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GIOVANNA FRANÇA DANILO FREIRE UMBERTO MIGNOZZETTI Editors Natural Resources and Policy Choices in Latin America Natural Resources and Policy Choices in Latin

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GIOVANNA FRANÇA DANILO FREIRE UMBERTO MIGNOZZETTI Editors Natural Resources and Policy Choices in Latin America Natural Resources and Policy Choices in Latin Natural Resources and Policy Choices in Latin America GIOVANNA FRANÇA DANILO FREIRE UMBERTO MIGNOZZETTI editors Natural Resources and Policy Choices in Latin America Natural Resources and Policy Choices in Latin GIOVANNA FRANÇA America DANILO FREIRE UMBERTO MIGNOZZETTI editors HEITOR BORGES CATARINA ROMAN IAGO RONDELLO research assistants part I part II part III Governance Implementation: Conflict and and Compliance A Look into Social Tensions Renewable energies 6 Preface 21 Latin America Climate 119 Geopolitics of 189 Climate Security GIOVANNA FRANÇA Policy: an Analysis of the Renewables: a New in Latin America DANILO FREIRE Nationally Determined Dawn is Coming. and the Caribbean: UMBERTO MIGNOZZETTI Contributions (NDCs) from Will Brazil be a Pioneer? Crime, Social Unrest Argentina, Brazil, and Chile TATIANA SILVA and, Interstate Conflict JOÃO PAULO VEIGA MATÍAS FRANCHINI 9 Introduction MIRIAM LIA GARCIA EDUARDO VIOLA GIOVANNA FRANÇA 141 From Biofuels DANILO FREIRE to Boomerangs: 211 Modes of Lithium Ex- UMBERTO MIGNOZZETTI 45 A new Global Resource Critical Reflections traction in Argentina: Order, Elites and the on Latin American Mining Politics in Cata- Environment in Latin Approaches to marca, Jujuy, and Salta America Energy and Climate BENEDICTE BULL Security, the cases LUCAS GONZÁLEZ of Brazil, Argentina RICHARD SNYDER and Colombia 75 Alternative Incentives to LUIS PAULO SILVA Environmental Compliance LARRY SWATUK 235 Hydropower and and Maintenance of Environmental Ecosystem Service Conflicts in Latin Provision 161 The Fundamentals of America GABRIELA DUARTE Oil Market Geopolitics SALEEM ALI RAFAELA SILVA FERNANDA DELGADO RICARDO LLAMAS JULIA ASSIS FÁBIO BARROS 93 Geopolitics and Forestry Finance: a Look at the Amazon Rainforest KATERINA ELIAS-TROSTMANN Preface GIOVANNA FRANÇA, DANILO FREIRE, UMBERTO MIGNOZZETTI Natural Resources and Policy Choices in Latin implementing the global agenda towards a possible. Unfortunately, our expectations to would also like to thank the bright ideas of America is the result of a renewed partner- low-carbon economy. Where does Latin promote an in-person event, gathering all of our former research assistants Letícia San- ship between the editors and the Regional America stand in the international commu- the authors for a book launch, were frustrat- tana and Larissa Santos, who participated in Programme Energy Security and Climate nity as it holds the most valuable biodiversity ed. Yet, by acknowledging the hardship and the conception of this project early on. Change in Latin America (EKLA) from the in the world? How can the region play the coordinating our efforts towards a greater We sincerely hope you enjoy reading this Konrad Adenauer Foundation (KAS). We pivotal role in renewable energy it aspires to? good, we take pride in saying, only one year rich collection of essays written by some of are glad to work together once again, after We could not take upon this task alone, later, that the final outcome is a success. the highest academic authorities on renew- our first collaboration, titled Geopolitics of as we posed ourselves quite the ambitious This publication could not have been able energies, climate mitigation, and envi- Renewable Energies in Latin America: A Survey set of questions. Besides, it was clear a mul- complete without the help of some key col- ronmental policy in Latin America. We di- Report (Mignozzetti, Freire; 2019). The idea tidisciplinary approach would be highly ad- laborators. First, Anuska Soares, from the vided the book into three parts. We start with for this collection of essays came from the vantageous to tackle the issue at hand. This Konrad Adenauer Stiftung, had an essential a discussion on Latin America’s commitment desire to further contribute to the knowl- is why we carefully selected and invited spe- role in guiding us through the process of ed- to international climate agreements and local edge on environmental governance in Latin cialists whose careers had been dedicated to iting the book, and in efficiently handling the governance. We then move to critical assess- America and provide the general public with these subjects. We also aimed for the book administrative duties. Second, Gustavo Mar- ments of the region’s energy matrix and the accessible, yet insightful material. to reflect different perspectives on renew- chetti, from Bloco Gráfico, is responsible for implementation of renewables, and finish the We were particularly intrigued by how able energies in Latin America, hence the the beautiful artwork and design you see in volume with some comments