Manuscript Kilyashova Kristina Alekseevna POLITICAL ROLE OF

Manuscript

Kilyashova Kristina Alekseevna

POLITICAL ROLE OF WOMEN IN THE COURT OF MACEDONIAN KINGS OF ARGEAD DYNASTY

Specialty 07.00.03 - General History (Ancient World History)

THESIS ABSTRACT for the degree of Candidate of Historical Sciences

Kazan - 2018 The work was performed at the Department of General History of the Institute of International Relations, Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education "Kazan Federal University." Supervisor: Rung Edward V. - Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, specialty 07.00.03 - General History (Ancient World History), professor of the department of General History FSAEI "Kazan Federal University" (Kazan). Official opponents: Klimov Oleg Yuryevich - Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, specialty 07.00.03 - General History (Ancient World History), head of the department of the history of Ancient Greece and Rome, FSBEI “Saint Petersburg University” (St. Petersburg). Kuzmin Yury Nikolaevich - Candidate of Historical Sciences, specialty 07.00.03 - General History (Ancient World History), associate professor of the department of History, International Law and foreign Regional Studies, FSBEI "Moscow City University" (Samara). Leading Organization: Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of higher education "Lomonosov Moscow State University" (Moscow). The defense of the thesis will take place on December 27, 2018 at 10.00 at the dissertation council meeting D 212.081.01 at the FSAEI of HE "Kazan Federal University" at the following address: 420111, Kazan, Pushkin St., 1/55, room 502. The dissertation can be found in the Nikolay Lobachevsky Scientific Library of "Kazan Federal University" (35, Kremlevskaya St.,reading room No1). The electronic version of the thesis abstract is available on the official website of Kazan Federal University http://www.kpfu.ru and on the official website of the Higher Attestation Commission of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation http://www.vak.ed.gov.ru

Abstract is distributed __/__/2018

Scientific Secretary dissertation council Candidate of Historical Sciences, associate professor (signature) R.R. Khairutdinov

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE THESIS

Relevance of the research topic. In recent decades, there is an increase of interest in the position of women in society, as well as their role in world history. The attention of researchers, first of all, focuses on the field of historical feminology, which main task was to study the changes in the social status and functionality of women's roles. Development gender studies contributed to the design of female and male political experience based on cultural determination. The four components of gender relations in society1, developed by the American historian Joan Scott, expanded the provisions of gender history and made it possible to view politics and power as an area in which gender can be used for historical analysis. The use of methods from gender psychology, sociology and history has allowed the historians to move away from the positions of classical objectivity2. In these trends’ context gender methodology allowed us to identify passive and active forms of female political behavior. Based on these provisions, historians refer to the study of the political activities of women, at the same time the role of women in the ancient world is intensively studied, in ancient Greek society in particular, where the participation of women in politics was extremely insignificant. In this area of research, a special interest in historiography is in the position of women in Ancient Macedonia due to the peculiarities of the historical development of the Macedonian state, which in a relatively short

