accepted that the Prasinophytes represent was at first arranged within the ‘‘Coccomonadineae’’ at least two independent lineages of green algae and that together with Coccomonas and Pedinopera (Pascher the Tetraselmidales are to be included in the Pleurastro- 1927). At that time, Phacotus and Pteromonas were the phyceae (Steinko¨tter et al. 1994). The remaining two only members of the ‘‘Phacoteae.’’ But later the two groups, Chlamydomonadales and Volvocales, were also groups were united in a single family termed ‘‘Phacota- treated as independent lineages within the Chlorophy- ceae’’ (Bold and Starr 1953; Huber-Pestalozzi 1961; ceae by Mattox and Stewart (1984). Bourrelly 1966; Prescott 1970; Iyengar and Desikachary Studies of the nuclear-encoded small-subunit ribo- 1981). As indicated by Ettl (1983), the Phacotaceae somal RNA (18S rRNA) genes revealed that multicellu- might be divided into two groups with different lorica lar taxa (except Stephanosphaera) had a close relation- morphologies: one group is characterized by a lorica ship to some members of the Chlamydomonadales consisting of a single, uniform piece and the other by (especially to Chlamydomonas reinhardtii), whereas bivalved loricae that consist of two shell-like halves. other taxa were quite apart from these (Rausch et al. Here we present the first study on the phylogenetic relationships of the Phacotaceae based on nucleotide se- 1989; McAuley et al. 1990; Buchheim and Chapman quence and ultrastructural data from various phacotacean 1991). Analysis based on morphological and/or molecu- algae. lar data contributed to the idea that a set of coccal- organized chlorophytes also belong to the Chlamydophy- ceae, i.e., Characium vacuolatum (Wilcox et al. 1992), and Botryococcus braunii (Sawayama et al. 1995). Lewis Materials and Methods et al. (1992) compared morphological and molecular data and showed that chlorococcalean species that were char- Culture. Unialgal cultures of Pteromonas protracta (UTEX LB 647), Dysmorphococcus globosus (SAG 20-1), Wislouchiella planctonica acterized by a clockwise orientation of the basal bodies (UTEX LB 1030), Haematococcus lacustris (SAG 34-1b), Chlorogo- were also phylogenetically closely related to the nium elonagatum (IAM C-293), C. euchlorum (CCAP12/3), and Chlamydophyceae. Chlamydomonas tetragama (NIES-446) were obtained from either the The Phacotaceae were regarded as a monophyletic Culture Collection at the University of Texas (UTEX; Austin, TX, USA), the Culture Collection of Algae and Protozoa (CCAP; Cumbria, group of flagellated green algae within the Volvocales. UK), the Culture Collection of the Institute of Applied Microbiology They comprise about 70 species in 15 genera (Ettl 1983). (IAM; Tokyo, Japan), the Microbial Culture Collection, National In- The family was proposed on the presence of one single, stitute for Environmental Studies (NIES; Tsukuba, Japan), or the uniting criterion: the lorica. According to Preisig et al. Sammlung von Algenkulturen (SAG; Go¨ttingen, Germany). Phacotus (1994) loricae are considered to be cell walls fitting lenticularis (KR 91/1) was isolated by L. Krienitz from Lake Tollense and Pteromonas strains (KR 91/2, KR 91/3) derived from an oxidation loosely over the body proper of the organism and not pond in Neuglobsow (Brandenburg, Germany). All algae were cultured exhibiting defined chemical compositions. At least the in 3,000-ml batch cultures and medium 7 (Schlo¨sser 1982). organic compounds of the loricae of the Phacotaceae are supposed to be of dictyosomal origin and seem to as- Ultrastructure. Cells were fixed simultaneously in a mixture of semble on the cell surface after their excretion (Walne 1.25% glutaraldehyde, 1% osmium tetroxide, and 30 mM HEPES, pH and Dunlap 1994, 1995; Hepperle and Krienitz 1996). A 7.2, at 4°C (modified from McFadden and Melkonian 1986). After two subsequent, unknown mechanism leads to mineralization rinses in distilled water at 4°C the samples were dehydrated at room temperature in an ascending acetone series. After infiltration of the of the loricae with metallic compounds, such as calcium cells in Spurr’s low-viscosity resin:acetone (2:1) for 12 h and evapo- carbonate in the case of Phacotus (Hepperle and Krienitz ration of the acetone, the samples were transferred to pure resin for 4 1997) or iron salts in Dysmorphococcus (Porcella and h (Spurr 1969). Subsequently, the