Intermediate Pashto. Workbook. INSTITUTION Center for Applied Linguistics, Washington, D.C
DOCUMENT RESUME
ED 338 077 FL 019 800
AUTHOR Tegey, Habibullah; Robson, Barbara TITLE Intermediate Pashto. Workbook. INSTITUTION Center for Applied Linguistics, Washington, D.C. SPONS AGENCY Center for International Education (ED), Washington, DC. PUB DATE 91 CONTRACT P017A-00022 NOTE 169p.; For the Beginning Pashto Workbook (Units 1-14), see ED 323 765; for related Intermediate Pashto documents, see FL 019 797-799. PUB TYPE Guides - Classroom Use - Instructional Materials (For Learner) (051) LANGUAGE Pashto; English
EDRS PRICE MF01/PC07 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Cultural Traits; Foreign Countries; *Form Classes (Languages); *Grammar; *Pashto; Politics; Religious Cultural Groups; Second Language Instruction; Social Behavior; *Sociocultural Patterns; Uncommonly Taught Languages; Workbooks IDENTIFIERS Afghanistan
ABSTRACT The workbook accompanies the "Intermediate Pashto" textbook (FL 019 797), and provides additional explanations, in English, of Pashtun cultur,=.! and Pashto grammar. It also contains additional exercises, with answer keys. The units and sections correspond to those of the textbook. Unit overviews are intended to be read, with parallel textbook sections, before the class session in which the unit is to be w.)rked on. Exercises for each unitare to be done at the completion of classwork for the unit. Some exercises require oral prompts, which are provided in the "Teachers Manual "(FL 019 799). Notes aue generally in English; exercisesare in Pashto. (MSE)
n Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * * from the original docUment. * *******Rit***,*****0*******************************.t********************
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Table of Contents
Introduction v f I
Unit 15: 44511:,
Preview to Section 1:Dialogue 1 Preview to Section 2: Perfective Participles 4 Preview to Section 3: Reading 5 Preview to Section 4: Diversions 6 Exercises 7 Answers 11
Unit 16: ... JAW** 414....* Preview to Section 1:Reading 13 Preview to Section 2: Relative Clauses in Pashto 14 Preview to Section 3: Dialogue 15 Preview to Section 4: Diversions 16 Exercises 17 Answers 23
Unit 17:.1..1 jlt_1 Preview to Section 1:Dialogue 26 Preview to Section 2: The Imperfective Participle 28 Preview to Section 3: 'Can Phrases in Pashto 28
Preview to Section 4: Reading.. . 29 Preview to Section 5: Diversions 30 Exercises 31 Answers 35
Uni t1E1: ..5.1.S4.1 _rat, 4.4
Preview to Section 1 Dialogue ...... 37 Preview to Section 2: Clauses with 4.a 38
Preview to Section 3: Reading . 38 Preview to Section 4: Diversions 39 Exercises 40 Answers 45 Intermediate Pashto Workbook iv
Unit 19: .0j 44 Preview to Section 1: Dialogue 4 Preview to Section 2' Comparisons Preview to Section 1 Reading 49 Preview to Section 4: Diversions 50 Exercises 51 Answers 56
Unit 20: .Sj 4.;0...Ai,J.1...tj 4;);1 JI.; Preview to Section 1:Dialogue 58 Preview to Section 2:Conditional Statements 58 Preview to Section 3:Reading 59 Preview to Section 4:Diversi ons 59 Exercise', 60 Answers 66
Unit 21: c5L,.. 45 Preview to Section 1:Dialogue 68 Preview to Section 2: Relatives 69 Preview to Section 3: Past Unreal Conditions 70 Preview to Section 4:Reading 70 Preview to Section 5: Diversions 72 Exercises 73 Answers 76
(hit 22: 4;43 .5i a; 45 aS.
Preview to Section 1:Dialogue 78 Preview to Section 2: Genealogies of the Major Pashtun Tribes 78 Preview to Section 3. Present Unreal Conditionals BO Preview to Section 4: Reading 81 Preview to Section 5: Diversions..... 82 Exercises 83
Answers . 89
Un i t 23: 4;
Preview to Section 1 Dialogue 92 Preview to Section 2Reading A 92 Preview to Section 3Reading 8 ... 94 Preview to Section 4Diversions 94 Exercises 95 Answers 100 Intermediate Pashto Workbook v
Unit 24:JL Preview to Section 1:Reading 102 Preview to Section 2:4i in More Detail 103 Preview to Section 3: Dialogue 104 Preview to Section 4: Diversthns 104 Exercises 105 Answers 110 Unit 25:J.1.1 Preview to Section 1:Dialogue 112 Preview to Sections 2-4 112 Preview to Section 2: The Story Begins 113 Preview to Section 3: The Story Continues 114 Preview to Section 4: The Story Concludes 115 Preview to Section 5: Diversions 116 Exercises 117 Answers 123
Unit 26: 415.11.c.:. ji Preview to Sectthn 1:Peading 126 Preview to Section 2: Verb Phrases with Possessive Suffixes 127 Preview to Section 3: Dialogue 127 Preview to Section 4: Diversions 128 Exercises 129 Answers 135 Unit 27:
Preview to Section 1:Reading 13B Preview to Section 2:Conversation 139 Preview to Section 3:Reading 139 Preview to Section 4:Diversions 139 Exercises 140 Answers 147 Unit 28:
Preview to Section 1The Story Begins 150 Preview to Section 2.The Story Continues 151 Preview te Section 3The Story Concludes 152 Preview to Sectthn 4D: wersions 153 Exercises 154 Answers 160 Intermediate Pashto Workbook vi
Introduction
This Textbook is one of the three components of Intermediate PashtoThe other components are a Workbook, a Teachers' Manual, and an Interim Glnssary.
Ml the components of Intermediate Pashto are available in microfiche or hard copy through the ERIC Document Reproduction Service.The materials are described in detail in the ERIC Document entitled The CAL Pashto Materials: Overview.For information, please contact ERIC/CLL, Center for Applied Linguistics, Washington, D.C.
Th :se materials have been developed by the Center for Applied Linguistics with funding from Grant No, PO 1 7A 00022 from the international Research and Studies Program of the U. S. Department of Education. The same office funded CAL to develop Beginning Pashto, the components of which are available from the ERIC Document Reproduction Service as well Intermediate Pashto continues the study of Pashto where Beginning Pashto left off, and the two together constitute a relatively complete overview of the spoken and written Pashto language, as well as a fairly extensive introduction to Fashtun culture.'he development of a Pashto Reader has also been funded; the reader will be available through the ERIC Document Reproduction Service in early 1993
This Workbook accompanies the Intermediate Pashto Textbook, and provides additional explanations of Pashtun culture and Pashto grammarIt also provides the student with exercises in addition to the ones in the Textbook
The units and sections of the Workbook correspond to those in the Textbook. The Preview sections should be read, along with the parallel sections in the Textbook, before the class session in which the section is worked on. The exercises at the end of each unit are to be done when class work on the unit has been completed.
The exercises marked with a T require or& prompts, and are intended to provide the student with additional listening practice. These prompts are given at the 'id of the corresponding unit in the Teachers Manual
ple NM.eir.7-"=7"...... -ram ..,,,F,?-,r ^-r^r .from".' 114-1 ri.'"IC. ^ Intermediate Pashto Unit 1 5: Workbook 1
Unit5:
Overview
The topic of this unit is Pashtun/Afghan weddings, the urban type discussed in the dialogue, and the rural type talked about in the reading.You will also learn how the Pashto perfective participle is formed, and how to use it In phrases equivalent to the English perfect tenses (e g. 'I have gone and 'I had gone').
Preview to Section 1:Dialogue
Theresa has been invited to the wedding of a friend of Asad's, and is asking Lay15 what to expect.Lay13 is describing a wedding of the type that is put on in Kabul, and that has been carried over into the Afghan community in the United States
Cultural notes.. Lay13 is describing the part of the wedding that is parallel to American wedding rezeptions. There will have been a religious ceremony bef ore the party, at which a mullah will have read parts of thes Koran, and the couple will have exchanged vows similar to those in a western religious ceremony. Only the bride and groom and a few very close family members will have attended this ceremony. The part of the wedding that Lay13 is describing is put on by the groom's family, who also decide how many guests to invite, who to do the music and food, and so on, As Laylã impliet:, the wedding couple does not attend the early part of their own reception. At some later point, usually after everyone has been served food, the couple 'processes' into the room, surrounded by women from the groom's family, one of which follows behind them holding a Koran over their heads, All the guests stand and applaud the couple as they proceed to the platform. When they reach it, they are showered with candy, as LayIN describes, and also sometimes with flowersOn the platform there is a couch or sofa for the couple to sit on, and there they take part in other ceremonies. One of these is a traditional Kabul ceremony in with a mirror, specially handled (no one but the bridal couple should be reflected in it), decorated and wrapped. The couple's heads are covered with a large scarf, and then the mirror is handed to them. They unwrap it under the scarf, and look at themselves in itThis custom is clearly based on the premise that the bride and groom have not seen each other before the wedding; the writer of the dialogue comments that the bride and groom are supposed to look not only at each other but also at themselveseither to congratulate Lhemselves Intermediate Pashto Unit 15:slit; Workbook 2
for Zieing such a handsome couple, or to reconcile themselves that neither one is particularly handsome._ Another ceremony involves henna, which Is put on the palms of the bride and the little finger of the groom. Close family and friends may also apply henna to their fingers. There are other ceremonies as well that might or might not occur. The particull.r: of any one Afghan wedding are different from other Afghan weddings: Afghan families oi course vary in their customs and beliefs, and these variances are reflected in the weddings they put on for their sons. After the reception, the bride and groom go to the groom's home, accompanied by a subset of the reception guests. There, a breakfast is served, and finally the guests leave the couple to start their married life. Unlike some other Islamic cultures, an Afghan wedding does not include any public fuss over the consummation of the nlarriage. One element wnich appears to be constant is that the women involved In an Afghan wedding make it a point to dress up, as Layla mentions. Most woman who can afford it go to beauty parlors to have their hair done, their face made up and their hands manicured. Younger women wear the equivalent of western cocktail dresses, although with more modest necklines, sleeve lengths and hemlines.Older women might wear a western dress, but will cover their hair with sheer white pkrays Some women choose to wear saris or dressy vry-sions of the Afghan kamis and partug. Everyone Is expected to give a present to the couple, but traditionally the present is taken to the groom's house and not brought to the wedding. These days, the sometime American custom of providing a place at the reception for guests to leave their presents has been adopted for Afghan weddings.
Warn stuclu. The word for ceremony, ,is an Arabic word, and has an Arabic
plural I . You might encounter another word besides AI for 'bridegroom'- [zuml rti3 is a term which usually translates as 'son-in-law', but many speakers use it to refer to bridegrooms as well. is an alternative masculine oblique form ofj.e. .1 and are forms of .1, the participle formed from the verb This verb has the following dialectal variants in the past tenses. Pr-es Ina, Pres_ Pcrf, Past Imo, Pas1 Pert, z [Icégd--1.34)TS [kexod(ál)-1 (kéxod(al)-I
[ixod(61)-1 I i1xod(a1)-] I
..01110I II I orger I nrmrlpgm,rm., in-wwwcr. AJAP. Intermediate Pashto Unit 15: 40,Le.; r.e. 4.; j Workbook 3
The phrases 0.0.5 41111. 'are eaten' and LsiS J.14'are invited' are parallel in structure to the phrase oj j5.t_i'have been written', which occurred in the reading in Unit 14. jif and are ordinary infinitives, and when they are followed by the verb -5 (not the auxiliary)they translate almost perfectly as English passives. In the sentence
4.1 cjl_k.40_4. 41t translates as 'for themselves', and the sr, refers to the food mentioned in the previous sentence. In other words, the food at an Afghan wedding is set up buffet-style
The word [sNzand6) belongs to separate class of masculine nouns. This class, which we will label M4, consists of masculine nouns ending in [al A, with the following case endings: DSg: [slizandaI DPI: [stizandagln)
0Sg: [sNzandal 303L 0111: [sAzandagNnol
Sentence structure. Theresa's question about whether she sheuld wear her own Afghan clothes to the wedding:
J I se1÷ involves a participle different from the one you are learning in this unit. These participles with r.t,sr:, etc. will be studied in Unit 16.
The underlined part of LayIN first sentence' k.5.) .! 4-, Da I, ,.;LUL;l
4J 1 is a relative clause (a sentence which modifies a noun). The clause translates as the English relative clause 'in which on average more than a hundred people take part, and modifies the noun 1-,-1r
Note that in the sentences ifL5J-C j 3 L. JL 4.1-C
.51 ri..)
1.; ,J Lt 41S- 47; Li-5 Intermediate Pashto Unit 15:vit Workbook 4
LT _Lt.; tT53'4;'.3/c.511-1-.4 (5-17fil-1. the verbs in the 415 clauses (they're underlined) are present perfective, and the verbs In the following clauses are present imperfective. (Thl j..t.;in the first sentence above is a stress-shifting verb; the perfective isn't shown in the writing system, but the stress is on the first syllable rather than the last )In general, any verb in a clause headed by 4..r will be perfective.
Preview to Section 2:The Perfective Participle
In this section, you are shown, first, how to form perfective participles, and second, two of the constructions in which they are used. Participles are adjectives which have been derived from verbs. Participles in English are such words as runnina in the phrase rurtnIng water and broken in the phrase Draken recerd. The participles shown in this section are used in high-frequency constructions in Pashto, They are called 'perfective participles both to show that they are derived from the (past) perfective forms of verbs, and also to differentiate them from the Imperfec- tive participies which will be studied In the next unit. As is shown in the notes to "Using Participles", these perfective participles have the same agreement patterns as verbs in the past tenses. The construction involving the perfective participle andr., ksj etc., is fairly close to the English present perfect tense; it is used when the speaker or writer is talking about an event that has occurred at some unspecified time previous to the time he/she is speaking or writing. The construction involving the perfective participle and ssj, etc, is parallel to the EngHsh past perfect tense; it is used when the speakeror writer is talking about an event iat occurred at some unspecified time previous to a reference point. The first line f the dialogue in Unit 12 illustrate this, in both languages:
Rabya: You weren't home last night
David: No, I wasn'tI hallzasie to the 44; hospital to ask about A5ad
In this exchange, WOO establishes the reference point as the time she calledor dropped by. David, by using tea gone in English andtst4v..L1; in Pashto, shows that he left for the hospital before she called, The Pashto construction is used in broader contexts than the English past perfect, as is illustrated in the next exchange in the dialogue:
"Prir" '040,"77,310"^Vir'r Plarran.4.617VACIMIN .fina.ter vprmersirp"wise, ernrpe ,r,rmeele, r-nr Intermediate Pashto Unit 15:4r.I Workbook 5
RZibyg: Nol What happened to Asad? 4.L ;t 4,Jj
David: His car was [not tied been] in an accident. 4,$1;..5 415.e. : and in the following exchange from the Unit 14 dialogue:
Layla: You weren't around for awhile; C b Z j.4.,..L 1 Z : 1,1 Yi ssittr'r5-1 where were you?
RAbyS:I went [not had gone] to Maryland . 41111; CO .1.:.i.)"7,4: Lt., I j
Preview to Section 3:Reeding
In this reading_ rural Afghan (including Pashtun and non-Pashtun Afghans) weddings are described.
Cultural notes. The major difference between rural and urban Afghan weddings is that in the rural weddings, each family gives a party, whereas in the urban weddings, just the groom's family gives one. Another important difference is that at the rural wedding parties, the sexes do not mix: while an entire family, including servants, is invited to one or other of the parties, the father and older sons join the men's group, and the mother, older daughters and babies go with the women. The little children are allowed to play wherever they like The religious ceremony with the mullah usually takes place, in rural weddings, the evening before the all-night wedding parties.
Word stud.u. Remember that 4.t,bal.,a refers to the evening Defore the wedding, not the evening after. The phrase ..J1. 4.5.jI is talking about the afternoon before the evening of the wedding
a.LA is the ordinary word for 'boy' or 'youth'Older Pashtun men also use it in addressing one another, as in the equivalent of glig in such contexts as "Look, guys, we raed another touchdown" in other contexts, the term refers unambiguously to the professional dancers described in the passage There is an interesting and accurate description of one of these dancers in Caravans, James Michener's 1940s novel about Afghanistan
is another of those phrases in which the infinitive plus -4,r5 translates perfectly as the passive, in this case 'is called' Intermediate Pashto Unit 15: 419.1.1: 4;41 4.31i Workbook 6
jentence_structure. More relative clauses, in
siSA:L...ti..Q__45.0 Li .3 ssii;
4 . 475,11.; 4wes j 41.2.31,:i the underlined relative clause translates as 'who are usually women and a number of the bride's close male relatives', and modifies the noun In
. J3 .3 s 4.5.14.-Li (bi-) the underlined relative clause translates as 'in which there are many women and men' and modifies And in
_91 4,5j 4DL(1-4
..5.04'4.; the relative clause translates as 'who have put on special clothes and put bells on their feet', and modifies z,LSIA. And finally, in
.k.5.PTS de-) 1JJ 41.,4 4re4L; 4:; the relative clause translates as 'who go to the bride's house', and modifies1.5..L.
Preview to Section 4:Diversions
The first story (which has also turned up with Mullah Nasruddin as the husband) revolves around the requirement that a woman cover her face in the presence of strange men. Every family apparently differs es to which of a bride's male in-laws are 'strangers' and which are not, hence the bride's problem.
The second story makes Pashtuns laugh, but leaves most westerne(s wondering what's supposed to be funny. The Pashtuns who laughed explain that the joke is in the fact that the mullah, who has disrupted the proceedings considerably, can think of nothing to advise his daughter about except something trivial. Intermediate Pashto Unit 15: 4115_11-. Workbook 7
Unit 15 Exercises
Exercise T I.Listen to each of the following sentences, then write down the subject and direct object of the sentence
Direct Object Subject Direct Object Silbject
v .
.
A .T
.
.11 . o
.1 T .1
Exercise T2. Listen to the statements, and mark whether they are true of a rural ( 47950LS or urban (.,L+4.)wedding, or all Afghan weddings (4 jai Lj.).
1/4,1.41 sos 0154:
.T
.T
.o
. V
.A
. 1 Intermediate Pashto Unit 15:s9.lt 4. Workbook 8
Exercise T3. Listen to the sentences, and write the participles.
. V .T
. V .T
Exercise4. In the previous fourteen units
4,5d_;_t 42,1iitg .3
c.5,75 L.t. T
c
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4.19.4 j jiLt.
L.L:n4-1 .1. Intermediate Pashto Unit 15:ssillre.4:4.3 a .51 j Workbook 9
Exercise 5.Fill in each blank with an appropriate word
$11:1" 4 .34. 4Zr. .,;LL:Li413 1
4: .3 1.1 I .3
631 .3 ss-C
j----- 4.a.415 sge, 1,5-74 L-5-1 15 C5j..1 ti5.1"1 Jj
4511 y_te.SjLLE I 0
1.11L5 Lc 4,15 j j 4 b L(Las .1 L5TS v
; iiS' .3 L...... 4 .3 0.31i .3 V i5 .31 ri 3 . v S514 . ______yib a 4; l...L., ji;-II
.A 4r5tt 4.; JAI ,1 s9-4 .;---... 14, 4T9-C bali4.:, 1.-4...? W1 i 6./.5 -$1 s95
JJ-1.! a LI ss jL
Exercise 6. Read the following passage, and answer the questions.
jL. 41 4. .5.3 . 3s9SjL.? a 1 j-
4_1 4-15-A J J 44-0Jj
l_c_Lsj1 s5; L jy . 3 4.5.a4 1j ,a..; L .., A j
c"..; I .3 . .1.1 . 4t
. 4_1 j band, combo n, Fl [dastáj such, so adv.[dSsej be surprised der int. vb. therAneg-1 Intermediate Pashto Unit 15:scit 4.;a;ali Workbook 10
Exercise 6 (cant.)