1 Scott J.W. Gender: A Useful Category of Historical Analysis // American Historical Review. 1986. Vol. 91. No. 5. P. 1053-1075; Russian edition: Scott J. Gender - A Useful Category of Historical Analysis // Gender Studies. 2000. № 2 (5). Pp. 142–170. 2 Pinchukova I.V. Gender approach in historical science // News of Altai State University. 2007. № 4. P. 117−120. period of time had transformed from a tribal monarchy into a leading power of the ancient world. This transformation could not but affect the position of women, especially those belonging to the royal dynasty of Argead. If, at first, a woman had not yet become a subject of politics, later it was Macedonian royal women who could openly challenge men in the struggle for power and influence in Macedonia. Such transformation of the political role of women at the royal court of the Argead dynasty is going to be the focus of this thesis. Thus, the scientific relevance of the work is due to the understanding of the political role of women in the context of the complex changes that occurred in the ancient Macedonian state during the rule of the Argead. Accordingly, the main functional work load is to consider the changing political role of women in the historical context. The object of the research is the Macedonian royal court. The subject of the research is the political role of women at the court of the Macedonian kings in the 5th – 4th centuries. BC. The purpose of the study is to identify the political role of women at the court of the Macedonian kings of the Argead dynasty. To achieve this goal it was necessary to solve the following tasks: 1. Describe the political role of women in Macedonia during the early kings of the Argead dynasty. 2. Identify the reasons for the change in the political role of women at the court of Philip II and Alexander the Great. 3. Show the transformation of the political role of women of the Argead dynasty during the wars of the Diadochi. The chronological framework of the study covers the period from the middle of the VI to the turn of the IV – III century. BC. The lower chronological boundary is due to the years of the reign of Aminta I (547–498 BC). It was during this period during which the first reports of ancient authors appeared that were directly related to the women of the Argead dynasty. The upper chronological boundary of this study is represented by the IV – III century. BC. This time frame is associated with the departure of female representatives from the historical scene of the Argead dynasty which was then replaced by the Antigonid dynasty. The geographical scope of the study is mainly limited to the territory of the Balkan Peninsula, but also covers the territory of the Persian Empire. The methodological basis of the research includes both general scientific methods (descriptive, analysis, synthesis, deduction, and induction) and specifically historical (historical-genetic, historical-comparative, historical- typological and historical-systemic). In addition, the historical-anthropological method is actively used in gender studies. The limits of the anthropological approach are determined by the history of everyday life, customs, stereotypes of consciousness. A person acts as a carrier of a certain political culture, mentality. The scientific novelty of the research is determined by the fact that for the first time in historiography based on the application of gender approaches to historical research the involvement of women in political events and processes in Macedonia during the Argead dynasty are being thoroughly examined; it is being proved that the political role of women at the court of this royal dynasty did not remain unchanged, but evolved at different stages the Macedonian state history, whilst depending on both internal and external political factors as well as on the personality of a particular woman included in the dynasty. Approbation of the main provisions of the thesis. The main results of the research were presented as reports at All-Russian and International conferences: the 56th International Scientific Conference of Students, Postgraduates and Young Scientists "New Century: People, Society, History through the Eyes of Young People" (Saratov, SSU, April 19-21, 2013 ), XIX Sergeevsky Readings (Moscow, Lomonosov Moscow State University, February 2–4, 2015), IV author's international scientific and educational conference “Greeks, Romans, barbarians: similarities and differences” (Kazan, KFU, 18– May 19, 2017), at the scientific seminars "Antique Monday". The results are also reflected in 5 scientific publications that can be found in journals from the list of peer-reviewed scientific journals, where the main scientific results of dissertations for the degree of candidate of science should be published. The dissertation was discussed and recommended for protection at the Department of General History of the Kazan Federal University. The scientific and practical significance of the research is due to the novelty of the researched problems and the findings. The results of this dissertation work can be used in preparing materials for lectures and workshops on the history of the ancient world, will be helpful in making test and teaching aids, preparing scientific articles on the history of ancient Macedonia. The main provisions for the defense: 1. The nature of the monarchical form of government in Macedonia contributed political activity of women and implied a change in gender roles. In this regard, women take on unusual roles, such as administrative, military and representative, as advocates of their own interests, the interests of the dynasty and their families. 2. The use of marriage unions as instruments of diplomatic policy in Macedonia contributed to the integration of women into the political organization of the state. 3. The status of women at the court of the Macedonian kings was influenced by their family connections, ethnicity, the birth of heirs, pedigree, including the one which raises a woman to the clan of “heroic” ancestors, a woman’s ability and desire to participate in the dynastic debates at the royal court in Macedonia. 4. The polygamy of the Macedonian kings of the Argead dynasty is a historiographic construct, and the analysis of the source material undertaken in this thesis convincingly shows that polygamousness was not the leading trend in the marriage policy of the Macedonian kings. Source review. The research base is subdivided into the following types: narrative, epigraphic and archaeological sources. Narrative sources are divided into two large groups: first group - sources on the history of ancient Macedonia, and second - on the military campaigns of Alexander of Macedon. Written sources on the history of ancient Macedonia include, above all, works of ancient historians and speakers. One of the earliest authors providing us with information about the first Macedonian kings and the women of their family is Herodotus (c. 484–425 BC). Thucydides (c. 460–400 BC), in an essay on the Peloponnesian War, focuses on some events from the history of Macedonia, that are based on personal memories of being in Macedonia during the reign of the king Archelaus II. In the work “Gorgiy” the philosopher Plato (c. 427–347 BC) leads a hostile tradition of the Macedonian king Archelaus. Aristotle (384–322 BC) in the "Politics" reports some details about life of the Macedonian courtyard. Aeschine (389–314 BC) allows us to trace events associated with Philip II and his mother Eurydice. Finally, the speech of Demosthenes against Philip reflect the current political situation in Greece. In modern historiography regarding the narrative sources on the history of Alexander the Great the following classification is adopted. Historians recognize the existence of two main groups. The first - reliable, dating back to Ptolemy and partly to Aristobulus, was reflected in Alexander's “Anabasis” of Arrian (ca. 86 – ca. 160 AD) - the most reliable and objective source on the history of Alexander. The second tradition is expressed in the following works: “The Historical Library” of Diodorus of Sicily (c. 90–30 BC), “The History of Alexander the Great” Quint Curtius Rufus (middle of the 1st century AD), “Epitome Works of Pompey Trog Historiae Philippicae» Justin (II cent. AD). This so-called "Vulgate" dates back to Clitarch, who, relying first of all on Kallisfen, created the romantic and rhetorical story of Alexander. A bit separately from the point of view of the sources used is the biography of Alexander, written by Plutarch (ca.46 – ca.127 AD). The “geography” of Strabo (ca. 60 - ca. 23 AD) also reports some details about the women of the Argead dynasty. "Quick Stories" of Claudia Eliana (c. 170 – c. 222 AD) are examples of peculiar sophistic literature. It is of a great interest because it has saved a lot of information nowhere else fixed. Athenaeus (c. 170 – c. 223 AD) in his work “The Feasting Sophists” provides valuable information about palace ceremonies and customs at the court of the Macedonian kings of the Argead dynasty. "Description of Hellas" Pausanias (c. 110 – c. 180 AD) is important when considering monuments, historical art, life, but quite often there can be found a valuable historical information. Among the epigraphic data used in this dissertation, an initiatory inscription of Eurydice, the mother of Philip II, should be noted, which is associated with the cult of Eucleus3, as well as inscriptions marking the offering of the golden wreath to Olympia in Delphi and obtaining grain from Cyrene for Macedonia4. Archaeological sources mainly include Macedonian tombs in the valley of Galiakmon, in the area of modern Vergina on the site of the first Macedonian capital city of Egi. Discovered by archaeologists in II Tomb numerous household items (wooden furniture, vessels for wine and water, utensils), weapons (shields, iron shell, gold burns), golden urns inside a marble sarcophagus, golden male and female diadems, a throne - allow you to trace the changes occurring in Macedonia in the 4th century BC. The degree of study of the topic. The entire scientific literature on the topic of the dissertation work can be divided into the following main groups: special researches on women of the Argead dynasty; works on the history of women in the ancient world; common works of researchers on history of Ancient Macedonia and its rulers; researches on gender history and theory.