samples were centrifuged and poly- Walne 1980). This process usually results in a more or merized at 60°C for 48 h. less rigid cell wall exhibiting a species- and/or genus- specific structure and shape. Most authors consider the DNA Extraction, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), and Sequenc- lorica of the Phacotaceae to be a conserved, apomorphic ing of 18S rDNA. Total DNA of cells harvested by centrifugation was characteristic (e.g., Walne and Dunlap 1994). Neverthe- obtained either by detergent treatment in 20% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) or, in the case of W. planctonica, by cell fracture in a nitrogen- less, a comparison of lorica morphology and metal com- cooled mortar and extraction in CTAB at 60°C (Doyle and Doyle position reveals extreme
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Contribution of the Calcifying Green Alga Phacotus Lenticularis to Lake Carbonate Sequestration
    Technische Universität München Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt Lehrstuhl für Aquatische Systembiologie Contribution of the calcifying green alga Phacotus lenticularis to lake carbonate sequestration Sebastian Lenz Vollständiger Abdruck der von der Fakultät Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt der Technischen Universität München zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften genehmigten Dissertation. Vorsitzender: Prof. Dr. Johannes Kollmann Prüfer der Dissertation: 1. Prof. Dr. Jürgen Geist 2. apl. Prof. Dr. Tanja Gschlößl Die Dissertation wurde am 21.01.2020 bei der Technischen Universität München eingereicht und durch die Fakultät Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt am 23.04.2020 angenommen. So remember to look up at the stars and not down at your feet. Try to make sense of what you see and wonder about what makes the universe exist. Be curious. And however difficult life may seem, there is always something you can do and succeed at. It matters that you don’t just give up. Professor Stephen Hawking (y 14 March 2018) Contents Preface 10 1 Introduction 12 1.1 Carbon cycling and carbonate-water system in alkaline lakes . 12 1.2 Biogenic calcite precipitation . 14 1.3 Calcifying phytoplankton Phacotus lenticularis . 15 1.4 Objectives . 18 1.5 Materials and Methods . 19 1.5.1 Study sites and monitoring concept . 19 1.5.2 Sampling for representative monitoring . 21 1.5.3 Carbonate measurements . 23 1.5.4 Sediment core analysis . 28 2 Calcite production by the calcifying green alga Phacotus lenticularis 31 2.1 Abstract . 31 2.2 Author contributions . 32 2.3 Introduction .
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogenetic Placement of Botryococcus Braunii (Trebouxiophyceae) and Botryococcus Sudeticus Isolate Utex 2629 (Chlorophyceae)1
    J. Phycol. 40, 412–423 (2004) r 2004 Phycological Society of America DOI: 10.1046/j.1529-8817.2004.03173.x PHYLOGENETIC PLACEMENT OF BOTRYOCOCCUS BRAUNII (TREBOUXIOPHYCEAE) AND BOTRYOCOCCUS SUDETICUS ISOLATE UTEX 2629 (CHLOROPHYCEAE)1 Hoda H. Senousy, Gordon W. Beakes, and Ethan Hack2 School of Biology, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK The phylogenetic placement of four isolates of a potential source of renewable energy in the form of Botryococcus braunii Ku¨tzing and of Botryococcus hydrocarbon fuels (Metzger et al. 1991, Metzger and sudeticus Lemmermann isolate UTEX 2629 was Largeau 1999, Banerjee et al. 2002). The best known investigated using sequences of the nuclear small species is Botryococcus braunii Ku¨tzing. This organism subunit (18S) rRNA gene. The B. braunii isolates has a worldwide distribution in fresh and brackish represent the A (two isolates), B, and L chemical water and is occasionally found in salt water. Although races. One isolate of B. braunii (CCAP 807/1; A race) it grows relatively slowly, it sometimes forms massive has a group I intron at Escherichia coli position 1046 blooms (Metzger et al. 1991, Tyson 1995). Botryococcus and isolate UTEX 2629 has group I introns at E. coli braunii strains differ in the hydrocarbons that they positions 516 and 1512. The rRNA sequences were accumulate, and they have been classified into three aligned with 53 previously reported rRNA se- chemical races, called A, B, and L. Strains in the A race quences from members of the Chlorophyta, includ- accumulate alkadienes; strains in the B race accumulate ing one reported for B.
