Supplementary materials

Table 1. Key Findings. Year of Author Objectives Key Findings Publication Meyer, S.R.; Meyer, To explore the potential influence of Influx impacts food security, hunger, E.; Bangirana, C.; influx of refugees on adolescent well- education access and quality, [112] 2019 Mangen, P.O.; Stark, being from South Sudan and those in psychosocial well-being, safety, L. Uganda violence, and injury. Data show disparity and reported neonatal (3.0 vs. 1.8/1000) and To analyze the infant and neonatal infant (4.5 vs 2.6/1000) mortality mortality rates of Italian and foreign Simeoni, S.; Frova, L.; rates among foreign children [138] 2019 children and to evaluate if there is a De Curtis, M. compared to Italian children. The disparity among geographical macro- infant mortality among children born areas to women coming from Central and South Africa (8.2 /1000) is highest. Vulnerabilities includes material Williams, T.P.; deprivation, poverty, gender To identify protection issues facing [125] Chopra, V.; Chikanya, 2018 inequality, child abuse, transactional female adolescents in refugee camps S.R. sex, and exploitation within and around the camps The challenges include ensuring safety, the diverse backgrounds and To show challenges identified in needs of trafficked children, assistance provision to child victims [126] Warria, A. 2018 matching lifestyle previously of transnational trafficking in South provided by pimps/traffickers, and Africa premature return and reintegration of the children. Somali-specific age estimation model (SM) based on the WM resulted in a slight underestimation To compare the age prediction of age when the sex groups were Metsaniitty, M.; performances of the Willems et al. analysed separately or combined, Waltimo-Siren, J.; model (WM) and the newly developed [183] 2018 with mean error varying between Ranta, H.; Fieuws, S.; model collected from dental 0.04 (standard deviation (SD) 1.01) Thevissen, P. panoramic radiographs from Somali and 0.05 (SD 1.04) years, mean children living in Finland absolute error between 0.77 and 0.80 years and root mean squared error between 1.01 and 1.04 years. Of the 676 children <13 years born Nesheim, S.R.; Linley, To understand the contribution of outside the United States but L.; Gray, K.M.; birthplace to the epidemiology of [50] 2018 diagnosed with HIV infection in the Zhang, T.; Shi, J.; diagnosed HIV infection among US- United States, 443 (65.5%) were Lampe, M. A.; et al born and foreign-born children born in Africa. No statistically significant differences were found in birth anthropometric measurements. CE To compare development and growth were more likely to fail in tests achievements between children of Mor, Z.; Amit Aharon, assessing fine-motor skill, linguistic Eritrean mothers (CE) to children of [156] A.; Sheffer, R.; 2018 and socio-emotional domains than Israeli mothers (CI), and assess their Nehama, H. CI, while no statistical difference compliance to routine follow-up and was found in gross-motor vaccination-timeliness achievements. 74.9% of the CE and 74.1% of the CI completed the vaccination schedule at follow-up. 95% of caregivers were not satisfied To explore refugee caregivers’ with healthcare services delivery to Meyer-Weitz, A.; perceptions of their children’s access their children due to the long waiting [208] Oppong Asante, K.; 2018 to quality health service delivery to hours and the negative attitudes and Lukobeka, B.J. their young children in Durban, South discriminatory behaviours of Africa healthcare workers, particularly in public healthcare facilities. 50.1% had at least one infectious Chiappini, E.; disease. The most common parasitic Zaffaroni, M.; To evaluate the prevalence of infections were Giardia lamblia, [195] Bianconi, M.; 2018 infectious diseases and immunisation Toxocara canis, and skin infections, Veneruso, G.; Grasso, status of children adopted from Africa notably Tinea capitis/corporis and N.; Garazzino, S.; et al Molluscum contagiosum. 15.7% were anemic (25% < 5 years, 8.7% 5–11 years, and 18.3% 12–16 years old), with Somali children To examine the variation among having the lowest hemoglobin levels Beukeboom, C.; Arya, ethnic populations in prevalence of compared to those from Iraq, [88] 2018 N. anemia and vitamin D and B12 Afghanistan, and Myanmar. 53.5% deficiencies among refugee children were vitamin D deficient seen most commonly in Iraqis and Afghans. 11.2% had vitamin B12 levels < 150 pmol/L. Higher perceived group To investigate the associations discrimination was associated with between perceived group higher parent‐ and adolescent‐ Stevens, G.W.; Thijs, [115] 2018 discrimination and several indicators reported internalizing (e.g., fear, J. of psychological well‐being among worries) and externalizing problems Moroccan‐Dutch adolescents (e.g., anger, aggression) but not with lower personal self‐esteem. 81 children were identified as To evaluate the demographic positive for T. violaceum and T. Grigoryan, K.V.; characteristics, treatments, and soudanense. Race/ethnicity of 67 Tollefson, M.M.; [43] 2018 resolution among pediatric patients patients (82.7%) was African. Of 28 Olson, M.A.; with T. violaceum and T. soundance patients not lost to follow-up, Newman, C.C. infections median time to clinical cure was 2.3 months. Strains characterised were all genotype B3. Strains from genotype Ndombo, P.K.; Ndze, To characterise measles virus among B3 found in this outbreak were more V.N.; Mbarga, F.D.; Central African Republic (CAR) similar to those circulating in [33] 2018 Anderson, R.; Acho, refugees during the 2014 measles northern Cameroon in 2010–2011 A.; Ebua Chia, J.; et al epidemic in Cameroon than to MeV strains circulating in the CAR in 2011.

Obesity and overweight/obesity rates To examine longitudinal changes in increased among refugees, but Mulugeta, W.; Glick, obesity and overweight/obesity rates significant variations existed. [80] M.; Min, J.; Xue, H.; 2018 among resettled refugees and identify African origin, baseline weight, and Noe, M. F.; Wang, Y. high risk subgroups longer duration of stay in the USA were risk factors. Most elements in drinking water had Aakre, I.; Henjum, S.; higher concentration in zone 2 To explore concentrations of selected Folven Gjengedal, compared to zone 1 exceeded the elements in distributed drinking water [102] E.L.; Risa Haugstad, 2018 WHO guidelines. Among both from households in the Saharawi C.; Vollset, M.; women and children, urinary refugee camps Moubarak, K.; et al concentration of vanadium, arsenic, selenium, lead, iodine, and uranium exceeded reference values, and most of the elements were significantly higher in zone 2 compared to zone 1. Among the children, 12% were underweight, 33% stunted, and 4% wasted. 2015 children aged under 5 years were vaccinated with oral polio To describe the engagement process vaccines (OPV), of which 264 Bawa, S.; Afolabi, M.; for a transboundary nomadic (13.1%) were zero-dose during the Abdelrahim, K.; population and the interventions February 2016 polio supplemental [199] 2018 Abba, G.; Ningi, A.; provided to improve population immuninization activity (SIA) while, Tafida, S.Y. immunity among them while in the March immunization plus traversing through Nigeria days (IPDs), 1864 were immunized of which 211 (11.0%) were zero- dose. Zwi, K.; Woodland, Social-emotional well-being mostly L.; Williams, K.; To investigate protective factors for improves over time in refugee Palasanthiran, P.; [114] 2018 social-emotional well-being in refugee children. Children with four or more Rungan, S.; Jaffe, A.; children in Australia protective factors are at low risk of et al poor social-emotional well-being.

Most children with parasitic infections with eosinophilia were from sub-Saharan Africa (especially Belhassen-Garcia, M.; To describe the importance of relative West Africa) (99, 56.3%), followed Pardo-Lledias, J.; eosinophilia in a cohort of immigrant by North Africa (54, 30.7%) and Perez Del Villar, L.; [62] 2017 children (<18 years) from sub- Latin America (25, 13.0%). The Muro, A.; Velasco- Saharan Africa, North Africa, and findings suggest that relative Tirado, V.; Muñoz Latin America eosinophilia is frequently associated Bellido, J.L.; with helminthic infection in immigrant children from tropical and subtropical areas. To examine differences across Somali children were more likely to racial/ethnic groups in Autism have ASD with intellectual disability Esler, A.N.; Hall- Spectrum Disorder (ASD) symptoms, [162] 2017 than children from all other racial/ Lande, J.; Hewitt, A. cognitive and adaptive skills, and ethnic groups. related behaviors in children from the

Somali diaspora Meyer, S.R.; Caregiver depression, gender, and To explore the relationship between Steinhaus, M.; exposure to violence were all caregiver depression and adolescent [111] Bangirana, C.; 2017 associated with higher symptoms of mental health in two refugee Onyango-Mangen, P.; adolescent depression in both sites settlements in Uganda Stark, L. and the full sample.

Increased time living in Buduburam improved the chances of EBF Woldeghebriel, M.; To explore the association between the success among Liberians, perhaps as Hromi-Fiedler, A.; amount of time living in Ghana and a result of unique EBF [70] Lartey, A.; Gallego- 2017 exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) education/support opportunities Perez, D.; Sandow, practices among Liberian refugees and offered in the settlement to Liberian A.; et al Ghanaians in surrounding villages refugees that were not readily available to Ghanaians.

Teenagers from Morocco living in Montero, M.D.P.; To compare the diet of adolescents of Madrid consumed more calories, Mora-Urda, A.I.; [73] 2017 Moroccan origin living in Spain with proteins, saturated fats, and simple Anzid, K.; Cherkaoui, that of adolescents living in Morocco sugars (p<0.001) than those living in M.; Marrodan, M.D. Morocco. Aakre, I.; Strand, T. To explore whether young children’s The high iodine intake may have A.; Moubarek, K.; developmental status is associated caused the thyroid dysfunction and [204] 2017 Barikmo, I.; Henjum, with thyroid dysfunction in an area of hence the delayed developmental S. chronic excessive iodine exposure status.

The risk factors include newfound access to education and security, Ortiz-Echevarria, L.; To explore the factors and risks that combined with gender divisions and Greeley, M.; Bawoke, impact the health of very young parental communication around early [150] T.; Zimmerman, L.; 2017 adolescents (VYAs), those 10–14 sexual and reproductive health Robinson, C.; years of age, in Kobe Refugee camp (SRH) and puberty that remained Schlecht, J. intact from traditional Somali culture.

Two themes are reported; ‘Perceptions of Autism’ and ‘Navigating the System’. For Somali families in this study, cultural To assess what families affected by Fox, F.; Aabe, N.; attitudes towards mental illness, autism need, and how health, [163] Turner, K.; Redwood, 2017 challenging behaviour and disability, education, and social care services can S.; Rai, D. combined with the lack of support Somali migrants vocabulary to describe and explain autism made the understanding and acceptance of their child’s autism particularly difficult.

Readiness levels among Ethiopian adolescents to use psychoactive To explore the relationship between substances are relatively low, and Aviad-Wilchek, Y.; parental immigration-related trauma that parental trauma only affects the [108] 2017 Ben-David, I.L. and second-generation adolescent readiness to consume alcohol. The substance abuse levels of readiness to consume drugs were partially related to parental trauma.