JL 4 1 a L.% a 495 V V
j bali jt..1.5la .T
T
jigLI,3Le.
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0111 .6Lir.. 4.JL.? i . Intermediate Pashto ,Unit 1 5: I Workbook 11
Answer Key
Exercise T I. DirRct Dbject, Subject Direct Object Subject . V
-4-464 t.) j-4,1 .
I
L. IT
Exercise 12. 4; so5 sfrsut-5
.T
. o . 1 . v
.A
I
Exercise T3.
.L Intermediate Pashto Unit 15: 41911; Workbook 12
Exercise 4.
.0 . 1, I.T J .T J .1
JJ .1. 411..1 I .A LI,,. v 01-4-1 .
Exercise 5.
4; 47., s51L."
a .31 J 4.5_AL .3 1 .3 .4"..t
. c) Aj 4 A .11 .3 .T
4.15 crtis5.3",; "L,..; JILI DLL. .L krAl 144 LS. 0
.1 J L ",;-4L5 pi ss5yj.3j 4141a . cD1-CIAr
; a 4 .3 A Lt 47ea 4#7.64. .3 A .31 J .3 . V
15il.; J;;J1
A.31J 4. .A L5J 415-14 sl5 A.A--4.A
1 `k ig J40,:a s95 AI/ jj 3
. 4cxj. 4.4 ol..t yil.; 1
Exercise 6 A .31 j N....)31..A.1 . _1'Le. es5.5 ac. *01j LJj ,z . s5,7.54.1,1 4j T
._515 .3 J J.3 . .ii ij
4..J t 1. D.todo A j3 .1 LP I-)4:j ,(-4, 4 1 Intermediate Pashto Unit 16: 41.;4-, Workbook 13
Uni t1 6: .
Unit Overview
The topic of this unit is the engagement process in Pashtun society. The reading, in which the parents actions in forming an engagement are described, is Section 1. Section 2 presents Pashto relative clauses. The dialogue, in which Amgn discusses with Theresa some of the effects of the custom of arranged marriages, is in Section 3. Section 4, Diversions, gives some of the landaus Amgn was thinking of in the dialogue
Preview to Section 1:Reading
This reading describes how engagements are made in rural Pashtun society, focussing in particular on the actions of the boy's family in initiating negotiations, the girl's family's acceptance or rejection of the boy's family's offer, and the ceremonies announcing a successful engagement
_Cultural notes. The reading makes the point that in traditional Pashtun society, the boy and girl have no input into the choice of spouse: marriages are effectively political arrangements between families. If the boy and girl are relatives (first cousins are frequently married to each other) or neighbors, they might have gotten to know one another in childhood; and if they are from the same area, the girl might have seen the boy as they both went aoout their business in the village. The secret visits of the engaged boy to his fiancee, mentioned in the last paragraph, are arranged by the girl's mother, and always take place at the girl's house
Wordtvs,tyThe word 0.)Vj consists of 'sitting' plus ..,V'standing'. PashtUN associates sit and go with one another! The syllable at the end of is a Pashto suffix roughly parallel to English -hood The word s5.".;is one of the one-word forms which substitute for a prepositional phrase, like 1/415 and
Sentence It.ructure The verb 4.5..tiin the phrase 4.) 4,9.2 4.5 is a past perfective verb, although the translation is 'If they are able'This is an instance of the Pashto subjunctive' verbs following 45 do not follow the same pattern as English verbs following 'if'All of which will be the subject of a future unit. Intermediate Pashto Unit 16:... Ay!. Workbook 14
The sentence
-it-1 LLI...6 .3 alai'Aa. j 4.; a/A C.Fe is based on the author's knowledge that the girl is more likely to have seen the boy (who goes about with his face uncovered) than the boy is to have seen the girl (who since puberty has covered her face).
Preview to Section 2:Relative Clauses
Relative clauses in Pashto are formed very similarly to relative clauses in English, and are therefore relatively easy for English speakers to understand and use.in both languages, they are most easily thu,ight of as sentences embedded in other sentences dependent clauses, in traditional grammatical terminology. Any sentence with a relative clause in it can be converted into two sentences, for example:
'The girl who is buying the . Cs jLIj 011.1 dress is R3byN's sister'
1:'The girl is Rgbyg's sister'
2'The girl is buying the dress
Note that in the second sentencethe one that becomes the relative clausethere is a noun that is identical to the noun being modified, i e 4A-Is This identical noun always shows up when you break a sentence with a relative clause into two sentences
The rules for converting a Pashto sentence into a relative clause are very simple: a: change the identical noun into the corresponding weak pronoun; b apply all the weak pronoun rules (e.g. delete it if it's the subject of a present tense sentence or a past tense intransitive sentence; delete it if it's the object of a past tense transitive sentence; move it to a position after the first stressed element in the sentence.) c: add the clause marker to the beginning of the clause;
d drop the clause after the noun it modifies.
Applying the rules to the two sentences above Sentence 2: . j j After rule a " *i571.* After rule b Intermediate Pashto Unit 16: a,.t41;4.1 j÷; Workbook 15
After rule c: After rule d.
Preview to Section 3: Dialogue
In this dialogue, Theresa and Amn are discussing the Pashtun custom whereby the parents choose one's mate, and the repercussions therefrom
Cultural notes. When Aman talks about a ,he is doing so in the context of Pashtun societyIn that context, the term does not necessarily imply a close relationship: a might be, for example, a neighbor boy the.k a girl has seen countless times and formed an affection for, but never spoken to Part of the engagement and marriage negotiations have traditionally involved a hefty bride pricean amount that the boy or his family pays to the girl's family. Given the size of the bride price, a man is frequently relatively old when he finally becomes able to afford a wife and, of course, he and his family are most interested in finding a young girl for him to marry, The young girl compares this "old" man to the young boys she sees; the young boys yearn after the girls they cannot afford to marry; and the result is as Arran describes it. As AmEn comments, girls in Kabul and In the refugee community here in the United States are allowed more freedom to meet and get tc, know young men, and are given some say in the choice of husband.In their freedom, and their use of it, these Afghan girls appear strikingly parallel to the heroines in Victorian literature of the late nineteenth centurycf the novels of Trollope and Thackeray
Word studis and are all pure Pashto words The suffix is the same suffix as that in is literally lover-hood', or 'romance' The term 0:3.3..in general means 'stingy person or 'one who does harm'In the context of love and romance and marriage, however, it clearly refers to the girl's unwanted husband Intermediate Pashto Unit 16: 4.1.kr1 Workbook 16
Prev;ew to Section 4:Diversions
These landays are some of the ones Aman remumbers which reflect the feelings of a woman married to a man she had no part in choosing, as well as those of her lover.It is the lover speaking in the first two landays, the wife speaking in the second two.
The term 0,7..c.14 .3in the first landau refers to a glass bracelet of the sort worn in India and Pakistanone more easily broken than one of silver or gold. 7. is an adjective, the usual translation for 'dead' The verb for 'kill' is but the verb for 'die' in the landau is the simple intransitive verb7. without the retroflen jr-i. The simple verb has been replaced by the intransitive derivative verb 7. in modern speech and writing, but the simple verb is preserved in folklore Intermediate Pashto Unit 16: _41.1 alrl kk..; Workbook 17
Workbook Exercises
Exercise T1. Listen to the following sentences, then write the word that is described with a relative clause
Exercise T2,Listen to the following sentences, then mark whether theg describe a wedding or an engagement
D.31.3 tv.31.) Intermediate Pashto Unit 16: 41;1.141,:. otiz Workbook 18
Exercise T3. Listen to the passage, then answer the questions
oit . 16-4 i)7.1 *2'1,1 4."
L.J,) 15.
j.aj.5 4J Ur, . 0 Intermediate Pashto Unit 16:... a.rtaljarl at 04..0 Workbook 19
Exercise 4. Read the following letter, then answer, in English, the questions below.
1 -1 _< 15..) I.".se r
44 14....al 4:1 L55.) 1.0...4'a 4.15 3 (15
4ff..? s5 a 4.7J Li r... au
4t.07.11,9 .51 41--i-'43 .78.1-5
,75 L53.3..)s5.5 L.51- -c5.5 J
1. What does 0.5..,11probably mean in English?
2 Does Layla's sister seem to know her fiancee well? What clues does the letter give?
3Is [zcaviári).3 j3likely to be a good quality or a bad one? Why?
4 What does probably mean in English? Why do you think so? 16.
5 What were Lay15's parents apparently looking for in a young man for her sister? Intermediate Pashto Uni t1 6:... I..:cL;.1.14...r 06.; Workbook 20
Exercise 5Read the following passage, and answer the questions
c)t.1 r..ch f3L! 4: 4,31j T5 j..;JS .3 .:1j1 j..1 jl
4:,.. ts..b. 6...tr-a 6 _91 6 ,7r-a LS . 41 J., 4: beauty parlor n, F3 Ear4ishg51 o1 L ji giftn, F1. [tufif á] It's my wish phr,[zr.-6 me dal oz ii).3 brief, short adj Ikarrjr5
God willing that phr. [khwdãy w6ki tsel41. ify.5
AzIj .
C. .3 A .3 I j L .
4.2N-44 45 5 it; 4 0.3
4; AZ1 it 0.07: a.t. .5 .3
o .3 Ij ,):cat .3 I . 0
$ Intermediate Pashto Unit1 6:... Workbook 21
Exercise 6.Relative clauses are often used in definitions of nouns, for example
LS27t-C 0-4. A.J15jl
Give Pashto definitions for the following words in sentences constructed along the lines of the example
. o
.1
. S5-3L;
.A
1*
Exercise 7. Rewrite the paragraph below in the past tense
ji Aj. .3 L5 1 .3 A 1 °.."A' .0-1-7"6-3 v S5*-6.
a..z. ras .3 A"LS 5 17.5jj je,1/4.*:n
1 3 "Ld ,04..1 S57°. J17,1J1 J y ":1` *97:
4.1 or 1.4 I j ss.g +-7:,4-7;471' .3 a 415 j LL.t .3 L5i4..LSL A.Si
L.5 34" I) 4:0 3 4.1 1SL; a.3 4.".../ 3.5 .5
a LI+L5"-! 3 _13 Le. A7r... L; .3 s5.5 Intermediate Pashto Unit 16: ....J.:. Workbook 22
Exercise Write out the sentences from the second exercise in the Practice section of Section 2
Ic
0
. V
.A
.i Intermediate Pashto Unit 16: ...aj.1a:14.14t Lola; Workbook 23
Answers
Exerrise T I. .) o Lt .L -4 _t5 . .A . V
Exercise T2.
.31 s.5.31,5 ,T533
x . V x .T
x .A x .T
x .4k ____x .1.
x .10 _x_ .o
Exercise T3.
.I sSi01-1:" 4:" ci5z11.5yq-17:i:"
. Wv L.51-12; 41. J-t; 1 3 a'11.J./1rs.3L J94=--"; . t LP 4.1 _JD! j
.J9L5La 3 o
Exercise4.
1 It probably means something like 'congratulations' 2No, the sister doesn't, or Layla would not be describing the boy to her. 3Probably a good quality; Laylseems to approve of the boy. 4 Probably something to do with education: 4.--1_,SU is likely to be borrowed from English facult6t or French faculte. 5Apparently they wanted a boy who was educated, and who came from a good family
Exercise 5 "1.5 Intermediate Pashto Unit 16: Workbook 24
4.2. 0 ..341.1.1. I I .T v
.5.4.a;* z I i 6..,...., Jiro i1 a jv.I. 4.1 i L.54)..2 .p.a. 4.2. 0 a.1.1...4 I .3A. 171..... T
L5.101.pi 4..% 0.3.2.1,41 LI .o 4-,t 0 ii 1 J 41,"-`5 "A v .4::...._....1. I i
Exercise6.
I 4...; Lab 571. L74...) s9.S cjZ..4 LI L9-- _3941 4t
c,34,7S.
.1)tJ j 3 4; 4..k.6 45..t54.17: L. c.) .
4.3 .3j2c- LI'.4; 4.W...6 45-2 IJ 3 417 .T
0LI .u;,.6 L5,5 6.3Ij
j 4.1.ad5j5 I dkJ 41-4 . 0
. L5z?tS j 4.1ab ss.54.e. j dLt
cis" k.S.,S 4.a4.1.:4414.4jg .
. 4:r 4.;a L5S.2.1 .
..52Y:E.S _I 4DL_33 LIrig.k
1/4. 5 L Z.".414 41.15 47; C) 4t. IgN,5 "
Exercise7.
A 'iiC.r.:- -.51 4:11'6 Lt 0.A.S1 .07S-jj j.! 45L .o7Ci `L7. 41! 4197/. J1 J-J1° -11.-
41A 1 4.1 .,; jaja a jI 4155 4.1 4.t
4..a. L-..! 47. kis j 0..te L.Lt . L5 L., I. jfS I
4. t. 415c jj
Le 01.1.. L.; a .t.a 4...0
Exercise8. j
t.5 j 4.;,6 1 Intermediate Pashto Unit 16:... h.t..W.7.1 cr J.?.:. Workbook 25
L....6...j L;L:$I 4Li 4tLcisoo 0...... e.r&SeLLTb ...I .T '.5a 0)i/J k19 2 r....1".1 ,_.l_z_C4.A.A 03 .L
4::_.....1i ,..)L. I.0.1.:.; L,... 4,5S41 s5_4..L.. I41. 1..04. .il a
jij 4 c#11.:...... ;L:Lila4,.., .I;L:N. 4.1.v)Vi A...y....1 %.1.1.1.6 4..)1. . .I
(5.... jI _.1._(14. A L5.,"1-.) _-/`:'J-4yq5.ii-"-r: `..14 '-,_) d1 i)., -4 4-r. 5,7"' 4." 4 .0.7;lis5 J .1440 A L.5.; )14..0...!-1.64..Lb .1.0 I. 1 Intermediate Pashto Unit 17: Workbook 26 Unit 17: Jitz Unit Overview The subject of this unit is children's education. The dialogue in Section 1 gives you a sample of a child talking to his father. The reading in Section 3 is a discussion of elementary education in Afghanistan. In the Diversion in Section 4, you are given a sample of a fourth grade textbook. The grammar covered in this lesson (in Section 2) is the imperfective participle, in particular ±ts use in phrases equivalent to 'can' in English. Preview to Section 1: Dialogue Amän's son Khoshal has come home from his first day in junior high, and Arran is asking him about it ,Cultural notes. The words and .31.1...141.6.1.3all refer to elementary education, not higher education. The phrase .31.1...;4.1:,.1.3 in particular is a "schoolish" phrase only children and school officials use it! Word stitcluYou have seen the adjective before, in the landau in Unit 1of Beginning PashtoThe landau is repeated here; gou now know enough Pashto to understand its structure 4.! 45 yj .5 Le ss.e US- student (Arabic)Ralabi LI, blue [shinkii 0 remember, think of(ygdaw-] L.2 beauty mark [khAII The word is a noun, and as such translates as English or 'individual'A more idiomatic translation is 'of them'the phrase IL; .3 in Khoshal's comment L5.7! 1 4. -? J-1; J-2 ylf for example, translates best as 'some of them', referring to his fellow students who don't like one of the teachers, and Khoshal's sentence i z Intermediate Pashto Unit 17: Workbook 27 "15"2 translates as 'in some classes the attendance is twenty of them', referring to the students in Amin's question, Since cl-.4always occurs with a number, its plural ending is the special masculine plural WI that occurs with numbers: .c1; rather than Eashiazauivalents. Some of the words in the dialogue referring to education are of Arabic or Persian origin. These words have 'pure' Pashto equivalents which have been constructed by the Pashto Academy, and which are sometimes used instead of the non- Pasnto words. Here is a list of them, with their Pashto equivalents: Non-Pashto Pashto n , 113 ixowandzSyl 0-C".31.5 n 113 (1.olgáy) Impersonal transitive verbs.You might have noticed that in Khoshal's sentence 'LL.".9 the pronoun L. is used, although it's an intransitive sentence and you would expect the pronoun .3. is one of a small but frequently-occurring class of simple verbs traditionally called "impersonal transitive verbs" Others in the class are listed below; note that most of them denote sounds made by animals (including hum,ansi) 'bray' (hang-) 'cry' (zgr."--1 'bark' (ghAp-J 'sneeze' (prinj--] 'whinny' Eshishn-) 'cough' (tukh-1 'dance' (nãts-) 'swing' (zgng-J 'swim' (lamb-] These verbs are odd, in that 1. In the past tenses, the subject is in the oblique case, even though the verbs are intransitive. 2. In the past tenses, they always and only take a third person masculine plural verbal ending, regardless of the person of the subject, for example Intermediate Pashto Unit 17: .1..1 01.9_,L2.; Workbook 28 'I was laughing' (m3 khandal/khandalal L. 'you were laughing' RA khandal/khandalaj /LJ 'Layla was laughing' (1ay13 khanual/khandala( dt,J tJ 'we were laughing' (mung khandal/khandala( 4J /J.LL:1. and, moreover, the J suffix never drops. 3In the verbs with (3) in the present stem, the fEJ changes to (al in the past tense A ovt. of olace.In Khoshal's sentence about Mike's reactlon to the pizza, the that occurs after LL is not the relative clause marker. In this context it means 'when', and is one of the uses of as a conjunction These will be studied in the next unit Preview to Section 2:The Imperfective Participle You'll immediately realize that the perfective and imperfective participles of any particular verb will be different only if the verb has different perfective and imperfec- tive past stems1.e if they are derivative or doubly irregular verbs. Preview to Section 3:'can Phrases in Pashto As is mentioned in the notes, the imperfective/perfective distinction in Pashto 'can' phrases isn't reflected in English; for example, an exact translation of Raby3's statement that she couldn't find work 4:1A is something like "I wasn't able to have found work", which doesn't work very well as an English sentence For practical purposes, we suggest that you learn to say the imperfective 'can' phrases, as they are the ones that most frequently occur in ordinary conversation. Keep in mind that there are perfective 'can' phrases as well, so that when you run across one in your Pashto studies you will be able to deal with U. You will often see an imperfective 'can' phrase used with a future adverb like 'tomorrow'. Pashto is like English in this respect; note the following Pashto sentences and their translations' 'She can cook aushak today 'She can cook aushak tomorrow j....a I L. Intermediate Pashto Unit 17:f"" Workbook 29 Preview to Section 4:Reading The topic of the reading is the education of children in Pashto-speaking areas in Afghanistan before the Russian invasion Cultural notes.In the passage, the verb is used to describe what the children in the mosque schocls were learning to do. Our usage of the English verb read does not match Jz.,.1cs it is being used In the passage, in that read Includes understanding of what you're reading, whereas Jz,1 in the passage refers to the decoding process only. The children were being taught just the correspondences between the letters of the Arabic alphabet and the (Arabic) sounds they represented, nal what the words meant. The students would first learn the Arabic alphabet, via primers showing the shapes of the letters of the Arabic alphabet. Then they would learn to read (decode) verses from the Koran, which has always been written with tashquil- diacritics written over and under the consonant symbols to indicate which of Arabic's three vowels to say. The writer of the passage, who attended one of these schools, comments that the work was fiendishly difficult, as it consisted of brute memorization Infinitives. There are several infinitives in the reading, all of which translate straightforwardly as English 'to study' and 'to read' 45 L LJ 1waySto1..L.1.3 j. . ,L; LS.Isis [lwastáll zJ Li3L., L.5.! 