Study of the Young Stellar Population of NGC 4214 Using the Hubble

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Study of the Young Stellar Population of NGC 4214 Using the Hubble arXiv:0708.3495v1 [astro-ph] 26 Aug 2007 Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Argentina Facultad de Ciencias Astronómicas y Geofísicas Estudio de la población estelar joven de NGC 4214 con el Telescopio Espacial Hubble Lic. Leonardo Úbeda Tesis presentada para optar por el grado de Doctor en Astronomía Octubre 2006 Director: Dr. Jesús Maíz Apellániz Co-Director: Dr. Rodolfo H. Barbá Resumen Se presenta un estudio original de la galaxia starburst enana NGC 4214 empleando imágenes obtenidas en filtros ultravioletas y visibles. Se usaron imágenes de archivo de los instrumentos WFPC2 y STIS que están a bordo del Telescopio Espacial Hubble. Se describe el proceso utilizado para obtener fotometría de alta calidad y astrometría de la pobla- ción estelar resuelta y de cúmulos de NGC 4214. Se describe el método usado para transformar las magnitudes y colores fotométricos en parámetros físicos mediante un novedoso código que compara datos observacionales con modelos teóricos. Se analizaron diversos aspectos de las astrofísica de NGC 4214: se describen brevemente las poblaciones presentes en su estructura central con énfasis en la determinación del cociente entre la cantidad de estrellas supergigantes azules y rojas. Se encuentra que los modelos que mejor ajustan a las observaciones son los asociados a la Nube Menor de Magallanes que posee una metalicidad semejante a NGC 4214. La distribución morfológica de las estrellas supergigan- tes es notable, presentándose una alta concentración de supergigantes azules en el complejo NGC 4214–I. Se estudió la variación de la extinción estelar y se hicieron comparaciones con estudios previos de extinción nebular. Se encuentra un excelente acuerdo entre ambos. La extinción asociada a la población estelar difusa es, en general, baja (E(B-V) < 0:1 mag) y se observan valores mayores en las regiones de formación estelar intensa. Se hizo un estudio completo de la función inicial de masa (IMF) de las estrellas de NGC 4214 en el rango 20 - 100 M con un método fotométrico. Se encontró que esta galaxia enana pre- senta una IMF más empinada que γ = -2:8, lo cual está de acuerdo con trabajos previos que determinaron la forma de la IMF por ajuste de espectros UV con modelos de síntesis evolutiva. Se analizaron varias estructuras extendidas y complejas distribuidas a lo largo del campo de observación y se pudieron inferir varias de sus importantes propiedades como edad, masa y ex- tinción. Los resultados están garantizados por el método fotométrico empleado abarcando un amplio rango de filtros adecuadamente elegidos. Se encuentran cúmulos candidatos a desapa- recer por “mortalidad infantil” y se discute la interacción entre las estrellas masivas y el medio interestelar, en particular, la formación estelar en etapas. I A mi mamá y a mi papá, quienes siempre me han apoyado en mis elecciones. Índice General Resumen I Índice General V Índice de Figuras XI Índice de Tablas XV 1. Introducción 1 1.1. Estrellas de gran masa . .2 1.1.1. Definición e importancia . .2 1.1.2. Formación y evolución . .2 1.1.3. Detección de estrellas masivas . .6 1.1.4. Estrellas supergigantes . .7 1.1.5. Estrellas Wolf–Rayet . .8 1.1.6. Función inicial de masa . .8 1.2. Cúmulos estelares . 10 1.2.1. Origen . 10 V VI ÍNDICE GENERAL 1.2.2. Clasificación moderna . 10 1.2.3. Cúmulos masivos jóvenes . 11 1.3. Starbursts . 13 1.3.1. Definición y características principales . 13 1.3.2. ¿Por qué son importantes los starbursts? . 15 1.3.3. Starbursts en la Vía Láctea . 15 1.3.3.1. Westerlund 1 . 15 1.3.3.2. W 49 . 16 1.3.3.3. NGC 3603 . 16 1.3.3.4. Cygnus OB2 . 17 1.3.4. Starbursts extragalácticos . 17 1.4. Estructura de la Tesis . 19 1.5. Publicaciones . 