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Assessment of Language Endangerment in Tanzania: a Case of Matengo in Mbinga District

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Assessment of Language Endangerment in Tanzania: a Case of Matengo in Mbinga District The University of Dodoma University of Dodoma Institutional Repository http://repository.udom.ac.tz Humanities Master Dissertations 2016 Assessment of language endangerment in Tanzania: A case of Matengo in Mbinga district Mkilima, Fokas X. The University of Dodoma Mkilima, F. X. (2016). Assessment of language endangerment in Tanzania: A case of Matengo in Mbinga district. Dodoma: The University of Dodoma http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12661/1124 Downloaded from UDOM Institutional Repository at The University of Dodoma, an open access institutional repository. ASSESSMENT OF LANGUAGE ENDANGERMENT IN TANZANIA: A CASE OF MATENGO IN MBINGA DISTRICT BY FOKAS XAVERY MKILIMA A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Linguistics of the University of Dodoma The University of Dodoma October, 2016 CERTIFICATION The undersigned certifies that she has read and hereby recommends for acceptance by the University of Dodoma a dissertation entitled: “Assessment of Language Endangerment in Tanzania: A Case of Matengo Language in Mbinga District” in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Linguistics of the University of Dodoma. ………………………………… Dr. Rehema Stephano SUPERVISOR DATE …………………………… DECLARATION AND COPYRIGHT I, Fokas Xavery Mkilima, declare that this dissertation is my own original work and that it has not been presented and will not be presented to any other University for a similar or any other degree award. Signature……………………………………… No part of this dissertation may be reproduced, stored in any retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior written permission of the author or the University of Dodoma. i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The success of this work is the result of tireless assistance, encouragement and support from many individuals whom I am, deeply, indebted. Firstly, I thank God for his great protection against physical and healthily problems which could act as obstacles towards the accomplishment of this work. Secondly, I extend my sincere appreciation to my parents, Mr and Mrs Mkilima, for their tireless role of guiding and bringing me up. They invested their time, especially, during my childhood. They offered me their moral and material support during my studies to ensure that I completed this course. Also, I appreciate my brothers and sister for their courage and material support. Thirdly, I am, particularly, grateful to Dr. Rehema Stephano, my supervisor. With a great effort, she worked hard to ensure that I succeeded well in my study. Her excellent guidance, caring, patience together with theoretical and practical orientations have a great contribution towards the production of this work. Sincerely and heartily say thank you! Fourthly, I give special thanks to Mr Andrew Benjamin Swai, for his great patient and effort to ensure that I completed this work. He accompanied me during the whole period of its preparation to the final stage and provided me with moral and material support. I will remember him not as a friend but as my blood brother. God bless you! Fifthly, I extend my heartfelt appreciation to my friends and other classmates. Together, we joined hands through discussion and advice. They contributed, positively, to the production of this work. Really, our almighty God will repay them more. ii Last but not least, I give special thanks to my spouse, Mary for her unreserved courage and endless prayers for me since the beginning of this study. My special gratitude, also, goes to my children Stanley and Stella; who had to tolerate during the whole period of my study. As their father, I admit that they missed a lot of what they were required to get from the father. However, their sufferings had a positive influence on my study. May God bless you richly by brightening your future. iii DEDICATION This research work is dedicated to my beloved children Stanley and Stella. iv ABSTRACT This study assessed language endangerment in Tanzania with a focus on Matengo language, an Ethnic Minority Languages spoken in Mbinga District in Ruvuma region. The research used qualitative approach and both ethnographic and phenomenological research designs. Also, the research employed interview and observation methods in the data collection. The study had three objectives which were to: identify patterns of Matengo endangerment, to analyse causes of Matengo endangerment and examine the effects of Matengo endangerment. The assessment was rated against UNESCO‟s factors for Language Vitality and Endangerment Assessment Guideline. The findings, from this study, revealed that Matengo language is unsafe. It has been endangered because of its contact with Kiswahili, lack of intergenerational language transmission, shifts in domains, speaker‟s negative attitude towards Matengo, urbanisation, lack of governmental and institutional support, lack of materials for language education and literacy, lack of documentation, failure to respond to new domain and media and decreasing number of its speakers. In addition, the findings showed that Matengo endangerment has effects on environment, social- economic and cultural aspect of the community. Following these findings, therefore, it has been suggested that speakers should cultivate positive attitude towards the Matengo language. Likewise, the government should lay policies which will protect Matengo and other ethnic minority languages (EMLs) in Tanzania. Similarly, linguists should document the language. Otherwise, the survival of such languages is threatened. v TABLE OF CONTENTS CERTIFICATION ........................................................................................................................... i DECLARATION AND COPYRIGHT............................................................................................ i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .............................................................................................................. ii DEDICATION ............................................................................................................................... iv ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... v TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................... vi LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................................... x LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................ xi INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 1 1.0 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background to the Problem ................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Statement of the Problem ...................................................................................................... 5 1.3 Research Objectives .............................................................................................................. 5 1.3.1 General Objective ........................................................................................................... 5 1.3.2 Specific Objectives ......................................................................................................... 5 1.4 Research Questions ............................................................................................................... 6 1.5 Significance of the Study ...................................................................................................... 6 1.6 The Scope of the Study ......................................................................................................... 7 CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................................................ 8 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................. 8 2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 8 2.2 Theoretical Framework ......................................................................................................... 8 2.2.1 Factor 1: Intergenerational Language Transmission ...................................................... 8 vi 2.2.2 Factor 2: Absolute Number of Speakers ......................................................................... 9 2.2.3 Factor 3: Proportion of Speakers within the Total Population ....................................... 9 2.2.4 Factor 4: Shifts in Domains of Language Use .............................................................. 10 2.2.5 Factor 5: Response to New Domains and Media ......................................................... 11 2.2.6 Factor 6: Materials for Language Education and Literacy ........................................... 12 2.2.7 Factor 7: Governmental and Institutional Language Attitudes and Policies, Including Official Status and Use .......................................................................................................... 13 2.2.8 Factor 8: Community Members‟ Attitudes towards Their Own Language .................. 14 2.2.9 Factor 9: Type and Quality of Documentation ............................................................
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