    [Show full text]
  • Old Woman Creek National Estuarine Research Reserve Management Plan 2011-2016
    Old Woman Creek National Estuarine Research Reserve Management Plan 2011-2016 April 1981 Revised, May 1982 2nd revision, April 1983 3rd revision, December 1999 4th revision, May 2011 Prepared for U.S. Department of Commerce Ohio Department of Natural Resources National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Division of Wildlife Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management 2045 Morse Road, Bldg. G Estuarine Reserves Division Columbus, Ohio 1305 East West Highway 43229-6693 Silver Spring, MD 20910 This management plan has been developed in accordance with NOAA regulations, including all provisions for public involvement. It is consistent with the congressional intent of Section 315 of the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended, and the provisions of the Ohio Coastal Management Program. OWC NERR Management Plan, 2011 - 2016 Acknowledgements This management plan was prepared by the staff and Advisory Council of the Old Woman Creek National Estuarine Research Reserve (OWC NERR), in collaboration with the Ohio Department of Natural Resources-Division of Wildlife. Participants in the planning process included: Manager, Frank Lopez; Research Coordinator, Dr. David Klarer; Coastal Training Program Coordinator, Heather Elmer; Education Coordinator, Ann Keefe; Education Specialist Phoebe Van Zoest; and Office Assistant, Gloria Pasterak. Other Reserve staff including Dick Boyer and Marje Bernhardt contributed their expertise to numerous planning meetings. The Reserve is grateful for the input and recommendations provided by members of the Old Woman Creek NERR Advisory Council. The Reserve is appreciative of the review, guidance, and council of Division of Wildlife Executive Administrator Dave Scott and the mapping expertise of Keith Lott and the late Steve Barry.
    [Show full text]
  • Permian–Triassic Non-Marine Algae of Gondwana—Distributions
    Earth-Science Reviews 212 (2021) 103382 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Earth-Science Reviews journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/earscirev Review Article Permian–Triassic non-marine algae of Gondwana—Distributions, natural T affinities and ecological implications ⁎ Chris Maysa,b, , Vivi Vajdaa, Stephen McLoughlina a Swedish Museum of Natural History, Box 50007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden b Monash University, School of Earth, Atmosphere and Environment, 9 Rainforest Walk, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: The abundance, diversity and extinction of non-marine algae are controlled by changes in the physical and Permian–Triassic chemical environment and community structure of continental ecosystems. We review a range of non-marine algae algae commonly found within the Permian and Triassic strata of Gondwana and highlight and discuss the non- mass extinctions marine algal abundance anomalies recorded in the immediate aftermath of the end-Permian extinction interval Gondwana (EPE; 252 Ma). We further review and contrast the marine and continental algal records of the global biotic freshwater ecology crises within the Permian–Triassic interval. Specifically, we provide a case study of 17 species (in 13 genera) palaeobiogeography from the succession spanning the EPE in the Sydney Basin, eastern Australia. The affinities and ecological im- plications of these fossil-genera are summarised, and their global Permian–Triassic palaeogeographic and stra- tigraphic distributions are collated. Most of these fossil taxa have close extant algal relatives that are most common in freshwater, brackish or terrestrial conditions, and all have recognizable affinities to groups known to produce chemically stable biopolymers that favour their preservation over long geological intervals.
    [Show full text]
  • Lateral Gene Transfer of Anion-Conducting Channelrhodopsins Between Green Algae and Giant Viruses
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.15.042127; this version posted April 23, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 5 Lateral gene transfer of anion-conducting channelrhodopsins between green algae and giant viruses Andrey Rozenberg 1,5, Johannes Oppermann 2,5, Jonas Wietek 2,3, Rodrigo Gaston Fernandez Lahore 2, Ruth-Anne Sandaa 4, Gunnar Bratbak 4, Peter Hegemann 2,6, and Oded 10 Béjà 1,6 1Faculty of Biology, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel. 2Institute for Biology, Experimental Biophysics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstraße 42, Berlin 10115, Germany. 3Present address: Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann 15 Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel. 4Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway. 5These authors contributed equally: Andrey Rozenberg, Johannes Oppermann. 6These authors jointly supervised this work: Peter Hegemann, Oded Béjà. e-mail: [email protected] ; [email protected] 20 ABSTRACT Channelrhodopsins (ChRs) are algal light-gated ion channels widely used as optogenetic tools for manipulating neuronal activity 1,2. Four ChR families are currently known. Green algal 3–5 and cryptophyte 6 cation-conducting ChRs (CCRs), cryptophyte anion-conducting ChRs (ACRs) 7, and the MerMAID ChRs 8. Here we 25 report the discovery of a new family of phylogenetically distinct ChRs encoded by marine giant viruses and acquired from their unicellular green algal prasinophyte hosts.
