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Zivilisten Und Militärs Im Konflikt. Übergriffe in Der Spätrömischen Welt

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Zivilisten Und Militärs Im Konflikt. Übergriffe in Der Spätrömischen Welt SONDERDRUCK AUS: Christian Bachhiesl, Markus Handy, Peter Mauritsch, Werner Petermandl (Hg.) Gier, Korruption und Machtmissbrauch in der Antike LIT Antike Kultur und Geschichte herausgegeben von Prof. Dr. Kai Brodersen (Universität Erfurt) Band 20 LIT Für Ingomar Weiler zum 80. Geburtstag Gedruckt mit Unterstützung des Hans Gross Kriminalmuseums, Universitätsmuseen der Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz und des Landes Steiermark Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. ISBN 978-3-643-50901-7 (br.) ISBN 978-3-643-65901-9 (PDF) © LIT VERLAG GmbH & Co. KG Wien 2019 Garnisongasse 1/19 A-1090 Wien Tel. +43 (0) 1-409 56 61 Fax +43 (0) 1-409 56 97 E-Mail: [email protected] http://www.lit-verlag.at Auslieferung: Deutschland: LIT Verlag, Fresnostr. 2, D-48159 Münster Tel. +49 (0) 2 51-620 32 22, E-Mail: [email protected] E-Books sind erhältlich unter www.litwebshop.de Inhalt Gier, Korruption und Machtmissbrauch in der Antike – eine Einleitung .............................. 1 Christian Bachhiesl / Markus Handy / Peter Mauritsch / Werner Petermandl (Graz) I. Gier War Gaius Verres ein Einzelgänger oder ist Raffgier eine anthropologische Konstante? .................... 13 Ingomar Weiler (Graz) Geldgier im Diskurs der späten Republik und frühen Kaiserzeit 57 Herbert Graßl (Salzburg) Geldgier in den Provinzen. Gedanken zur Geschichte der Verfolgung des crimen repetundarum .............. 71 Marlene Peinhopf (Innsbruck) Herrscher und Geldgier bei Sueton ................ 99 Monika Frass (Salzburg) Lukian von Samosata und die Gier nach Reichtum ........131 Wolfgang Spickermann (Graz) Korruptions- und Bestechungsvorwürfe in griechischen Gerichtsreden ............................145 Ursula Lagger (Graz) Heinrich Schliemanns Erwerb der Helios-Metope: Ein Lehrstück über gutes und schlechtes Verhandeln .........173 Gabriele Koiner (Graz) II. Korruption Platon und Aristoteles über Korruption und Geldgier . 211 Gernot Krapinger (Graz) INHALT Korruption im Prozess Jesu? Ein Blick in den Spiegel der frühen Kriminalwissenschaft ....................231 Christian Bachhiesl (Graz) Korruption in Rom. Die Stimme Juvenals ............267 Werner Petermandl (Graz) „Korruption“ im häuslichen Bereich – Juristenentscheidungen zum servus corruptus ........................281 Martin Pennitz (Innsbruck) Anständig oder korrupt? Eine kritische Einschätzung des gut dokumentierten Sicherheitswesens im griechisch-römischen Ägypten ...............................321 Patrick Sänger (Wien) Korruption und Nepotismus als Topoi eines „orientalischen Lebensprinzips“? ..........................335 Johann Leitner (Graz) Korruption im aktuellen österreichischen Strafrecht . 359 Hannes Schütz (Graz) III. Machtmissbrauch Betrügerische Menschenhändler, gewalttätige Herren und aufmüpfige Sklaven. Unmoral, Korruption und Verbrechen in der antiken Sklaverei ........................375 Josef Fischer (Krakau) Zivilisten und Militärs im Konflikt: Übergriffe in der spätrömischen Welt .........................415 Roland Steinacher (Innsbruck) Agesilaos. Zu den Handlungsspielräumen eines spartanischen Königs ................................445 Markus Handy (Graz) ii INHALT IV. Betätigungsfelder des Geltungsdranges Litterae thesaurum est oder „Wo Daedalus Niobe ins trojanische Pferd einsperrt“. Zur Darstellung des Geltungsdrangs Neureicher in der lateinischen Literatur . 503 Ursula Gärtner (Graz) Falsches Erwachen. Aristoteles, Freud und die Korruption in der Geschichtsschreibung .....................529 Stefan Köchel (Graz) Überzeugt von Sex (Die angenehmste Art, korrumpiert zu werden) ...............................537 Peter Mauritsch (Graz) Autorinnen und Autoren dieses Bandes ..............553 iii Zivilisten und Militärs im Konflikt: Übergriffe in der spätrömischen Welt Roland Steinacher (Innsbruck)£ Einführung Stets ist es für den Historiker schwierig, aus der Vielzahl gesellschaftli- cher Phänomene auszuwählen. Zumal wenn es um Kontexte geht, die über Jahrhunderte auf der Suche nach europäischen spirituellen oder nationa- len Ursprüngen mit allerhand Weltanschaulichem aufgeladen wurden. Fra- gen wir nun nach Übergriffen und Gewalt zwischen Militärs und Zivilisten in der Spätantike, so ist zunächst zu betonen, dass es meist um Konflikte zwischen Eliten ging. Macht und Verteilungshoheit im Römerreich bean- spruchten die seit dem frühen 4. Jahrhundert so elementar für die Identität des Reiches gewordene christliche Kirche und die Senatsaristokratie. Senatorische Familien verfügten über große Ländereien und dadurch immense Gütermengen, die sich in den Jahrhunderten der römischen