To determine the prevalence of health conditions in newly arrived refugee Zwi, K.; Morton, N.; 97% of arrivals have access to children, from Africa, Southeast Asia, Woodland, L.; Mallitt, primary care screening and 72% [210] 2017 Eastern Mediterranean, K. A.; Palasanthiran, have completed all recommended Europe/Western Pacific, and access to P. screening tests. timely health screening in regional Australia

To describe the results of tuberculosis (TB) screening of asylum-seeking, 26–32% of latent TB infection and Bennet, R.; Eriksson, [189] 2017 unaccompanied minors with a stated 3.4–3.5% of TB among those from M. age <18 years arriving in Sweden in Eritrea, Ethiopia, or Somalia. 2015

A quarter of children were within To examine the service accessibility of 2,000 m of a speech pathology Abdullahi, I.; Kruger, [119] 2017 Somali Australians suffering Autism service access point and nearly a E.; Tennant, M. Spectrum Disorder (ASD) third (31%) within 2,000 m of a psychologist.

To assess the acceptability and adherence to daily doses of lipid- Tondeur, M.C.; Salse, 98.4% of LNS children, 90.4% of based nutrient supplement (LNS) [96] U.N.; Wilkinson, C.; 2016 MNP women, and 75.5% of MNP- amongst children and micronutrient Spiegel, P.; Seal, A.J. children (P<0.05) liked the product. powder (MNP) amongst children and pregnant and lactating women An increase in TC rates was noted over the study period, with higher Mashiah, J.; Kutz, A.; To determine epidemiologic trends for rates in boys than girls. Ami, R.B.; Savion, Tinea capitis (TC) among paediatric [39] 2016 Trichophyton violaceum (TV), M.; Goldberg, I.; Or populations at the Tel Aviv Medical Trichophyton soudanense (TS) and ,T.G.; et al Center Microsporum audouinii (MA) were the prominent causative organisms

At baseline and follow-up, 88% and 72% had excessive iodine intakes (UIC ě 300 μg/L), respectively. At follow-up, 24% had a thyroid Aakre, I.; Strand, To describe iodine status among hormone disturbance and/or elevated T.A.; Bjoro, T.; breastfed infants with high iodine serum Tg, including 9% with [71] Norheim, I.; Barikmo, 2016 exposure in the Saharawi refugee subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH), I.; Ares, S.; Alcorta, camps Algeria, and thyroid function 4% with elevated fT3 and 14% with M.D.; Henjum, S. and iodine status three years later elevated Tg. Children with SCH had poorer linear growth and were more likely to be underweight than the children without SCH.

31% of respondents suffer from underweight and 6.75% from overweight. Participants' average Khayri, H.O.; Muneer, daily intake of calories and fiber was To assess the nutritional status of S.E.; Ahmed, S.B.; significantly lower than that of the [89] 2016 primary school Sudanese pupils and Osman, M.A.; dietary requirement intakes (DRI) (1, explore its correlates Babiker, E.E. 397.89 kcal versus 2,000 kcal, p=<0.01), some vitamins and iron was significantly higher than that of the DRI (p=<0.01).

The mothers had positive attitudes to Wandel, M.; Terragni, To explore infant feeding practices breastfeeding but were unfamiliar L.; Nguyen, C.; among Somali-born mothers in with the concept of exclusive [66] Lyngstad, J.; 2016 Norway, and the ways in which they breastfeeding. Early introduction of Amundsen, M.; de navigate among different information water and infant formula was a Paoli, M. sources common practice that interfered with exclusive breastfeeding.

The findings show that rape, To explore the situation of sexual unwanted physical touching, sexual Iyakaremye, I.; abuse of Congolese adolescent girls in [124] 2016 exploitation, commercial sex, early Mukagatare, C. Kigeme camp and to suggest remedial marriage, and girl trafficking are the strategies main forms of sexual abuse.

For some disadvantaged migrant communities, especially those of To explore parents' perspectives of refugee backgrounds. Experiences of barriers to participation in physical [165] Mude, W.; Mwanri, L. 2016 low income and being recent arrivals activity among South Sudanese with no or little English may also children in South Australia increase and compound vulnerability to physical inactivity.

Compared to Belgians, an increased To analyse national Belgian data to risk of perinatal mortality was Racape, J.; determine 1) whether socioeconomic observed in all migrant groups Schoenborn, C.; Sow, status (SES) modifies the association [143] 2016 (p < 0.0001), despite lower rates of M.; Alexander, S.; De between maternal nationality and LBW in some nationalities. Sub- Spiegelaere, M. perinatal outcomes (low birth weight Saharan African mothers had a (LBW) and perinatal mortality); significantly higher risk of LBW compared to Belgians. Acquisition of the Belgian nationality significantly decreased the mortality odds for all the nationalities.

Overall, nearly one-half of all refugee children had at least one To describe the prevalence of wasting, form of malnutrition (44.9%). Dawson-Hahn, E.E.; stunting, overweight, and obesity Refugee children ages 0–10 years Pak-Gorstein, S.; among refugee children (from Iraq, were affected by wasting (17.3%), [103] 2016 Hoopes, A.J.; Somalia, and Burma) ages 0–10 years stunting (20.1%), overweight (7.6%), Matheson, J. prior to resettlement in Washington and obesity (5.9%). Wasting was State (WA) significantly higher among young Somali (23.2%, p<0.001) vs. low- income WA children (1.9%).

Only 7% of Norwegian-Somali and 10% of Norwegian-Iraqi infants To examine breastfeeding and Grewal, N.K.; were exclusively breastfed at 4 complementary feeding practices Andersen, L.F.; months of age. By 1 month of age, [67] 2016 during the first 6 months of life among Sellen, D.; Mosdol, water had been introduced to 30% of Norwegian infants of Somali and Iraqi A.; Torheim, L.E. Norwegian-Somali and 26% of family origin Norwegian-Iraqi infants, and infant formula to 44 and 34%, respectively.

40% of the Norwegian-Somali infants and 47% of the Norwegian- Grewal, N.K.; To describe food and nutrient intake Iraqi infants were breastfed at 12 Andersen, L.F.; among 12-month-old Norwegian- months of age. Most of the infants [76] Kolve, C.S.; 2016 Somali and Norwegian-Iraqi infants, consumed iron-enriched products Kverndalen, I.; with a focus on iron and vitamin D (81%) and received vitamin D Torheim, L.E. intake supplements (84%).

Gorrab, A.A.; The annualized incidence rate in To compare the incidence of Fournier, A.; Bouaziz, Quebec (18.49/year/100000 children Kawasaki disease in Maghrebi A.A.; Spigelblatt, L.; under 5 years of age) was 4 to 12 [170] 2016 children living in Quebec to the Scuccimarri, R.; times higher than in Tunisia, countries of origin, Morocco, Algeria, Mrabet, A.; Dahdah, Morocco, and Algeria (0.95, 4.52, and Tunisia N. and 3.15, respectively).

To determine the HIV-1 subtype distribution and the prevalence of drug Neubert, J.; resistant mutations (DRMs) in More than half of the HIV-1 children Michalsky, N.; Laws, [51] 2016 therapy-naïve HIV-1-infected children (66%) had one or both parents of H.J.; Borkhardt, A.; who received routine care at the African origin. Jensen, B.; Lubke, N. University Hospital Düsseldorf, Germany

The adjusted risk of neonatal mortality was higher for sub-Saharan African (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.32; 95 To compare neonatal and postneonatal % confidence interval [CI] = 1.05, mortality between the Canadian-born 1.66), Haitian (HR = 2.29, 95 % population and 12 immigrant CI = 1.90, 2.76), non-Spanish [137] Vang, Z.M. 2016 subgroups were compared using Caribbean (HR = 1.38; 95 % 1990–2005 linked birth-infant death CI = 1.01, 1.89), and Pakistani records (HR = 1.87; 95 % CI = 1.31, 2.68) migrants relative to Canadian-born women. Improvements in prenatal care and access to postpartum care may reduce disparities in infant mortality.

13.8, 8.2, and 16.5% of the infants were stunted, wasted, and Aakre, I.; Lilleengen, To describe breastfeeding and general underweight, respectively. A.M.; Lerseth feeding practices and the nutrition Approximately 65% initiated [72] Aarsand, M.; Strand, 2016 status among children from birth to 6 breastfeeding within 1 h after birth T.A.; Barikmo, I.; months of age in the Saharawi refugee and 11.7 and 21.6% were exclusively Henjum, S. camps located in Algeria or predominantly breastfed less than 6 months.

The overall HHV-8 seroprevalence was 24.6 % without significant differences related to sex, age, or ethnicity. HIV-infected children with Feiterna-Sperling, C.; African or mixed Konigs, C.; Notheis, To determine the seroprevalence of (African/Caucasian) ethnicity had a G.; Buchholz, B.; HHV-8 among vertically HIV-1- higher seroprevalence (33/111; 29.7 Kruger, R.; infected pediatric patients living in %) compared to the other patients, [48] Weizsacker, K.; 2016 Germany and to evaluate its with Caucasian, Asian, or Hispanic Eberle, J.; Hanhoff, association with HIV disease, age, ethnicity (18/96; 18.8 %), but this N.; Gartner, B.; gender, ethnicity, and other did not reach statistical significance Heider, H.; Kruger, D. demographic factors. (p = 0.076). In multivariate analysis, H.; Hofmann, J. a child’s birth outside Germany was the only significant risk factor for HHV-8 seropositivity (OR 3.98; 95 % CI [1.27–12.42])

To evaluate positive tuberculin skin IGRA positivity ranged from 64% in tests (TSTs) and interferon-gamma migrants from Somalia to 20% in release assays (IGRAs) on paediatric those from the former Soviet Union [192] Nejat, S.; Bennet, R. 2016 migrants in relation to the TB and eastern Europe. IGRAs showed incidence in the corresponding higher specificity than TST in foreign-born populations in identifying tuberculosis. Stockholm

78–82% of the children in the three groups had never visited a dental Svensson, I.; clinic in Somalia. Toothache was To obtain baseline information about Gustafsson, J.; reported by 18–28% of the children. oral health, oral health behaviours, and Uleskog, E.; About half the children had poor oral [181] 2016 knowledge about prevention of oral Mathisson, C.; Mollai, hygiene while 25–33% reported diseases in newly arrived Somali N.; Kahlmeter, A.; daily intake of sugary snacks. children Matsson, L. Malocclusion affected 40% of the 7– 11-year-olds and 50% of the 12–17- year-olds.

To examine life experiences and mental health among unaccompanied Jensen, T.K.; Participants from Asian countries asylum seekers (from Asia and Africa) Fjermestad, K.W.; had experienced an average of 1.1 [113] 2015 aged 16 years and younger, who were Granly, L.; more stressful life events than newly arrived, and still in an asylum- Wilhelmsen, N.H. participants from African countries. seeking process and thus in temporary residency

To assess the differences in adiposity, African males had a significantly Toselli, S.; Zaccagni, lifestyle habits, and parents’ features lower prevalence of normal weight L.; Celenza, F.; [75] 2015 in preschool children according to than Italian males (50.0 vs. 70.9%), Albertini, A.; Gualdi- their parental migration status and to as well as the highest frequency of Russo, E. evaluate the influence of overweight and obesity (25.0 and behavioral/lifestyle factors on the 19.4%, respectively). Daily breakfast children’s BMI (‘‘every day’’) was most common in Italians and Other Europeans, with significant differences between Italian and African females (83.3 vs. 62.9%, respectively).