19 2. El Telescopio Espacial Hubble 25 2.1. El Telescopio Espacial Hubble . 26 2.1.1. Instrumentos a bordo del HST (2006) . 28 2.1.2. Operación de la misión y observaciones . 29 2.1.3. Instrumentos que volaron anteriormente . 30 2.2. WFPC2: descripción del instrumento e imágenes . 31 2.2.1. WFPC2 . 31 2.2.2. Filtros espectrales . 31 2.2.3. Eficiencia cuántica y tiempos de exposición . 32 2.2.4. La tecnología del detector CCD . 33 2.2.5. Orientación y lectura de los CCD . 33 2.2.6. Imágenes de la WFPC2 . 34 2.2.7. Procesamiento de datos en STScI . 34 2.3. STIS: descripción del instrumento e imágenes . 36 2.3.1. STIS . 36 ÍNDICE GENERAL VII 2.3.2. Detectores de STIS . 36 2.3.3. Estructura de los datos de STIS . 36 2.3.4. Procesado de los datos en STScI . 37 3. NGC 4214: una galaxia starburst enana prototipo 39 3.1. Ubicación y clasificación . 40 3.2. Observaciones de NGC 4214 . 40 3.3. Metalicidad de NGC 4214 . 44 3.4. Distancia . 47 3.5. Formación estelar y la IMF de NGC 4214 . 48 3.6. Estructura de objetos jóvenes en NGC 4214 . 50 3.6.1. NGC 4214–I . 50 3.6.2. NGC 4214–II . 53 3.6.3. Otras estructuras . 53 4. Observaciones y reducción de los datos 55 4.1. Propuestas . 56 4.2. Método de reducción de datos . 56 4.2.1. Paquete HSTPHOT ............................ 56 4.2.2. Correcciones adicionales a la fotometría . 58 4.2.3. Rutina HSTPHOT ............................. 60 4.3. Descripción de imágenes de la WFPC2 y su reducción . 61 4.3.1. Primeros pasos en la reducción . 63 4.3.2. Determinación del cielo y remoción de los píxeles calientes . 64 4.3.3. Ejecución de HSTPHOT .......................... 65 4.3.4. Objetos saturados . 65 4.3.5. Registro de las listas fotométricas . 65 4.3.6. Corrección por escala de placa y contaminación . 66 4.3.7. Astrometría . 66 VIII ÍNDICE GENERAL 4.3.8. Listas fotométricas . 67 4.3.9. Experimentos de completitud . 68 4.3.10. Consistencia de la fotometría estelar . 72 4.4. Descripción de imágenes de STIS y su reducción . 76 4.5. Fotometría de objetos extendidos . 78 4.5.1. Cúmulos no resueltos . 80 4.5.2. Complejos compuestos . 83 4.5.3. Cúmulos resueltos . 83 5. Transformación de observables en parámetros físicos 85 5.1. Fotometría en varios filtros frente a espectroscopía . 86 5.2. Modelos teóricos . 86 5.3. Extinción . 88 5.4. Código de ajuste de modelos: CHORIZOS . 89 5.4.1. Parámetros de entrada de CHORIZOS . 90 5.4.2. Archivos de salida de CHORIZOS . 91 5.4.3. Archivos de salida de STATPLOTS . 91 5.4.4. Salidas gráficas de STATPLOTS . 92 5.4.5. Aplicación a la población de estrellas . 92 5.4.6. Aplicación a la población de cúmulos estelares . 95 5.4.7. Justificación del método . 95 6. Poblaciones estelares y cociente de supergigantes 103 6.1. Descripción de la población estelar . 104 6.1.1. Población estelar a partir de la LISTA814 . 107 6.1.2. Población estelar a partir de la LISTA336 . 107 6.2. Cociente de estrellas supergigantes azules y rojas . 108 7. Extinción en NGC 4214 115 7.1. El medio interestelar . 116 ÍNDICE GENERAL IX 7.1.1. Gas y polvo . 116 7.1.2. Extinción Galáctica . 116 7.1.3. Extinción extragaláctica . 118 7.2. La extinción en NGC 4214 . 119 7.2.1. Estudios previos . 120 7.2.2. Mapa de extinción . 120 7.2.3. Análisis de la extinción . 122 8. La función inicial de masa 125 8.1. La función inicial de masa . 126 8.2. Definiciones: convirtiendo el número de estrellas en una IMF . 126 8.3. Métodos para determinar la IMF . 128 8.4. La IMF de la población resuelta . 128 8.4.1. La Vía Láctea . 128 8.4.2. Las Nubes de Magallanes . 129 8.4.3. Otras galaxias . 129 8.5. La IMF de NGC 4214 . 130 8.5.1. Descripción del método y elección de la muestra . 130 8.5.2. Corrección de los datos por efectos sistemáticos . 133 8.5.2.1. Incompletitud de los datos . 133 8.5.2.2. Elección apropiada del tamaño del bin . 133 8.5.2.3. Análisis de objetos múltiples . ..
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