3 SEG. XXXIII. 556. 4 Greek Historical Inscriptions. / Ed. by P.J.Rhodes, R.Osborn. New York. 2003. P.486–493 The origins of the consideration of the public-political role of women in the Argead dynasty date back to the late 20s - early 30s. XX century, when the first studies of G. Makurdi about famous women surrounded by the Macedonian kings appeared5. The detailed work of a historian dedicated to women in the ancient world "Hellenistic queens: a study of women's power in Macedonia, Seleucid Syria and Ptolemaic Egypt”6 pays attention to the Hellenistic dynasties. Very little attention is paid to the place of women in pre-Hellenistic monarchies. Among the special studies on royal women in ancient Macedonia, the works of E. Karni should be mentioned. Her book, Women and Monarchy in Macedonia7, is a study of the role of royal women from the classical period of Greek history to the Roman conquest. The book discusses the women of both the Argead dynasty and the Antigonids, and also a transitional period between them. The greatest attention in the monograph by E. Karni is given to the wives of Philip II and the issue of polygamy at the court of kings. The position of E. Karni is that the role of royal women in the public life of Macedonia depended on changes in the Macedonian monarchy. The activities of Philip II, aimed at strengthening the Macedonian monarchy, according to the researcher, singled him out of the ruling elite, stressed the special role of the royal family and, as a result, included women in the monarchy. In times of political crisis and instability, writes E. Karni, royal women used the power they had as members of the royal family to strengthen the monarchy and preserve the throne for their sons or grandchildren. It should be noted that the above mentioned provisions were presented in a comparatively recently published monograph by the author, “King and Court

5 Macurdy G.H. Queen Eurydice and the Evidence for woman-power in Early Macedonia // American Journal of Philology. 1927. Vol. 48. P. 201–214; idem. Roxane and Alexander IV in Epirus // Journal of Hellenic Studies. 1932. Vol. 52. P. 256–261; idem. Queen Eurydice and the Evidence for woman- power in Early Macedonia // American Journal of Philology. 1927. Vol. 48. P. 201–214 6 Idem. Hellenistic Queens: a study of woman-power in Macedonia, Seleucid Syria, and Ptolemaic Egypt. Baltimore, 1932. 7 Carney E.D. Women and Monarchy in Macedonia. Norman, 2000 in Ancient Macedonia. Rivalry, treason and conspiracy”8. The book by E. Carney "Olympia: the mother of Alexander the Great" 9is devoted to the multifaceted personality of the famous queen in the historical and cultural context of her time. A number of works by modern scholars consider polygamy and continuity in the dynasty of Argead10. US Greenwalt11 and E. Thronson12 analyze the marriage policy of Philip II and agree with the generally accepted view of the unprecedented polygamy of the king. D. Ogden formulates the following thesis: polygamy was a characteristic feature of the Argead dynasty, and accordingly, the constant problem was discord between the children of the king from different marriages13. However, and it is quite obvious, such a position implies an underestimation of the objective circumstances, since not all od the women of Philip II could be at the same time married to the king. The difference in the political and ideological conditions in which the conflicts took place does not allow to consider in the same row the dynastic conflicts that took place before Alexander ascended into his period and after it14. E. Spofort and G. Weber, studying the Macedonian royal court, divided it into "inner" and “outer." In the structure of the Macedonian court of Alexander, they included an inner courtyard, which included attendants, heteray and people with whom the king met regularly. An outer court, according to the researchers, included people with high status, who usually were not part of his retinue in military campaign. This group included members of the royal family, left in

8 Idem. King and Court in Ancient Macedonia. Rivalry, treason and conspiracy. Swansea. 2015. 9 Idem. Olympias: Mother of Alexander the Great. London; New York 2006. 10 Hatzopoulos M.B. Succession and Regency in Classical Macedonia // Archaia Makedonia. 1986. Vol. 4. P. 272–292; Mortensen C. Harmony or Hatred? The Inter-relationship of Philip’s Wives // Ancient Macedonia. 1999. Vol. 6. P. 795–805; Miron D. Transmitters and Representatives of Power: Royal Women in Ancient Macedonia // Ancient Society. 2000. Vol. 30. P. 35–52. 11 Greenwalt W.S. Polygamy and Succession in Argead Macedonia // Arethusa. 1989. Vol. 22. P. 19– 45. 12 Tronson A. Satyrus the Peripatetic and the Marriages of Philip II // Journal of Hellenic Studies. 1984. Vol. 104. P. 116–126. 13 Ogden D. Polygamy, Prostitutes and Death: The Hellenistic Dynasties. London; Swansea, 1999. 14 Ogden D. Polygamy, Prostitutes and Death. The Hellenistic Dynasties. London; Swansea: Duckworth – The Classical Press of Wales, 1999. XXXIV, 317 p. Macedonia, governors and satraps. In addition, according to the mentioned researchers, the outer court also included regular visitors and guests temporarily present at the court, the ruler’s family, elite and friends belonged to the inner court15, while guests, ambassadors and temporary visitors belonged to the outer courtyard16. Special works on women's history are presented in collections of foreign and domestic publications. One of the books about women in the ancient world is dedicated to the lives of women of ancient Greece and Rome17. In the collection “Women in Antiquity: New Assessments”18, the authors review generally accepted assessments of the role of women in various contexts and areas: Greek literature of the archaic and classical periods, religion, Roman imperial politics, medicine, and early Christianity. Selected aspects of the life of Greek women presented in the monograph by B. Maklaklan "Women in ancient Greece"19, the book "The Life of Women in Greece and Rome"20, the study of M. Dillon "Girls and Women in the Classical Greek Religion"21. Domestic research on the topic of women in antiquity is contained in the collection "Women - Legends"22. From the general works devoted to the history of Ancient Macedonia, it is important to specify, first of all, the three-volume work of N. Hammond, G. Griffith and F. Uolbanka “The History of Macedonia”23, the book “History of