3 jj I41 J.; (..1.64! 14 j,75 az3 flwast61) cji.,..3.3 at 41 "AS-La 1.4 (lwastSll lag j.c_Id"; Le Infinitives, you recall, are formed with the imperfective past stem of the verb plus the J endingFor agreement purposes, infinitives are always masculine pluralIn the first sentence above about where boys go to study their lessons, the infinitive ,.12.1is in the oblique case (it's the object of a preposition), and as a plural has the final Word study. Note the differences in vocabulary and structure among the following: memorize der, tr. vb. [paya-daw-qji be reminded der, int. vbfyNdeg-1 Intermediate Pashto Unit 17: Workbook 30 think phr. [fikir kaw-1 remember (r. be in (someone's) mind) phr, [pa yki de] 5.3 zLe Preview to Section 5:Diversions The passage reproduced in the Students Text is a photocopy of an early passage in a fourth grade Pashto reader. The reader was written in 1968, and was in use in the public schools in Pashtun areas until the educational system fell apart after the Russian occupation About half of the selection is given; the other half goes on in the same vein, exhorting the students to follow the rules and work hard. The selections in the textbook have been hand-written rather than typed or type-set, for aesthetic reasons and to be of a size the children could handle. By comparing the photocopy with the typed version below it, you can easily figure out the characteristics of the handwriting IL) Intermediate Pashto Unit 17: Workbook 31 Exercises Exercise T1, Listen to the sentences, then mark whether the sentence refers to the present, past or future Some of the sentences are ambiguous; mark both possibilities. Present Past Future 2 3. 4 5 6 7 6. 9 1 0 Exercise T2. Listen to the passage, then write the answers to the questions below, Lt ss 4:714.-rg L.:1.j 410 3I ou r..5344.4 T icS .41 LC:4j. """ C.r-4-"" ° Exercise T3. Listen to the following sentences, then mark whether theyare talking about remembering something or memorizing something Remembering riemori zing Remembering flemoriztno 6 2 7 3. 8 4 9 5 Intermediate Pashto Unit 17: .1.1ve, Workbook 32 Exercise 4.Read the following definitions, then give the English equivalent of the word listed 4.a,5 L5e.1..,L5J1-14-a 45 teijb %.5 slIS `Lit 450_14 Egharman3r6y1 odb 5)7.'-C J. t-"C 4j1476 5,7r_t-C [kabgbil 4.A.A 4 j 41.ssSc5 T E5shpazkhNnál 4. L-vuo L4.1.5 4.70US u4`; 4;A 5 -5 .51-11 4,95 Lki 4y.J Ji 4""6 LFIL 4-t. 415S .t-C4-;° Eghojall Exercise 5Answer the following questions about the characters in these materials .fit " L575 J15 44.; "S.; 4.,J J.* .3 .1..0 I . .01 .,".; j.S s6S I : I ,T I 3c,L. I a Intermediate Pashto Unit 17:. 1....4. sc./ti j i i.,..... -. Workbook 33 45-tJ.)..) .t.50.14s.14-'s 34y. .t.tAl JLN--t): - 0 01...:-.4_, I ii;AZIJLTS Ls..; LO Exercise 6.Change the following sentences to past tense. .T5i" T5i.,-,' c5,-1- J-,4 41 JL-,-t.,. iL5,1 4.b...4....r 4.;trts .T ,<-. T l.5-54te i.) 1; 4tLfe.4 il.5 .,;"ZATI. 3J^0 it ji; I....2;Is3. 0 ..".4 . Nti V . "? Intermediate Pashto Unit 17: Workbook 34 L5--?; qg 41 At jab L. I .A 4.! _!1- 41.95 45 0Ij 1.3 ,1° Exercise 7.Read the following account of a mosque school for information. L.C14, 31 L 4.; at, s9 L iLt 4 3 4; 43-=-"'J'e41 LT: .4"" -/-14;4:it.°-t4:4"5 L5 L5 L/ .)INr"° .SIJj JLL 4.1.54.1.5 I io 415 415 )La 1.5 4.33 0 j.e. je.j Ij4; 414f ,;1.42* 415 j.t.:_t; L.12 4.;415 4154, 1 4.a I Answer Key Exercise T I. Present Past Future 2. 3 _x 4 5. 6. x_ 7 8. 9 10. _x Exercise T2. < 1-51 47; it-;-" ssg.)-CLIA-,1 . 4-1.4 .T .L Exercise T3. Remo/tering Memorizing 1. _x__ 2. 3 _x__ 4 5 6 7 8 _x__ 9 _x__ Exercise 4. 1 lunch 2ken!) seller 3 kitchen 4 dictionary 5 barn Intermediate Pashto Unit 17:.f...t Liiiit...; Workbook 36 Exercise5. L5,A ..,--°- I ..L.:1..)1.5ss.5 isl j )1 4.7.1 c.),44.41 _no 4 j.-c:10. 44J 4.7.....# j j j 41...J.!,4.5jSi .r ..1.... I , 4.; .T i-tt_5--C 4 1 -:-.;.'_ti L "--; 1----e. :;ss5 L-Ce..ra1 47,. _rt.'LS./.51 `L.:1!.) .1 1-.:-IilCiL. I t .0.4Liiji.....?t 5 4 i .)419.. ji .3 4C0 4:)1.4. J10...... ti.a.ti.6 0 .crtoi.:4jt.I 4:0 0 31j .7.....t.a.c LA-ilj-,....i.....e..?"!_t.as .1 Exercise el. LL."-1i5J-n.0-'11-4dlr4; J6j:..1' 1 `. WI, 454-' 4e" 1' T j 414'4 -,-) L.'4t L.5--.1-+ '4.J-:' J.;.=' Le. 3 .,10Sz:l. Li63/_te. 4195JL;4.: .j...,..4$30 j...1. 1/4./e..11 1 _,...,...;1,3 o j...Jj s.s..5 .3.11,...... %... 4; j... . 4..! cj-:-*--J9 ss-C.1"`:' 45 Intermediate Pashto Unit 18: Workbook 37 Unit 18:.L5_,5 at.ye44t Unit Overview This unit is the first of several about agriculture in Afghanistan. The reading is an introduction to the subject, and lists the principal crops grown. In the dialogue, you will see how basic gardening activities are talked about in Pashto. The grammar focus of the lesson is a review of clauses with which are nal relative clauses i.e. those which function as subjects or objects (noun clauses in English terminology) and those which are simple time clauses. Preview to Section 1.Dialogue In this dialogue, Amgn, Lay1g and their son Khoshal are planting their garden They have just returned from a trip to the nursery. Word stuci4j.Many, many of the nouns having to do with agriculture and the names of crops are irregular, which reflects the age of the words as well as the central position that farming has in Pashtun society.You will notice, both here in the dialogue and in the reading, that most of the names of crops are mass nouns, i.e. they are always plural in form and in agreement. (Note that many of the Engl1s;1 names for crops are also mass nouns, e.g. cerz, rft, Jytteat, etc. English mass nouns are &ways singular: we can't say, for example, "The rices are being harvested.") 8e sure to pronounce the word 'fence with the stress on the last syllable. The same word pronounced with stress on the middle syllable means 'cow that is reluctant to be milkedl The word LtIs a noun, although it usually translates as 'behind', which is a preposition in EnglishIt is used with the preposition 4. . Laylg's .),5 can be translated as 'We're planting the leeks behind the house' or mare literally as 'We're planting the leeks at the back of the house Mang dialects of Pashto use the word [s6ral Di.- for 'fertilizer' or 'manure', instead of Other dialects use both words, with Ai referring specifically tu manure that has dried to powder. Intermediate Pashto Unit 16:.0_,S 4, .44,4. Workbook 38 Sentence structure. Amlin's phrase 0.1S a. ". 4+,1. with the verb 14)1. and a 4... clause is an idiom. It translates as a whole as 'Do whatever you like.' Layla's sentence .0i 4.; 15.5 4.1..21.4.contains a sequence of weak pronoun possessives in an order required by Pashto grammar but logically out of place. The sentence translates as 'Their (i.e. the plants') places are well known your father.' Preview to Section 2:Clauses with 4.a. This section is a summary of the clauses introduced by cr which are not the relative clauses studied in Unit 16, The 41. clauses discussed in the section are for the most part clauses used as nogns, or clauses modifying wnole sentences (i.e. clauses used as adverbs). The cr. relative clauses, you will remember, are clauses used as adjectives. The structure of clauses used as nouns is much simpler than the structure of similar clauses in English, as can be seen by comparing the .Lr clauses with their translations, The 4.. clause is is simply an ordinary Pashto sentence prefaced with whereas the required English clause is sometimes an infinitive (e.g.'to buy a good, big lamb') sometimes a sentence with subject and verb tense altered (e.g. '..that he had sung the whole year,'), and only occasionally an ordinary sentence (e.g. '...thatI will bury him In short, the biggest problem with clauses is that as an English speaker you might find yuurself trying to make them more complicated than they are Preview to Section 3:Reading The reading is an introduction to agriculture and farming in Afghanistan. Sentence,5trl&tAre, Phrases with , y, meaning 'for' or 'in order to' or 'for the purposes of occur in the reading.Here they are, with idiomatic and literal translations. Intermediate Pashto Unit 16: .05 ,A 4.av. "C Workbook 39 'for the purposes of agriculture' *iy sp;is 'to carry manure] 'for the carrying of manure' 6J11,-J 'to carry other things back and forth '/ 'for the carrying of other things 6,y 1.1,piL) back and forth' Preview to Section 4:Diversions This poem was written by Rahman Baba, one of the most popular of the Pashto classic poets. In the Peshawar area and in the Northwest Frontier in particular, his poetry has been widely used as a textbook, in mosques and in literacy programs for children and adults. His poems are in a language and style close to the spoken language; many of them, like the one given here, have become so familiar as to be almost proverbs Intermediate Pashto Unit 18: .01.54..t cr Workbook 40 ja sv"U. Exercises Exercise T I.Listen to the descriptions of farms in Afghanistan, and write information about the owner, the location and the crops raised, Wbo§e farm? Where? Crops mentioned 1 2 3 4. 5. Exercise T2. Who got married? Listen to the following sentences, then write the name or description of the person(s) who got engaged or married, .1 . 1 v .r .1 .t 1 .0 Intermediate P9shto Unit 18: .0.15 c.4, 6. Workbook 41 Exercise T3. Listen to the following sentences and questions, and mark whether they are comments on something that can be done, or has been done. Can be done Has beep done Can be done Has been done 1 6. 2. 7. 4 9 5. 10. Exercise T4. Read the following passage, then answer the questions. j 4. Aj 4:.; Le 3 tim cjlal 1...) ,L; it.54.:41'.1J1 t;1 j1 a_<. a5.1 .1SL4L4 4.1, LeiLS. jig.? Le4J L. . .J.)5 farm n, F 1fmdzSkal take care of phr. fichnimat kawq farmer n, PI irreg. [bazgárj hunt phr. kkär kaw-q servant n, Imuzdijr1 buzkashi (Afghan game) n, 113 [buzkasht] S L. L. aL. 3 . 3 T 46.5 LL L. .t ss.S,:)1.;t1 ae . 0 Intermediate Pashto Unit 1 8:.0.2.5 41. ja cr 441.,.. L.:.. Workbook 42 Exercise 5.Group the following words under the correct heading. J_, JJ rit 7' ss-?-:: JJ J5 -.):.t-: J_J(1.' cilli cilt, urn' J.,5 41.i."5 4.3 J t°. .4 Jr: J_1J 4C--C. L.5Ji. C _i-; kiii.: r"i Jisi LL: L.5.77., )-11.5J3 1 .L.C.,... _J.9- L55`;* zJi: JS.31 s5,1-4 LT; -91 t 4 r.-:.5 Ve_getables fruits G ra i ns D .. Intermediate Pashto Unit 1 6: .015 a jA 44,6. Workbook 43 Tools Azlicins related to farming General yetirds relAteci to_fartning Exercise 6.Translate the following into Pashto 1 Asad's father said that he would buy another orchard next year. 2. Laylä asked if Theresa wanted to come to their house for dinner, 3Did you know that the leek seeds had come from Kabul? 4. we understood that the exam would be on Thursday 5Khoshal said that he could use (like's math book Intermediate Pashto Unit 18:.015 4411. Workbook 44 Exercise 7.Read the following passage, and answer the questions .Ls: J14; Jo.. 1 A.,a a 415; .1 .t.a .;SIcji "-C.4. LS j 0 L. 3 Jr J a-Lat j 3 .3J1.t.1 ...rcaj...c.s.1 4.1 1..LL.0 4.1 ALit L k.5.3 LIi. 01-1.1 J15 A.) L-;-1 "3 3 . L °J1-4-/ .3 L5 -4'415-01-: 0-1 V owner n, 111[khgwándj thresh phr. [maycla kaw=l Aat.4 cow n, F3 Lya milk n, F 1fshudeJL54...:-1 sheep n, [pas6I 4.41 wool n, F 1 ighwáxal44_0. stack n, 112 [dSrmancli load n, 112 [115r1 LT' rig pits' _4..1 . 1 LJ ..)I a .T j o-11 te 0.AS1_,:a T 4" L5i.5 a I 4).., Lir)Lc..t41a 4J ..)1 .1;3 .3 . j: L.A Li 4.2.. 34.; . 0 Intermediate Pashto Unit Is: .L5,5 ,24. Workbook 45 Answers Exercise T1 Whose farm? Where? Croos mentioned 1. 44...1344; st,...4 CJI-4-41 161 J1... L$J15.):". 2 419." 3 ° _13 a Jltjg 3 4 ii &..I .us.,5 5 LL cji.41a Exercise T2 I a LL 4:11.41 . v Cdr1:4 41 .tm, . .A J LJ3 .T 4DLI .#A J.. I .3 . I . La, tsd,..L1 .3 . 0 L57'. J- Exercise T3 Can bt eine Has been done ran be done Has been done 1 6 2 7 3 _x_ 4 9 5 10 Exercise 4 trig .T .51 .46-5 i .1:01."-C31 _SSL5..t--C 3-1 s9-4 4.! 41..,15* +15' Intermediate Pashto Unit 16: .0_,S 41 ja.4t, .u.+.t 4,Lz. Workbook 46 Exercise 5 VegetaIjles 6...'il 4.., . . LFJJ 3-1-C 4*. .A.S S:.jall 01-111 k.5 . # 31.4 0 j.: ari ji.Lla 0-s-:-: ith3J3 yl."-Il JAI iLl Grains I i"La J _lib ..)"1, ki5.4,11.ii Tools 0 L.. .LIL j 1...., ..S Actions relating_to farming Lb / J-P5 41.J., j_tti Ws J.,5 ii J -1-1-1 jj.-..,+s General words relating to farming LF/L'..r LL 4J_Ii.: ,..5..,r- Intermeciiate Pashto Unit 18:. mr Workbook 47 Exercise 6. . 1-9 IslA Lie .5-4 41 4; J 4.t a_cL5.1 jj ,04.34 J.;. .04 47; S5 e. t..)64:-4t J z1;.,- 0-1Lbit.e.a..:-.01.7.US 45411.1... .1.1.e. L. .5 41. j jLJLN...t Exercise 7 .Ls: Lam ji ab4Jt s5;1-1..te Loc.2. c...Lr. J.3 .5J1 4.5..c...1 a .6_p y 4.1 .T .J.1.1 . J.: yJ .1-1-1 ss; .T 4.1 1 4.1 . .041-z-5 j.11. .3 4; . 0 Intermediate Pashto Unit 19.L5J Jsce I -tl Workbook 48 Unit 1 9:.L5 j 4.; 4,971. JIJ Unit Overview In this unit you will learn about the processing of wheat, corn and rice - the three principal gi ains grown in Afghanistan. The dialogue in Section 1is a conversation about the problems a friend of Asad's father is having with his crops. The reading in Section 3 is a description of what happens to wheat, rice and corn after it Is harvested. The grammar focus of the unit, in Section 2, is on statements of comparison and equality.In the Diversions section there are landays having to do with agriculture. Preview to Section 1:Dialogue This conversation takes place in Asad's father's houseJamal Khan is a friend of Asad's father. A young relative of his is passing through Logar, and is receiving hospitality from Asad's father. Lultural notes.You will remember that Asad's father's land is in Logar, south of Kabul. Jamal Khan's iand is in Baghlan, to the north of 1:abu1.Ghoray is an area in Baghlan province. aghóray] L5.,le is the Pashto word for a big, round plate; the place [gh6(110.31.e. is a wide, flat round plain surrounded by mountain.) Baladuri is an area in Ghoray. In general, wheat and corn are grown everywhere;rice, cotton, sugar beets, melons and various seeds are primarily grown in the north;barley, grass peas, and ordinary peas are grown primarily in the south. Vegetables and fruit for local consumption are grown in all the arable areas. You can tell that Asad's father's visitor is young because Asad's father uses the title 1.51 when he asks about Jamal Khan. The visitor would address Jamal Khan with that title in speaking directly to him. When Asad's fathers guest says he has heard that the Ministry of Agriculture was distributing an antidote to 51 he is reporting a rumor. The ensuing remarks have to do wi..n Asad's father's finding out whether the rumor is true, by sending someone to check it out Word studj The phrase ji which means literally 'May you be in health", is used in rural areas to mean "Thank you" ."..c..tz is a city phrase Intermediate Pashto Unit 19: sce Workbook 49 s9.1.2.1, refers to rice plants.Ls.A.e. J., refers to grains of rice. Either term is used in talking about the crop yield. There are several spellings for 5.4.ejj,by the way, reflecting the different dialectal pronunciations, e.g.s5.,..! ji and In Pashto, diseases and other problems 'beat crops rather than 'strike' them, hence Jai 4.ts...,Jai and J, J.... A ..11.,.).&is about 1440 pounds, and is the common unit by which crop yields are measured. Note that the visitor talks about his sugar beets in tons, however. Sugar beets are sold to an East European processing plant in Baghlan, and are sold to the processors by the ton. The word .4,1. by itself means 'good taste'.In the following sentences from the dialogue, however, . 4.1 z..)"*.