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Dissertation DISSERTATION Titel der Dissertation „Interaktion und Dialog in Quellen des Frühmittelalters“ verfasst von Maga. Doris-Andrea Zeitler angestrebter akademischer Grad Doktorin der Philosophie (Dr.phil.) Wien, Mai 2014 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A >092 312< Dissertationsgebiet lt. Studienblatt: Geschichte Betreut von: Univ. Prof. Mag. Dr. Walter Pohl 1 2 Inhaltsverzeichnis Vorwort ...................................................................................................................................... 5 1. Einleitung ........................................................................................................................... 7 1.1 Der Dialog, Bemerkungen zum Forschungsstand. ..................................................... 9 2. Zugänge zum Dialog und Einsatzbereiche des Dialogs in der Gegenüberstellung zum modernen, bewusst gestalteten Dialog ..................................................................................... 39 2.1 Die Wurzeln des Dialogs ......................................................................................... 39 2.2 Die philosophische Erörterung - beschrieben in den Pseudo-Clementinen ............ 46 2.3 Das Streitgedicht – ein Zugang zum Dialog ............................................................ 51 2.4 Der Dialog im alten Griechenland – über Socrates ................................................. 55 2.5 Der Dialog im alten Griechenland - über Platon ...................................................... 62 2.6 Ein Zugang zum Dialog – über Aristoteles und Cicero ........................................... 65 2.7 Dialogformen und Dialoggattungen ......................................................................... 71 2.8 Dialog - Mimesis ...................................................................................................... 77 2.9 Dialog in anderen Kulturen ...................................................................................... 87 2.10 Verschiedene Dialoge in der frühchristlichen Literatur ........................................... 90 2.10.1 Der Dialog bei Justin ............................................................................................. 90 2.10.2 Der Dialog bei Minucius Felix .............................................................................. 91 2.10.3. Der Dialog bei Gregor von Nyssa ........................................................................ 93 2.10.4. Der Dialog bei Augustin ...................................................................................... 96 2.10.5. Der Dialog bei Johannes Chrysostomos ............................................................... 99 2.11 Dialogtypen ................................................................................................................ 102 3 Moderne Zugänge und Ansätze zum Dialog / zur sprachlichen Interaktion ....................... 106 3.1 Ein dialogischer Ansatz nach Martin Buber ............................................................... 106 3.2 Ein dialogischer Ansatz nach David Bohm .................................................................. 112 4 Heutige Modelle des Dialogs / der sprachlichen Interaktion ......................................... 115 4.1 Modelle des Dialogs / der sprachlichen Interaktion - nach Peter Senge ................ 115 4.2 Modelle des Dialogs / der sprachlichen Interaktion - nach William Isaac ............. 119 4.3 Modelle des Dialogs / der sprachlichen Interaktion - nach Marta und Johannes Hartkemeyer, L. Freeman Dhority ..................................................................................... 122 5.Kommunikation/Dialog im Frühmittelalter anhand der Dialoge von Gregor dem Großen 125 5.1 Historisches Umfeld zu Gregor dem Großen ......................................................... 125 5.2 Das Leben Gregors des Großen ............................................................................. 136 5.3 Die Bücher der Dialoge Gregors des Großen ......................................................... 143 5.4 Entstehungskontext und Schreibanlass der Dialoge von Gregor dem Großen ...... 151 5.5 Zielsetzung und Zweck der Dialoge von Gregor dem Großen .................................... 159 5.6 Modelle für die Dialogi .......................................................................................... 165 5.6.1 Die Vita Martini des Sulpicius Severus ................................................................ 165 5.6.2. Die Vita Antonii des Athanasius ...................................................................... 169 5.7 Der Aufbau und der Inhalt der Dialoge Gregors des Großen................................. 172 5.8 Die literarische Form der Dialoge Gregors des Großen ......................................... 