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Representaciones De Candidatas Parlamentarias En Nuevos Medios De Comunicación Representações De Candidatas Parlamentárias Nos Novos Meios De Comunicação

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Representaciones De Candidatas Parlamentarias En Nuevos Medios De Comunicación Representações De Candidatas Parlamentárias Nos Novos Meios De Comunicação CUADERNOS.INFO Nº 39 ISSN 0719-3661 Versión electrónica: ISSN 0719-367x http://www.cuadernos.info doi: 10.7764/cdi.39.784 Received: 05-12-2015 / Accepted: 11-03-2016 Representations of women parliamentary candidates in new media1 Representaciones de candidatas parlamentarias en nuevos medios de comunicación Representações de candidatas parlamentárias nos novos meios de comunicação ANDREA BAEZA REYES, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile ([email protected]) SILVIA LAMADRID ÁLVAREZ, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile ([email protected]) ABSTRACT RESUMEN RESUMO This paper investigates the social Este artículo indaga en las representaciones Este artigo pesquisa nas representações representations built by parliamentary sociales construidas por candidatas sociais construídas por candidatas à female candidates during the 2013 parlamentarias durante su campaña Câmara e ao Senado durante a campanha electoral campaign in Chile. Considering electoral de 2013 en Chile. Considerando eleitoral de 2013, no Chile. Considerando the low female political representation la baja representación política femenina a baixa representação política feminina and the role of new media for mediated y el rol de los nuevos medios en la política e o papel dos novos meios na política politics, we revised the Twitter accounts mediatizada, se revisaron las cuentas de midiatizada, foram analizadas as contas of women aspiring to the National Twitter de mujeres aspirantes al Congreso de Twitter das mulheres candidatas ao Congress for the period 2014-2018. Nacional para el periodo 2014-2018. Congresso Nacional para o período de Applying a critical discourse analysis, Aplicando un análisis crítico de discurso, 2014 a 2018 e, aplicando uma análise we detected progressive or traditional se detectaron representaciones progresistas crítica do discurso, foram detectadas representations in terms of politics, but o tradicionales en términos de política, pero representações progressistas ou indifference regarding gender issues indiferencia respecto de problemáticas de tradicionais em termos de política, mas or their reduction to family topics. género, o su reducción a asuntos de familia. indiferença no que diz respeito a questões This poses challenges to the media Ello supone desafíos a la representación de gênero, ou sua redução a assuntos representation of the women’s needs mediática de las necesidades de las mujeres de família. Isto implica a existência de for their political autonomy. para su autonomía política. desafíos para a representação midiática das necessidades das mulheres relacionadas à sua autonomia política. Palabras clave: nuevos medios de Palavras-chave: novos meios de Keywords: new media, gender, comunicación, género, campañas comunicação, gênero, campanhas parliamentary electoral campaigns, parlamentarias, análisis crítico del parlamentares, análise crítica do critical discourse analysis (CDA). discurso (ACD). discurso (ACD). • How to cite: Baeza, A. y Lamadrid, S. (2016). Representaciones de candidatas parlamentarias en nuevos medios de comunicación. Cuadernos.info, (39), 67-86. doi: 10.7764/cdi.39.784 67 BAEZA, A. Y LAMADRID, S. Representations of women parliamentary candidates in new media INTRODUCTION media are “the new forum for public discussion and Chile is affected by problems of political a privileged space where issues that affect the general representation and representativeness. The numbers public are elucidated”, forming part of our perception of women in parliamentary seats remain low compared of reality: how we see ourselves and the others (Bach, to the region’s average, and even more distant from Altés, Gallego, Plujá & Puig, 2000, p.4). those of European countries, so some female authors Based on the above, this research investigates, from talk about underrepresentation in politics (Provoste, a gender perspective, the topics on which the female 2011; Valdés, 2011; Zúñiga, 2013). candidates articulate fields of feminine representation, From the classical period, politics has been elaborated to characterize them in terms of traditionalism or from the masculine perspective, and has been based political and gender progressivism. on the traditional public/private dichotomy, in which women appear linked to the world of affections and BACKGROUND ON WOMEN IN POLITICS not to reason and deliberation. From this, one can The number of women parliamentarians in 1990 was understand their subsequent banishment from politics around 6% (both chambers), a figure that has risen 2.6 and the belated concreteness of, for example, one of times over a period