3.7%% African infants had neonatal jaundice compared to 6.4% Norwegian infants (p<0.007). Bakken, K.S.; The aim of this study was to examine African infants were more often [168] Skjeldal, O.H.; Stray- 2015 differences in distribution of neonatal transferred to a neonatal intensive Pedersen, B. jaundice by migration indicators care unit (NICU) compared to Norwegian infants (31.8 vs. 11.6%, p=0.013).

A significant negative correlation between meaning in life and suicidal To look at the connection between tendencies was found for Ethiopian meaning in life and suicide among youths (r=-0.61, p<0.001). Higher [110] Wilchek-Aviad, Y. 2015 youth born to immigrants from a suicidal tendencies, anxiety, and developing country, in Ethiopia— depression were found among compared to native-born Israeli youth immigrants compared to native-born Israelis, with immigrant boys displaying more anxiety than girls.

52% of the children never had a To assess parental awareness of their dental visit. Dental status of 44% of child’s dental status and the children was rated as good by Amin, M.; Perez, A.; [179] 2015 relationship between parental parents; among them, 56% had Nyachhyon, P. awareness and children’s dental dental decay. Parental assessments attendance did not coincide with the clinical assessments of 62 % of children.

a) What are the acculturation profiles Immigrant adolescents were divided of immigrant adolescents? b) What are in two acculturation profiles, ethnic the acculturation expectation profiles and integrated-national, with Inguglia, C.; Musso, [122] 2015 of autochthonous adolescents? c) How adolescents belonging to the latter P. are these intercultural profiles related showing higher self-esteem, life to adaptation of both immigrant and satisfaction, and sociocultural autochthonous adolescents? competence than the former.

The ‘Healthy Migrant Families To develop a culturally-competent Initiative (HMFI): Challenges and Renzaho, A.M.; obesity prevention program for sub- Choices’ program was developed [95] Halliday, J.A.; Mellor, 2015 Saharan African (SSA) families with and divided into two modules: 1) D.; Green, J. children aged 12–17 years population ‘Healthy lifestyles in a new culture’ in Australia and 2) ‘Healthy families in a new culture’

Moroccan children differed significantly on the DUX-25 overall score (p = 0.002) and the subscales Veenstra-van Schie, To explore the differences in the physical (p = 0.006) (Table 1, lower M.T.; Coenen, K.; perceived HRQoL between children [188] 2015 part), emotional (p=0.003), and Koopman, H.M.; with asthma from Moroccan and home functioning (p = 0.006) also Versteegh, F.G. Dutch descent and their parents indicating a better health related quality of life compared to Dutch children. A remarkable change in the metabolic potential of the microbiota Ercolini, D.; occured following the diet change, Francavilla, R.; with increased potential for amino Vannini, L.; De To investigate the salivary microbiota acid, vitamin and co-factor Filippis, F.; Capriati, of the Saharawi population how they [104] 2015 metabolism. High concentrations of T.; Di Cagno, R.; are influenced by the intake of specific acetone and 2-butanone were noted Iacono, G.; De nutrients during treatment with the Italian- Angelis, M.; Gobbetti, style gluten-free diet, which M. suggested metabolic dysfunction in the Saharawi celiac children. Somali girls had lower mean moderate-to-vigorous-physical- activity (MVPA) hours than their peers; however, no differences were To assess the levels and types of found for Somali boys. Involvement Thul, C.M.; physical activity among a population- in most activities was similar for Eisenberg, M.E.; [167] 2015 based sample of Somali and other Somali and other groups, but some Larson, N.I.; non-Hispanic black and white differences were observed. For Neumark-Sztainer, D. adolescents living in Minnesota example, Somali youth were more likely to play soccer than their same- sex other black peers (boys: 52.4 vs. 20.4%; girls: 34.6 vs. 14.6%; p<. 05). Most immigrant HIV-infected children living in NL were born in SSA (47%). Children born in SSA Cohen, S.; van Bilsen, were diagnosed and initiated cART W. P.; Smit, C.; To investigate potential differences in at an older age (3.7 years, IQR:0.9– Fraaij, P. L.; Warris, clinical, immunological, and virologic 9.0) (p < 0.001), than children born A.; Kuijpers, T. W.; outcome in Dutch HIV-infected in NL ((1.2 years, inter quartile [47] 2015 Geelen, S. P.; Wolfs, children born in the Netherlands (NL) range (IQR):0.3–3.7). Despite initial T. F.; Scherpbier, H. versus born in sub-Saharan Africa differences in CD4+ T-cell counts J.; van Rossum, A. (SSA) in a national cohort analysis and HIV viral load, there was no M.; Pajkrt, D. difference in immunological reconstitution during and after the first 5 years of cART between the 2 groups (p < 0.05). Compared to Australian-born children of African background, To report on oral health in refugee- African-born children were more Quach, A.; Laemmle- background children in Australia, and likely to be referred for further [175] Ruff, I.L.; Polizzi, T.; 2015 to assess their follow-up at dental dental care (adjusted PR 1.33, 95% Paxton, G.A. services CI [1.02 – 1.73]) although there was no statistically significant difference in caries prevalence. To measure the prevalence of sickle 25% of patients born abroad cell disease and thalassemia in the originated from Africa. African Corriveau-Bourque, [214] 2015 Northern Alberta pediatric population participants had sickle cell diagnoses C.; Bruce, A.A. and to determine the clinical of HbSS, HbS/B+thalassemia, or outcomes. HbSC The study revealed lower PTSD Völkl-Kernstock, S.; To investigate African rates than measured among URMs in Karnik, N.; Mitterer- unaccompanied refugee minors previous studies. Girls were more Asadi, M.; Granditsch, (URMs) living in Austria for likely to develop PTSD. PTSD was [107] E.; Steiner, H.; 2014 posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) significantly correlated with single Friedrich, M.H.; prevalence and related symptoms and war-related traumatic events. The Huemer, J. coping strategies depression score for the sample was

above the clinical cut-off value.

The results obtained in this study confirm the significance of non- therapeutic male circumcision Macipe-Costa, R.M.; among the African immigrant García-Sanchez, N.; To study the frequency, population in Spain. Half (49.1%) of Gimeno-Feliu, L.A.; characteristics, and complications of the families who had the [153] Navarra-Vicente, B.; 2014 non-therapeutic male circumcision on circumcision performed in Europe Jiménez-Hereza, J.M.; immigrant children from Africa in did so at home. 26 of the children in Moneo-Hernández, I.; Spain the study were circumcised at home, et al with 22 thereof from Gambia and the rest from Ghana, Mali, Guinea- Conakry, and Morocco. The study indicated a trend for immigrant women’s breastfeeding duration to decline when they moved To highlight and compare immigrant to another country. This research Sudanese women’s infant feeding suggests that the reasons for this Tyler, L.; Kirby, R.; [69] 2014 choices and patterns before and after decline are complex. The authors Rogers, C. moving to a regional city in conclude that a lack of social Queensland, Australia support, language difficulties, and wanting to fit in with particular Western practices are contributing factors. Moroccan mothers maintained the belief that it is pointless to go to To analyze how the health promotion health professionals; the women concept is integrated into the ethos of perceived themselves as responsible Soriano, E.; Ruiz, D.; the Moroccan population through the for child care and health, and for that [209] 2014 Higginbottom, G. positions set forth with respect to reason assumed some options of the adherence to the Healthy Child host society whenever they Program considered it to be good for the child and did not clash with ideas, values, and uses of their culture. African refugees had a higher prevalence of stool parasites (34.6%) compared to Bhutanese (20.9%) and Burmese (24.4%) refugees (p = To determine the nutritional status 0.06). Underweight prevalence of Shah, A.Y.; Suchdev, among refugee children entering one the African refugees (10.0%) was P.S.; Mitchell, T.; of the largest resettlement countries in [65] 2014 much lower than both Bhutan and Shetty, S.; Warner, C.; the United States and identify Burmese refugees (p = 0.02). The Oladele, A.; Reines, S. differences between incoming stunting prevalence among African populations refugees <18 years (9.1%) was significantly lower than among refugees from Bhutan (19.0%) or Burma (22.0%) (p = 0.03). Parents with sons in pretrial detention were more likely to be divorced than parents from the To compare bidimensional general population (14 vs. 4%, psychological acculturation respectively). Boys in pretrial Stevens, G.W.; Veen, orientation of Moroccan immigrant detention had dropped out of school [131] V.C.; Vollebergh, 2014 boys in pretrial detention with those much more often than boys from the W.A. of Moroccan boys in the general general population (22 vs. 4%, population respectively). Integrated boys were found to be almost five times as likely to belong to the pretrial detention group than separated boys (OR 4.7, CI [2.0, 11.2], p < .00), whereas no significant differences occurred between ambivalently acculturated and separated boys (OR 1.9, CI [0.5, 6.9], p .34).