15 Spawforth T. The Court of Alexander the Great between Europe and Asia // The Court and Court Society in Ancient Monarchies / Ed. by A.J.S. Spawforth. Cambridge, 2007. P. 84. 16 Weber G. The Court of Alexander as Social System // Alexander the Great: A New History / Ed. by W. Heckel & L.A. Tritle. Chichester, Malden (Mass.), 2009. P. 83–98. 17 Women in the classical world. Image and Text. New York; Oxford, 1994. 18 Women in Antiquity: New Assessments. London; New York, 1995. 19 MacLachlan B. Women in Ancient Greece: A Sourcebook. London; New York, 2012. 20 Women's Life in Greece and Rome: A Source Book in Translation. Baltimore, 2005. 21 Dillon M.P.J. Girls and Women in Classical Greek Religion. London; New York, 2003. 22 Women Legends / V.A. Fedosik (comp.). Minsk, 1993. 23 Hammond N.G.L. A History of Macedonian. Vol. 1. Oxford, 1972; Hammond N.G.L. Griffith G.T. A History of Macedonian. Vol. 2. Oxford, 1979; Hammond N.G.L., Walbank F. A History of Macedonian. Vol. 3. Oxford, 1988. Macedonia”24 by R.M.Errington, U.N. Borzy "In the Shadow of Olympus: The Emergence of Macedonia"25, the work of S. Muller26 and K. Dzh. King on Macedonian topics27. In 2010 and 2011 there are two reference books on the history of ancient Macedonia28. They cover the political, military, social, economic and cultural history of ancient Macedonia from the archaic period to the end of the Roman period. Among the studies on Philip II, the work of J.R. Ellis29, D. Kinasta30 and J. Worthington31. They show the activities of Philip II, including in the diplomatic sphere, marital unions. Among the general works on the history of Alexander of Macedon, it is necessary to highlight the monographs of F. Schachermeyr,32 L. Fox33, P. Green34 and N. Hammond35, on the biography of the king which reflect the relationship of the king with the Greek and Eastern women, and, in particular, with the mother - Olympia. Various aspects of Alexander’s foreign policy, his relations with the Macedonians, Greeks and Persians, as well as problems of succession after the death of this king, are explored in the works of P. Briant36 and A. B. Bosworth37.

24 Errington R.M. History of Macedonia / Engl. transl. by C. Errington. Berkeley; Los Angeles; London, 1990. 25 Borza E.N. In the Shadow of Olympus: The Emergence of Macedon. Princeton; New Jersey, 1992. 26 Müller S. Die Argeaden: Geschichte Makedoniens bis zum Zeitalter Alexanders des Großen. Paderborn, 2017. 27 King C.J. Ancient Macedonia. London; New York, 2017. 28 A Companion to Ancient Macedonia / Ed. by J. Roisman & I. Worthington. Oxford, 2010; Brill’s Companion to Ancient Macedon. Studies in the Archeology and History of Macedon, 650 BC. – 300 AD. / Ed. by R.L. Fox. Leiden; Boston, 2011. 29 Ellis J.R. Philip II and Macedonian Imperialism. London, 1976. 30 Kienast D. Philip II von Makedonien und das Reich der Achaimeniden. München, 1973. 31 Worthington I. Philip II of Macedonia. New Haven; London, 2008 32 Fritz Schachermeyr, Alexander the Great. M., 1984. 33 Fox L.R. Alexander the Great. New York, 1974. 34 Green P. Alexander of Macedon. Berkeley, 1991; idem. Alexander the Great and the Hellenistic age. London, 2007. 35 Hammond N.G.L. Alexander the Great: King, Commander, and Statesman. London, 1981. 36 Briant P. Alexander the Great and His Empire: A Short Introduction. Princeton University Press, 2010; idem. Alexander the Great: The Heroic Ideal. “New Horizons series”, London: Thames & Hudson, 1996. 37 Bosworth A.B. The Legacy of Alexander: Politics, Warfare and Propaganda under the Successors. Oxford, 2002. In a series of classical studies of the Bril publishing house, a volume dedicated to Alexander the Great38 was published. It covers a wide range of topics: ancient ideas about the king in literature and art; Alexander’s relations with the Greeks, Macedonians, and the people of Asia; military, political, social and cultural aspects of his campaigns. The role, significance and degree of influence of Macedonian and Persian women at the court of Alexander are discussed. Articles by O.L. Gabelko and U.N. Kuzmina, devoted to the study of the matrimonial policy of the kings of the Macedonian dynasty of the Antigonids39, it is used to compare the position and social role of the women of the Argead dynasty with the women in Hellenistic Macedonia. It is also necessary to note the works of A.S. Shofman "History of ancient Macedonia40", "Eastern policy of Alexander the Great41" and "Disintegration of the empire of Alexander the Great42", in which occasional attention is paid to the activities of women in Macedonia. The position of women in ancient times is highlighted in the Russian national digest of articles "Woman in the ancient world43". Also in the context of our topic are taken into account the publications on gender approaches in historical research. Gender approach in the study of history became the main topic in L. Foxwell’s “The study of gender in classical antiquity44”. She pays close attention to the separation of gender roles in the household and religion. Her joint monograph with G. Neher, "Gender and the City to the Present Day45", is interesting in that it deals with the role of sex in