° J'a 3 4,15.e 4.5.j3 the word is used in an idiom which means 'didn't turn out well.' The sentences above translate literally as 'The good taste of his creps wasn't.' and 'The good taste of his unirrigated wheat wasn't'. translates literally as 'thought', but It is closer to 'peaceful frame of mind'; the idiom a - J.:. then translates as '(one's) peace of mind Is destroyed' Preview to Section 2:Comparisons Pashto does not have constructions parallel to English comparative ('older than'/ 'more studious than') and superlative (eldestimost studious')Instead, a prepositional phrase with 41J in conjunction with an adjective, conveys the notion that one thing is being compared with another, And the superlative is expressed either by comparing something with everything else, or by reordering the words in the sentence. The only difficult aspect of these sentences is remembering that sentences like . .tmey4 o_yy 4 4115 Lici t4/ are possibly superlative in meaning, depending on context Preview to Section 3:Reading This reading explains how wheat, rice, and corn are processed in AfghanistanIf you are a 'city type' not familiar with these grains, the reading will make more sense if you read up a little in English on them The children's section of your local library can provide you with a quick background Intermediate Pashto Unit 19: imil6le 4.1 IIt Workbook 50 Cultural notes Wheat is by far the most important cash crop In Afghanistan: the grain itself is used for bread, and In the north by the Turkic groups in making pasta-like foods; and the dried leaves and stems of the stalk are fed to animals or used as fuel. The processing of wheat in Afghanistan involves essentially four steps: an initial threshing (separating the heads of wheat from the leaves and stems, and crushing the kernels, which at this point are each covered with a hard hull); then an initial winnowing (throwing the crushed material into the air: the wind blows the crushed leaves and stems aside, and the heavier grains fall to the floor); then a second threshing (crushing the hard hulls by walking oxen over and over the grain); and finally a second cleaning (passing the grain through a sieve, which allows the smaller kernels to fell through but retains everything else). The next most important grain in Afghanistan is cornCuriously, there is no recognition on the part of Pashtuns that corn, as a new world crop, Is a relative latecomer to agriculture in Afghanistan. Rice was first cultivated, anthropologists think, in India, and its cultivation very probably quickly spread northward into Afghanistan In Afghanistan, where there is not so much rainfall, the flooding of the rice plants Is controlled by the farmer There are, moreover, types of rice which do not require great amounts of water. Like grains of wheat, the individual grains of rice are covered by hard hulls, which must be removed before the rice can be cooked. The reading describes the parallels between the processing of wheat and that of rice Preview to Section 4:Diversions The first two landays show the Pashtun attitude towards pupcorn: in the first, the implication is that whoever the shrine was in honor of was angry at the gift of popcorn, so he made the offeror a widow.... The third landay hinges on the collecting of 00: It is the custom, as wheat is reaped, that the heads of wheat that are accidentally dropped can be gleaned, and need not be given to the owner of the field.In the landay, the woman expresses her desire to follow behind her lover as he reaps wheat. Ordinarily, gleaning is very hard work; but the speaker of the landay considers it an opportunity to be with her secret lover, and therefore wishes for harvest time I 1g Intermediate Pashto Unit 19: 41; Workbook 51 Exorcises Exercise T1The following table has been taken from Louis Dupree's Afghanistan (Princeton University Press, 1973, p 45)(The years 1345 1348 are Islamic years, and correspond to 1966-67, 1967-68, 1968-69 and 1969-70 respectively )Look at the figures, then indicate whether the sentences you hear are true or false Total yield 1345 1346 1347 1348 (In 000 tons) Wheat 2,033 2,241 2,354 2,450 Corn 720 768 773 785 Rice 337 396 402 407 Cotton 61 69 71 85 Sugar beets 56 67 62 68 Vegetables 590 638 654 671 Fruit 372 826 834 842 True false True false 1 2 3 6 4 9 5 10 Exercise T2. Listening challengelisten to the poem fragment, then answer the questions below 1 What is the poem apparently about? 2 Which processes are mentioned? 3 How many lines does the poem seem to have? 4What does the rhyming scheme seem to be? Intermediate Pashto Unit 19: .0.0 c+ 41 Workbook 52 Exercise T3. W-Ite the passage that Is dictated to you in the space below. Then read the passage and answer the questions. hilln, F3 [ghunc1Sy1 burn smp. int. tswaztig--) stalk n, F1 [WO] 4,:.;1; jackal n, 11 1Ishagh511 jtjut, build a fire phr. Iwor tichaw-I ss5 J.51 j iJu21 it-.4.-+J-163 T JJ-4": SS'S ..).3 4-I ..!-114 Intermediate Pashto Unit 19: .0, 44 43 Workbook 53 Exercise 4. Convert the figures In the table In Exercise T Ito and fill In the blanks In the parallel table below 1TtA IT 1 T ta, .111"1401j oitg.?* sr.6./r-m Exercise 5Rewrite the following sentences (from the 'most section in the Students' Text) using the phrase 4; )74J. i Lt...;L:31 -1/4.5.5 -11 4,91a 4,94y4 kis-m.4 4,9' L5 3 sr" b.t7:-.44 a _hi _p_2.1 .T .0a rbv_h") L-C A _.ty4J.,,LSa Intermediate Pashto Unit 19: .0.1 44 401 _Alt Workbook 54 LrtS 4J. jr...... 04 ..10 . 0 Lt; 1,3 .5 . .5.3 a-tr-a°J.Ir*L'A'4-10 _t5Lz . V k.5zjL'03_13 44 bi14 .A Li j ipLt3 U.; I .5 . L5 4.ós .3 ill ioJdfrsj S.'S . Exercise 6. Rewrite the first paragraph of the reading In the past tense ()A intermediate Pashto Uni t 19: .4. sorz, Workbook 55 Exercise 7. Read the following story for pleasure. ss; lJ sge.415.s5.75 40,, I t. j 4Z ji 4ie yJ,t1sr, s5.5JI j140,J,1.S; 3.1.J1. . Ij 11 4::J Lbwji 41. 1/415 .3 .3 sg; L. je jji4.1..a s5.11(1.* L ss; j .1W1b 1,3j..e.jj 11 . ss; . 4.,i.e. Le y 4 s5 irab1.3J., j s9J.51.1U sg JI j.zo kitchen gardenf7 , 11irreg. Ipaléz).5titl steal der. tr. vb.1pataw-1-J pick smp. vb,[shkaw-] sackf7 ,P12 [jwa-1] owner n, [chext6n) thiefn,t1 irreg. [ghal] J.obl. and pl.[ghla] was wonderingphr.tarySn warn) Intermediate Pashto Unit 19: .0j 4-4, J , Workbook 56 Answers Exercise T I. 1, T 2.F 3F 41 5F 6F 7.T fl.T 9.1 10.F Exercise T2 1 wheat 2 Jjji. jel.a. WA/ 3Six 4 Rhymed couplets Exercise T3 .J.5 04-1.vs it-1-:J 4T95 6-1-;J_Y-C j di7:;_tci JUL:. L. J .T ssS j 4 iys5 3 .3J- .11-11-1 Exercise4. T L A A 1T V 1Tt0 T A T 1 T 110 TTVT TI.1 1 1 1 1A 1 v 1A1 1..!4? tlA oo 00A 011 v VA AT Al A0 A 1- A A A T 1- AM,/ k..5-)1 C.. ..;-; 01 V 11LA 110 A 11v s5.,74-4 Exercise 5 L5.3 ssrU 4.1 419.1.4. j1jiJ9 i ,165 I . .3 j-z-41 4j ij T 4-; A. -t!jijirt- WO 3 4.5....tS 0 Intermediate Pashto Unit 19: .0.3 .4 Workbook 57 na IL;ta Lc 3ki;;;1 1 .3 . v 6./V4 .t; L., J .A 3 .54.30 44 J/ 41 JJ.,; J1153/11 .0a JL+.)..93 ,Jj; 4J J11.5 A 4. AAil j.; 4.1 j . 1. Exercise 6. 4.1 , 4. -.015 AjL":3.)-1).51-;* 4.5 Laz.... Ls..., J.( 4,l L 0 n .71 jI a a . ? _eh 4.1j jssre j jr.:11 4.1,5 . I_Ott 04.0 J 415T! A j 4,1 yj J1oi j4.11 4j j JJ àj 7.: Li.or a i.v.1a 5.-4. ..1;j a44 L. ya 4.1.54.15. 3 4.; T5J.4V-C I JVA ri6T5 _rAA4-, ) Ji; Lr! J'e 3 41 Li"! 4"1JJj jljl 6..)-4L-r Lk5e 45J154.,5 -IT--44.t,r. 41, ark,S rLe. j: , .5 ..9.5 a:,* LON. y yq.e4 4.k.a Aj.Le' 0 .1:-a. J.e 4.! Y:%cr5J7.' 'ATIJj; r:ftect,4e 4-L5 4-le ye. 4.5 sc-e. "14-4 -PITS Jtg 4'1A: 454 S5 `11.-ti .5 4151°. 4i. I 3 JI W.) *31! kIse. 4! 4;° Jr". J-e. 4197.! 41 17.'q Je '311 tTo J1.5 s5,3,rt Dar- (-4 k,p1 ii l /I.; Jj 4"1(1-,;;" 34'; 34j 3',PA-1'S JL4 17.S. 31.i.Z.6.14; JAI. 4.1 j.1., 6.19. 3 Intermediate Pashto Unit 2O:."5_, 410,1.1 ,j_t.ti 46,5 Workbook 58 Uni t 4 (5..0 4L;;Ut.; Unit Overview The focus of this unit is the use of manpower on en Afghan/Pashtun farm. The dialogue in Section 1is a discussion between two landowners. The reading in Section 3 describes the different ways in which landowners can arrange for the farming of their land, The grammatical focus of the unit, Section 2,is on conditionals - statements about future possibilities. The Diversions Section presents a Aesop-like fable about a fox and a wolf. Preview to Section 1:Dialogue The dialogue is a discussion between Asad's father and his friend Jamal Khan, The two are talking in the late fall, and are discussing Jamal Khan's clans for the following spring and summer. Cultural notes,It Is usually possible to predict, from the amount of early spring rains, whether there will be more rain in the summer. Hence Jamal Khan can wait until the spring to decide what to plant. Seeds can be kept for a couple of years and still sprout, so if he decides not to plant cotton, for example, he can keep the seeds for the next year. Another factor which gives the landowner some leeway in planning is the different planting times for the different crops. Exercise T2 will give you more information on planting times. SesittnQe etructure The 4.t..clause in the sentence ') `1' L.! 3 4; 4,11-t."5 .1-64.a.j". atif s placed after the first stressed element in the sentence and after the weak pronoun y. . The sentence translates literally as "Last year when we tried everything, we didn't find more than four workers", idiomatically as something like "In spite of our best efforts last year, we didn't find more than four workers Preview to Section 2:Conditionals The sentences described in this section are directly parallel to their English equivalentsNotice, in the English translations of the example sentences, the verbs in Intermediate Pashto Unit 20: jSj 41 uraU 4,;ljte 45 Workbook 59 the if' clauses are in the present tense, although they describe something that might happen in the future. Many of the Indo-European languages follow this pattern; but Pashto takes the pattern one step further In that the verb in the 4.5 clause can be in either the present or past perfective. Pashto conditionals also differ from English conditionals in that the order of clauses the 45 clause first, then the result clauseis rigid, whereas in English we can say either "IfI buy the orchard, Asad's father will be pleased" or "Asad's father will be pleased ifI buy the orchard". Pashto and English conditionals are similar in that they imply that if what is predicted doesn't happen, the result doesn't either. For example, the implication of the sentence "If the weather is good tomorrow, we will go on a picnic" Is that if the weather isn't good, we won't go. Preview to Section 3:Reeding The topic of the reading Is the different ways Afghan/Pashtun landowners arrange for their land to be worked Word study. The suffix )1.5inilz hLiI is the same as in )1.3 The suffix, as in .j.t.<1..t, can be attached to any number, and translates best as 'the twenties', 'the hundreds', etc The conjunction LI,which translates most of the time as 'but', Is sometimes used to indicate a shift in topic, and when it does it starts a new paragraph, cfthe next to the last paragraph in the reading Preview ta Section 4:Diversions This diversion is a fable, showingas usual - the cleverness of the foxDon't forget that gardens and orchards in Afghanistan characteristically have high mud walls around them A .0Jr is a small hole cut into such a wall to allow a stream or irrigation ditch to pass through Intermediate Pashto Unit 20:I.Ai4e 04-1.1 Workbook 60 Exercises Exercise T IWrite the anecdote that your teacher dictates In the following space, then answer the questions door n, F 1idarwazál03lida shoot smp. Irreg. vb.[wal=1 window n, F2. ikarkSyl Arc call out phr, Ighag !:aw=1 entered dbl 1rreg vb(nSnawot-1 anger n,F1.ighusál "Li"); d" J.13-Y ,) 15.)-rt dtt .r " t %' 4 SS'; -4j Li. 4., I sy- k..5 .0 Intermediate Pashto Unit L.9.._11 z.t;1 .LS Workbook 61 Exercise T2. Listen to the following account, then list the crops that will be planted and the conditions under which they will be planted. Exercise T3. Listen to the following accountList the crops mentioned and the timd of year they are planted Intermediate Pashto Unit 20:j4I5".1.1 Jr:, 4.11.11.) Li 45 Workbook 62 Exercise 4Give the English equivalents of the indicated words 4-1. rli . ri; 45 "A j".5 0-2:t 4:4," .5 ,ç. L5J1;11-- 4s5a .5.7"I 56 L.°,44 7-C LF41° I LA 4:1 j.ka 44.5....4 I .1_4jLS41 4.5 41. 415.4s..144 4.0....9.5 t 4.;att s .."-cDsjJ I I 4 < 4-a.o j J ss v LLJ k.5 J 4:4-1-a ,..5 ss 4-To . L5LA. j4.5..9 ji. NI 411. A :IAA L5 jI Intermediate Pashto Unit 20:j.,S, 5.1J 45 Workbook 63 Exercise 5 Read the following pairs of sentences, then construct a conditional sentence incorporating the information Example: 4 L s.4-4 ss_t; c5,)1.1-a 5,75 L p 'LkJ." L.57.- j ssia. i.JLeJ 4g 14.4.47.1 4. j 47;44 4"174-4 NI 5 -PI"4-1 4165 (.5 71. 4DIJ JI1 5 4 4.5,11). 511 _IIJJ.4zil .1 .5.331 A T CJI'S 41 47: .L! L.51/4 rairc .3 4-a, .L5-1 4:1 457;4 .0 . 911 )1 4 Zi1Ji 44 1,4 bi 47, z 41. 4. 5 lz ...)71J.11 1 c5,1S9 JL-CcrsS trqg J.31.941_70 L5a v Intermediate Pashto Unit 20:jj5j 4;j:.1)1f S Workbook 64 A 4."; J.)1.,e c5i 44 *;ljj.j 4;144 L57.1Lio 48LAS j 41 4t I .,1 4...A. I .0.14: 4: C..4 Cf: ? j 41.0_2L+ . .5,7,5.3bi-- J.) Li. ssg ,I)14;ivt5 4.t k ,Le L... 1 -r-1-'19ye. 44-trz,JY' L.5.tC _7; .1- -L- I4Lt 14 " I te 0_1 .01 .)L I 4..; L,5-4' Exercise 6.Review: give the plural and oblique forms, snd the English equivalents, for the following nouns. Englisti Obl. 131 D b 1Sg, D. PI, J.3-4 J s, 0.13 Jiii L. L Intermediate Pashto Unit 20:j.,5j 45 Warkbov 65 Exercise 7.Read the following passage for information 4.a...5 .5 4.Lb j ig 4-1 4,95c.5ji..511' 01S l..rt"666" tt.! 4jJ*i.e. 0 j,:% 4,, .3 a J./ oLC jr6:"' J.); 4.5J_Ot1 3'',1"S.5.541 -ST"; 0-P3 L5 .34' 0C-;./ co L5 j 1L.1 A.; kyy.. 4.J jg,I ir."/ 4'. C)16".46" 4195 ss.5 5.3 bit 3 . 4,6.1;4 )1 ail. ..y.t L.4.5 . _in....,J1jo.6 J.* . .3 rA 4:P.5.); jI cr.:. ji-aL "4" '3 _ta 17; _3I 015415 -1.4-6 '3 below adv. ikuzl _IS Pulikhcmri, village in Afghanistan n, 112 tpulikhornril above adv.[bar] _7! parallel, be parallel to der, tr. vb. (teraw-=1 Musayi, area in Logar n, tiirreg. [musayll immigrate said int. vb. [legdég-] '341;er/ government n,112.jhukumátl officialsn, ti irreg.jrnärnursinj L. driver n, PI 1.[motarw5n] truckn, F2. [laráy) drivestilt" tr. vb.[chalaw=] Intermediate Pashto Unit 20:i..5.1 LF.._U 4.5 Workbook 66 Answers Exercise T I. . a1r4 i);-t'a tt.! . *I . (Actually, the narrator says that the path to the canal was directly beneath the window, whereas the door was on the other side of the house. The boy was taking a shortcut.] . I .t 175:19 Se. 4Lt & 4.:11.4) s5'3; 4.,;66 Exercise T2. w=i s.5.3cr9; 3 4191 I -5-484.' t".11' 4"1 J11 t5*-1-1 k-5-7C -1=-4 IJJ 1"-LI L.5"t7I.JJ.P3;4 Exercise T3, Ls" Ls/J-1 . Lii--7, s".3...,a11 O.,15 .,:" 6."11'5 1 013 11 y-I-5-t L5.,,,..11 1 Exercise 4. soldier =Lc! T breakfast pen = fl . bus stop :-4 ,1 mill as.; .0 salary =Lf . ;. ; Intermediate Pashto unit 20:j.,5j U ,jrt, zpiie S Workbook 67 .7. A notebook . V family v Exercise 5. in;147.3s9g 31 4.44 .1 'rug-2 rib4f*-3 j .1 - J1L-C ..)1-;'J1 "1 4.5 .531' 4151'. s5S rvrs"az344 gcs. rs,5 .L.t1 _LtS It,.L.. I .3 ,L5-1)V ,L! 44 .5V `0J t,JJ '345 ...11VMO 4.5 0,-61'3 J1S 41 'L.' c.S..1-1 `0:7.1..)_11 .5 3 45 LTeli44 j PU .3 iJIi 4; g. 44 a 45 91 414., L.. , 0_1.;.01 .0 415:"L: 4T9-C ...5,75..3a.7"' 4. 41mi4.al;rat, 416"2 41 3 175 LT",::j"tie _AL .1 Exercise 6. E0g112t1 'mother' 'father' 'son' 'daughter' 'brother' .,;s9JJ 'sister' 'mat uncle' ;SUL pat uncle 'pat cousin' Intermediate Pashto Unit 21: ...0j L-L.. 45 Workbook 68 Unit 2 ... L5U 6345 Unit Overview The topic of this unit is the Pashtun familyextended families, clans and tribes. The dialogue in Section 1is a discussion between family members of an unpopular engagement. In Section 2, the terms for blood relatives are given. Section 4, the reading, is a discussion of the historical evidence for the tribal structure of Pashtun society. And Section 5, Diversions, gives a pair of stories about Mullah Nasruddin and his relatives. The grammar focus of the unit, in Section 3, is past unreal conditional sentences. Preview to Section1: Dialogue In this dialogue, Asad's father and uncle discuss an engagement that has been entered into by one of their relatives. Asad's father is absolutely against the match; Asad's uncle doesn't like the boy's father, but maintains that they should, as members of the family, oe supportive of the engagement. Cultural notesEveryone mentioned in the dialogue is a member of the same tribe as Asad's father and uncle;it is probable that they are ell members of the same clan, as well The mention of Tarina by name indicates that Asad's father and uncle know her fairly well - otherwise they would have called her "Khayray's daughter". Pashtuns, like other Moslems, consider dogs to be unclean; Asad's father's comment about marrying Tarina to a dog Is a fairly strong statement. Asad's father's assertion that Almar is "not a Pashtun" reflects the Pashtun cultural opinion that being a Pashtun involves behavior and ethics as well as lineage (Note that the sins of the father are definitely being visited on the son; neither man says anything about the qualities of Almar's son!) The list of Almar's shortcomings are transgressions against Pashtun values, which will be discussed in following units on the Pashtunwali, the code of Pasiqun honor. One of these transgressions L5)91.J 4"; C.) '133 419"» 57. reflects the custom that the body of someone who has died is absolutely the property of his relatives, whatever the circumstances of his death. That Almar didn't collect his cousin's body from prison implies that he was afraid of the police or government or whatever official body it was that imprisoned the cousin. Ahmed Häb5 was the ancestor of the Ahmadzay tribe, and is traditionally considered the authority on the Pashtun code of honor. Asad's uncle's comment that his Intermediate Pashto Unit 21: Workbook 69 father expects people to behave like Ahmed BMA is a gentle comment that he asks too much of people The phrase L.d.1/2.1 s5 criS sce. s5 41tc..reflects the Pashtun custom whereby it is required that everyone view the face of a recently deceased relative Asad's father is saying that if Ills brother's heart were aching as much as his own, [and if Almar had died], he could not even bring himself to observe the proprieties by paying his respects to the corpse j4,f,J y.)Li ciA Zat...'A broken arm hangs lby a sling] from the neck' is a Pashto saying which backs up Asad's uncle's paint about doing the right thing by one's family. Word studg. A is a female associate of the familya servant, perhaps, or a distant relative who lives with the family to help out. -;, in the sentence.0jsv1,4 4i1.A., translates in this context as 'avenge'. Ordinarily, means 