203 6. Muster der Dialoge Gregors des Großen ............................................................................ 209 7. Vorbilder für Dialoge ......................................................................................................... 213 8. Kontinuität des Dialogs .................................................................................................. 215 9 Ausblick .............................................................................................................................. 219 Literaturverzeichnis ................................................................................................................ 228 Publikationen/Literatur ....................................................................................................... 228 Quellenverzeichnis: ............................................................................................................ 245 3 Internet Quellen / Online Quellen ...................................................................................... 248 Abstract (deutsch) .................................................................................................................. 254 Abstract (english) ................................................................................................................... 255 Lebenslauf .............................................................................................................................. 256 4 Vorwort Mein Weg zum Dialog: Schon in meiner Diplomarbeit ging es um Sprache und deren Verschriftlichung und Bildhaftigkeit, beispielsweise das Exemplum. Auch durch meine berufliche Tätigkeit in meinem Institut für Sprachen und Kommunikation habe ich mich bei der Vorbereitung zu meinen Dialogseminaren immer mit Fragen der menschlichen Interaktion, in erster Linie sprachlicher Art, auseinandergesetzt. Es stellt sich für mich nun einerseits die Frage nach der Geschichte des Dialogs, wann und wo er entstanden ist und warum; hat er überdauert, oder ist er wiedergekehrt, und wenn ja, in welcher Form, und zu welchem Zweck. Andererseits ist der Dialog ein vielversprechendes Mittel, um Inalte zu hinterfragen, um Menschen beim Sprechen oder beim Lesen von Texten, zum Mitdenken anzuregen, und um gewisse Gesprächskulturen oder Sprachmuster und Denkmuster offenzulegen. Daher stellt sich weiters die Frage, wie der Dialog damals eingesetzt worden ist, und wie der Dialog heute verwendet wird. Auch die Frage der Vorzüge oder der Qualitäten des Dialogs soll behandelt werden. Die vorliegende Dissertation beschäftigt sich mit der Frage der menschlichen Interaktion. Das Ziel der Arbeit ist eine exemplarische Untersuchung an frühmittelalterlichen Quellen, vor allem aus dem Bereich der Historiographie und der Hagiographie, zu Fragen der menschlichen Interaktion, in erster Linie sprachlicher Art. Dabei dienten vor allem die Dialodi Papst Gregors des Großen als Beispiel. Es wird versucht, vor allem der Frage nachzugehen, wie im frühen Mittelalter kommuniziert beziehungsweise wie sprachliche Kommunikation in den Quellen beschrieben oder in direkter respektive indirekter Rede wiedergegeben wurde. Aber nicht nur die linguistische Form sondern auch die philosophische und literaturwissenschaftliche Untersuchung der Gattung des Dialoges ist dabei von wesentlicher Bedeutung. Dabei sollen sowohl ältere als auch neuere theoretische Ansätze herangezogen und miteinander verglichen werden, um die Analyse methodisch zu unterstützen. Unter anderem wird versucht Ansätze des philosophisch-dialogischen Verstehens (Martin Buber, David Bohm, William Isaac, M&J Hartkemeyer und L. Freeman Dhorithy) und der Diskurstheorie (Roland Barthes, Peter Senge) sowie der Diskursanalyse (Michael Foucault, 5 Pierre Bourdieu, und Jaques Derrida) auf ihre Anwendbarkeit und Verständlichkeit zu diesem Thema zu überprüfen. Des Weiteren wird gefragt, ob sich zum Beispiel die Wiedergabe von Dialogen und Kommunikation in direkter Rede in frühmittelalterlichen Quellen von den in heutiger sprachlicher Interaktion entstandenen Modellen unterscheidet. Das direkte Sprechen der Akteure in vergangener Zeit ist natürlich nur in rhetorischer und literarischer Stilisierung greifbar, doch werden auch dabei bestimmte Muster und Anwendungen deutlich. Literarische und philosophische Modelle seit dem Sokratischen Dialog prägten spätere Formen dialogischer Literatur; sie schufen aber auch den Spielraum für unterschiedliche Darstellungen und Stilisierungen von Dialogen in schriftlich überlieferten Texten. Vor diesem Hintergrund sollen nun bestimmte Grundmuster der menschlichen Interaktion, insbesondere des Dialogs herausgearbeitet werden, in denen sprachliche Kommunikation innerhalb der Gesellschaft ablief. So sollen Aufschlüsse über die verschiedenen
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