Ex- pansion im Mittelmeerraum, dem Vorderen Orient und Europa angehäuft hatten. Diese Menschen machten gelegentlich Kaiser und kontrollierten die politischen Mechanismen der überregionalen Ebene im Römerreich. Der kaiserliche Hof hatte enge Beziehungen zu senatorischen Kreisen. In allen politischen Entscheidungen nahm der Kaiser Rücksicht auf die Interessen der Senatoren. Die christliche Kirche war im Vergleich zur Senatsaristokratie we- sentlich jünger und befand sich in vielen Aspekten noch in einer Kon- solidierungsphase, hatte aber eine große Zukunft. In den 480er Jahren war noch nicht ein Jahrhundert vergangen, seit es die Christen geschafft hatten, ein tragendes Element des Reiches zu werden. Viele Männer der £ Dieser Text konnte im Rahmen meiner Anstellung in der DFG Kolleg-Forschergruppe „Migration und Mobilität in Spätantike und Frühmittelalter“ an der Universität Tübin- gen geschrieben werden. Mischa Meier, Steffen Patzold und Sebastian Schmidt-Hofner danke ich für ihre Gastfreundschaft und die anregende internationale Atmosphäre in Tübingen. ROLAND STEINACHER Senatsaristokratie hatten sich ihr im Verlauf dieses Prozesses zugewandt und die Kaiser definierten sich als Diener Christi. Die Schriften eines Am- brosius im italischen Nervenzentrum der politischen Macht und eines Au- gustinus in den afrikanischen Provinzen zur Gestaltung einer christlichen Gesellschaft zeigen die zunehmende Bedeutung des Christentums in den höheren und höchsten Ebenen der spätrömischen Gesellschaft. Insgesamt bleibt die Durchsetzung des Christentums in der Spätantike ein kaum mit anderen historischen Transformationen vergleichbarer Vorgang. „Das war der vielleicht ehrgeizigste Versuch der bisherigen Menschheitsgeschichte, die Welt grundlegend und in allen Lebensbereichen zu verändern, und er stützte sich auf eine Vielfalt differenzierter intellektueller und materieller Bemühungen.“1 Mit den genannten gesellschaftlich dominierenden Gruppen kam der militärische Apparat immer wieder in Konflikt. Die bewaffnete Macht im Römerreich wurde seit dem 3. Jahrhundert zusehends eigenständiger und schwerer von den Zentralinstanzen kontrollierbar. Sie hatte eine große Dy- namik und auch eine bemerkenswerte Offenheit gegenüber neu Ankom- menden. Wer bereit war Waffen zu tragen und zu kämpfen, konnte ver- gleichsweise schnell Staus und Prestige in der römischen Welt erlangen. Auseinandersetzungen unter den drei Gruppen – Kirche, Reichseliten und Militärs – um die Macht und die Verteilungshoheit an Gütern im Westen des römischen Reiches dominierten die Zeit. Aus schweren bewaffneten 1 Walter Pohl: Übergänge von der Antike zum Mittelalter – eine unendliche Debatte?, in: Michaela Konrad/Christian Witschel (Hrsg.): Römische Legionslager in den Rhein- und Donauprovinzen – Nuclei spätantik-frühmittelalterlichen Lebens? München, 2011 (= Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften phil.-hist. Klasse Abhandlungen NF 138), S. 47–62. Vgl. die grundlegenden Arbeiten Peter Robert Lamont Browns: Peter R. L. Brown: The Rise of Western Christendom. Triumph and Diversity A. D. 200–1000. Ox- ford, Cambridge/MA, 1996; Peter R. L. Brown: Authority and the Sacred: Aspects of the Christianization of the Roman World. Cambridge, 1995; Peter R. L. Brown: Power and Persuasion in Late Antiquity. Towards a Christian Empire. Madison/WI, 1992; Peter R. L. Brown: Society & the Holy in Late Antiquity. London, 1982; Peter R. L. Brown: The Cult of the Saints: Its Rise and Function in Latin Christianity. London, 1981; Peter R. L. Brown: The world of Late Antiquity. From Marcus Aurelius to Muhammad. Lon- don, 1971 (= Library of European civilization), und für das 2. und 3. Jahrhundert Eric Robertson Dodds: Pagan and Christian in an age of anxiety. Some aspects of religious experience from Marcus Aurelius to Constantine. Cambridge, 1965. 416 ZIVILISTEN UND MILITÄRS IM KONFLIKT Auseinandersetzungen gingen neue Formen der gesellschaftlichen Organi- sation und der Verwaltung römischer Provinzen hervor. Im Laufe des 5. und 6. Jahrhunderts entstanden viele kleine weströmische Reiche, meist auf der Ebene von Provinzen und Diözesen.2 Zunächst sollen nun Voraussetzungen und Hintergründe der neuen Mi- litäreliten besprochen werden. Dann kommen die Rugier an der Donau und ihre Auseinandersetzung mit der Kirche wie den Provinzeliten zur Sprache. Die Voraussetzungen für die Konflikte in der spätrömischen Welt Der Freiburger Archäologe Heiko Steuer hat darauf hingewiesen, dass die nichtrömischen Gebiete Europas erstens verhältnismäßig dünn besiedelt waren, dort zweitens stets Güter- und Nahrungsmittelknappheit herrschte, und drittens die Siedlungsdichte und -strukturen von der La-Tène-Zeit bis ins hohe Mittelalter oftmals erstaunlich wenig variierten. Dabei war insbe- sondere die Güterknappheit einer
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