38 A Companion to Alexander the Great / Ed. by J. Roisman. Leiden; Boston, 2003. 39 Gabelko OL, Kuzmin U.N. Matrimonial policy of Demetrius II of Macedon: a new solution of old problems // Herald of ancient history. 2012. No. 1. pp. 141–164; Kuzmin U.N., Gabelko O.L. Notes on the Matrimonial Policy of the Antigonids in the 1950s – 1920s III century. BC. // Problems of history, philology, culture. 2012. № 1. pp. 27–42. 40 Shofman A.S. History of ancient Macedonia. In 2parts, Kazan, Part 1. 1960; Part 2. 1963 41 Same author. Eastern policy of Alexander of Macedon. Kazan, 1976. 42 Same author. The collapse of the empire of Alexander the Great. Kazan, 1984. 43 Woman in the ancient world / Executive editor L.P. Marinovich, S.U. Saprykin. M .: Science, 1995 44 Foxhall L. Studying Gender in Classical Antiquity. Cambridge, 2013. 45 Foxhall L, Neher G. Gender and the City before Modernity. Oxford, 2012. various cities of the ancient, medieval and modern world. M. Wiesner-Hanks46 explores the influence of gender structures in political, social, economic and cultural aspects. Problems of gender identity are reflected in the work of S. Bem47. J. Scott, as a specialist in gender history, says that gender is used in political theory to justify or criticize monarchs and express relations between the ruler and his subjects48. In national historiography, one can single out the publications of N.L. Pushkarevoy and L.P. Repina. N.L. Pushkareva49, the founder of historical feminology and gender history in Russian science, specializes in women of ancient Russia, but has several articles and a monograph on gender theory50. The scientific problems of women's history and gender history are reflected in the work of L.P. Repina 51 "Women and Men in History52." It examines the formation and development of feminine and gender studies in historiography, revises the picture of European history in the gender dimension. Thus, despite the presence of diverse studies on the women of the Argead dynasty, the question of the political role remains controversial, which makes it possible to make an application for the relevance of the study. The structure of the thesis. The dissertation research consists of an introduction, three chapters, conclusion, list of references and literature used, and an appendix. The content of the chapters is determined by the tasks.