To compare the main indicators Sub-Saharan immigrants to Spain related to birth weight and gestational showed higher risks in all perinatal Juarez, S.P.; Revuelta- [141] 2014 age (LBW, macrosomia, preterm and outcomes studied (LBW, Eugercios, B.A. post-term) for immigrants and macrosomia, preterm and post-term Spaniards births) More Ethiopian children came from families with a low socioeconomic status (23.9 vs. 17%,), and with significantly lower parental smoking (5.1 vs. 40.1%). The prevalence of Shani, M.; Band, Y.; To compare the prevalence of asthma asthma was 92/1217 (7.5%) among Kidon, M.I.; Segel, among Israeli-born children of [187] 2013 children of Ethiopian origin, M.J.; Rosenberg, R.; Ethiopian origin to that in non- compared to 122/1217 (10.0%) Nakar, S.; Vinker, S. Ethiopian children among the control group. When adjusted for tobacco exposure, the OR for risk of asthma in the Ethiopian children was 0.80 (95% CI: 0.59e1.09,). Canines were present in more Israeli than Ethiopian younger children, To assess whether the prevalence of 87.5 vs. 42.3%, p=0.0001; and in missing primary canines and dental more Israeli than Ethiopian older Davidovich, E.; defects in offspring of emigrants from children, 92.6 vs. 40.4%, p=0.0001. [172] Kooby, E.; Shapira, J.; 2013 Ethiopia is greater than in offspring of More dental defects were detected in Ram, D. native Israeli parents of similar Ethiopian than in Israeli younger socioeconomic class children, 32 vs. 3.9%, p=0.0001; and in more Ethiopian than Israeli older children, 31.2 vs. 5.8%, p=0.0001. Offspring of mothers living in Sweden for up to 5 years had a 22% lower risk of T1DM (IRR 0.78, 95% CI 0.63–0.96) compared with offspring of mothers living in Sweden for at least 11 years. To investigate the effect of the Offspring of mothers from eastern Hussen, H.I.; Moradi, mother’s duration of stay in Sweden [201] 2015 Africa had the same risk pattern with T.; Persson, M. on the risk of type 1 diabetes mellitus increasing risks with longer duration (T1DM) in the offspring of stay. Children born to eastern African mothers living in Sweden for more than 11 years had a doubled risk of T1DM compared with native Swedes (IRR 2.27, 95% CI 1.25–4.10). Of children aged 49-82 months, 15% offspring of Ethiopian and 25% of native Israelis were reported to have To compare oral hygiene habits in visited a dentist; and 45% and 65%, Davidovich, E.; preschool children from low respectively, to brush their teeth at [178] Kooby, E.; Shapira, J.; 2013 socioeconomic neighborhoods least once daily. More than 90% of Ram, D. offspring of immigrants from Ethiopia children of both populations were to offspring of native Israelis reported to have toothbrushes. Of children aged 18-48 months, 28% of Ethiopian and 65% of native Israelis were reported to brush their teeth at least once daily. This study aims to describe the level Unaccompanied asylum-seeking of psychological distress among a children were mainly Black African, Sanchez-Cao, E.; group of unaccompanied asylum- 39/71 (54.9%). 15.4% of African [123] 2013 Kramer, T.; Hodes, M. seeking children (UASC) and the UASC had MHS contact, compared pattern of mental health service to 84.6% of African UASC did not (MHS) contact have contact with MHS. Cadario, F.; Bruno, To assess the burden and clinical G.; Cerutti, F.; All African migrants had T1D onset [200] 2013 features of type 1 diabetes in migrants Savastio, S.; Tumini, in Italy. with respect to Italian children S. The under-5 death rate was 1.8 per 10,000 person-days. More than two- thirds of all deaths were reported To present the survey estimates of were associated with diarrhoea Polonsky, J.A.; death rates and malnutrition (25%), cough or other breathing Ronsse, A.; prevalence, and the age and sex difficulties (24%), or with fever [92] 2013 Ciglenecki, I.; Rull, breakdown of the suspected measles (19%). Measles accounted for 17% M.; Porten, K. cases, and discuss the implications of of all deaths; this was due to a the findings measles outbreak. Trends of decreasing death rates and malnutrition prevalence with length of stay in Bulo Bacte were observed. Montanaro, M.; Immigrant bilingual children with To describe the intellectual function Colombatti, R.; SCD seem to display a rate of of first-generation African immigrants Pugliese, M.; cognitive impairment similar to their [169] 2013 with sickle cell disease (SCD) and the Migliozzi, C.; Zani, monolingual counterparts but a more influence of sociodemographic factors F.; Guerzoni, M. E.; et pronounced and precocious onset of on its characteristics al language difficulties. After adjustment for maternal educational level and household Wijtzes, A. I.; Jansen, To evaluate the association between income, Moroccan children (aOR, W.; Jaddoe, V. W. V.; ethnic background and children’s TV 1.68; 95% CI, 1.03–2.76) were [164] Moll, H. A.; Tiemeier, 2013 viewing time at multiple time points significantly more likely to watch H.; Verhulst, F. C.; et and its trajectory television for 2 or more hours/day al compared with native Dutch children. The elements contributing to personal identity are divided into To examine what contributes to the three categories: (1) personal Ndengeyingoma, A.; development of personal identity characteristics (capacity for self- [121] de Montigny, F.; 2013 among refugee adolescents of African criticism, religious beliefs, complex Miron, J.M. origin who have immigrated to migratory paths), (2) interpersonal Québec relationships (relationships with peers, family dynamics), and (3) environmental characteristics. Minority diversity had a protective effect on black infant health. Women living in low and moderately diverse To explore the association between tracts as well as those in majority- [155] Vang, Z. M.; Elo, I.T. 2013 neighborhood racial diversity and minority neighborhoods had heavier black immigrant perinatal health babies (β=26.5, 29.8 and 61.2, respectively, p<0.001) on average than women in the least diverse tracts. Kaufman-Shriqui, V.; Fraser, D.; Friger, M.; To examine the relationship between Smoking increased children’s risk of [84] Bilenko, N.; Vardi, 2013 acculturation and obesity among low obesity. H.; Abu-Saad, K.; et socioeconomic status (LSES) children al Of all childhood TB cases, 236 (56.7%) were born in countries with high prevalence of TB; 214 (51.5% Mor, Z.; Cedar, N.; The study describes the characteristics of all children) were Israeli citizens [193] Pinsker, G.; Bibi, H.; 2013 of childhood TB in Israel and who were Ethiopian-born. In 2010, Grotto, I. examines treatment outcomes the incidence of childhood TB if at least one of their parents was Ethiopian-born was 7.5 cases per 100,000 children. Somali girls to be generally Pruitt, C.N.; Reese, To determine whether Somali girls accepting of initiating the HPV C.S.; Grossardt, B.R.; living in a US community are vaccine series but less likely to [154] 2013 Shire, A.M.; Creedon, following the recommendations for complete the series as compared D.J. HPV vaccination with white non-Hispanic girls of the same age. Study results may not support the hygiene hypothesis. Of the subjects, 10 (16%) had asthma and 22 (35%) To assess the prevalence of asthma had other atopic conditions. There and other atopic conditions in Somali was no difference in the rubella Patel, A.R.; Zietlow, immigrants and to determine the (p=0.150) and measles (p=0.715) J.; Jacobson, R.M.; [186] 2013 humoral immune response to the virus-specific IgG levels between the Poland, G.A.; Juhn, measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) subjects with and without asthma. Y.J. vaccine viruses in Somali immigrants Mumps virus-specific IgG antibody with asthma levels were lower in those with asthma than in those without asthma (mean±SE 2.08±0.28 vs. 3.06±0.14, p=0.005). There is a significant relationship between suicide ideation and To explore the relationship between parental support. Positive Ethiopian Walsh, S.D.; ethnic identity (Israeli and Ethiopian) heritage identity is associated with [109] 2012 Edelstein, A.; Vota, D. and parental support with suicide lower levels of suicidal ideation and ideation and alcohol use alcohol use. Positive ethnic identity is an important protective factor against suicidal and risk behaviors. To explore the dietary factors that Cultural tradition, developmental contribute to bone health among first stage, acculturation, and Mescher-Benbeneck, generation Somali girls and to [77] 2012 environment were major factors M.; Garwick, A.W. determine the social and cultural contributing to the intake of calcium contexts that shape these health and vitamin D-rich foods. behaviors Youth reported higher levels of emotional problems (M=10.09, To examine the specificity of these SD=2.56) than their parents putative mental health risks to the (M=9.46, SD=2.10). Predictors Beiser, M.; Taa, B.; immigration experience. The level and differed for parents and youth Fenta-Wube, H.; [116] 2012 predictors of emotional problems ratings. Contrary to immigration Baheretibeb, Y.; Pain, among preadolescent Ethiopians stress theory, parental perceptions of C.; Araya, M.A. living in immigrant families in prejudice did not predict emotional Toronto, Canada problems. Perceived discrimination was a significant predictor of self- rated emotional problems. Early childhood caries (ECC) were To identify psychosocial barriers to associated with barriers to parental providing and obtaining preventive [182] Amin, M.; Perez, A. 2012 prevention knowledge and self- dental care for preschool children efficacy for early detection as well among African recent immigrants as barriers to access. Somali children have autoimmune diabetes. The prevalence of T1D is To compare the prevalence and similar among Somali (40/10 000 Oilinki, T.; Otonkoski, characteristics of diabetes between (95% CI 19–73/10 000)) and Finnish [203] T.; Ilonen, J.; Knip, 2012 Somali and Finnish children in the children (37/10 000 (95% CI 33– M.; Miettinen, P. J. City of Helsinki 41/10 000)). Both affected and unaffected Somali children have low concentrations of S25(OH)D. Ghanians/Nigerians had significantly more experiences of racism than To investigate the effect of racism, Astell-Burt, T.; their white peers at ages 11-13 years own-group ethnic density, diversity, Maynard, M. J.; (p<0.01) and 14-16 years (p<0.001). [117] 2012 and deprivation on adolescent Lenguerrand, E.; Other Africans had significantly trajectories in psychological well- Harding, S. more experiences of racism than being their white peers at ages 11-13 years (p<0.001) and 14-16 years (p<0.01). 62 of the African children had no deficiency, 83 had mild deficiency, 112 had moderate deficiency, and 3 Sheikh, M.; Wang, S.; To determine the prevalence of had severe deficiency. Pal, A.; MacIntyre, vitamin D deficiency in refugee Deficiency was commonest among [87] 2011 C.R.; Wood, N.; children in Sydney and to investigate East African (72%, 70/97) and least Gunesekera, H. risk factors common among those from West Africa (39%, 14/36). The odds ratio of deficiency in East Africa to the rest of Africa was 3:36:1. To evaluate the effect of the availability of home fortification with In children and in women of

a micronutrient powder containing 2.5 childbearing age, the availability of Ndemwa, P.; Klotz, mg of sodium iron micronutrient powder was associated C.L.; Mwaniki, D.; [100] 2011 ethylenediaminetetraacetate with a small improvement in iron Sun, K.; Muniu, E.; (NaFeEDTA) on iron status and status but no significant change in Andango, P.; et al hemoglobin in women and children in hemoglobin in this refugee camp

the Kakuma Refugee Camp in setting. northwest Kenya All groups (controls, one-time offenders, and re-offenders) showed substantial problems. Single parenthood (OR 6.0) and financial To investigate which risk factors are problems (OR 3.9) distinguished Paalman, C.H.; van associated with (re-)offending of one-time offenders from controls. Domburgh, L.; childhood offenders from an ethnic [128] 2011 Reading problems (OR 3.8), having Stevens, G.W. J.M.; minority (Dutch-Moroccan migrant an older brother (OR 5.5), and a Doreleijers, T.A.H. children in the parent having Dutch friends (OR Netherlands) 4.3) distinguished re-offenders from one-time offenders. The control group reported high levels of emotional problems (33.3%). Factors selected to reflect acculturation did not yield To investigate the effect of indicators Flynn, P.M.; Foster, statistically significant relationships [149] 2011 of acculturation among Somali E.M.; Brost, B.C. with preterm and low birth weight refugee women’s birth outcomes infants in this study. However, the magnitude of observed increases in risk factors contributing to poor birth outcomes are of concern in Somali refugee women, and the value of early and regular prenatal care was confirmed. 97% of the African immigrant children had either an incomplete or uncertain immunisation status. Low numbers of participants had serological immunity against Paxton, G.A.; Rice, J.; To provide data on immunisation hepatitis B (33%), diphtheria (45%), [194] Davie, G.; Carapetis, 2011 status of recently arrived East African and tetanus (61%), and a higher J.R.; Skull, S.A. children and adolescents in Australia number of children had immunity to measles (90%), rebella (77%), and tetanus (61%). Four percent of written vaccination records were available. Deductive and inductive content analysis revealed that East African To explore the experiences with and girls desired to be physically active beliefs about physical activity of East and perceived a wide range of Thul C.M.; LaVoi, [166] 2011 African adolescent female participants physical activities to be culturally N.M. and suggestions for promoting active relevant and desirable, yet faced an living array of personal, social, environmental, and cultural barriers to active living. Underweight or BMI < 5th percentile was significantly higher in children who experienced hunger. In To estimate the prevalence of child terms of dietary intake, compared to Dharod, J.M.; Croom, hunger and its relationship to dietary food secure or mild to moderate food [78] 2010 J.E. intake and body mass index (BMI) insecure households, intake of green among Somali refugee children leafy vegetables was significantly lower while intake of eggs was higher among children experiencing hunger. There was a high prevalence of asymptomatic H. pylori infection in recently resettled African refugee To investigate infection, children. Gastrointestinal symptoms Cherian, S.; Burgner, gastrointestinal symptoms, and were not predictive of H. pylori nor D.P.; Cook, A.G.; systemic inflammation these [37] 2010 of helminth infections. Serum Sanfilippo, F.M.; parameters in refugee children with a cytokines, particularly IL-5, IL-10, Forbes, D.A. high prevalence of Helicobacter and TNFa, were significantly pylori, helminth, and malaria infection elevated in children with malaria and helminth infections but not in those with H. pylori infection. Enlarged Tvol was found in 56% (Tvol-for-age) and 86% (Tvol-for- body-surface-area) of the children. Henjum, S.; Barikmo, To assess the prevalence of enlarged The median (25th percentile–75th I.; Gjerlaug, A.K.; thyroid volume (Tvol) in Saharawi percentile, P25–P75) UIC was 565 Mohamed-Lehabib, refugee children, and their urinary (357–887) mg/L. The median (P25– [205] 2010 A.; Oshaug, A.; iodine concentration (UIC), and to P75) iodine concentration in Strand, T.A.; Torheim, identify possible sources of excess household drinking water was 108 L.E. iodine intake (77–297) mg/L. None of the children had UIC below 100 mg/L, 16% had UIC between 100 and 299 mg/L, and 84% had UIC above 300 mg/L.