'win' or 'gain'. Apparently Almar's father's death was not avenged properly. translates literally as 'honor and honor'. SI; is the Pashto word for honor; is the Arabic word for the same. Together they form an idiom referring to Pashtunwali the code of ethics or honor of the Pashtuns. The word also refers to the Pashtunwali; it doubles as the name of the language and the name of the code of ethics aenlence structure.Many of the sentences in ihe dialogue are unreal condi- tionals, which are explained in Section 3. For the moment, they can be recognized as those starting with 45, and involving the imperfective participle plus All but one of them translate along the lines of'If...had,..., then would (have) as in 'IfI had been in his place, I would have given (would give) her to a dog..' Asad's father's question c.j1 jt.s.spli translates most naturally as 'Does he have so few relatives (that he couldn't find a more fitting match for Tarina)?' The S's in Asad's uncle's commentji L5),.1 45 translate best as 'whether' 'Whether he has honor or whether he doesn't. Preview to Section 2:Relatives This section includes the kinship terms for blood relatives. Note that in some ways the Pashto terms are more detailed than the English terms: we have one term 'uncle'for Pashto L.L and4.7.;.In other ways, however, our terms are more detailed, we have, for example, terms for grandparent's sister ("great-aunt')and grandparent's brother ('great-uncle'). Intermediate Pashto Uni t 2 1: . oil 4S Workbook 70 The termj.r. Is parallel to our 'stepmother', i.e. a woman not one's mother, married to one's father. As such, it includes the (current!) wives of one's father other than one's mother. Pashtun stepmothers, whether current or serial, are supposed to be cruel, and to influence one's father against one: the stepmother in Hansel and Greta! fits Pashtun stereotypes Preview to Section 3:Unreal Conditions These sentences involve the Pashto subjunctive, about which you don't need to know more than to recognize that whenever you encounter a participle with 0), the speaker or writer is talking about something that didn't happen. As you can see from the example sentences, the particle 4. Ls, in the 45 clause translates as English past perfect, the 4,,+ particle + oj in the result clause translates as English 'would have and the past imperfective in the result clauses translates as English 'would ...." In the dialogue, it's not stated that Tarina's engagement is a fait accompli. The use of tenses in the 'if' sentences places the engagement in the past, just as the English counterparts of the sentences do, e.g. 'IfI had been in his placeI would have given her to a dog,I wouldn't have given her to Almar's son' In some of the sentences In the dialogue, e.g. 41:-+ i-7-47: 4 seL.": .5.) 4 .5../.3 z 45 the verb in the result clause is in the past imperfective tense. These sen*.ences translate as past unreal conditions, with the results in the present, e.g. "If Almar hadn't been Jamal Khan's son, I really wouldn't expect Pashto of him", Preview to Section 4:Reading This reading discusses the nature of Pashtun society within the framework of anthropological notions of the extended family, the clan and the tribe. The tribe is the largest really meaningful political entity in Pashtun society. The Afghan government is of course a presence, but it appears to be regarded as an outside force, rather than an entity that arises from popular, personal interaction. A tribe, in usual anthropological terminology, is a group of people who combine in warfare against outsiders, and acknowledge the rights of their members to compensation for injury. Pashtun tribes are, moreover, associated with certain areas, although tribe members live In areas outside those associated with their tribes. There are hundreds of Pashtun tribes within Afghanistan, grouped loosely into two confederations: the Durrani and Ghilzi. Every Pashtun knows what tribe he belongs to, as well as what clan. In fact, the common answer to sge J,, is not one's name, but the name oi one's tribe. a Intermediate Pashto unit 21: 014 41 v.)4.0 Workbook 71 The writer cites proverbs as evidence that women are not totally without power in Pashtun society, Two of them, however, are comments more on relationships within a polygamous household than they are on the power of one's mother: 'If he isn't from your mother, J.3-4 4,1 5_, s5.5 don't him brnther.' 4. *JJ.J..1 4%8 441 Ji 'If the mother is a stepmother, (so" J.1-4lit the father is a stepfather,' (54 J J)L;, Word Study. The passage is academic in tone, and is therefore formal in its structure and choice of words. Note the several words borrowed from Arabic, and their respective plurals: Plural Singular documents [asnSd] document [sanádl passages EibgratUnal passage libgrátJ individuals fafrSdI Individual[far-di servicer [khidmatUna).6":_. service [khnimát.) notions (matE16131 notion [matlibl evidence [shawlihtid] piece of evidence fsh3héd1 Many of the nouns borrowed from Arabic have been 'regularized', i.e. they have become regular (usually M2) nouns. Often, the regular and irregular forms will exist side by side in the language (for exampleJ..L1 given above), the former being used in informal conversation and among Pashtuns whose education hasn't progressed far enough for them to have learned the irregular forms, and the latter being used in formal writing and conversation among educated people The adjectives ,45,;1):,..,and L5; J.11 belong to Class 6, which you have not seen before, The forms are as follows: Plasculine feminine DSg. [wrustáyl [wiustáyl [wrustii 1wrust6y] 05g. . [wrust11 [wrust6yl OP1 [wrust6yo] [wrust6yo] Intermediate Pashto Unit 21: 01.1 410L.: Workbook 72 Preview to Section 5:Diversions The phrase in the first story is a combination of r..kand [dzo16y) Loy., 'cradle' Intermediate Pashto Unit 21: ...0j 0L4. .3 45 Workbook 73 Exercises Exercise Tl. Listen to the fcAlowing description, and write the relatives the speaker mentions Exercise T2. Listen to each of the following sentences, and mark its time-frame Past f uture as1 f Laze 6. 7 3. 4, 10 Exercise T3. The passage to be read describes the two major Pashtun tribal confederations [duranil Ls;1.,,sand [ghaldzil ts&le. Listen to the passage, and write belcw which confederation each triuci belongs to. Zonfederatioa Tribe confederation Tribe Isadozil 3 latsokzli IsurilL5JJ (ish§qzli L5.3 lludti)L5.3ji LbArakz1103.5_,11 [makii) 41, Ipopalzil [nygz1]1/4.531 fkhogyAni] L54 Intermediate Pashto Unit 21: ...0) .3 Workbook 74 Exercise T4. Write the description as your teacher dictates it Exercise 5. Read each of the following sentences, then write a sentence with 45 based on it Example- lye 47, . Lb 0.3 cgiz Lt ks.,Ate Lrtij1j4; rft.a.r .t.T.Wg 4-1); .03 4191.4 Ij _IL;4; Vi 4.,tJ.4ja.? T .L c5,5.)..1 4 0_13 Intermediate Pashto Unit 21: . U. .65 Workbook 75 4.1 .0 . 3": 7C t -/-11 41.°LIJè 4 Z. .1 Lrdi Lr-1 415.1.64 . v LbJJ L..t.4 .5,4751.)1_35 4t kr4". Exercise 6.Read the following story, then answer the questions. cis I 4:<-**1 4pS im6C .11;r1 41 4'14 12_37.° j / s5"« 4-e 4-S _tj.. 1 0_33 4-116 4-6 4t ii 4:" 4; J1 J7515_,-1 4-; 4e JI *Lt ij71". 4157: iv:S "" .) ."-6 JJ.r: 4^-C0.93 3 se.'t! t`" 31.) 0j..5 'LLS. Ji 4 °,714-4 419-44e .31 63 4--; 4 17F4 J _g sse. 'L! 4-5ss--4-+ k.5,75.9 t.,5J -,"4(IAJ.1: 03'3 -C 01-4.ss5 Cc-La 47'. 4..S. vy.r.4 .51 I 45 41540IS' .5 415-4.4 s.5.5L.51- J., J jL I 1415.3.4 4..ts 4.1.5 .45 c5.75 j9-91 4t.k.5.15J.3 L5 J 3 419-1.1 5 4 bed, platform n, 112[kali 4S daughter-in-law n, F IrregIngot-) apart phr. [sera WO 15 _71 _re finally phr. [pa natijá ke] ssg 47: thus phr. fhamda vv6 tsel Intermediate Pashto Unit 21: L5L1 c;, Workbook 76 From context, guess the meanings of the following phrases: .52'61 I "17'1L5., 3 4-.1' -,"4 4; . .)""' 415-.43 4-1 cis; 15 5 L.57C ..)1;1 Answers ExerciseT 1. JJ ExerciseT2. P35 t Future Past future 1. __x _ 6 _x____ 2 _x_ 7, __x__ 3 _x____ a _____x____ 4. x 9 5 __x___ 10. Exercise 13. Cant ederati a T rib a c on! eclaration 3 (5' L5e. coua L.5_,9-* 1 3 0.4.1 I 3 c5 3.5j L54J 1 3 .5 L5j -) ,5t- L5'I J .5 LO''' L5317.-; Ls'I J Intermediate Pashto Unit 21: ...4.5j L.5U 41 1.: 63 45 Workbook 77 Exercise T4. 451J14ii;4-&-1/4 " .L.1 se.ss-LLe._15biaiI 4.;_l _PI (.15.J 1 LS 4,-.:-"' .5 / ss5 ..,-"C. 4-tt °_,-"'.,-.b.; _Ji5 0-1 .5...r1cis..9-1.,1 4.:/-413Lt-Ii_P Exercise 5. s 4.5.1 odaNA. 4:1Igi 3 4.5 . 1 atZ; go.5.lipt.,t53 J,54.j;t5.1 jaijij.g rt.4.1.0 .34.5 .1' L5.11; 41 45 1 .31,..w ..". 445.1.e.,1j 0 j 4.., .4. iL.; 45 4g T 'digJ .15 y. ,75.) i c5 _14;45 1°-...J61-)"!1 6.)5,5J11se.4.5 L 1..z..1 4.5 0 otle;'LS.,0.).51-.-:1. 4,5-C 4-t--CJL47', 44 ."' 4.,r 3 44 .5 ,ss-:: 4. .1 '4..5.5L5-7--"I 4r5-4 41 ..)/;', `l.5.,C.5,"5 .4."! 41/3J/cr./ -.k.J-6-t- ce.4S 1/4.59s5,75 1 1-04.644! i IA°' jj':' ExerciseE. & I 'when we have a son' _,--, .I 'to one end of the room' .t.; .T 'to the other end of the room Z ...6 j.!415; J.5 z T 'destroy the father and mother's marriage' .5,75 At.; ..1....i_.) Ji...j1,%..,, .5 t Intermediate Pashto Unit 22: oi 4;c. Workbook 78 Unit 22: rit4' A5j4e' Unit Overview This unit continues the discussion of Pashtun tribes. An inter-tribal conflict is discussed in the dialogue in Section 1;In Section 2, you are given the genealogies of the major Pdshtun tribes; and in the reading in Section 4, the relationship between marriages and inter-tribal relations is explained. The grammar focus of the unit is on present unreal conditionalsslntences equivalent to "IfI were you, I would go." Preview to Section 1:Dialogue In this dialogue, a distant cousin of Asad's visits Asad's father, and in asking where Asad's brother Zmarek is, he finds out about a conflict between the Niazis and the Ahroadzais. Cultural notes. Nasrullah's honor has been sullied by his daughter's having run away to Wahabi's family.It is assumedwhether the daughter and Wahabi's son have consummated their relationship or not - that if she feels strongly enough about him to run to his family, she has been dishonored. When Asad's cousin asks if the government knows, he is referring to the Afghan army stationed in the region.Asad's lather's answer, to the effect that the commandant and soldiers went to the village but so far hadn't taker, anyone into custody, suggests that the authorities are not anxious to interfere in Pashtun affairs. Word stuag.The phrase 0.1.7., consists of 'white' and 'beard', and is exactly parallel to English 'graybeard'. .j...t.r.is a more respectful term than 'graybeard', however. The word Azji is related to the2rb Jizij. The parallel form irlit60 'coming here` also exists. Preview to Section 2:Genealogies The genealogies (Ishajarél s5),....f..) given in this section are the result of Sir Olaf Caroe't; lifetime of research into the h 'tory of the Pashtu^s. Caroe spent over fifty ye3rs in the North West Frontier, and his book The Pathans is considered by thoce Pashtuns who are aware of it to be theauthority on Pashto.; history.The details in Caroe's genealogies are disputed from one Pashtun to another, but b:i and large they Intermediate Pashto Unit 22: j .3 j 4 4.+' Workbook 79 represent as great a consensus as can be obtained from traditions passed orally from generation to generation. The Pashtuns who have read this lesson all agree that Caroe left out the Zadrans, and that Chart V should include them as follows: I I I I I Mani Luqman Mang& Zadran Khugi I I I I I Faridun Khataks llangals Zadrans Khuglants I (Kohat, Pe-liuqbfls Turfs A friths shawar, (Khost) ZazIs (Jsjis) (North Tirah, Mardan) (Kurram border) Bazar, Khaibar, Kohat Pass) Caroe makes the point that these genealogies are largely mythical, and points out that the document which supposedly establishes Qais as the ultimate ancestor of all the Fashtun tribes has the prophet Mohammad conferring upon pais the title of 'Pathan'. Says Caroe: 'This is all great fun. But it smells of the Delhi lamp, the lamp of the courtier of Afghan ancestry but now speaking and writing only Persian, trained to raise a titter at the expense of an uncouth Pathan soldiery to amuse the Mughal court. Even the Delhi courtier who had forgotten his Pakhtu ... must have known that no Afghan or speaker of Pakhtu or Pashtu ever referred to himself as a 'Pathan', and that the word was an Indian usage. The corresponding word in the classical Pakhtu of the Peshawar Valley is Pakhtun, plural Pukhtanah, of which the Indian word Pathan (with a hard or cerebral T) is a Hindi corruption.' (p. 6) Despite the mythical elements in the onealogies, however, they must not be dismissed: "It is well to remember... that, however shrcuded in myth may be the names and persons of the eponymous ancestors, these tribal tables, or shafras as they are called in Islamic lore, do represent something real. They in fact reflect what these tribes themselves still believe to be their origin and cousinship, one to another, and they sort out and categorize racial, and other, affinities and differences which can be traced today in the physical appearance. habit, dress, language, or history of the great congeries of Pathan societies living up and down North-West Frontier, and In Afghanistan beyond. To Pathans shafras are as the breath of life..." (p.1 I) If you should happen to read further Into the early history of the Pashtuns, gou should keep in mind that the term 'Afghan' has referred exclusively to the Pashtuns until this century. The official policy of calling all the ethnic groups in Afghanistan 'Afghans' Intermediate Pashto Unit 22: j J.:, t5i 4; 4 4S Workbook 80 has been in place only since the thirties. Before that, and even now in informal circumstances, non-Pashtuns in Afghanistan use the term 'Afghan to refer to Pashtuns Preview to Secticn 3:Present Unreal Conditions The types of sentences presented In this section conclude the three-unit presentation of conditional4.0 clauses. 11 are are other kinds of 4S clauses - notably sentences in which 45 means 'when' or 'whenever'; these clauses don't involve particular combinations of tenses, and, moreover, are airectly parallel to their English equivalents, e-g- 'If [wheneveriI am in Quetta, I buy books.' . ses ..5 1,3 45 T Here is a summary of conditional sentences, with the relevant information on tenses and English translations: Future possibility: +Present _perfective or oast Derrective Dreseni perfective 'If Layla comes here, 4;.)NI' \L5.0-4-" L 4.5 we won't go on a picnic 'IfI am in Quetta, I'll buy books Present unreal condition, result in present: ±./mgeffisj I . a a: all 'If Layl5 arrived here, we wouldn't go %tit. 4... Eksay---INI-) on a picnic. 'IfI were in Quetta, I would buy . 1. 1 L:S 09ss5 4,5: books.' Intermediate Pashto Unit 22: .r.111.)i4; Oi4. 4.1 tt5 Workbook 81 Present unreal condition, result in past: + imperfective Dartictale_ ba_=+fmoerfartivezartirinle + 54 if Laylg arrived here, we wouldn't 0-1-1"c5i 4; 4? 4;lpir. Ard'i )11j.45 have gone on a picnic.' 'IfI were in Quetta, I would 45.4 ss5 have bought books.' Past unreal condition, result in present: 4.5 +irrwerfective oartfciole + t_oast trnaerfestive 45 'If Laylg had arrived here, we wouldn't y 'LS./cid -IT, jj J go on a picnic 'IfI had been in Quetta, I LZS 41.45 I would buy books.' Past unreal condition, result in past: 4 + imperfectivenarticipLe + .ba + imoerfective t2ArtWplg_t_4.sj 'If Laylg had arrived here, we 41 4;4,114- I-) )(1:"J wouldn't have gone on a picnic 0-1-b.5.1 'IfI had been in Quetta, I 4i4; r 911-7-C 41.s. 43 .5S4.1a3 1- I would have bought books.' k.5 Preview to Section 4:Reeding This reading continues the discussion of Pashtun tribes;it focuses on the Pashtun custom of intra-tribal marriage, and discusses the conditions under which marriages are arranged across tribal boundaries. r rP.Irer r Iqpiiarnmomn 1m r ' WSW r1-1 I P MIS Intermediate Pashto Unit 22: .r.lb jj 4.1*3 5.) c", Workbook 82 Cultural notes. The comment in the second paragraph about its being expensiveto marry a girl outside one's family refers to theAfghan custom whereby the groom (or his family) pays the bride's family an agreed-on amount of money (the anthropologicalterm is 'bride-price"; the custom is parallel to the western dowry) as partof the marriage arrangements. Depending on the area and the local customs, thisbride-price can be prohibitive, and effectively restricts the choices of a man of modest means. If marriages are arranged among close family members (e.g. first cousins), the bride-price can be negotiated or even done away with entirely. Preview to Section 5:Diversions These jokes were taken from a joke book published in Peshawar. Intermediate Pashto Unit 22: .r...117; 4.4: 45 Workbook 83 Unit 22 Exercises Exercise T I.Listen to the following sentences, then mark whether they refer to future possibilities, present unreal conditions, or past unreal conditions, f uturpPrisentPast Passibility LinreaL condition 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. a. 9. 10. Exercise T2. Write the paragraph that your teacher dictates. Number the sentences, then answer the questions. Intermediate Pashto Unit 22: 4.1 41)t.5 .1 c, Workbook 84 Exercise T2. (continued) 1. What is the subject of the paragraph? 2. Guess the English equivalents for the following: (mudakhalá kaw-1 )1161 kaw-) [hamlti kaw-I [la zor na kSr akhl-] 4./ [jangég-I lmajburaw=) 3. How many reasons are given in support of the assertion in Sentence 1? 