46 Wiesner-Hanks M.E. Gender in History. Global Perspectives. Oxford, 2012. 47 Bem S. L. The measurement of psychological androgyny // Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1974. Vol. 42. № 2. P. 155–162. 48 Scott J.W. Gender: A Useful Category of Historical Analysis. P. 1070. 49 Pushkareva N.L. Gender history // Theory and methodology of history: a textbook for universities / Executive editors V.V. Alekseev, N.N. Kradin, A.V. Korotaev, L.E. Grinin. Volgograd, 2014. 50 Pushkareva N.L. Gender theory and historical knowledge. Spb., 2007 51 Repina L.P. Gender, power and the concept of “divided spheres”: from the history of women to Gender History // Social Sciences and Modernity. 2000. No. 4. pp.. 123–137; Same author: Gender history: problems and methods of research // Modern and Contemporary History. 1997. No. 6. P. 41– 58; Same author: Gender history today: problems and perspectives // Adam & Eve. 2002. pp. 6–29. 52 Repina L.P. Women and men in history: A new picture of the European past. Essays. Chrestomathy M., 2002. MAIN CONTENT OF THESIS The introduction includes the substantiation of the topic of the thesis, its relevance, the definition of the object and subject of research, the goals and objectives of the work, the chronological and geographical framework, the methodological basis, the scientific novelty, the provisions for the defense, the general characteristics of the sources and the degree of study of the topic of the thesis. The first chapter “Women in the Macedonian royal court: from Aminta I to Philip II” explores the key issues related to the political role of women in the Argead dynasty. The chapter the matrimonial policy of the first Macedonian kings and its influence on the status of women in the dynasty are described i detail, special attention is paid to the reasons for the intensification of the political role of women, the factors that determine the ability to enhance the status of women in the Macedonian court are highlighted, the problem of polygamy is considered. To create a holistic picture, the innovations of Philip II, that influenced the strengthening of his power, and the relationship with Alexander were considered. In addition, the informal influence of women on politics has been viewed. The first paragraph “Women during the reign of the First Kings of the Argead Dynasty” is devoted to identifying the political role of women in the reign of Aminta I, Alexander I, Perdiccas II, Archelaus and Aminta III. Based on the analysis undertaken, it is concluded that under conditions of constant instability, marriage unions, in which the women of the Argead dynasty play an important role, become the means for realizing the political goals of the Macedonian kings. Thus, for instance, the marriage between Gigei, the daughter of Aminta I, and Bubar, the high-ranking Persian official, shows that this marriage ensured a peaceful existence between the Persians and Macedonians and contributed to the territorial acquisitions of the Macedonian royal house. In addition, the son of Gigei and Bubar got the position of the governor of the Carian city of Alabanda. A similar course was followed by Perdiccas II, who married his sister Stratonice to King Antiochus I Soter. At the same time, royal women most often were the guarantee of friendly relations between kings. Naturally, women did not make their own decisions regarding marital unions, but became their part, and therefore part of the policy pursued by the kings. They did not fulfill their own interests, but were under the political influence of their fathers and brothers, which denoted their political passivity. The use of matrimonial ties as a political tool made it possible to include women in marriage diplomacy. Changes in the political role of women occur at the beginning of IV c. BC, when Macedonia found itself in a very difficult position, caused by chaos in the succession to the throne and the presence of numerous claimants in the struggle for power. In these circumstances, Aminta III was forced to marry Eurydice, a woman of Linkkes-Illyrian descent. Eurydice was the first woman from the Argead dynasty to be directly involved in politics. Being the widow of Aminta III and the mother of Alexander II, in the face of the invasion of the enemy, she represented the interests of not only her minor sons, but also the supporters of her husband. In this situation, Eurydice turned to the Athenian strategist Iphicrate. So, we see a certain transformation of the political role of the royal women in the 5th - the first half of the 4th century BC. Initially, women, being representatives of the Argead dynasty, were involved in marriages with the rulers of foreign states. Later, at the beginning of the 4th century, women began to assume representative functions, as can be seen from the example of Eurydice. The second paragraph, “Royal women during the reign of Philip II,” shows political changes at the court of Philip II, which affected the position of women in the dynasty. The reforms affected not only the organization of the Macedonian royal court, but also affected the large-scale public presentation of the royal power. First of all, this was expressed in a public wedding celebration of Cleopatra, the daughter of Philip II, and the king of Molos, Alexander, and the construction of Philippeon, inside of which were statues of Philip II, his father Aminta III, mother of Eurydice, Alexander, and Olympia. In the context of the king’s marriage policy, the question of the polygamy of the Macedonian rulers is being investigated. The marriages of Philip, like the marriages of the preceding Argead, were oriented towards the conclusion of dynastic unions. However, unlike his predecessors, Philip II had an unprecedented number of marriages, most of which occurred during the period of military campaigns. It is concluded that not all women, taking into account the objective circumstances, could simultaneously be married to the king. To determine the political role of women, it is necessary to take into account the peculiarities of the society in which the wives of kings were raised. Almost all wives, with the exception of Phila and Cleopatra, were foreigners. So, in the case of Olympia, we see that women in Molossia had a certain independence and could independently own and alienate property, and act as guardians for their minor children. Information sources quite convincingly demonstrate that women could also perform military functions. This was connected not only with the society in which the woman was raised and the expectations brought from it, but also with the gradual change in the gender role of women in Macedonia. The next feature is the lack of title for the royal wives. The reasons for which a woman could raise her status at the royal court were as follows: the birth of an heir, the prestige of the family to which she previously belonged, ethnicity, the “heroic” pedigree, the ability to act decisively, close contact with relatives or compatriots, both outside and inside Macedonia. Using these factors, women had an informal political influence at court. In the second chapter, "Women at the royal court of Alexander the Great", we are talking about the royal women of Macedonia and the East during the campaigns of Alexander the Great. This section discusses the reasons for strengthening the political role of women in Macedonia during Alexander's eastern campaign. This was expressed in the actions of the king, aimed at strengthening the significance of his mother and sister. In addition, the grounds for the intervention of the king’s mother in politics and relations with the Macedonian nobility are examined, the king’s matrimonial policies, his relations with the family of Darius III and other women representing local dynasties are analyzed. In the first paragraph, “Royal women in Macedonia during the reign Alexander the Great”, attention is paid to the causes, means and methods of influence of the mother and sister of the king, and it is concluded that their social role was reduced to three factors. The first represents a personal relationship with a son or brother, a relationship that inevitably forced others to see to some extent Alexander's representatives, the second - belonging to the royal Argead dynasty, and the third - a connection with the Eakid dynasty in Molossia, to which both were directly related. While Alexander did not begin his Asian conquests, it seems that Olympia was in a cramped position when trying to exert a direct political influence. In this regard, it is necessary to note the gender aspect of the distribution of powers. In the historiography that deals with this issue, a distinction is made between legitimate political power and informal influence53. Gender studies recognize that in a patriarchal society, a woman, deprived of access to formal institutions of political power, can have an informal influence on decision-making and thus on the actions of other people or groups54. We see that the mother of the king in his absence most likely, using