The excess in perinatal mortality Racape, J.; De To describe and measure inequalities rates for women of sub-Saharan Spiegelaere, M.; in perinatal mortality and causes of Africa reflected a high rate of [135] Alexander, S.; 2010 perinatal deaths according to maternal preterm deliveries and low birth Dramaix, M.; nationality and socioeconomic status weight, as well as a low Buekens, P.; socioeconomic level. Haelterman, E. 45/46 (98%) of all immigrants with imported malaria acquired it in their African countries of origin, Arnaez, J.; Roa, M.A.; To describe the cases of imported compared to the 2% of recent Albert, L.; Cogollos, childhood malaria including clinical, immigrants who came from Ecuador R.; Rubio, J.M.; epidemiological, laboratory, and [52] 2010 with imported malaria. All Villares, R.; Alarabe, diagnostic features of those who individuals in the VFR group A.; Cervera, A.; attended at a hospital in the southwest acquired malaria in Equatorial Lopez-Velez, R. of Madrid. Guinea (n=14) and 90% of all new immigrants acquired malaria in Equatorial Guinea (n=41) The high prevalence of autism in Barnevik-Olsson, M.; To study the prevalence of autism in children of Somali origin in [160] Gillberg, C.; Fernell, 2010 children of Somali background living Stockholm reported in previous E. in Stockholm study was confirmed. For all three tests, the proportions of positive results were similar for children of African and Asian origin. T-SPOT.TB performed better in Lucas, M.; Nicol, P.; To demonstrate the influence of age, African children with other McKinnon, E.; ethnicity and clinical status on IGRA infections. For African children [191] 2010 Whidborne, R.; Lucas, results and the limitations of using without identified co-morbid A.; Thambiran, A.; et these tests in refugee children infections, neither assay was clearly al superior in its likelihood to provide a definitive result. Positive agreement between the TST and both IGRAs was higher for African children

Agudelo-Suarez, To analyse the differences between In comparison with Spanish ones, A.A.; Ronda-Pérez, low birth weight (LBW) and preterm the lowest risk of PB was observed [145] 2009 E.; Gil-González, D.; birth (PB) according to the mother’s in North African children (ORa= González-Zapata, L.I. nationality in newborns in Spain 0.77 CI95% 0.74-0.80). Regidor E. The rate of HIV-MTCT in the entire Agmon-Levin, N.; cohort was 3.6% (11/300 The objective of the study was to Elbirt, D.; Asher, I.; pregnancies); eight infected infants [45] 2009 investigate the HIV-mother-to-child Torten, D.; Cohen, Y.; were born to mothers of African transmission (MTCT) rate in Israel Gradestein, S.; et al origin. 86% of HIV infected mothers were of Ethiopian origin From 19 January to 23 February 2004 (weeks 8–13), measles IgM To describe the epidemiology of testing showed that 61.1% were Kouadio, I.K.; Koffi, concurrent measles and rubella positive. The highest incidence rate A.K.; Attoh-Toure, [32] 2009 outbreaks in Côte d’Ivoire transit (18.5%) of measles was observed in H.; Kamigaki, T.; camps (TCs) for Liberian refugees children aged <9 months. Rubella Oshitani, H. during 2003–2004 IgM testing revealed 74. 0% positive cases between 14 February and 25 April (weeks 11–21). Cherian, S.; Forbes, H. pylori infection was detected in To assess the association between [36] D.; Sanfilippo, F.; 2009 149/182 (81.9%). Children with H. H.pylori and helminth infection and Cook, A.; Burgner, D. pylori infection were older (mean growth in refugee children shortly 8.5 years, standard deviation (SD) after resettlement 4.2 years vs. 5.8 years, SD 4.5 years, p < 0.001). No gender differences were observed. Helminth infections were common (41.8%) but not associated with reduced growth or with H. pylori infection. Of the 5 subjects with profound BTD, four of them were of Somali To report on an unusually high ethnic background. With four cases Sarafoglou, K.; occurrence of profound biotinidase of profound BTD, the incidence Bentler, K.; Gaviglio, deficiency (BTD) within a single among infants of Somali ethnic [157] A.; Redlinger-Grosse, 2009 ethnic population and an overall high background is 1/1395. Of the 26 K.; Anderson, C.; occurrence of combined partial and subjects identified through newborn McCann, M.; et al profound BTD in Minnesota screening as having partial BTD,

none were of Somali ethnic background. In Sweden, the majority of HIV- infected parents are of African To explore the frequency of HIV- origin, and despite the introduction Åsander, A.S.; infected African parents’ disclosure of of anti-retroviral (ARV) medication, Björkman, A.; their status to their children and there has been no tendency for [46] 2009 Belfrage, E.; Faxelid, custody planning for their children’s disclosures to children to increase. E. future to identify support needs The fear of a double stigma—that of among these families being both immigrant and HIV infected—is likely the main barrier to disclosure of HIV infection. The further African children moved To examine the association between Renzaho, A.M.N; from traditional lifestyles, the less acculturation and obesity and its risk [81] Swinburn, B.; Burns, 2008 physically active they become and factors among African migrant C. the more fatty foods they eat, which children in Australia results in obesity. The authors of this study found that 82% of the parents felt that it was unnecessary for a child to be taken to a dentist at an early age since their To examine dental health issues for chances of contracting diseases at African immigrant families of the dentist's office at that age were [184] Obeng, C.S. 2008 preschoolers living in the United high. In addition, 48% of the parents States had never taken their children to have their teeth checked by a dentist, and 61% of the parents reported that their children brushed their teeth once per day. African adolescents tend to begin sexual life early, use condoms infrequently, and have more difficulties in talking with parents about sex. 2) Boys and girls agreed The aim of this study is to determine that it is up to the male to decide Gaspar de Matos, M.; the influence of migrant status on about condom use, and girls viewed Gaspar, T.; Simons- [151] 2009 sexual behavior and communication even unprotected sex better than not Morton, B.; Reis, M.; about “safer sex” and to identify being cared for. Some girls indicated Ramiro, L. ethnic-specific prevention issues that getting pregnant young was normative. 3) Both parents and adolescents expressed inhibition and lack of interest in talking to each other about sex and related issues. Sexuality and HIV were considered taboo themes for these parents and adolescents. 149 of these 182 (82%) had H. pylori infection. Age was an independent predictor of H. pylori To determine the prevalence and infection. No sex differences were Cherian, S.; Forbes, associated epidemiological features of observed. Premigration antimalarial [35] D.; Sanfilippo, F.; 2008 Helicobacter pylori infection in child therapy (with sulfadoxine– Cook, A.; Burgner, D. refugees in Western Australia pyrimethamine and artesunate) significantly reduced the prevalence of H. pylori infection (age-adjusted OR, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.15–0.75).