of more than twenty years (figure the fundamental political rights of public life such as 1). However, this increase is still insufficient to be universal suffrage (Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional able to speak of a real representation of women, when [BCN], 2005; Lamadrid, 2010). compared to the panorama within the continent and From the beginnings of the western republican life at the international level. and for a long time, politics and women were considered Latin America has an average of 25.93% of women in antitheses of each other (Castellanos, 1996). The rigidity legislative institutions, more than six percentage points of feminine representations and roles “not only restrict, above the world average (19.25%). In this ranking the from the private sphere, the participation of women top three places are for Rwanda (63.8%), Bolivia (53.1%) on equal terms with men”, but also extend to “all and Cuba (48.3%). Chile is ranked 87, with only 15.8% spaces of extra-domestic social life”, such as politics (Programa de Naciones Unidad para el Desarrollo- (Provoste, 2011, p. 148). In this sense, it is a social Unión Interparlamentaria [PNUD-UIP], 2012). configuration that legitimizes the secondary role of Differences in women’s participation in parliaments women, influencing in their participation in this area. worldwide have found argument in the structural It is in the leadership “where women seldom barriers derived from the level of socioeconomic penetrate. Everything proclaims that in this place there development of nations, where the countries with the are only men and that nothing can be further from the highest growth and social progress would have to show feminine” (Castellanos, 1996, pp. 38-39). It is precisely better gender equality indices. There would also be in the Western world that “social differences between institutional barriers that persist in democratization, genders have been used to symbolically represent electoral representation systems and the operations of power relations” (ibid., p. 40) and have collaborated political parties. Processes that oppose these obstacles in justifying that “women do not need social or political would be affirmative action measures, such as gender representation outside the private sphere” (Facio & quotas. However, progress in the above factors does Fries 1999, p.51). Faced with such a discourse, their not necessarily translate into benefits for women’s concrete and symbolic presence in the spaces of public lives. Thus, countries with the same characteristics representation becomes extremely relevant. may show different degrees of female participation in Considering the last parliamentary elections of 2013 elected positions (Inglehart & Norris, 2003). in Chile, this paper focuses on the symbolic dimension Human development is a complex, multifaceted of the political arena, which can be analyzed through process of social transformation, where “not all of these the social representations built by candidates for the developments necessarily go hand in hand in advancing National Congress in new media. Nowadays, the the position of women in every society” (Inglehart CUADERNOS.INFO Nº 39 / DECEMBER 2016 / ISSN 0719-3661 / E-Version: www.cuadernos.info / ISSN 0719-367x 68 BAEZA, A. Y LAMADRID, S. Representations of women parliamentary candidates in new media Diputadas Senadoras 20 15.8% 15.0% 15 14.2% 15.8% 11.6% 11.6% 13.2% 10 7.5% 6.4% 5 5.8% 6.4% 5.3% 4.3% 4.3% 0 1990-1994 1994-1998 1998-2002 2002-2006 2006-2010 2010-2014 2014-2018 Figure 1: Percentage distribution of women in the National Congress of Chile Source: Own elaboration based on data from the Chamber of Deputies (2013, 2014) and BCN (2012). & Norris, 2003, pp. 20-21). From this emerges the development of communications and technologies since importance of observing the cultural barriers to politics the twentieth century has influenced the incorporation and the establishment of women’s leadership, with an of women in journalistic work, the androcentric view emphasis on comparing favorable attitudes towards the continues to affect the production of media content participation of women in the public sphere in different (Gallego, 2013). societies. The studies by Inglehart and Norris (2003) In the late 1970s, Gaye Tuchman (1978) coined the show a strong and significant relationship between term “symbolic annihilation” to refer to the unequal these attitudes and the increase in the proportion of representation in the media that affects women, i.e., their women in parliaments worldwide. As these authors absence as protagonists where “neither their history nor maintain, “it seems likely that the causal direction flows their present activity are the central object of the news” primarily from political culture toward the success of (p.24). A couple of years later, Mattelart (1982) analyzed women in elected office” (p.139). how the media, within cultural industries, reinforced a Chile has a high score
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