53 Repina L.P. Gender, power, and the concept of "divided realms." pp. 124 54 Ibid. pp. 124 his authority or his influence at court, gets rid of the potential heirs and rivals of the new king. At the Macedonian court, the king’s mother was in the most favorable position; however, women had to come into conflict with the old Macedonian nobility, who gained her influence under Philip II. This conclusion is confirmed in the sources by the controversy between Olympia and Antipater. Alexander's position in relation to the women of his family contributed to the strengthening of their political role. The female part of the king's family, using its influence and its status, sought to take a weighty place at court. The role of women at the court of Alexander was also to protect the interests of the family. The absence of certain restrictions allowed to increase its influence. Olympia and Cleopatra were powerful women of their time. The second paragraph, "Alexander the Great and Eastern Women," reflects Alexander's relations with representatives of the Achaemenid dynasty and other eastern noble women. It should be noted that building friendly relations with Persian women was an important component of its Eastern policy. The restoration of Ada, the ruler of Caria, in legitimate inheritance rights to the throne, implies loyalty of her family and the local elite to Alexander. The royal women, who had been ruled by the Macedonian king after the battle of Issus in 333 BC, were extremely important for Alexander, for relations with them allowed him to appear as the legitimate ruler, not just a conqueror. A respectful attitude towards these women was expressed in the observance of the customs adopted at the Persian court. Continuing a successful engagement policy with the Persian elite, Alexander established relations with Barsina, the daughter of Artabaz II, the satrap of Hellespont's Phrygia, and, possibly, a relative of the Persian king. Alexander's matrimonial policy was aimed at maintaining peace in the conquered lands. Followed in 327 BC the marriage with Roxana was aimed at weakening the resistance to the Macedonian conquest in Bactria and Sogdiana. The next thoughtful step in Alexandr’s politics, was the massive marriage of his Greek and Macedonian commanders in Susa with noble eastern women. No other example is known in the Greek world but the mentioned one. The mass marriage, the marriage of Alexander to Statir, the daughter of Darius III, and Parisatide, the daughter of Artaxerxes III, the borrowing of the Persian harem testify to the king’s desire to demonstrate his continuity with the Achaemenids. He legalized his right to the Persian throne, concluding a marriage alliance with members of the royal family. Alexander's adoption of Eastern customs brought about the inclusion of Persian aristocracy in the royal court. As a result, Alexander used Persian women to achieve his goals during his orientalist policies. The third chapter, “Royal women in the period of the collapse of the empire of Alexander the Great”, covers the role of royal women during the Diadochi wars, focuses on the dynastic crisis that manifested itself after the death of the king, political and military actions in which the women of the Argead dynasty took part, traces the political role of women after the suppression of the dynasty. In the first paragraph “Women of the Argead dynasty: the struggle for the inheritance of Alexander the Great” it is noted that as a result of the dynastic crisis after Alexander's death, marriage unions became an effective political move. The first initiative was taken by Kinana, Alexander's half-sister. She hoped to marry her daughter Adea with Arridey. In that same period, the efforts of Kinana and her daughter coincided with the initiative of the Olympia, who tried to marry her daughter Cleopatra to the generals of Alexander. It can be stated that women are taking a political initiative with the goal of forming an alliance with the most influential diadochi and retaining succession of their dynasty. The main motive for their actions was the kinship with Philip II and Alexander. The action following political marriages was the acquisition of power and the open struggle between women from the Argead. The main support for female representatives in the retention of power became the generals of Alexander and the army. Using the army, Adea-Eurydice incited soldiers against Antipater. Taking advantage of her husband’s poor health, she began to interfere with many cases and confront the guardians appointed after the death of Alexander. The standoff between the Olympia and Adea-Eurydice became significant. However, the war with Cassander ended in defeat and the inevitable end of the Argead dynasty. It should be noted that women in their methods were guided by the experience of men, so the elimination of rivals and candidates for power was a clear example. However, due to the specifics of the Macedonian monarchy, when the king had authority only when he himself was a brave warrior, a good commander and knew how to hold the military elite in his hands, contemporaries in women saw only the king’s relatives. And finally, the diadochi actively used the names of the women of the dynasty for their political purposes. Antigonus spread a rumor everywhere that he wanted to avenge the death of the Olympics and to free his son Alexander and his mother from the amphipolis fortress. In the second paragraph, “The Political Role of Royal Women in Macedonia after the end of the Argead Dynasty”, information is given on changing the political role of women in the dynasty during the Diadochi wars, explores the question of reducing the influence of royal women after the death of Olympia, and the role of women in the Argead dynasty with their role in the dynasty of Antipatris and Antigonids. On the basis of the material examined in the paragraph, it becomes apparent that Thessalonici possessed more power in the reign of her sons, but not in the status of Cassandra’s wife. The most prominent figure was Phil, the eldest daughter of Antipater, the wife of Crater, and later Demetrius Poliorket: she was the first woman to receive the title of “queen”. Of the general trends that have emerged earlier, it should be noted that the initiative of women in the matter of choosing a husband was a political ally. Among the innovations that could affect the political role of women are the cult honoring royal women, the emergence of a feminine royal title, caused by the need of diadoes to legitimize the power that they actually usurped, the appearance of cities named after royal women, the decrease in polygamous marriages, the use of women royal paraphernalia. However, it can be concluded that many of these changes had a short-term effect. During the rule of the Antigonid dynasty, the political role of women is reduced, which is associated with the strengthening of the power of the king himself. In conclusion, the research carried out in the thesis makes it possible to conclude that the political role of the women of the Argead dynasty has been strengthened since the emergence of the Macedonian state at the turn of the 6th – 5th centuries BC. and until the end of the dynasty at the turn of the IV – III centuries BC. The transformation of the political role of women from a passive stage to a more active one is quite obvious. During the reign of Aminta I, Alexander I, Perdiccas II and Archela, women began to be used in politics by the men of their families. Marriage unions were part of the political interests of the dynasty, where the main task was not only maintaining peace and stability, but also strengthening international cooperation. Undoubtedly, women did not make their own decisions regarding marriages, but were part of them, and therefore part of the policy pursued by the kings. During the reign of Aminta III and his eldest sons, the political role of women is strengthened. The main reason for this was internal instability: the dynastic crisis caused by new aspirants to the throne, complicated by constant external threats. In these circumstances, the political activity of women was expressed in representing the interests of their sons and the dynasty as a whole. For the first time such a role was taken by Eurydice. Meanwhile, the changes that occurred in the IV century BC in the public life of the Macedonians were largely due to the reforms of Philip II. The solemnity of the marriage ceremony in Egah in 336 BC. on the occasion of the marriage of the daughter of king Cleopatra and Alexander Molossky, she demonstrated to both the Macedonians and the Greeks the strength and authority of the Macedonian king and became a public presentation of the monarchy and his family. The development of ceremonial and the use of the throne at public events marked the status of the king. Numerous marriages have become one of the means of the diplomatic policy of Philip II. The status of women depended on a number of factors: the birth of an heir, the prestige of a woman’s family, ethnicity, the family tree of a family, the woman’s ability to function as a legal successor for her son, go against her rivals and establish close contacts with relatives or compatriots both inside and outside Macedonia. Accordingly, the political influence of the royal woman was determined by the mentioned factors. The mother of the heir used her status at court to achieve political goals. Informal intervention in politics took place through sons - heirs or their closest associates. At the same time, there was an example at the court of Philip II when women performed military functions, which indicates a gradual weakening of the gender role of women in the monarchy. The next factor contributing to the strengthening of the political role of women in Macedonia was the status of the mother of the king, as was the case with Olympia, the mother of Alexander the Great, after the death of Philip II. Using her son’s authority and personal connections, she was able to eliminate political rivals and actively intervene in political decision-making. The main rival who sought to limit the political influence of Olympia was the old Macedonian nobility. The king’s mother in her policy sought to act not as an individual, but as a representative of Macedonian people. It is necessary to emphasize the similarities between the Macedonian and Persian royal women. We see that the roles of women in monarchies were often similar. For royal Persian women, the main motivation for action was the well-being of the family. The king's mother carried out the role of mediator of his family and the Persian court. She could ask the king to change the sentences and save the life of a member of the royal family. The greatest political influence of women was reached after the death of Alexander the Great during the Diadochi wars. The active involvement in the political struggle was determined by the absence of capable and full-age men in the royal family after Alexander's death, the threat of interrupting the Argead dynasty, rethinking the role of women in monarchy, and the political initiative of women. The main support for women in the preservation of power became the warlords of Alexander and the army itself. It was not possible to avoid conflicts within the royal house, which resulted in a confrontation between the women of the dynasty. Adea Eurydice is the first woman of the era of the Diadochi wars, who actually became an independent political figure because she ruled on behalf of her husband. Olympia is the regent and guardian, who represented the interests of her grandson. Their actions depended on objective and subjective circumstances. The limited financial resources, the underestimation of the enemy forces, the lack of military experience, the lack of coordination of actions, the loss of support from the people and the nobility led to the defeat and loss of power by the women of the Argead dynasty. At the same time, it is not worth thinking that women were extremely dependent on diadochi. Rather, on the contrary, the diadochi, with the help of the women of the Alexander family, sought to win the support of the Macedonians. Women initiated profitable marriage alliances in order to form an alliance and win over prominent supporters of the king, loyal to the dynasty. The main impetus to the independence of their actions was a family relationship with Philip II and Alexander. The identity of the woman herself, courage, determination, leadership, contributed to their involvement in the political struggle. It was not by chance that the diadochi chose purposeful women, knowing their desire to retain power and in any way preserve the throne for the Argead. The prestige of the royal family, the need for continuity and giving power to law in the period of the diadochi made women the main source of transfer of legitimacy. Of course, during the reign of Cassandra, the role of a woman was limited to the birth of sons, but later the mother of the heir could support her son’s rights to the kingdom. With the death of the royal family and the last representative of the dynasty, along with the strengthening of the royal power in Macedonia, the political role of women was significantly reduced. The following papers were published on the topic of the thesis:

Publications in the journals recommended by the Higher Attestation Commission of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation: 1. Kilyashova K.A. Queen Eurydice: on the issue of the political role of women in Ancient Macedonia // Scholarly notes of Kazan University. Series “Liberal arts" - 2015. - V. 157. - Book 3. - pp. 123–130. 2. Kilyashova K.A. The political role of Barsina, the daughter of Artabaz // Scholarly notes of Kazan University. Series "Liberal arts". - 2017. - V. 159. - Book. 6. - pp. 1393–1403. 3. Kilyashova K.A. The marriage policy of the kings of the Argead dynasty. The problem of polygamy // University scientific journal. Series "Philological and historical sciences, archeology and art history." - 2018. - №38. –pp.240–248. 4. Kilyashova K.A. The title of the queen in ancient Macedonia, the last third of the IV - the first quarter of the III. BC // Manuscript. - 2018. - № 8. - pp. 30–34. 5. Kilyashova K.A. The image of the royal women of the dynasty of Argead in the writings of ancient authors // Society: philosophy, history, culture. - 2018. - № 10. - pp. 120–123. Publications in other scientific journals: 6. Kilyashova K.A. Shofman A.S. on the eastern policy of Alexander the Great // The final scientific and educational conference of students of Kazan Federal University. - Kazan, 2013. - pp.62−63.