4, Which sentence contradicts Sentence 1? How do you know? Exercise T3. Listen to the passage, then mark the sentences below true or false. Some vocabulary to help you: consider smp. Irreg.tr. vb.lbol-1 ancient adj.I.Nadim) generationn, r12.(puxtj mythical adj. 4. (afs5naw11 family tree n, F I.Ishajar61 fact n, I12. IwNq1y6t1 it should be said phr. Ibnyad wSwayal sil trt 11 . .5 4.1.. 4.4 4.7/ la";a . .T 3:'.5J-11 kT5 L5ir'.914.4 4... 3 s. ,1 T _r*.; ;:f . L,5 .p . 0 .5 L5 Yet ss z,r4.5 4- Intermediate Pashto Unit 22: .1.-115.,,.6a) oj 441. Workbook 85 Exercise 4. Construct sentences along the lines of the example. Ex: J;Lit..4.i1 oz.,oil 415.3 Lcyji.te 40 5LUI ,L5.1 41a . j.ses 4iJLi 4Z t. 1 .3 4ell ts; I IS 4-4.4 45 0,40' 41-.-L." _rj 4sge.4.5.*4.4.1.1. 0,40.c)LIA.11 c5_,J J.4t, c5_7/ CJI.)., "33-4 rh":* 4-1.% 0,j1..ta ri-)Y.° T L5L 4"st JJ..31.3 15J.1 I k.5) _!° .5":1* . 4.5ar7.5.3 (.5tri.S.41461 4.;..ta Intermediate Pashto Unit 22: .r.11.1." 3 Cc Workbook 86 E x. 5. Assume that Khayray is at the moment only thinking about giving Tarina to Almar's son. Rewrite the first four lines of the dialogue of Unit 21. : I a : tiae I I Intermediate Pashto Unit 22:.rhir, jj a30) 4; Workbook 87 Exercise 6. Match the spellings from Caroe with their Pasha equivalents L.S3P I53 3,...... I L5.3.5A I 03 a,..a. I ,54-2 -)1.I ..d.:. L5J..i; cr.: 1" J.i3 -53101 Lfil:1 (5.4.1.1. t...!<...,t V.2 -75 L Ls.:' t-..S.5-1 a ---.7___.__ .74.3_,-, 4..53 .1.4-1..... L531-/ .i.515 J-..-: 51 3.5 Abdali Mangal Achakzai Marwat Afridi Mohmand Ahmadzai Muhammadzai Alikozai Musa Khel Alizai Niazi eangash Nurzai Elarakzai Drakzai Chamkanni Popalzai Daudzai Saddozai Durrani Safi Ghalji/Ghilzai___ Shinwari ishaqzai Spin Tarin Kakar Sur Khalil Tor Tarin Khatak Turi Khugiani Wazir Lodi Yusufzai Mahsud Zazi I inter nediate Pashto Unit 22: .r.11: jj .6*3 oj Workbook 88 Exercise7.Read the following passage for enjoyment. (Background information: The Miakhel tribe are considered to be holy pFople automatically entitled to respect, not to mention contributions from others. Members of other tribes pretend to be Miakhels, to collect the respect and contributions. To guard against imposters, the Miakhel elders learn the tribal genealogy..) gathering place n, F[dera]_re a traveler n, P12 fl3rawáyloi members of Miakhel tribe [myNgSni contribution n, 1t [kalángl Miakhel [myAkhalJ blacken der. tr. vb. [toraw=] -i protect phr.L... sera xá kaw-1 4 L. st,S0.).e. s5.5 XI 4; L.t 4.jj J.1.e .1;1j j 45 5 ..,11 jJ.1 44;bj. se4-c. ; J.,c, : j.S.,4_1.1%4 4; Ira jjji 3 4.1 Cti4.4 J.1.*.44; j j rai Se " Litfjj4"; J., L1--. c5 14.ri3 `Lt, 4: ..."1"/ &1".m. " 41.4: je. Z.) j . 4.4JIJLa 4L.; 1.) 1 J.2j 4 7: 4.5-:"°: .33a 3 4;4J d t 1 J3 .1-;"1° 1j 4:4: J a 3 Je. JJJI L51 4-;.'itL5J.,-;.-4 4;' 5j, J- .5:5 4.4J-C 5./.5 444-,'"f 'Lc," SS5 _1 4: 4,1"Sh t;': Intermediate Pashto Unit 22: 63 4.1 4 Workbook 89 Answers Exercise T I. FuturePresen(Past Possibilitulitirgal condition 2 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. _x_ 8. 9 x_.. 10 Exercise T2. 1. The government and tribes 2 interfere -,g solve attack - use force 4.;j3 fight be obliged 3. Two 4. Sentence 4:it starts with IA. Exercise T3. 1 F 2 T 3. F 4 F 5 T Exercise 4. it! 4 g I tii j.ib 1/4.5.47g J-0 La. 01 .71 4.; L. ULA.; I4.5 .T 5.1 416-2 4"! ic6I.111 Intermediate Pashto Unit 22: 4 4 Workbook 90 4; Sg1;1-j.viJili 41 4-.I 4a. . o j J3 J -i;3 4^C !k.5,si J1.5sy' 41" r a 4:P -)t";' Exercise 5. i0.....,. li.L.ts5.5 azji5 4..te 41.1.1.e. J.: 3: t j,::, ..1..... 1 .3 0.,... .4.3.)ot.A.41 Co .3 .3 a 23 45. 4.5_IS 4 se Z .il'il3 d4j .P5-3 ..! SS"' i i ss- 4:". L5-1 3 0 .1". 3 3 .5 3i,j 419-4 k...)1.t.t-,4 LI--; sgii: i'L;' -"I ' 4; J.)ii5-4 L57°. i_.!"` rt- a .4-1_t-c j i se 4:" 4 J1 J _131-1 3 .4- I"5 -4is5J J SS'4"; 5j3-J.i ..";' "4 ' -4.1,5 i JL..43 4 L.7....4-;1 0 .1...., ..t;L5i4; r...41b 1 .5 4J1 Intermediate Pashto Unit 22: .rJ1;ii .3 4.; 45 Workbook 91 Exerci se6 Adrian iabdalij Mangal [mangál]J.L. Achakzai latsakzil 03.5.1.1 Marwat [marwát] Afridi lapredil Mohmand (momándl Ahmadzai [ahmadzI] L53 Muhammadzai Imahmadzil Alikozai [alkozi) Musa Khel imusakhéll Alizai [alizij L5.3_41A Niazi tnyaziJ Bangash [bangSx1 04.111 Nurzai Inurz II Lc_j_j_i Elarakzai [barakzil Orakzai [orakzii L53ji Chamkanni [tsamkanij Popalzal [popalzil Daudzai Wawudzil 03.3.31z Saddozal Isadozil L5.3 Durrani idurani]45;1 jz Safi [skin Ghalji/Ghilzai ighaldzi] L.5.4de Shinwari Ishacizai [isaqzfj L53 Spin Tarin [spin tarinl Kakar (klikárj,75l5 Sur (surf Khalil [khatill Tar Tarin It6r tarinl Khatak [khat6k) Turi [turii Khugiani [khugyanii Wazir (wazir1JLJ Lodi iludil Yusufzai lgusufziloj_L.J.z. Mahsud [mastldl Zazi [dzadzil Intermediate Pashto Unit 23: Ls..1.15 LL- Workbook 92 Unit 23: 4;(.5_ti.5 Unit Overview The discussion of Pashtun tribes is continued in this unit, with the focus on the 'detribalization of the Pashtun tribes as a result of the development of a central government and the attempts to modernize the country. Section 1 gives a description of the movements of one tribe. Section 2 is a long reading on the history of Afghanistan over the last 100 years. Section 3 is a passage on national unity by the Pashtun writer Ulfat. And Section 4 tries to divert you with some jokes. There is no grammar f ocus in this unit, as the vocabulary load Is quite heavy. Preview to Section1: Dialogue Asad is giving Theresa a description of the decentralization of the Niazi tribe, from his family's point of view. Lultural notes. You can tell, from previous dialogues and descriptions, that Asad's family is very much a Pashtun family and a Niazi family, although they are separated from the largest part of the Niazis. The movements of a tribal members, brought about by many factors, can result in the assimilation of the decentralized fami des to the surrounding peoplewhether other Pashtuns or non-Pashtuns. In many instances, the assimilation results in families which are in all respects non-Pashtuns except for their name and the knowledge that their family belongs to a Pashtun tribe. Sentence structure. The phrase I ...4.1 with the verb in the present tense (not in the present perfect) is used to express 'since' phrases in Pashto, e.g. 'He has been living in Logar I LAr.4CL-wi.i.91., since the wedding Preview to Section 2: Reading A This reading gives a brief sketch of Afghan history since 1890, covering the development of a central government for Afghanistan. A review of the facts in English they are summarized in most of the currently available books on Afghanistanwill help you understand the Pashto Cultural notes The sketch focuses on the effects of the development of a central Afghan government on the structure of Pashtun society, and implies that nationalization Intermediate Pashto Unit 23: Workbook 93 of Afghanistan has involved extensive battles for power between the kings, various Pashtun tribes, and religious leaders.Amir Abdurrahman, in particular, exiled or assassinated those (whom he called 'robbers, thieves, false prophets and trumpery kings') who interfered with his goal of establishing a central government. As the reading points out, the movement of Pashtun tribesmen to the capital has frequently resulted in the thss of Pashtun customs and language among the people involved. You might have talked to Afghans who, when asked if they are Pashtuns, answer to the effect that their grandfather was a Pashtun, or their grandmother, but that they themselves do not speak Pashto. Word s'uclu There are a number of Arabic and Persian words th the passage so many that grammatical processes in those languages are apparent. The majority of the adjectives, for example, end in (-1] and are Class 4: royar or. 'strong 0.93 'civil' 'religious' uta 'governmenta1'45.-L. jia.'traditional' 'military' 4.5.41.11; 'tribal' 0.413 'tribal' c5,12.13 'urban' The (-I] L5 suffix is from Persian, and in parallel with Persian adjectives, which do not agree with the nouns they modify, these Pashto adjectives don't change form. The suffix attaches to abstract (and some not so abstract) nouns, and converts them into adjectives Many of tho nouns in the passage are from Arabic, and come complete with Arabic plurals (some of which are irregular in Arabic). Some of the nouns have regular Pashto plurals as well (M2, usually) and the Pashto and Arabic plurals are both used.A Pashtun will probably use the Arabic plurals in formal conversation or writing. The same Pashtun will use the Pashto forms in informal writing and in speech. The plural form of Arabic borrowings is fr2quently the suffix [Nti Don't confuse this plural with another Arabic suffix,[at] with a short [a]which often shows up abstract nouns borrowed from Arabic: Arabic fi Lira] Ar4bjc_abstract nouns institutions' 'prime ministership' J1.1.43 'establishment' `11..S...t..5 'migratio iyAl 'conveniences' 'characteristics' If Intermediate Pashto Unit 23: 4.51,15 L: Workbook 94 Preview to Section 3:Reading This passage has been taken from a book on Pashto rhetoric by the respected Pashtun w.iter Gu1pach3 Ulfat: Rhetoric: Orthography [likwali: im1S aw inshS) 1...t..;1 .31 1.41 JI,Sti and Composition The passage was written to illustrate correct spelling and composition for aspiring writers of Pashto. Ulfat, who died in 1977, was from Laghman province; his dialect is therefore quite close to the Kabul dialect in which these materials are written. The passage has been 'cleaned up*: typographical errors have been corrected. You might already have encountered a major problem in the reading of Pashto from original sources, i.e. that Npographical errors and infelicities abound There are few printing houses in Afghanistan (and none that work with type-setting in Pakistan), and the printing house employees do not have well-developed proofing skills, nor are they necessarily Pashto speakers.In Exercise 6, we have reproduced the first paragraph of the passage exactly as it appears in our copy of Ulfat's book. Word studu. Be careful! The word RIO 4..1:4;which appears in the phrase .31 is a regular Class 1 adjective meaning low*. The word which appears in the dialogue in section 1is a regular Class 1 adjective meaning 'scattered or in some cases 'wide*. Preview to Section 4:Diversions These jokes were taken from a jokebook bought in a bookstore in Peshawar. Intermediate Pashto Unit 23: utIS ,a.,i I:L.. Workbook 95 Unit 23 Exercises Exercise T1.Listen to the explanation, then write the dates of his reign beside the name of each ruler, L;.. 4.) J1 LI I JI a La. Exercise T2. Listen to the paragraph, then answer the questions s5irtJjl cyvil art .T C (5-2 4.0 `Jae.Znji 1/4.5U J1 Lc 4.1 a_AS1 .T j-aa Lft 15 .3 .L 45e. 4.4jg 4:1a/.,"° a .0 Intermediate Pashto Unit23: 4 0.1.154., ..011 Workbook 96 Exercise T3. Listen to the following sentences, then mark during which Afghan ruler's reign the incident occurred .1 .I . V T . .o Exercise 4.Give English equivalents for the indicated words a.L) i5L5_,S 4.-110L, 4.aLb 0 ...1 4 41, rbig . . J.4 4.5_,.1 JL t.5 4.")..t."!L5L. 4t. 4. J7i. .T UT%1 4"; °L;-4. J i 4.14," L5" C.) ..)-6 J . L51-4,4"A L5 JI -1-C I-1 ° J.J 4t trq-C JL:e fcb 47: z?T'SJ' 4 4." 0..J.J J 0 .1 cp4S Li71.i 1::-.1; 4°. 4L;t4t ig 3"; 7.° J r-1") L." L. 1 L.4;4.;La . . (Se. &;.t.4 igg dt.Lts c5 4446 j..46 19.SjLc 1: 41.;:s .A '.5i7r Intermediate Pashto Un 1 t 23: ¶ ;ist..t5..f Ole L.:. Workbook 97 Exercise 5.Group the vocabulary words listed below in the categories: ,:-',_,-- ty Jri L5AL1 LizLS4 .31.A...... ,..5 jit.:.3 JL 45a.:-... ji: .1_ 1 . _yoor o j13.ib (551. J.1.6 ) 53.3 0.L....5a.z.6 Pashtun tribes: Ethnic groups in Afghanistan: Words referring to !shim: Words referring to government: Words referring to royalty. Words re.erring to tribal structure Words referring to traditional life Place names Intermediate Pashto Unit 23: Workbook 98 Exercise 6.In the space below, the first paragraph of the Ulfat passage is retyped with exactly the spacing and typographical errors of the original. Rewrite the passage wlt'Lonventional spacing, and correct whatever errors you can. 4:)17. J1 VS'It..545T'J1 cr+S CPI° °ie.47;4-tj.L j .) 1s..1 tp....g j 6 L5 3 rI-9 :)(-7---"L; .5 z?-4-CJ-1" "1- .5 Jb. 4?-7-8:.1 Lz6 Ir. yao I j.);cr.12 z j ilE j1.7, jib L LLi 1 47;41. "91 ss-U 3 1 Je..1 0-4-5 4:.4 61:1 L'4' 17544"t Sg") 4:2°'l31:1'.3 1 31Jr-A, z--1": 3 04-s .1 4iatt4; ois _11 ti5 3 J1 J 1.0 3 41, 11 LT: 4rs-1 LsC.' isr 475_1_2 4.1 4:1 Att rm.&4; j '3 7) J1 Lc"' 04; 1.44". .)1r" A376. tie_74 1 Le J _1 .3'1 91 Intermediate Pashto Unit 23:C. .) 4:0 4.9.t.y5at.f.. L. Workbook 99 Exercise 7.Read tho following passage for pleasure, I 5 71111h, 11 z. .1.4. .414seri ate ;0 L. 4-1,:" 41 6.'5 1----4-6 .3J1 4jj 1Jj_t5 OJIY.' tilt4/St sst'. 4 .4-:--"5 A 419tS.St sgi 15.7:: .3 "3-4 " J1ss.IJS s5./4 4,55Ajl4J J1 4" sS".41 4:1A 41Vi Ji-C 4t 41.4t415t .."'"`.;:; 40 4115 3 1 J 1 I II J-23.3kr.1 4-1 4; J! 675-3 4 4-! s95 4÷7:-. 47; Ai 4115".! 41 J1.51'3J1"kr--4_?..1Jjp tiny ad,' 3 lwar-abagáyi 41.6.1c, spread der. tr. vb. Jtitaw-] kid, child n, [mashiim) almost adv, Raorthanj rumor n, Fl 1aw5z6lA3131 Int4rmedi8te Pashto Unit 23: 91,1.1 4f Workbook 100 Answers Exercise T I. A 14k 46:11.1. I .11.c 14k .J1 '1 14kT`k id 1 L I 1kl't C.) I'lTt 4.11 l`kTA 141,TTaLt, al; ViTT - l`tvT Exercise T2. JLjJI 95 JJJIj1-6 -LS ..p.d 4.; Z. I .T 4151f, 4:1-) .51 4-4 .o L571 -C'÷;° Exercise T3. Lt.).A U . a j . V .A _17:-.I 4i 1 1....114 jab Li; " Exer .a4 I nation (mil6tI 5 poor person [miskin] :).:<-- 2tree-grower IbaghwSnj 6job [wazifal 3daily (newspaper) [wradz pnéJ L.. t 7 mosque [maj6t1 L. 4capital ipaytákhtl hero, expert fqahramánj Intermediate Pashto unit 23: L U.-. Workbook 101 Exercise 5. Pashtun tribes: 53i L5-4* 3-5J L53 Ethnic groups in Afghanistan: j1:,,a Words referring to Islam: 0....at 41.:4 Words referring to government: sjI 7-. Words referring to royalty: JLICIJ L5ALZ' 4J1 Words referring to tribal structure: 0-4 k.5./4-.15 Words referring to traditional life: 1:3 pd. utiS Place names: Lg.) 3.4:1 JLe Exercise 6 4 4.A.16 t:)t! 3 .51 5 IJI cr4-5 j àj. '44ti-L 1_, 4.5 54.Jly4sge 45 j...I 4:).46,51i a L L;Li I L.it, .).1 j1 .L5z L.s5.3.5AL.5.3 jar-. jIjj,;;; 4:1.12 a...a 0 a...),_II j 403 JIAv)t...4 s5.4-5 4-,r U. L5PSc$-h." 419-1 3 criS J474-4" 41",4:44. L 4.. rab a.p.S arr, . 3 j °.,1" 31, 31J 1.1. z %.5 la 45;J;-,-4 L5.71 4-11 4-/ L5.3 4.1 ..,"S Sr/ 4.10criai4-r' 1/45.3 4';J1k.5.?"/ ss-t-5 i-a 4.5-*J (15 se. 4J ,0-1-* +7! 41" ra)4"jj_?-5sr"'I '3 415;14 AI (.5-4 s6+-57: si- 4,57: t..5i J JI Intermediate Pashto Unit 24: 4:-11. Workbock 102 Uni t 2 4: JL Unit Overview In this Unit, we start a three-unit discussion of the 'pillars of the Pashtunwali, the Pashtun code of behavior that receives so much attention in western writings on Afghanistan and the Pashtuns. In our discussion, we focus on those aspects of the Pashtunwali that involve behavior. Many western discussions of the Pashtunwall include character traits such as bravery, generosity, and steadfastness as part of the Pashtunwali. From a Pashtun point of view, however, the Pashtunwali focuses on behavior alone. The first aspect of the Pashtunwali to be discussed Is the concept c...111 or hospitality to guests. The topic, which was introduced in Unit 9 of Beginning Pashto is discussed in greater detail in thp reading in Section 1.In Section 3, Aman explains some of the practical aspects of 4.1.1114.17...to Theresa. And in Section 4, Diversions, there are some jokes about hosts and guests. The grammar focus of the unit is the particle and its various meanings. Section1: Reading Culture notes The term 'Pashtunwali' is a manufactured word The Pashto word for the concept is simply It is important to keep in mind that a can be a stranger, or a friendWhen the is a close friend, the 'rules' regarding his entertainment can be bent- treatment of close friends doesn't seem to differ much from the way we entertain close friends in the United States.On the other hand, peer pressure as well as genuine feelings of hospitality play an important role in the treatment of a 4..1r. who is a stranger You have probably already heard a great deal about Khoshal Khan Khattak, the famous seventeenth century Pashtun poet-warrior. Translations of his poetry can be found in most serious studies of Afghanistan or the Pashtuns, and educated Pashtuns can recite lines and couplets and whole poems of his at will. The 'dastar' in the 'Dastarnama' mentioned in the reading refers to the turban worn by adult males, and therefore, supposedly, a sign that the wearer has achieved maturity and wisdom. The opening couplet of the collection : z 13-4' Intermediate Pashto Unit 24: .W1.: Workbook 103 Etse dastiir tari hazár di de dastar sari pa shmár di.] 