    [Show full text]
  • Hidden Diversity of Plankton in the Soda Lake Nakuru, Kenya, During A
    Hydrobiologia (2013) 702:95–103 DOI 10.1007/s10750-012-1310-y PRIMARY RESEARCH PAPER Hidden diversity of eukaryotic plankton in the soda lake Nakuru, Kenya, during a phase of low salinity revealed by a SSU rRNA gene clone library Wei Luo • Kiplagat Kotut • Lothar Krienitz Received: 12 July 2012 / Revised: 28 August 2012 / Accepted: 31 August 2012 / Published online: 16 September 2012 Ó Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2012 Abstract A SSU rRNA gene clone library was Our findings reveal a hidden diversity, which would constructed to establish the diversity of eukaryotic not have been detected by traditional observations. plankton in the African soda lake Nakuru during a phase of low salinity (9.7 ppt = hyposaline). Nor- Keywords Chlorophyta Á Clone library Á Lake mally, the lake is mesosaline (up to 50 ppt) and its Nakuru Á Lesser Flamingo Á Phytoflagellates Á phytoplankton is dominated by few species of cyano- Soda lakes Á SSU rRNA bacteria, in particular Arthrospira fusiformis, which is the main food resource of Lesser Flamingos. Our study recovered a unique phytoplankton species composi- Introduction tion characterized by a high diversity of monadoid and coccoid green algae. Out of 77 clones detected, 52 The phytoplankton of saline-alkaline lakes in the Great belonged to Chlorophyta. Many of the chlorophytes African Rift Valley usually is dominated by cyano- were transported from the catchment area into the lake bacteria, mainly Arthrospira fusiformis (Voronichin) through small seasonal rivers and an outflow of the Koma´rek et Lund (often erroneously identified as Nakuru town sewage treatment plant. Other phyloge- ‘‘Spirulina platensis’’), which forms the food base for netic groups detected were Fungi, Cryptophyta, hundreds of thousands of Lesser Flamingos (Phoenic- Jakobida, Alveolata, Stramenopiles, and Metazoa.
    [Show full text]
  • The Symbiotic Green Algae, Oophila (Chlamydomonadales
    University of Connecticut OpenCommons@UConn Master's Theses University of Connecticut Graduate School 12-16-2016 The yS mbiotic Green Algae, Oophila (Chlamydomonadales, Chlorophyceae): A Heterotrophic Growth Study and Taxonomic History Nikolaus Schultz University of Connecticut - Storrs, [email protected] Recommended Citation Schultz, Nikolaus, "The yS mbiotic Green Algae, Oophila (Chlamydomonadales, Chlorophyceae): A Heterotrophic Growth Study and Taxonomic History" (2016). Master's Theses. 1035. https://opencommons.uconn.edu/gs_theses/1035 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the University of Connecticut Graduate School at OpenCommons@UConn. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of OpenCommons@UConn. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Symbiotic Green Algae, Oophila (Chlamydomonadales, Chlorophyceae): A Heterotrophic Growth Study and Taxonomic History Nikolaus Eduard Schultz B.A., Trinity College, 2014 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science at the University of Connecticut 2016 Copyright by Nikolaus Eduard Schultz 2016 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis was made possible through the guidance, teachings and support of numerous individuals in my life. First and foremost, Louise Lewis deserves recognition for her tremendous efforts in making this work possible. She has performed pioneering work on this algal system and is one of the preeminent phycologists of our time. She has spent hundreds of hours of her time mentoring and teaching me invaluable skills. For this and so much more, I am very appreciative and humbled to have worked with her. Thank you Louise! To my committee members, Kurt Schwenk and David Wagner, thank you for your mentorship and guidance.