Gastro-intestinal infections (H. Cherian, S.; Forbes, To investigate the relationships pylori and helminths) did not elevate D.A.; Cook, A.G.; between hepcidin, cytokines, and iron urinary hepcidin or IL-6 levels in [34] Sanfilippo, F.M.; 2008 status in a pediatric population with a refugee children, nor were they Kemna, E.H.; high prevalence of both anemia and associated with iron deficiency Swinkels, D.W.; co-morbid infections anemia. Burgner, D.P. Despite a significantly higher To compare the prevalence of vitamin proportion of vitamin D supplement Hintzpeter, B.; D deficiency between immigrants and users and higher vitamin D intake Scheidt-Nave, C.; nonimmigrants aged 1–17 y in [85] 2008 index, children with an immigrant Muller, M.J.; Schenk, Germany, taking into account the background were significantly more L.; Mensink, G.B. recommended vitamin D likely to have inadequate vitamin D supplementation during infancy concentrations. Sudanese children accounted for To investigate a reported increase in 34.8% of cases, 44.4% of carriers, McPherson, M.E.; tinea capitis in an English-language and 17.4% of children uninfected by Woodgyer, A.J.; [42] 2008 school to determine if it was an tinea capitis. Other African children Simpson, K.; Chong, outbreak and whether control accounted for 8.7% of cases, 11.1% A.H. measures were warranted of carriers, and 5.8% of children were uninfected by tinea capitis. The minimum prevalence of autistic disorder or pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified To investigate the prevalence of (PDDNOS) was 0.7% (17 of 2437; autism in children with parents from Barnevik-Olsson, M.; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.37– Somalia living in Stockholm and to [161] Gillberg, C.; Fernell, 2008 1.03) among children with a Somali compare the prevalence in children of E. background compared to children Somali background with that in the with a non-Somali background; the non-Somali group corresponding prevalence was 0.19% (484 of 250 565; 95% CI 0.18–0.21; p<0.001). Seal, A.; Kafwembe, To assess changes in the Fe and The introduction of fortified maize E.; Kassim, I.A.; vitamin A status of the population of meal led to a decrease in anaemia in [98] Hong, M.; Wesley, A.; 2008 Nangweshi refugee camp associated children by 23.4% (P<0.001), and a Wood, J.; Abdalla, F.; with the introduction of maize meal decrease in vitamin A deficiency in van den Briel, T. fortification adolescents by 26.1% (P<0.001). Median age was 5.5 years at the time of second measurement of blood Plotinsky, R.N.; lead levels. Thirty-six (39%) of the To identify risk factors for increasing Straetemans, M.; refugee children had BLL2X10 lead levels among refugee children [213] Wong, L.Y.; Brown, 2008 mg/dL. Liberians and those born in after resettlement in Manchester in M.J.; Dignam, T.; refugee camps had higher geometric 2004 Dana Flanders, W.; et mean BLL2 than those not Liberian al or not born in camps. Younger children and children with nutritional wasting before immigrating to the United States had a greater increase in geometric mean from BLL1 to BLL2, compared to older children and those without nutritional wasting. The decayed, missing, or filled teeth (DMFT) score was 0.48 in the 6–7- yr-old children and 1.69 in the 11– 13-yr-old children, with a caries prevalence (DMFT > 0 or decayed and filled primary teeth (dft) > 0) of To investigate the relationship 47.2 and 63.2%, respectively. Almerich-Silla, J.M.; between dental fluorosis and dental Among the 6–7 yr-old children [180] Montiel-Company, 2008 caries among western Saharan refugee examined, 36.9% were free of J.M.; Ruiz-Miravet, A. children fluorosis, 15.6% presented moderate fluorosis, and 7.8% presented severe fluorosis. Among 11–13 yr-old children, only 4.2% were free of fluorosis, 30.2% exhibited moderate fluorosis, and 27.4% presented severe fluorosis. Thirty-five subjects (18%) were seronegative for vari-cella. Males had a significantly higher seronegativity rate (25%) compared To determine the seroprevalence of with females (12%); however, this Nysse, L. J.; Pinsky, varicella antibody among recent association disappeared after N.A.; Bratberg, J.P.; Somali refugees living in Olmsted adjustment for age and varicella [30] Babar-Weber, A. Y.; 2007 County, Minnesota, and to estimate infection history. Five percent (5/92) Samuel, T.T.; Krych, the risk of varicella-zoster virus of adults were seronegative E.H.; et al (VZV) infection in this group compared with 30% (30/101) of all children. Eight percent (5/61) of the adult females were seronegative, whereas none (0/31) of the adult males were seronegative. Ninety paediatric refugees were infected with P falciparum, of whom 56 were treated as outpatients. Of To assess the safety of selective the 34 children admitted to hospital, Cherian, S.; Burgner, admission of paediatric refugees with four had parasite loads >4%. Most [55] 2007 D. Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) malaria children were treated with oral in Australia atovaquone-proguanil. Eighty-eight patients attended follow-up; all were compliant and none reported side- effects. Girls with an ambivalent acculturation pattern showed more problems than the other girls on parent- and adolescent reported Stevens, G.W.; internalizing and externalizing To study the relation between Vollebergh, W.A. M.; behavior. For boys, no effects of [118] 2007 acculturation and problem behavior in Pels, T.V.M.; Crijnen, acculturation on problem behavior Moroccan adolescents A.A.M. were found. The high number of conflicts between parents and their ambivalently acculturated daughters partly explained the relation between acculturation and problem behavior. Stellinga-Boelen, To assess the nutritional condition and The proportion of children who were A.A.; Wiegersma, growth of asylum seekers’ children obese/overweight increased in those [83] 2007 P.A.; Bijleveld, C. M.; upon arrival and follow-up in the seeking asylum in the Netherlands Verkade, H.J. Netherlands. following their migration. Low 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25- OHD) levels (.50 nmol/L) occurred in 87% of children, and VDD (25- McGillivray, G.; OHD .25 nmol/L) in 44%. Risk Skull, S.A.; Davie, G.; To assess the pattern of and risk factors included age ,5 years, female Kofoed, S.E.; factors for vitamin D deficiency [86] 2007 gender, increased time in Australia, Frydenberg, A.; Rice, (VDD) in immigrant East African decreased daylight exposure and J.; Cooke, R.; children living in Melbourne winter/spring season. Anaemia Carapetis, J.R. (20%), vitamin A deficiency (20%) ,and iron deficiency (19%) were also identified. To examine the experience of Despite the stress and challenges of immigrant Jewish Ethiopian youth in integration in Israeli society families Israel and its impact on their identity are central to youth's sense of Goldblatt, H.; [120] 2007 formation and determine which belonging. Schools need to establish Rosenblum, S. aspects contribute to the experience of definite disciplinary boundaries being a Jewish Ethiopian youth in between adults and children for Israel. immigrant youths. Compared with white Portuguese babies, mean birth weight of term babies of foreign-born African mothers was greater, and that of babies of Portugal-born African mothers was intermediate. Small preterm babies comprised 1.5% of white Portuguese babies, 2.3% of To investigate differences in birth babies of Portugal-born African Harding, S.; Santana, weights between babies of foreign- mothers, and 3.9% of babies of [134] P.; Cruickshank, J. K.; 2006 born black African, Portugal-born foreign-born African mothers Boroujerdi, M. black African, and Portugal-born (p<0.05 compared with white white mothers Portuguese babies). Compared with white Portuguese babies, mean birth weight of term babies, adjusted for sex, among Portugal-born African mothers was 24.6 g (95% CI, 70.1– 20.9), and among foreign-born African mothers was +38.8 g (95% CI, 2.9–74.8). Among African births there was an increase in births to teenage mothers and a decline to mothers from advantaged socioeconomic To examine (i) whether the recently backgrounds. African (3297, SD 441 observed African–White differences g) babies were not different but the in birth weights in Lisbon are Harding, S.; percentage of small preterm births replicated at a national level, (ii) Boroujerdi, M.; was higher among African (4.7%) [133] 2006 temporal shifts in the birth weight Santana, P.; than among Portuguese (2.9%) distributions of babies of Portuguese Cruickshank, J. births. The left shift of the birth and African mothers, and (iii) the weight distributions was factors influencing any changes in independent of maternal age, parity, birth weights in these groups and social factors among Portuguese babies, but among African babies the decrease appeared to be associated with socioeconomic advantage. 85% of households were food To evaluate the usefulness and insecure, and 42% experienced child feasibility of methods to assess the hunger. Hunger was more likely to prevalence of food insecurity and be indicated in households using child hunger, and to examine foods stamps, with lower income, [79] Hadley, C.; Sellen, D. 2006 associations between child hunger and and lower education. Hunger was measures of socioeconomic status and also more likely to be indicated in measures of acculturation in Liberian households where the primary refugees and asylum seekers shopper experienced difficulty shopping and with language. Most cases (81.8%) were foreign born, predominantly (88.2%) immigrants from Ethiopia and, therefore, huge differences existed in TB incidence rates according to countries of origin. TB was more Chemtob, D.; Weiler- To analyze the specific impact of our frequently diagnosed among young [190] Ravell, D.; Leventhal, 2006 screening procedures on active TB children (aged 0–4 years) of A.; Bibi, H. among children in Israel Ethiopian origin (39.9%) compared to those from the former Soviet Union (17.5%) (P = 0.067). TB was diagnosed within 3 years of arrival most (83.6%) of the Ethiopian children. Obesity and overweight are very prevalent in SSA migrant children and undernutrition, especially wasting, was also not uncommon in this target group. The prevalence Renzaho, A.M.; To assess the anthropometric status of rates for overweight and obesity Gibbons, C.; 337 sub-Saharan African children were 18.4% (95%CI: 14 - 23%) and [82] 2006 Swinburn, B.; Jolley, aged between 3-12 years who 8.6% (95%CI: 6% -12%) D.; Burns, C. migrated to Australia