'There are thousands who wear the turban; Men of the turban are few,' Word stigig. The word jilSIs not particularly politethe term should be used in conversation and writing. The writer of the passage used ".115 when he was talking about the passage by Khoshal Khan Khattak (who used the word), and elsewher9. A S _yr is a rooster; a hen is a Chicken is more of a delicacy in Afghanistan than It is in the United States, and less frequently eaten than lamb or beef. Hens are kept for their eggs; it's mostly the males that are eaten. The verb -.1.11.. contains the adjective J1., which means 'ritually slaughtered'. There might be a 'halal' butcher in your area. Such butchers come from Islamic countries, and provide meat that has been slaughtered according to Islamic principles the animal's throat has been cut with a knife, and appropriate prayer,' have been said at the slaying. The phrase our, translates literally 'with open forehead', i.e. without a frown Preview to Section 2: 4..!in More Detail You've probably noticed that the particle 4.1 seems to appear in every other sentence in Pashto, and that it frequently doesn't seem to have anything to do with signalling the future. ti appearsthere is a lot of dialectal variationto have two different semantic functions: one to signal a future action (or an action happening in the future relative to another action), and the other to signal doubt, uncertainty or indefiniteness. These functions become clearer when 4.1is coupled with the different tenses and aspects, and the resulting sentences compared. In general, coupled with the various perfectives usually has the meaning 'will' or 'would', i.e. it functions as a future marker. Conversely, 4..s coupled with the various perfectives usually has the effect of implying uncertainty. An interesting bit of fallout from a comparison of sentences withti and the contexts In which they appear is that if Pashtuns want to make a statement about something that is definitely going to happen in the future, they use the present imperfective tense, as in the sentence given in Note 3. Pashto present imperfective sentences are parallel to the use in English of the present continuous to indicate Intermediate Pashto Unit 24:cdl.e, Workbook 104 something happening in the future, e g'We're leaving at six,"The fireworks are starting at nine"He's arriving Tuesday: etc. Preview to Section 3:Dialogue In this dialogue, Am5n and Theresa are discussing same of the practical ramifications of 4.LIL Cultural notes. 4...JL a4 is a double-edged sword: forery proverb linking the guest with the bounty of God, there is another illustrating how upsetting to a household the guest can be. AmOn mentions a few of the problems involved with guests who show up around mealtime, and how a household scrambles to be sure they are appropriately f ed Word Studg. The word c,111.,_;.....3is used here to mean table; Am3n says that sometimes special food is given only to the guests and those of the host's family who are sitting at the table (cjI.t:,.-.3) with him. Be careful not to confuse 'burden' [tawSni jib' with 'ability' ftwan] 4J1i I The phrase ,t5.4.0 j disambiguates the term .04.54,which can refer to bread proper or to food in general..0.4i.) 41., is a plain loaf of bread, which the host's family can ruh nu t and bug without offending either the guest or the neighbors. The writer of the dialopd comments that the 'real' term for bread on its own is Espóra clocl6y1 but he was told as a child not to use the term, as it is an insult to God to use a disparaging word kAir. is not particuldrly complimentary) in connection with something God has given to you. Preview to Section 4:Diversions Here are some jokes about guests which illustrate the mixed feelings Pashtuns have about being hosts and being guests verb -.Ai frequently occurs in phrases like -.Ai ,which is literally 'beat la] support', and idomatically 'lean back on', orin the context of the joke'park oneself on' In phrases like this, -.Ai functions very much like means 'lean on' Intermediate Pashto Unit 24: 4.1.11.: Workbook 105 Unit 24 Exercises Exercise Ti.Listen to the following sentences, then check the appropriate English translation of each 41 phrase 'will/might"would (have)"might have"used totentative statement 6. 10 Exercise 12. Listen to the description, then finish the sentences 4-$ flq j11.21541 .1 4-1-4* ss-C r.. 45-C .5 4..Lb 3,?""' L';° SS-C 4.1 rfr5 `k-59 S-15 4-*r-e4 L'y . J:-C-L5i/91.i4'; iNe 41J 4_11) L5 r "-t I .3 yss 4-1 4,95 Intermediate Pashto Unit 24: JL Workbook 106 Exercise T3. Listen to the following passage (written by Ulfat)and fill in the blanks . ____ ...t.... (...... -+ i.ra 4.15_,.0 --- 455 L.41.5 .31 J,54.; aa . ala; jil li 4.1:414_, 6 -,'1*-444-t54A4r 44 ttija i I 6_,-:1 4-1.bi 4; Jig j.`, s5_))7,. i" /34'4';a -te. 117. .'"I 4.,. _ILL- J. . 4_1.5 4.5 1 4; Li-.: -,-.' 01, 41 j.e.J J. 4.:-.. i 03j _3 41 j"5 J1____ci 1i t...)1J J 3 1-4.- *&I---- 4;ksu ipa 1.+ S55 Jig -II4414iS 4.eS a-Yf e'jh Exercise 4.Read the passage in Exercise T3 and answer the questions. New vocabulary: wisdom n, F2 [wuxyarSyl advice n, F I[mashwarálj cautiousness n, 112 [iht1ySt]..1.1 sign, example n, F I(n6xa1 4.÷; until the end phr. [tar akhéra porel .1.; electricity n, 112(berg]Jy electrical short n, 112(shart1 4,7-0 Lit fire n, 112fariqj habitn, 112 [5dát) aLc. ride der, int. vtr(swarég-1 accident lnf IchSpa ked611 J.rS It V lightn, F I[rang] Intermediate Pashto Unit 24: Workbook 107 Exercise 4. (cant ) 6,11 k;'s LSI 0-t 4; QJ J.) Jig L.51L.9-at A a 415.1 Lrt. lg I qJ I T L5 j11:4 IAjis 4 4s I .3 LS. I .1. al 45 ji j 44-10L.21 & .0 Exercise 5. Complete the following sentences 4N. 1 ."; "1-0 J 1JJ_P-"'I .,-4.,'5;.' Ls--'13 Jr1J-:-+7.. 43 LS 4.;-Cts L5z.,rgJ-L! v k.5.7t-5J-E1 4.adb 4n. .T 53JJ 4..a. rig .L 1/4.5pS Lk/ 4_1..,....J,I.- .0 z 4....CFI r-t5 . 1 4 ,isS02; 47, . 1/4 JI t"; 4La .A LS V Intermediate Pashto Unit 24:JL Workbook 108 Exercise 6.'Soften' the following announcements 45 Jtr" 45;.5-4 Jjjij r t..54)T4C 4:1 19; L:61L:L5 4195 Sel-bl. I5 41 4'11L1C j); Ls' .4,11,1 4141.1. .L . L5 74aLb J k:jt.S.3 .o Exercise 7.Give the Pashto and Arabic plurals for the following words. Arabic DPI. pashto DPI, DILL Intermediate Pashto Unit 24: cdll Workbook 109 Exercise B.Read the following passage for information and enjoyment 4WD, 47.t,6.).6L1_47;41. 412...to 1.3 krqg 4.1 t..4. 6_5113 r.re _0 .0.3 ji AilS1 Lle-kis.) PjZ 4..4.5.11.1 A.53_94*J.. J.34j r..g1J1 k.5JJL51-4. IL.5-,k.).3..) L.) if zll-r- jb L5 (-A..1..p; 045Ji _53 (*A,04.34 Le.4:-.14, 4. Jig 4J4..r A.34;1.5 aye. 0 .0.21 L.4. "lir. .3 L.,LA .! cog 6.7-?%.1` r" 4.4 j ti jI .4 L.5-5 01-1 s54:-te3ss-,r1 4-17:Jt-;3 ss5 .3.713 L4 Ji 4 15.. ,)_53 4-1 JJJ /..1:L't 3 OA lz" '71 .)s95 JJL; b.,- J.,14 . .??...r5 jit sufficiency n, F I [guzarS1 jI3 musical instrument n, 112 [rabSbl guest quarter n F I[wujrál story n, M2InSkall gathering ad./IEghw6nclai story-teller n, I (nakalchil 01.15; music, instrument n, P*12 [sNz) song accompaning a storyn, F Ifn5r6J intermediate Pashto Unit 24: 4:-111 Workbook 110 Answer Key Exercise Ti. 'will/might"would (have)' 'might have"usedto' tentative statement 2. _x_ 3. _x_ 4. 5. _x_ 6. _x- .,,,,.. 7. _K B. _x_ Exercise T2.Various answers Exercise T3 ' jJr!" 1/4.. 5.A.44 .1'1° 41415-C 015 JIJ Ij .3da.*:+ a...rla I .5.)tt-ze.ta ss3 33 3 415 45ye.4.t . 4:4-rd 4 I 3.7.'4; L.5 s5- J,5 J1 (51 L 3 jI4-11 J.d 4..44 4195 "441 atar. *6-*-s 3 3 3 ki5 q .11 "II ..,11.3 .3'1145 ip 4-1 _J;" J.'3 4.a. 41" -$ C.)I 3 1161rab j y.:. LJ a."( 1)rr.-6 jj.5 .31 dL 4.1.04J c5a . Exercise4. Crti 4* 4 -7; 4t."la jj 41 4* * 41 .)1 4151! 4Jig 45'21. 4.; 4T5.5 J.; J.. 0.4.1. 4.; Co . j !, L5,A crs-11. "1-'93 4C" ) O Intermediate Pashto Unit 24: 4.1.1l1 Workbook 111 Exercise 5.Something like . jjadal .31,01 JJ1 1.11....3 1 j.. t.$4)(.5. J11 g 44.J;loa L5 4.Leb it 41.e, L5 J-11 c53J.,5JCjj °J1-4J .5 4.1 i-<-1-1. 01"4..t at rjg s54...; 4.1.6 j c)11.1.._1. 7., .34.1. 0 .1 5 t.) 4"441 4.5Jlbti5,4.t5 4.30 .5,7'4-; L5.9-.!S Ai A..5 4LiLib 3., 3 4i. 4195 Lf."h . v J-11 Ji3t; .A Exercise5. _I ./:/b 4 .??; < Ls-t 40-7-" ke 41 41 Lrt Eirt 4.0-44 .T 4:Jig"IN Jiz 4,1 ij6 .L 4.3 ,:j1S o Exercise7, Arabic DPI. Pashto DPI, Dag. & 6:- 4'0 6=6.4..0 J.60:16. 4111 Ij 66.3 J.0.6211.4 4.iL Intermediate Pashto Unit 25: J..Li Workbook 112 Unit 25:jati Unit Overview The focus of this unit is on JAI,the second pillar of the Pashtunwali. In Section 1, Amain gives Theresa some basic definitions.Sections 24 present a story of Pashtun revenge.And in Section 5, Diversions, there is a couplet from Khushal Khgn Khattak. Preview to Section 1:Dialogue In this dialogue, Anign is explaining to Theresa what the term Jai means. He talks in generalities about families perpetrating wrongs, and families avenging wrongs it will help you keep straight who is doing what to whom if you remember that the demonstrative pronoun usually refers to the first-mentioned person in the sentence 'the former' in English and the demonstrative pronoun ...a..usually refers to the last- mentioned person 'the latter' in English Preview to Sections 2-4 The Pashtuns who translated for and taught Pashto to the British army officers in the nineteenth century were given the title 'munshi" by the British. One of them, Munshi Ahmed Jan, put together , acollection of stories, readings and sayings for his British officer students to read. Nothing else is known about Munshi Ahmed Jan, except that he presumably wrote many of the pieces in the collectionincluding the story you are about to read ,and that he wrote very well. The story is titled J_Lf .3, and was apparently Included in Munshi Ahmed Jan's collection to illustrate the concept ofJ..1?.Its plot is In general very reminiscent of Shakespeare's revenge plays, with lots of bloodshed, righteous anger, unequivocal villains who get what's coming to them, and (relatively) innocent people who get crushed in the process. We have adapted the story as follows: sections have been deleted which do not forward the action of the story (notably two very long paragraphs which go into detail about the evilness of malangs). Modern words have been substituted for those which are now obsolete. The original paragraphing has been kept (including some with colons which usually but not always indicate that someone is speaking), but periods and commas have been inserted. Intermediate Pashto Unit 25: j Workbook 113 The story is written in the Kandahar dialect. You'll notice that many of the words are synonyms of those you have learned, for example which is an exact synonym for j,..j _IA,You'll also notice that the phrases zi,, ziz and zij are not always immediately before the verb, and that 41, meaning 'when' often starts a sentence instead of appearing just after the subject. The structure of the story is as follows: Scene 1: The characters are Introduced, and one of their conversations begins. Scene 2: One of the characters tells the other a stonj from his past. Scene 3: The two characters act as a result of the story. The sections into which we have divided the story do nal correspond to these three scenes; our sections are of roughly equal length (with some effort to interrupt the action, Sheherezade-style, at interesting points) so that the new vocabulary words can be given in more manageable lists. Preview to Section 2:The Storg Begins This section includes Scene 1 and part of Scene 2. Sentences have been deleted in the first paragraph of the story which summarize Gwalmir's life after he moved to Mardan: He had moved there a year and a half earlier. At first, he had done menial work, then had opened a small shop, and had done fairly well. Culturat notes. A malang is a cross between a hermit and a monk. The traditional malang travels from holy shrine to holy shrine, supporting himself along the way by begging and by praying to God on someone's behalf. (Many traditional tales involvea malang 's special powers, for example tales about a childless woman askinga malang to use his powers to give her a son.) The stereotypical malang carries a begging bowl, and wears a turbanof the Islamic sort, not the Pashtun sortand old, patched clothes A malang does not have a home. He wears a heavy coat (also patched) to protect him from the weather, and might construct a temporary shelter for himself.The malang In the story has apparently established himself under a tree, and hung his belongings including his sword!on its branches. Direct. and indirect Quotes. The author is inconsistent In his presentation of conversation. Sometimes he uses phrases likect sl.tyjj; and at other times he gives the speaker's name with a colon.Sometimes he has characters talk to themselvesin the present tense -as in the last paragraph in the section: 'I said [to myselfl that now was the j sgle.j time; slowly, slowly I approached him _3 01-A. L5le Intermediate Pashto unit25: .1.11 Workbook 114 and when Gwalmir is following his wife. I shivered: what Is she doing here?' . a la Word studu Throughout the story, the author doubles words for effect, for example 'She went, she went, until the woman jIj 4.; 4.1 tt.4.4 4.1:. 4.1Z went out of the village ' Sometimes the doubled word is changed slightly. In ways parallel to English expressions like "Story, shmory, get to the pointr The phrase 1.S;1L.C.;1 with which Gwalmir describes the scene at his house is an example The phrase 4.9.:4a 0 is obviously the Pashto greeting, Here, the phrase is used as an adjective' if you areLs.,t,4. with someone, you know him well enough to talk to him a lot, Preview to Section 3:The Story Continues This section includes the rest of Scene 2 and the beginning of Scene 3. Cultural notes A is a tandoor-like oveneffectively a large clay jar which has been dug into the earth so that its rim is even with the surface of the floor.Afire burns in the bottom of the oven, and corn is suspended over it to be popped. The area around the rim of the oven ( hjti 4_1.3) Is tiled, and is warm from the heat of the oven which Is why the children are sitting there in the story. A customer brings his or her own corn, and the keeps a portion of it in return for popping what the customer has brought; or the customer can buy some popcorn with money. You will remember the proverbs about popcorn and popcorn makers from Unit 19. j 64-;_tg 3 L. and L5j sge. which intimate that popcorn and its makers are very low in Pashtun society. That the children are in very desperate straits is communicated to the Pashtun reader not only by Intermediate Pashto Unit 25: j.1.1 Workbook 115 their answers to Gwalmirs questions, but also by their having been taken in by the Sentence structure. Sohbat Kh3n's comment jzit; rft-a, lz 4rs.a J tr5 j1.1 al b. lt rah LA is one of those that contains a direct quote.It translates idiomatically as "Come, lets go there and put an end to this, so that she'll learn what she has done to someone," Preview to Section 4:The Story Concludes This section contains the rest of Scene 3, plus the 'moral' of the story. Lultural Dees. The door mentioned in the first paragraph is the door to the compound in which Gwalmir's wife and her husband are living. The compound is enclosed by a mud wall, and rooms are built along the wall, all facing into an Inner courtyard. One of those rooms is a bedroom;thec,VI.3in which the animals are kept is another. There are presumably other rooms, e.g. a kitchen, that aren't mentioned in the story. The wall that Gwalmir escaped over in Scene 2 is the outside mud wall of the compound. Unidentified bodies are a common enough occurrence that a Pashtun reader's credibility is not stretched when he reads that Gwalmir's wife found a body to mis- identify as Gwalmir. The husband's answer to Sohbat's accusation 4.LA L. 4-0 is a proverb, and translates roughly as 'No one can farce a village.'In other words, no one can force his will on an entire village The next-to-last paragraph consists of the 'moral' to the story, which is also the cornerstone of Pashtun j..9 and a point of pride among Pashtuns - that a wrong will be remembered and revenge will be taken, no matter how long it takes Word studu. The word cjVI.3, which is glossed as 'stable', is not always for animals The word refers specifically to a three-sided room which can function as a bedroom or kitchen or stable or whatever, The phrase ji; refers to tying someone up in a tight ballthe victim's hands possibly behind his back, his legs doubled up In front of him. intermediate Pashto Lnit 25: Jai Workbook 116 Preview to Section 5:Diversions The poet used the word instead of j..4 in the couplet for stylistic reasons. We have given the 'normal prose rendition togive you an idea of the difference between prose and poetry. Intermediate Pashto Unit. 25: ja.i Workbook 117 Unit 25 Exercises Exercise T I.Listen to the stories, and write the punchlines below. .T .T cat n, F (pishákai weigh smp. tr. vb. ital-) JZ stupid, simple-mindedadj 4 [sAd6I3 down adj 4 fxkátal commotion n, I12[ghalmaghiil] JUJU Exercise T2. Write the following story (from Ahmad Jan) as your teacher dictates it poor person n, 11 1(nestmSnj proper share phr. [sam raskil rich person n, [stamán] penny n, F 1[las1ra1 Adam n, 1`11[1:1135dámi r.3ILL fatherly share phr. [padari h1s6I 4.26a. Eve n, F3 ibibi awl] p 510., give thanks phr. [shlikur bt4s-) jiat rich, sated adj 5 [marl ip) , s ,4 Intermediate Pashto Unit 25 J Workbook 118 Exercise 3.Fill in the blanks below. Ward in story peqshto synonym English eouivalent `tc question orchard re-3 Exercise 4.Rewrite the conversations in the following paragraphs in dialogue form: 15 .1 o 4,4,4L. . am.4 4-t L511-1- tr° ..)15 .ps2 4:,;4:L. r" (-71/4 ..1: J4;to.) La . .).0 4.73. ssitij ssiLib s5 .5.9 y 415,5 4.1.24 Intermediate Pashto Unit 25: j-9 Workbook 119 : c3.....? -.)-..'Lg .4.1,5Lc:. j.,...1.5.:01...j; L. I.!, L. ii .5s5 1;IIay, ti 47!..;...!a 495 ,yleiib.,T'. iss-e4,-L.'-:-6,,,.5i 4,51.. ,-,-;:e.il.,-1 k.5.3Y.i i .)-:.Lis ss.":-;sce. .t. 55 ...,5iiJ.,-:.-4,is.45-Pre41,A ) I i 3.,-4-4 k.)" -,T.- .).L"::.- selLe.jj _,-;"°Ji-L6 41 i)L1 il.i,"'cr'L."4t,75.1ye.0'..,-;`:" y:"..--.::'1.3 ..) ); " 4.p .5j . . .L ; j LI.J.!..9...j ...