    [Show full text]
  • Surfactant-Aided Dispersed Air Flotation As a Harvesting and Pre-Extraction Treatment for Chlorella Saccharophila
    SURFACTANT-AIDED DISPERSED AIR FLOTATION AS A HARVESTING AND PRE-EXTRACTION TREATMENT FOR CHLORELLA SACCHAROPHILA by Mariam Alhattab Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia August 2018 © Copyright by Mariam Alhattab, 2018 DEDICATION I dedicate this thesis to my parents, Tayser and Manal Alhattab, my brothers (Mohammed, Ahmed, and Mahmoud), my husband (Ismail Alghalayini), my niece (Minu), and my friends (Farah Hamodat and Halah Shahin). Without their support, patience and love, the completion of this work would not have been possible. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables ................................................................................................................... viii List of Figures .................................................................................................................... xi Abstract ...................................................................................................................... xiii List of Abbreviations Used .............................................................................................. xiv Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................... xvi Chapter 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................1 Chapter 2 Literature Review .............................................................................................6
    [Show full text]
  • Imgim21 [Ug Cl11 [Mg C/M?I [Ug Cl11 [Mg C/M21 [Ug Cl11 Img C/M21 [Ug Cill Img Clm21 Median 54,L 7,7 1,5 02 32 0,5 3,O 0,4 46,4 6,6
    .. Lebensräume polare On the ecology of racteristics, se other aquatic habi Marina Car Ber. Polarforsch. Meeresforsch. 40 ISSN 1618 - 3193 Marina Carstens c/o Institut füPolarökologi der UniversitäKiel Wischhofstraß 1-3, Geb. 12 D-24148 Kiel Germany E-mail: [email protected] Diese Arbeit ist die leicht verändert Fassung einer Dissertation, die der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultäder Christian-Albrechts- UniversitäKiel im Juni 2001 vorgelegt wurde. Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis Zusammenfassung Summary Einleitung Lebensräum im Ökosyste Meereis Ökologi der Meereistümpe- Erkenntnisse anderer Autoren Ziel der Untersuchungen Terminologie Untersuchungsgebiet Hydrographie Eisbedeckung Eisverhältnissin den Untersuchungsjahren 1993 und 1994 Material und Methoden Untersuchungsmaterial Meereistümpe Vergleichsstationen: Landtümpeund -Seen, Tümpeauf Gletschern und Eisbergen, Proben aus dem marinen Milieu 3.1.2.1 Schmelzwassertümpeauf Gletschern und Eisbergen 3.1.2.2Landtümpe und -Seen 3.1.2.3Proben aus dem marinen Milieu Untersuchungsmethoden Probennahme und in situ-Messungen (Tem eratur, pH-Wert, Leitfähigkeit Sauerstoffkonzentration, PAR, Dimensionen) Bestimmung der Nährstoffkonzentratione Bestimmung der Salinitä Bestimmung der Chlorophyll a-Konzentrationen Bestimmung der Konzentration des partikuläre organischen Materials (CIN-Analyse) Fixierung und Probenaufbereitung füdie mikroskopische Auswertung Quantitative mikroskopische Auswertung Mikroskopische Analyse, Identifizierung und systematische
    [Show full text]
  • Chilling Out: the Evolution and Diversification of Psychrophilic Algae with a Focus on Chlamydomonadales
    Polar Biol (2017) 40:1169–1184 DOI 10.1007/s00300-016-2045-4 REVIEW Chilling out: the evolution and diversification of psychrophilic algae with a focus on Chlamydomonadales 1 1 1 Marina Cvetkovska • Norman P. A. Hu¨ner • David Roy Smith Received: 20 February 2016 / Revised: 20 July 2016 / Accepted: 10 October 2016 / Published online: 21 October 2016 Ó Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2016 Abstract The Earth is a cold place. Most of it exists at or Introduction below the freezing point of water. Although seemingly inhospitable, such extreme environments can harbour a Almost 80 % of the Earth’s biosphere is permanently variety of organisms, including psychrophiles, which can below 5 °C, including most of the oceans, the polar, and withstand intense cold and by definition cannot survive at alpine regions (Feller and Gerday 2003). These seemingly more moderate temperatures. Eukaryotic algae often inhospitable places are some of the least studied but most dominate and form the base of the food web in cold important ecosystems on the planet. They contain a huge environments. Consequently, they are ideal systems for diversity of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms, many of investigating the evolution, physiology, and biochemistry which are permanently adapted to the cold (psychrophiles) of photosynthesis under frigid conditions, which has (Margesin et al. 2007). The environmental conditions in implications for the origins of life, exobiology, and climate such habitats severely limit the spread of terrestrial plants, change. Here, we explore the evolution and diversification and therefore, primary production in perpetually cold of photosynthetic eukaryotes in permanently cold climates. environments is largely dependent on microbes.