respectively. The prevalence rates for the indicators of undernutrition were: wasting 4.3% (95%CI: 1.6%- 9.1%), underweight 1.2% (95%CI: 0.3%-3.0%), and stunting 0.3 (95%CI: 0.0%-1.6%). Of the 94 children with malaria from Africa, 80% had P. falciparum, 11% P. ovale, 5% P. malariae, 4% P.vivax. P. falciparum affected a larger proportion of children from Lavoie, P.M.; To review the clinical features and Africa relative to other immigrant Carceller, A.; Robert, risk factors for complications and regions of origin. Of the 121 cases [57] M.; Lebel, M.H.; 2006 treatment of malaria in a pediatric analyzed, 93 of the patients Moore, D. L.; Rashed, cohort mainly composed of immigrant originated from Africa. Ten children S. children with serious complications had P. falciparum infection (P = 0.03), and presented within one month of arrival from their respective endemic country. All of these patients arrived from Africa. Seal, A.J.; Creeke, The research illustrates evidence of P.I.; Mirghani, Z.; To assess the level of iron deficiency high level of micronutrient Abdalla, F.; anemia and vitamin A deficiency in malnutrition (iron and vit A) and [93] McBurney, R.P.; Pratt, 2005 populations dependent on long-term moderate-to-high levels of protein L.S.; Brookes, D.; international food aid and energy malnutrition were seen in Ruth, L.J.; Marchand, humanitarian assistance several of the camps. E. Somali women more commonly had caesarean deliveries associated with fetal distress and failed induction of labor. They were 9 times more likely than both control groups to deliver after 42 weeks gestation, and 4 times To compare maternal and neonatal Johnson, E.B.; Reed, more likely than US-born black morbidity among Somali immigrants, [148] S.D.; Hitti, J.; Batra, 2005 women and 8 times more likely than US-born blacks and whites in M. white women to have Washington state oligohydramnios. Newborns of Somali women were at increased risk for prolonged hospitalization, lower 5-minute Apgar scores, assisted ventilation, and meconium aspiration. Availability of interpreters and information on health services were To analyze the demographics and the main factors hindering access to Cooke, R.; Murray, S.; utilization of health services by care. These data have informed Carapetis, J.; Rice, J.; [211] 2004 pediatric refugees from East Africa future service planning at the Clinic. Mulholland, N.; Skull, and to assess the implications for Ongoing data collection is key to S. service planning and provision maintaining a responsive, targeted service for a continually changing population. This study demonstrates higher childhood, but not infant, mortality To investigate differentials in rates among children from former Hargreaves, J.R.; mortality between children from Mozambican refugee households Collinson, M.A.; former Mozambican refugee and host compared with those from host [139] 2004 Kahn, K.; Clark, S. J.; South African households in a rural South African households in rural Tollman, S.M. sub-district in the north-east of South South Africa. The lack of legal Africa status and lower wealth of many former Mozambican refugees may partly explain this disparity. African refugee children had significantly lower dental caries experience as well as fewer untreated caries as compared with To describe the prevalence of caries similarly aged Eastern European Cote, S.; Geltman, P.; experience and untreated decay refugee children. They were also less Nunn, M.; Lituri, K.; [174] 2004 among newly arrived refugee children likely to have ever been to a dentist. Henshaw, M.; Garcia, stratified by their region of origin and Possible reasons for these findings Raul I. compared with US children may include differences in exposure to natural fluoride in the drinking water, dietary differences, access to professional care, and cultural beliefs and practices. We found 21.2% of the patients to Depoortere, E.; To measure patient adherence to be certainly non-adherent, 39.4% Guthmann, J.P.; Artemisinin-based combination probably non-adherent, and 39.4% Sipilanyambe, N.; [56] 2004 therapy (ACT) in children up to age 5 (95% CI [31.6–47.6]) probably Nkandu, E.; Fermon, years under routine conditions of adherent. Insufficient explanation by F.; Balkan, S.; Legros, prescription in a refugee settlement the dispenser was identified as an D. important reason for non-adherence. Vahratian, A.; Infants of North African immigrants Buekens, P.; Delvaux, To compare birthweights and were heavier at birth and were less [147] T.; Boutsen, M.; 2004 frequencies of preterm birth for North likely to be born low birthweight or Wang, Y.; Kupper, African and Belgian infants preterm, compared to infants of L.L. Belgian women. North African women were more likely to live with a partner while pregnant. After adjusting for sociodemographic and maternal factors, the estimated difference in mean birth weight between North African and Belgian women was about 74 g (p=0.05) among all births. The study showed a striking predominance of scalp infection caused by T. violaceum among children of eastern African extraction. Why children of African To describe the mycological and extraction seem to be at higher risk Hallgren, J.; Petrini, clinical data in children diagnosed [44] 2004 of infection with these fungi than B.; Wahlgren, C.F. with tinea capitis in a hospital setting others remains unclear. Children of in Stockholm immigrants tend to be infected with dermatophyte species common in their country of origin, irrespective of how long they have lived in their adopted country. Among immigrants, the rate of PDD in Ethiopian-born children was Kamer, A.; Zohar, To estimate the prevalence of lower than that of those born in other A.H.; Youngmann, R.; pervasive developmental disorder [159] 2004 countries. The rate of PDD in Diamond, G.W.; (PDD) among immigrants to Israel immigrant Ethiopian children was Inbar, D.; Senecky, Y. and Israeli natives much lower than in native Israeli children of Ethiopian extraction. Fortified spread (FS), and not unfortified spread (US), induces catch-up growth in stunted children whose diets are poor in micronutrients. Our trial provides support for delivering multiple micronutrients to reverse stunting To assess the effect of a highly and reduce anemia in children up to nutrient-dense spread fortified with age 6 years. Linear growth of vitamins and minerals, with or Lopriore, C.; children fed FS was 30% faster at 3 [97] 2004 without antiparasitic metronidazole Guidoum, Y.; Briend, months than in US and control treatment, in correcting retarded linear A.; Branca, F. groups, after which height-for-age z growth and reducing anemia in scores increased only slightly in the stunted children Increase in hemoglobin concentrations in the FS group at 6 mo was twofold that in the US and control groups (37 ± 40, 19±15, and 16±17 g/L, respectively; P<0.0001), and anemia was reduced by nearly 90%. Chlamydia trachomatis was suspected in 2.47% of the children, papillary hypertrophy being the most To ascertain the prevalence of acute frequently seen clinical sign. trachoma as a supposed endemic Scarring changes secondary to disease among infants in the Saharan Javaloy, J.; Ferrer, C.; trachoma were detected in 11.7% of [29] 2003 refugee camps of Tindouf (Algeria) Vidal, M.T.; Alio, J.L. the children. Only four cases (0.8%) and to evaluate the efficacy of were positive to the immunoassay treatment with a single dose of test and 12 cases (2.27%) were azithromycin positive by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). After treatment a second PCR was performed on positive children and they were negative of chlamydia DNA amplification. Moroccan parents reported as many problems as Dutch parents, but less problems than Turkish parents. Stevens, G.W.; Pels, To compare emotional and behavioral Teachers stated substantially more T.; Bengi-Arslan, L.; problems of Moroccan immigrant externalizing problems were [130] Verhulst, F.C.; 2003 children to those of Dutch native reported for Moroccan pupils Vollebergh, W.A.; children and Turkish immigrant compared to Dutch and Turkish Crijnen, A.A. children pupils. Moroccan adolescents themselves reported less problems than Dutch and Turkish adolescents. To investigate periodontal status and Vered, Y.; Schwarts, oral hygiene practices among recent 55.7% of 13- to 17-year-olds had a [185] N.; Mann, J.; Sgan- 2003 new immigrants from Quara, Ethiopia community periodontal index score Cohen, H.D. the aim to maintain and promote their of 2 indicating calculus. periodontal health Public health interventions in Katale To evaluate the public health and camp 1994 to 1996 reduced nutritional situation of refugee mortality and morbidity rates Renzaho, A.; children in Katale camp, Eastern dramatically. This was not reflected [101] 2003 Renzaho, C. Zaire, after two years of nutritional in the malnutrition rates for children and health intervention from 1994 to under five years, which remained 1996 stable after an initial fall despite two years of nutritional intervention. The 7- to 11-y-old Israeli-born boys were heavier (P<0.03) and had higher mean arm muscle circumference transthyretin, and magnesium (P<0.0001) and lower albumin (P<0.0001) and triceps skinfold thickness (P<0.005) than did the corresponding caravan- dwelling boys. Israeli girls were Reifen, R.; Haftel, L.; heavier (P<0.006) and had higher To determine the growth patterns of Manor, G.; Sklan, D.; wt/ht ratio (P<0.02), MAMC, [91] 2003 immigrant children after changes in Edris, M.; Khoshoo, transthyretin, calcium, and their nutritional habits V.; Ghebremeskel, K. magnesium (P<0.0001) and lower albumin (P<0.05) and TSF (P <0.0001) than did the Ethiopian- born girls of the same age range. There was a significant difference in weight, wt/ht ratio, TFS, MAMC, transthyretin, calcium, and magnesium (P <0.0001) between the Ethiopian- and Israeli-born boarding schoolboys. Rice, J.E.; Skull, S.A.; To describe the prevalence and risk Pearce, C.; Intestinal parasites are common factors for intestinal parasite carriage [63] Mulholland, N.; 2003 among East African immigrant among children recently arrived from Davie, G.; Carapetis, children. East African countries J.R. Half of the surveyed children were stunted. Risk factors for stunting To establish magnitude and risk Tumwine, J.K.; include not consuming milk, low [94] 2002 factors for Malnutrition in Kasese Barugahare, A.A. literacy of the father, having no district at the Uganda-congo border immunization card, and children age 12 to 23 months not breastfeeding.