on the adverse complex climate governance is in a region diverse origins of our author body. In this this book. Third, Jesue Pires, from Ipsis, was social consequences these projects entail. We that, while so rich in natural resources, is book, readers will find both the information a fundamental advisor for printing this piece. hope this collective contribution serves as an also under the rule of fragile institutions. and the analytical tools to better grasp the Finally, our research assistants, Iago Ron- incentive for readers to more seriously con- While we are political scientists, we hoped to relationships and strategies of Latin Amer- dello, Catarina Roman, and Heitor Borges sider the regional implications of this global move beyond the analysis of decision-mak- ican actors towards climate mitigation. offered immense support in tying the book crisis, and to incorporate climate mitigation ing processes and explore different perspec- The most pressing challenge we faced together throughout the entire process. We into their political agendas. tives on environmental policy. Not only did while writing this book was to undertake it we seek to understand how environmental during the COVID-19 pandemic. When we risks affects the region, but also how policy began this project, in January 2020, no one References choices may impact climate change. It was could foresee the unfolding of events we wit- Freire, Danilo; Mignozzetti, Umberto. 2019. 2019. “Geopolitics of Renewable Energies in Latin America: A Survey.” also important to take a few steps back and nessed. Such a delicate, unpredictable situa- São Paulo: Konrad Adenauer Fountation. Available at www.kas.de/en/web/energie-klima-lateinamerika/ weigh the costs and benefits of domestically tion made planning for the future nearly im- single-title/-/content/geopolitik-erneuerbarer-energien-in-lateinamerika-eine-umfrage. 6 7 Introduction GIOVANNA FRANÇA, DANILO FREIRE, UMBERTO MIGNOZZETTI GIOVANNA FRANÇA is an international relations analyst with focus on political In the early 2000s, the discovery of off- same time, political tensions in Venezuela science. She holds a BA in International Relations from the University of São Pau- shore oil reserves in Brazil, shale gas in severely impacted its oil production and lo. She has studied at the Institut d’Études Politiques de Lyon (Sciences Po Lyon) Argentina, and crude oil in Colombia led caused an unprecedented refugee crisis and at the école of the Institut de Relations Internationales et Strategiques policy-makers to believe that Latin Ameri- in South America (Page et al. 2019; Visci- (IRIS Sup’). Giovanna França is a Research Assistant at the Getulio Vargas Foun- ca could be the world’s next energy frontier di 2016). Moreover, governments faced a dation and a fellow at the Brazilian Centre of Analysis and Planning (CEBRAP). (O’Neil 2012). Governments embarked in backlash as activists strongly opposed the She also has working experience on democratic crises in Latin America, migra- large infrastructure projects to expand move towards increasing reliance on fos- tion issues, and geopolitics. Her research interests include sustainable devel- resource extraction capacities, increasing sil fuels. Non-governmental organisations opment, foreign policy, international political economy, and political behaviour. the role of state companies while courting stressed that investing in non-renewable foreign firms such as the China National energy sources was not only damaging to DANILO FREIRE is a political scientist and data analyst. He holds a PhD in Po- Petroleum Corporation (Tissot 2012). The regional ecosystems, but also at odds with litical Economy from King’s College London, a Master’s Degree in International massive inflow of energy and commodity climate change agreements Latin American Relations from the Graduate Institute Geneva, and is a former postdoctoral re- revenues opened fiscal space for progres- countries had already agreed to participate search associate in The Political Theory Project at Brown University. His research sive governments to implement new social in (Hogenboom 2012; Vásquez 2011). focuses on understanding how developing countries solve problems of collective protection programmes, which contributed The failed attempt to boost economic de- action and political violence. His research has been sponsored by Google, the to a significant reduction in poverty levels velopment with fossil fuel revenues has ex- Konrad Adenauer Foundation, the Getulio Vargas Foundation, and the Brazilian across the region (Gaylord 2020). Fast eco- posed deeper problems in Latin American’s Ministry of Education. Danilo Freire is also a member of the Evidence in Governance nomic growth also boosted the optimism management of natural resources. Although and Politics (EGAP) research group. of local and international elites, who be- the literature points to several impediments lieved Latin America was about to enter
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