    [Show full text]
  • Structural Variation and Evolution of Chloroplast Trnas in Green Algae
    Structural variation and evolution of chloroplast tRNAs in green algae Fangbing Qi, Yajing Zhao, Ningbo Zhao, Kai Wang, Zhonghu Li and Yingjuan Wang State Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shannxi Province, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotech- nology in Western China (Ministry of Education), College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China ABSTRACT As one of the important groups of the core Chlorophyta (Green algae), Chlorophyceae plays an important role in the evolution of plants. As a carrier of amino acids, tRNA plays an indispensable role in life activities. However, the structural variation of chloroplast tRNA and its evolutionary characteristics in Chlorophyta species have not been well studied. In this study, we analyzed the chloroplast genome tRNAs of 14 species in five categories in the green algae. We found that the number of chloroplasts tRNAs of Chlorophyceae is maintained between 28–32, and the length of the gene sequence ranges from 71 nt to 91 nt. There are 23–27 anticodon types of tRNAs, and some tRNAs have missing anticodons that are compensated for by other types of anticodons of that tRNA. In addition, three tRNAs were found to contain introns in the anti-codon loop of the tRNA, but the analysis scored poorly and it is presumed that these introns are not functional. After multiple sequence alignment, the 9-loop is the most conserved structural unit in the tRNA secondary structure, containing mostly U-U-C-x-A-x-U conserved sequences. The number of transitions in tRNA is higher than the number of transversions. In the replication loss analysis, it was found that green algal chloroplast tRNAs may have undergone substantial gene loss during the course of evolution.
    [Show full text]
  • Chloroplast Phylogenomic Analysis of Chlorophyte Green Algae Identifies a Novel Lineage Sister to the Sphaeropleales (Chlorophyceae) Claude Lemieux*, Antony T
    Lemieux et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology (2015) 15:264 DOI 10.1186/s12862-015-0544-5 RESEARCHARTICLE Open Access Chloroplast phylogenomic analysis of chlorophyte green algae identifies a novel lineage sister to the Sphaeropleales (Chlorophyceae) Claude Lemieux*, Antony T. Vincent, Aurélie Labarre, Christian Otis and Monique Turmel Abstract Background: The class Chlorophyceae (Chlorophyta) includes morphologically and ecologically diverse green algae. Most of the documented species belong to the clade formed by the Chlamydomonadales (also called Volvocales) and Sphaeropleales. Although studies based on the nuclear 18S rRNA gene or a few combined genes have shed light on the diversity and phylogenetic structure of the Chlamydomonadales, the positions of many of the monophyletic groups identified remain uncertain. Here, we used a chloroplast phylogenomic approach to delineate the relationships among these lineages. Results: To generate the analyzed amino acid and nucleotide data sets, we sequenced the chloroplast DNAs (cpDNAs) of 24 chlorophycean taxa; these included representatives from 16 of the 21 primary clades previously recognized in the Chlamydomonadales, two taxa from a coccoid lineage (Jenufa) that was suspected to be sister to the Golenkiniaceae, and two sphaeroplealeans. Using Bayesian and/or maximum likelihood inference methods, we analyzed an amino acid data set that was assembled from 69 cpDNA-encoded proteins of 73 core chlorophyte (including 33 chlorophyceans), as well as two nucleotide data sets that were generated from the 69 genes coding for these proteins and 29 RNA-coding genes. The protein and gene phylogenies were congruent and robustly resolved the branching order of most of the investigated lineages. Within the Chlamydomonadales, 22 taxa formed an assemblage of five major clades/lineages.
    [Show full text]