Somali children reported vaccination at significantly older ages compared with Hispanic or Rochester children (P<.001). None of the Somali vaccinations were recorded in a written medical record, but 25 (37%) of 68 measles vaccinations and 24 (36%) of 67 mumps and rubella To compare measles, mumps, and vaccinations were recorded in a St Sauver, J.L.; rubella antibody levels in Somali written personal file. Hispanic Jacobson, R.M.; immigrant, Hispanic migrant, and US children were slightly more likely to [197] Vierkant, R.A.; 2002 children in Rochester, MN, and to have positive measles antibody Jacobsen, S.J.; Green, determine whether parental levels compared with the Somali E.M.; Poland, G.A. vaccination reports predict children (pairwise P=.07). Among seropositivity the 9 Somali children who did not receive measles vaccination (or were unsure if they had been vaccinated), 8 (89%) were seropositive for measles antibodies. Parental vaccination reports had high positive predictive values (71-100%) and low negative predictive values (13-25%). 79% of children had infectious pathology, and 33.3% (33 cases) were infected by 3 or more To ascertain a morbidity profile for infectious diseases (range, 3-5). Huerga, H.; Lopez- infectious diseases in sub Saharan [28] 2002 High number of infectious diseases Velez, R. African immigrant children evaluated was diagnosed in sub-Saharan in a reference tropical medicine unit African immigrant children including malaria, parasitic infections, TB, and viral hepatitis. To examinate the high rate of Essen, B.; Bodker, B.; perinatal mortality among children of Sjoberg, N.O.; There was no evidence that female immigrant women from the Horn of [152] Gudmundsson, S.; 2002 circumcision of the mother was Africa raises the question of whether Ostergren, P. O.; related to perinatal death. there is an association between female Langhoff-Roos, J. circumcision and perinatal death Imported childhood P. falciparum malaria is increasing in southwest To identify changes in the presenting London associated with increasing Williams, J.P.; Chitre, number and species of imported travel from sub-Saharan Africa. [58] 2002 M.; Sharland, M. malaria in children in southwest Over the 25-year period there has London been no improvement in chemoprophylaxis rates or time to diagnosis. Among the 51 patients with isolates of T. violaceum (TV) or T. soudanense (TS) on scalp sites, 46 were Somalian children. Of the 46 Somali children with scalp isolates, Lamb, S.R.; only 4 had TS and 42 had TV. Only [38] 2001 Not clearly stated Rademaker, M. 4 children were cured, and the remainder did not have the outcome available. Of the 9 cases with TV or TS isolates from non-scalp sites, 4 isolates derived from Somali children. Of these 4 children, 3 had TV and one had TS. Outcomes of the infection were not reported. All 20 children with SCD were from To determine the prevalence of Africa (12 from Nigeria, 4 from McMahon, C.; childhood SCD in Ireland and to Congo, 3 from Angola and one from Callaghan, C.O.; [215] 2001 predict requirements for a Zaire). Their Hb level was 6.4-9.7 O'Brien, D.; Smith, comprehensive care and assessment g/dL with a median of 7.7 g/dL and O.P. programme all consistently fail to express the Duffy red cell antigen (Fya/Fyb). Of the African refugee children screened for ova and parasites, 50% tested positive. Infection with pathogenic parasites was associated with increased risk of low height- for-age z scores (OR=2.4; 95% CI=1.6-3.4). Of African refugee Geltman, P.L.; Radin, To analyze growth and identify children screened for TB via the M.; Zhang, Z.; [61] 2001 related medical conditions among purified protein derivative (PPD) Cochran, J.; Meyers, refugee children in Massachusetts tuberculin skin test, 25% tested A.F. positive. A positive PPD result was associated with lowered likelihood of having height-for-age z scores less than −2 (OR=0.6; 95% CI=0.3, 0.9). Of the African refugees who were screened for dental abnormalities, 72% tested positive. Celiac disease has a negative effect on the health status of Saharawi refugee children. Because of the To characterize the clinical and high prevalence of the condition in nutritional impact of coeliac disease Ratsch, I.M.; Catassi, the Saharawi, a specific programme [74] 2001 (gluten-sensitive enteropathy) among C. for treating all affected individuals Saharawi children living as refugees should be established. Further in Algeria studies are required to quantify the impact of celiac disease in other areas of the developing world. The fetal death rate was 45.6 per 1000 births, the neonatal mortality rate was 29.3 per 1000 live births, To estimate incidence of and and 22.4% of all live births were low Jamieson, D.J.; determine risk factors for poor birth weight. Compared with women Meikle, S.F.; Hillis, pregnancy outcomes and to calculate [136] 2000 without poor pregnancy outcomes, S.D.; Mtsuko, D.; the contribution of mortality from those with poor pregnancy outcomes Mawji, S.; Duerr, A. neonatal and maternal deaths to were more likely to report prior high overall mortality in a refugee camp socioeconomic status and having 3 or more episodes of malaria during pregnancy. Women of foreign origin, especially from sub-Saharan Africa, have a higher risk of perinatal mortality than native Swedish women. The Essen, B.; Hanson, To investigate whether the maternal differences in mortality could not be B.S.; Ostergren, P.O.; country of origin affected the risk for [140] 2000 explained by risk factors. The results Lindquist, P. G.; perinatal mortality and to determine suggest that women and newborns Gudmundsson, S. its relationship to risk factors from sub-Saharan Africa should be given more intense surveillance on all levels of perinatal care in order to reduce perinatal mortality. Themes of normalcy, peace, and contentment, prior to war, were common amongst refugee children. They believed that their lives would remain that way forever. As they stated repeatedly, there was no reason to believe otherwise. None of To explore how two groups of the refugee children had any [127] Berman, H. 1999 children who grew up amid violence preparation for the changes which ”make sense” of their experience ensued. Although they had only vague understandings as to what the fighting was about or who the warring factions were, they had very clear memories as to the actual events, what they saw and what they heard. The traumatic event in all the 56 children happened more than six months previously. Twelve children To determine the extent of trauma and [106] Peltzer, K. 1999 (20%) were suffering from chronic mental health problems PTSD; their age range was from six to 14 years with a mean of 11.2 years (Q1= 8.3; Q,= 12.9). Compared to Ugandan children, the Sudanese reported significantly To study the psychosocial effects of more PTSD-like complaints, the war situation and subsequent flight behavioural problems, and Paardekooper, B.; de on South Sudanese children who were depressive symptoms. The many [105] Jong, J.T.; Hermanns, 1999 compared to a group of Ugandan psychological complaints from the J.M. children who did not have these Sudanese children could be caused experiences of war and flight by traumatic events they experienced as well as by their difficult daily circumstances. Ethiopian-Israeli girls found a balance between adopting Western concepts of beauty and preserving their Ethiopian traditions. Ethiopian- To address body image among Israeli girls did not differentiate [132] Zlot, A. 1999 Ethiopian-Israeli teenage girls between the body, mind, and sprit; the girls maintained a holistic perception of the body. Different body parts were also assigned symbolic meaning. Several situations of illness were presented, with an analysis of the To explore to what extent traditional differential behaviour patterns of Ethiopian culture influences health Ethiopian immigrant pupils in Israeli practices of immigrant adolescents, in youth villages. A similar process [207] Nudelman, A. 1999 what circumstances are they more was evident among the different likely to adopt Western patterns of cases. In the first stage, there was a response as reflected by those of the tendency to act according to the Israeli culture. accepted mode of behaviour in Israel, and to go to the clinic for medical treatment. To determine the influence of ethnic, After the first year of life, the means cultural, and socioeconomic for the BMI of the children born to [171] Roville-Sausse, F. 1998 differences on the growth of children, sub Saharan immigrant parents are particularly in the younger preschool lower than means for French years children. This suggests poorer nutritional status, which may be associated with the marginal socioeconomic status of African families living in the Paris area. To analyze all available years of vital Buekens, P.; Masuy- Despite their low socioeconomic records to compare birth weights of [146] Stroobant, G.; 1998 status, North African immigrants newborns of North African and Delvaux, T. have high birth weights. Belgian origin To determine how many cases of tinea Of the 52 (0.52%) children with Cuetara, M.S.; Del capitis (TC) were present and to dermatophytes in the scalp, 12 of [41] Palacio, A.; Pereiro, 1998 assess the carriage rate of these cases were in children from M.; Noriega, A.R. dermatophytes in the scalps of Africa. Of these 12, 10 children had clinically normal school children TC. There was a significantly higher proportion of cases of tinea capitis Cuetara, M.S.; del (P< 0.001) (particularly due to To detect dermatophytes on the scalp Palacio, A.; Pereiro, Trichophyton tonsurans, P< 0.001) was undertaken in 5000 unselected [40] M.; Amor, E.; 1997 and of cases of asymptomatic scalp school children aged between 3 and Alvarez, C.; Noriega, carriers (P< 0.05 (particularly due to 16 years A.R. Trichojdyton tonsurans, P< 0.001) in the immigrant population of African origin. To assess the incidence of type 1 diabetes in under 20 years of age in In all age categories, the incidence Vos, C.; Reeser, H.M.; the Netherlands, among Moroccan of type 1 diabetes is higher in [202] Hirasing, R.A.; 1997 children in the Netherlands, correcting Moroccan children than in the Dutch Bruining, G.J. for determining the incidence in the children. period 1988–1990 Of the 173 patients whose records were reviewed following admission Swerdlow, D.L.; to the intravenous tent, 28% of Malenga, G.; To report an epidemiologic patients were <6 years old. Twenty- Begkoyian, G.; investigation of this cholera outbreak four (60%) of the 40 persons whose [31] Nyangulu, D.; Toole, 1997 and document the challenges of deaths were reviewed were children M.; Waldman, R.J.; providing adequate treatment and under 4 years of age, compared to 29 Puhr, D.N.; Tauxe, prevention in these circumstances (17%) of the 173 selected patients R.V. who were children (RR=4.5, [CI] 2.6–7.9). Fever was especially common among children. Children with malnutrition were more likely to have higher parasite densities and slower clearance of parasites than children without malnutrition and the prevalence and degree of resistance in vivo were more pronounced in malnourished children. In the chloroquine To assess the susceptibility in vivo of Wolday, D.; Kibreab, treatment group, 62% of all P. P. falciparum to chloroquine and [54] T.; Bukenya, D.; 1995 falciparum infections among pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine in Goma Hodes, R. normally nourished children were refugee camp in Zaire. resistant in vivo, compared to 77% of infections among the malnourished children. In those treated with pyrimethamine- sulfadoxine, 58% of all infections in normal children were resistant, compared to 86% of the infections in children with malnutrition. To report experience of "vertically"- The findings are consistent with acquired pediatric HIV infection, the other studies from Africa and mother- to-child transmission rate, present evidence for a higher Irova, T.I.; Burtonboy, [49] 1995 and the clinical spectrum of HIV mother-to-infants transmission rate G.; Ninane, J. infection in our population of of HIV-1 in children born to HIV+ children, most of whose families came mothers in Africa than in from Central Africa industrialized countries. Ethiopian children, unlike western children, did not think of the body in terms of different biophysical Ravid, C.; Spitzer, A.; To examine the internal body functions. Rather they perceived it as [129] Tamir, B.; Granot, M.; 1995 perceptions among Ethiopian Jews a holistic system in which a divine Noam, R. who emigrated to Israel providence was responsible for organs working together harmoniously. The high prevalence of goiter in this group of Ethiopian children with the low frequency of hypothyroidism may be attributed to the combined Luboshitzky, R.; To assess the prevalence of goiter and effects of food goitrogens and iodine Dgani, Y.; Atar, S.; thyroid dysfunction in a population of [206] 1995 deficiency prevailing in Ethiopia. Qupty, G.; Tamir, A.; 534 Ethiopian children, one year after The standard Israeli diet seems to be Flatau, E. arrival in Israel. adequate in respect to iodine requirements, and no iodine enrichment is needed for children immigrating from Ethiopia. Among 3681 refugee children measured, 12% had low weight-for- To identify children in need of height. Those approximately 6-11 supplementary feeding based on low months of age had the highest weight-for-height (to assess the proportion of malnourishment, based [90] Bern, C.; Nathanail, L. 1994 efficiency of MUAC (mid upper arm on mid upper arm circumference circumference) tool in measuring (MUAC) . This measure is not malnutrition in children of the refugee accurate in measuring malnutrition camps) in children, rather weight for height surveys are a more efficient screening tool. Faustini, A.; Franco, E.; Saitto, C.; Cauletti, HAV prevalence of 87.5% M.; Zaratti, L.; Papini, To evaluate the prevalence of HAV, prevalence in children under 12. No [27] P.; Ali' Ahmed, S.; 1994 HBV, HCV and HDV infections and subject under 11 was HBV positive. Zampieri, F.; Ierussi, to assess their possible risk factors. No children were HCV positive. A.; Panna, A.; Perucci, C.A. Forty-six (74%) mandibular compared to only 16 (26%) maxillary canines had been extracted. Another 19 primary canines had hypoplastic defects, To assess the prevalence of primary probably the result of unsuccessful canine tooth bud extractions in a extractions. Associated dental Holan, G.; Mamber, group of Ethiopian Jewish children in [173] 1994 abnormalities included hypoplasia of E. Israel and to report on dental the permanent successors and abnormalities associated with these adjacent primary and permanent early extractions teeth, displacement of permanent teeth, midline shift to the extraction side, missing primary lateral incisors and distal eruption of permanent lateral incisors. The infestation rate of head lice among Ethiopian children varied between 65-100% in the various age-groups compared to Israeli Mumcuoglu, K. Y.; To screen a representative number of children whose infestation rate Miller, J.; Manor, O.; Ethiopian immigrants for ranged between 0 and 18%. Children [64] 1993 Ben-Yshai, F.; Klaus, ectoparasites a few days after their 6-11 years old were the most S. arrival in Israel infested group and no differences between girls and boys were found. Among Ethiopians, more children than adults were infested with head lice (P<0.05). Salivary pH levels were generally similar between the Ethiopian group To determine the prevalence of dental and the controls. Salivary flow was caries, fluoride supplementation, and significantly higher for the Sgan-Cohen, H. D.; fluorosis, and to establish the dietary Ethiopians (1.93 mL/min) than for Steinberg, D.; [177] 1992 patterns, the microbial content of controls (1.16 mL/min). Low levels Zusman, S.P.; Sela, saliva, salivary flow rates, and pH of caries in this population can be M.N. levels in recent immigrants from rural attributed to an almost sugar-free Ethiopia diet and high salivary flow, but not to the composition of oral microflora. Children were being inappropriately vaccinated, either being vaccinated at less than six months of age (2- To review the measles surveillance in 29%), or failing to receive a second Porter, J.D.; Gastellu- the camps, discuss the reason for dose if vaccinated at six months (0- Etchegorry, M.; outbreaks, and identify continued 25%). Measles outbreaks again [196] 1990 Navarre, I.; Lungu, need for an effective single dose indicate the need to improve vaccine G.; Moren, A. measles vaccine for children less than coverage with the existing Schwarz nine months of age vaccine, and also highlight the urgent need for an effective single dose measles vaccine for children less than nine months of age. The results showed a nearly sixfold difference in caries prevalence between the Ethiopian and the Israeli group (1.5/9.6). No differences could be seen clinically between the Ethiopians who immigrated more To measure the changing pattern of than 1 year ago and those who dental caries, periodontal health arrived within the last year. Sarnat, H.; Cohen, S.; status, and tooth cleaning behaviour [176] 1987 Radiographically, a significant Gat, H. among a cohort of Ethiopian difference was found between the immigrants to Israel between the years two Ethiopian subgroups. Those 1999–2005 who arrived more than 1 year ago had nearly three times more initial caries. Oral hygiene was poorer in the Ethiopian group than in the Israeli group; little difference was found in gingival health. To examine a group of births in West Jerusalem in 1975-1976 and to test Birthweight was higher if the mother whether ethnic group differences in had immigrated to Israel after the Yudkin, P.L.; Harlap, birthweight were then apparent and, if [144] 1983 age of 10 years than if she had S.; Baras, M. so, whether they could be accounted immigrated at a younger age, or had for by differences in maternal body been born in Israel. size or by other social or demographic factors Out of 1006 children who attended at least one of two daily sessions, 53% exceeded the discharge level To feed the undernourished and and 26% were in the category 80%- protect the nutritionally vulnerable 84% of the reference median weight groups by providing them with for height. The prevalence of acute [99] Taylor, W.R. 1983 supplementary food and to establish malnutrition in the camp population procedures for continuous at Daray Ma'an was 34.7 to 35.3%. surveillance of nutritional status of The small intracluster variation in individuals and population groups the sample indicates that acute malnutrition was distributed uniformly throughout the camp. For standardised height against age, differences in height for ethnic groups was consistent over all ages. No significant differences were noted between boys and girls of any ethnic group. For mean standardised height analysed by ethnic group, the mean for the African group was To assess growth in relation to significantly higher (p