+.4 . j.... 7.4:thltJ1 j..t.;45 j.p- it Jr _01.1 41., L.'.!ii iii.r:" ..-:--"--s5 -L;1-: ..,-...:'L54; -1'4416 .Y.°° 0 J (714:q4j .,J..1.7"t iye. . 0 .5 C.0 .3elLi LI(-:-..; j... I a 4.tJ.!ji al ...,...... k.1 z...... N...a j./...1. AI7..,..,1 J.,.5 .3 .)...t.3s5 -,5..,-r.-Lg t-..-1. Y6ylf.1.1 JL J.,;;ilk. 5)1.--ii 4." ' 4: ' .11-1 J-i' 4-"J°s. 5 - -a:Jig47;.)1-:.Zis _t-4.3 4; ss5 0-41ss...... 11-16,-.1 ii l'i '03 L5,75J i45 . .11.1".-1-:i); .5.4 3 ye. j t-' A - 1 ..I .5 0 3.)-.*..:'4-t yiiii ye.45 ii il's5.31-E-r-C : _,-.-.t.g ,..,L : L j..h. L intermediate Pashto Unit 25: JAI Workbook 120 1 T J:$...t":"1 -).., .1$ $. .1-1'*$11 i I .)-.4.-4 L.I. ss-cJ-- 4t4,,r5Ji 47./. 4;$a ,,,7;1-6° tr / a bil:4..":"..".47C 44..,IJsse. -C ssJis.5.3 -L;i1:1b.41.,,5i 0. 4 .."-,::"ti5.):"se. L "4-11 -1-.4 ..:7-....,....Aa . a asr, jet;c1cij i 3 4.:s5 ..1.4, 1...) 45 it..., ....z...... i 1 j C ss;IS L5 j..., j ii;alusj1,p..ciz., j L114.: _)...,... j..0 C. a 3 uIi °_,44:%,5 .31j sse4,)30,75k.5 "/4-; LO ttii3 41 Sgitii 4jub 0.5,..t 4.4 j..1.A...4K.U.$Co L.: 41, s9.174.ii A.3. Azsy..1.15ct..(;s5 .4 J.; iiiij...;.1. Z .1...1 j t...ti5 Z .1Z 41t.ssitij 4:labiA Z D 4:0JS4t .5,7- A a 4- . il.... .i.; Lz..y.a.j,:.. I .j...t ..ns "61-.1 6-)LC.4 .4.2 css-t, J -1:..',rt. ..)t.5.12".LI -1-;_y-s : 4.=,...Z....0 .T : :'..L...... a ..1.;iL: Intermediate Pashto Unit 25: J Workbook 121 Exercise 5.Review: Match the phrases with their English equivalents. 1. In this manner 2in secret 1,5_,...) ss5i .T 3 basically J.:_.0 Z.)-7__.is al 47: .T 4.disapprove of .L 4, L5t141 5. within one's capability .0 ..v v 6.on average 7.finally Lt.! jr5 4La . B. stingily s5.5 .A 0. 9. borrow ...... 1., 4,..40 .4k V 10openheartedly 0 La .3 4.. .1 krq5 .).s5 r 11 especially J9 4 153 4_, .I I 12. as L: 4...0 .I T ..) v 13. give in retribution for a wrong ______Jj 4L5.4j...0 4..0 .1T 14.in mind, in memory 0_:_;...... L.l.r...'Li 15.in relation to this .io r*;re". 16. like 0 -1-1:"Cr: ..5 j 17. general ly .IV 09 41.4-5 .ri9 47: 18not enough T aletpau.ualul oNsed uun :sz moocppom osioJ8x3 g ioj Li! ato 138.1.J00 two} jo awl [pan tit eta smuelq frAolaq 17, 54%3 -4-7-91-- -cce* c :r -ccy t . A 5cre 14- rrr 54^ 4 rcetel, re) r, ) - e 77 scr e ; Tl re +-Tel (7. '1 err'tr '74.- r 'Tcf 1 r cfrI o -). '71711;" !I, Ire tr -511 gc-v& 54-rr -les, v511 (Ar;cc_). grn n Flo 5-> A' 5.1r A 74- 544+ 1.-615 ."70, V. 71r*1 117"C4' ccre: +7J rr? ) - rt. Ca 74- g--r- cr. sceP Tirrr 5cr c Intermediate Pashto Unit25: t.j.le Workbook 123 Answer Keil Exercise T I. Ld r-a--;se. ss5 .J.,5 a 44 1 a 4S j1 44y:: Az S&L 13 45 .T 6.1.1 je 1L. .T _`.! Exercise T2. a 1 z)l.ta s9k, JILfa Ji ,7."7"t 6-'14. 4.14"."-r-; 4.C-1 fJJI I L .11'. 4.jjJ _."-° 4.);.t4 r .1... r-445 L.0..ji 3 ye. ..rf4 415-1-09 6,75J.5ye. (.5 j.e. 1.1. JIJ yq.1..1.1.5 4,, 4J s5 4; 4.0.3.4.5 j 4L rit ,t; Exercise 3. Ward in stary pashta sijnonitni LaallatLexithalgal 4.; area, region scarf ...ID. husband question friend for sure ;# orchard cold all kinds after that Lrl! 415 a Intermediate Pashto Unit 25: J.L. Workbook 124 Exercise4. . ci.145 L4 : JS r-1. 041/4 4.9 4 V A iUT.S.41. Air) L... s5 4. .6 : 4 _, 3 01-1.1 J.4 : L....patL. 14;J1 i.e J (.5; 4.1 ssl,g;i4 4,5 Jr1.6 L.5 J1 4161 JI:e ti5 .1; LI L.5 0.75J.) _p;)-3 s9-.1 L5 ir)S 41.4J 15 .1.; : T 1).5 41 415 l_j 415 a .3 j . A .1 A 4.;J.54-a. ,/ . wy.,4 4J jiji JLb s5 : 45, .3a 4. 3 2.' J-Lij-a0,7- 4. jl' tt, Intermediate Pashto Unit 25: J..1./ Workbook 125 Exercise 5. _____15_ 4,5 jit j; j1 47er 13 ya 16_Lt 3-1j1J ! 4141 _17__Jj3 _7_41.4.5 0(.7;41 .17,.. 4-J .IL _2_4;1 47: 11:1-0,...3 rt.) .1 o j_,; X.; 4:/..2 4ros, .11 --II-- 4.jor; 5_ 415.g Lr....! .IV 41 14 .IA V Exercise 6. 4);IA 3 0.1, 4.4-/-te4E.75 ss5 4.4 4"... J 6,75-,"°# T 4viijSr. S5-4'4 .)U14.1. .5.).+14-5AS j 4-Lik 45 &La s9.1%4 °J 4;"54 jarIL,,L. . 4; Dip 1..0 4.15 j 4.kit41tY;j j LI 0 .1.! 4;s9Ji.:% 4.1 L.3 . o r5.3 y ar-c 4.k.64; ss,S 1.41 LS I t.L'. (.4 J.4.-r5 4195 Lra 4Z 0.3 "ii 4:1 yq; 1-° J.t5 Intermediate Pashto Una 26. -I . I - Workbook 126 Unit25. -1 19' Unit Overview The topics of this Unit are Pashtun honor, and the (eastern) Pashtun custom of nanawilte.In Section 1, the two topics are introduced and described. In Section 3, a particular offense and attempts at apology are discussed.In Section 4, Diversions, are given some well-known couplets on the subject of honor, from the poetry of Khushal Khan Khattak.Section 2 describes Pashto verb phrases with possessive subjects. Preview to Section 1:Reeding In this reading, the concepts of and are described. The author uses the hypothetical As lam and Salim to make his points, and to make It easier to understand who is doing what to whom. eulturat_maes. There are several words for honor: you have learned...LI., and&L.; and in this unit, the term is used. They all mean roughly the same thing and translate fairly well as English 'honor', although the Pashto terms also include ideas of dignity and saving face. In the first example in the reading, for example, the attack on Nur Mamld KhEin's honor was the confiscation of his lands and the public humiliation, rather than the physical harm. The Pashtun concept of honor also includes notions of privacy, especially as it focuses on the sanctity of the household. To steal a man's horse from the village street is an insult to his honor, but to steal the same horse from his house is a far greater one. The most grievous attacks on honor, it appears, are insults to the women and girls in a man's household - not so much because they are his possessions, but because they are the most important part of his life that is not on public view is esseniially a public apology, and it always involves witnesses. not a universal custom among PashtunsIt is more common among eastern Afghan Pashtuns than among the western or Kandahari Pashtuns. Word study. The phrase F:S. Sv. %a translates as 'to insult', and the insult involved is relatively mild by American standards.In the United States, a wolf whistle, or the kind of remark made by construction workers at women passers-by, would constitute 4y.S. CC.r.C.:. A social slightneglecting one woman guest in favor of anothermight also be considered this kind of insult. Intermediate Pashto Unit 26.sr'-1 I - Workbook 127 Preview to Section 2: Verb Phrases with Possessive Subjects The phrases given in this section are the standard, normal ways to express likes and dislikes, and to express feelings of heat or cold. They occur often In Pashto conversation. Here are fuller descriptions of how some of them are used: ..L1 is used to express disapproval or a negative opinion.It is about as strong in force as _1..1;, sometimes translates as 'seem bad', and is relatively mild. _1 ,4and -in.+ are about the same. You have learned the transitive version of the latter which translates most often as 'enjoy'. is not used, however, to express liking;-.0,4 with a possessive subject is used instead, translates almost exactly as 'feel like'. Preview to Section 7.Dialogue Asad's uncle has been visiting relatives (Baray and his family) and is telling Asad's father what happened Cultural notes. it is clear, from the number of times that Baray sent and the people he sent, that he clearly acknowledges that his son was in the wrong, and that the son had committed a serious attack on Baray's honor.It would also appear, from Asad's father's and uncle's opinions, that Shamay is not behaving very well, although strictly speaking he does not have to accept the Word studg, You have seen the word JT.1. in a number of places, mostly as the last syllable in tribe names. Here, coupled with someone's name (i.trl. in Asad's father's first question), it functions exactly like the English plural of surnames, e g 'the Johnsons'. His question translates idiomatically as "What happened at the Barays'?' Ly.)1 is exactly 'to lag hands on', and refers either to people physically fighting, or to a man touching a woman against her will. Gwalay might have tried to kiss Shamay's daughter, or hug her is literally 'black heads' is the Persian word for 'biacia and refers obviously to the color of women's hair. is literally 'dirt', but it is often used figuratively to mean trouble, in the sense of stirring it upAsad's father thinks that Shamay's sons are gratuitously stirring up trouble Intermediate Pashto Unit 26. -1 I - Workbook 128 The phrase ..a13-1- sst 4./311...7°V is literally 'hand open its sword f ree'. Asad's uncle is saying that he thinks &way should quit sending 41,-,1j.:.; and risk the jaf from Shamay and possibly the rest of his tribe. Preview to Section 4: Diversions These couplets are from various writings of Khushal Kh3n Khattak. The second one was written about an adult son of Khushal's, who died of natural causes. The third couplet appears in Louis Dupree's Afghanistan (p. 69 in the 1960 edition, Princeton U. Press), with the following very free translation: My sword 1 girt upon my thigh To guard our nation's ancient fame; Its champion In this age am 1 The Khatak Khan, Khushhal my namel The translation Is from The Poems of Khushal Khan Khatak,by Howell and Caroe (the same Caroe who worked up the genealogy charts reproduced in Unit 22), published privately in Peshawar in 1963. Intermediate Pashto Unit 26: 415:;1...:,ji4.'ajt. Workbook 129 Unit 26 Exercises Exercise T I.Listen to the following accounts, and fill in the blanks In the charts. Storu 2 Whose honor was attacked? Who was the aggressor? What was the immediate act of aggression? What started the original disagreement? Was badaltaken? What brought about the reconciliation? What probably caused the reconciliation? , Intermediate Pashto Unit 26:sc:,1_,I; Workbook 130 Exercise T2. Write the following fable (collected by a British military official In the I 830s, from Pashtuns in the Banu area In present-day Pakistan) as your teacher dictates it. jungle n, 11 irreg. (dzangal) tailn, F2 [lakay] running n F [mange) burn der. intr. Isati keg-) I - Workbook 131 Intermediate Pashto Unit 26. its-a-I J Exercisd 3. Review: write the tense forms of the following irregularverbs in the blank spaces below. Pres, Imp. Pres. Pert Past Imp. Past Pert Infinitive J3-,4 J.; -/"."' Jjj Ja-t+-TS ji:Jj A... phrases with their English equivalents, Exercise 4. Match theL. 1 44 4.75.3 4.1..... 4... 'a while ago' T 0. 2 ago' ssi;...*.3.,... ALI. 3'front, face' . 3 4155 t""41 4 'Goodbye' J.:S eLl t... ..3 5'head towards' 6'In front of 7'previously' t- 'respect, care about' 9'straight' 10 'turn toward (me)' krq5"" Intermediate Pashto Unit 25:sip j Workbook 132 Exercise 5Give literal translations, then idiomatic English equivalents (you might have to be creative) for the following phrases a.Pashto: 4.; Literal translation. Idiomatic equivalent. b Pashto:. 4.1 Li. 3.t;JJJI,y. LL. s5.3 Literal translation: Idiomatic equivalent c.Pashto: . Literal translation idiomatic equivalent. d Pashto: ".1_to a 4.2.4.a Literal translation Idiomatic equivalent Pashto 416.1/i Literal translation Idiomatic equivalent: fPashto..`) S-57" Literal translation Idiomatic equivalent Intermediate Pashto Unit 26:4,7,1);:.J1 za)a Workbook 133 g. Pashto: rt., ja Literal translation. Idiomatic equivalent. h. Pashto: .ozjr.5 y.3.3 Literal translation: Idiomatic equivalent: I.Pashto: jia. As.:11.c5.,.. Literal translation. Idiomatic equivalent: j.Pashto: .03 4115 4.5.s.z 41.6 (Read Exercise 7) Literal translation. Idiomatic equivalent: k. Pashto:tiz...c Literal translation. Idiomatic equivalent: I.Pashto: V V Literal translation. Idiomatic equivalent- 4. Intermediate Pashto Unit 26: ,v951.-.:, Workbook 134 Exercise 6. Read the following proverb and story (retold from I _tit...3, a book of Pashto proverbs and the stories behind them, collected by Mahmud Mosa KhEn) r133 415 3 ..11 L.4. s9-414 s5-1-4-:' Jjgse.41 41 -7641. or- ye 4..r4JjgJ.., a J.:11. j110.4 470, . rig 40.5 4-:s9.2 vrT' $ 76.4.,e4"-1t..5 3.4 s6":= 4-C1 1.5.9t.r5 415":: 4,155 j 3,94 LI. 4.15 .3 4,1sp.! ss,;.".1 415.i.kr.1 : jirt4.; j_tg 4;s5LI. 1 .5 L5,,.5 "1.., 91 0.1ss-4 J. se.4-5 att 41.4-1,-C °_9&.9 J SS 3 41454e11.)T".415-414 3 s5 r" 4:)1.5116. L5,-- J-1,0 jj4`; .Y0) -14 y z se.4.:),1-4- 4.5 4e .54 45) 4. 1 4.1 oi).10... 3 s5-4,...? iro 475 .5 t 63.17. yn" 4t ye.415 4.15., J9 Ji ye. 419:$ 4191-;-1. _91 4.J-1:' 40 .4L.j s..4.3.4 3 r.ib v".14. . 4 4151., 4..5.e 1j 4; 4.1 5 . L5 a 415g jf :11.5 o a411 J J Cr 7..4.4.J6 ss.S. 4.1.a J,A3 44 lt 4.tI aLT:J... Li3 4.15 .3 .11 LI .5(15 a 44 n j1 6..a;LI ,L1 415.1, t.5 Lb; 4.1.Cts cowardly adj 4 fbéghayratai reason n, 112(khRSr] consult phr. [sal5 kaw-] game n, F 1Ilóbal permission n, F I[ijazé] D 34 I be embarrassed smp. int. [sharmég-) Intermediate Pashto Uni t 26:v7,11.1;)1 Workbook 135 Answers Exercise T I. Storu 1 Whose honor was Spin's Malak Anwar's attacked? Who was the aggressor? Khushal Ka lim What was the immediate act Khushal shot Spin. Malak Anwar's daughter of aggression? ran away to Ka lim's house ... _. What started the ori- Khushal thought that Malak Anwar refused to ginal disagreement? Spin had cheated him. give his daughter to Ka lim. Was badaltaken? No. Yes. What brought about Khushal sent his mother The narrator doesn't say. the reconciliation? to apologize. What probably caused Khushal was sorry to Both families were probably the reconciliation? have shot his friend, upset about the bloodshed. Exercise T2. j c)1_, 41.5.5 Ad< J..,I 4.S..1 .1 .,0SJ0 j jl j..1 Ljt . oj _pe jL.r..5 .L5.4. 4;4K-! %,$../.4 410 1.A.J1 4..cal . j 4; 4-0 4.4.411) ,t5KJ t..;-! C4-6 -A* 4,1614 411.46"1S.5 IX" ,/I trigj J1 4.,1 J1 ot;J J 4;41<;-; .K.1 a .31J.,.1 4157, 4.; 41 j 4.! 4 .t . Intermediate Pashto Unit 26: III; )1 Workbook 136 Exercise3. Pres_ Inui. Pres. Pert, Past Imo, Efill tYfirt Infinitive --Lo" L -.4 L., 4 "2:. "1.0 '-'11. i.."° .-..1im.*:. .24.0 j:*O Le --.'L.:1 3 it jilt a-t÷TS ai-÷"r5 J.5.t.4.7.s J,75,5 -is .75J J,5 Jig -..t, I, -.L.; 1, --ia 1, Exercise4. 'Goodbye'_4_4415.3 .t..a 'a while ago'_1_ 4r4(;...... 51.4it in front of _6_ sg.5 'respect, care about' _B_ ki.:S 4;t.4 a 'previously'_7_41... .3 'front, face' _3_ 'turn toward (me)'_10_ Jji/J 'head towards' _s_ LitS. 'straight'_9_ 'ago' _2_ 4191'..N.... Exercise 5 a Pashto.v) Jo* 4,70... 47: Literal translation. by means of a full stomach Idiomatic equivalent: comfortable, well off b. Pashto: .31,11.t. 4. S53 Literal translation: to buile oneself up to all effort Idiomatic equivalent to dress .;), dress to the nines, get oneself up c Pashto: .4.75 Literal translation'I used patience idiomatic equivalent: I was patient 4. I .; Intermediate Pashto Unit 26.Se-1 I - Workbook 137 d. Pashto: la 4541.441 Literal translation: of Shamay then of all of the Musakhels Idiomatic equivalent: of Shamay, let alone all of the Musakhels e.Pashto: ssil Ij Literal translation: [my] heart told me... Idiomatic equivalent: I really wanted to... f. Pashto: .3 Li 4.9.. LI Literal translation: keep oneself quiet Idiomatic equivalent: keep quiet, keep one's mouth shut g. Pashto: j di; j j Literal translation: ifI tell you the truth Idiomatic equivalent: to tell the truth... h.Pashto: AA/AS4v)..)a,ti5JI ad-4 La.3 v Literal translation: someone feels like trouble Idiomatic equivalent: someone wants to make trouble I.Pashto: Lila. Literal translation: What condition was Saray's household? Idiomatic equivalent: What happened at the Barays'? 1.Pashto: .4.5a 4195 0.4,44 41 47: 3.0jl Literal translation: the honor is In the money Idiomatic equivalent: honor is not as important as money k.Pashto: j:_.. 4jJ 45 Literal translation: to look standing up at everyone Idiomatic equivalent: hold one's head up in front of everyone, race everyone 1. Pashto: j_7S kSv..j Literal translation: to look with light eye Idiomatic equivalent: to insult Intermediate Pashto Unit 27: 45.,, Workbook 138 Unit 27: 4ca Unit Overview The topic of this unit is the Pashtun prga, and its relationship to the Afghan loys prga, orparliament. In the Section 1 reading, the prga is explained. The conversation in Section 2 gives an example of a traditional prga. In Section 3, excerpts from a long article on the history of the Afghan prga are given. And the Diversions in Section 4 consist of a landay and a couplet of Khushal Khin Khattak's, both of which mention a prga. Preview to Section 1:Reeding This reading explains how a traditional Pashtun prga works, and contrasts it with the loya prga which is a component of modern Afghan governments. CLutvrel notes.In the third paragraph, the author stresses the democratic nature of the traditional prga, in that the usual strictures on young people to defer to their elders are ignored in the prga.Underlying the discussion is the assumption Liat the representatives in a prga are not chosen solely on the basis of their social status: a young man who has demonstrated his worth is a viable candidate, and, once he is a member of the prga, is considered free to express his opinions and disagree with those of others. Aor_daugill, The difference between the two words glossed as 'courage is that one of them is Pashto, and the other is Arabic. You by now undoubtedly expect an Arabic noun to have a regular set of Pashto endings, and an additional set of endings which reflect the noun's Arabic origins. Some Arabic nouns end in (-al, and are regular F Inouns. When these nouns occur with their Arabic plurals, however, they are masculine: they occur with masculine adjectives and masculine verb endings. Two of these hermaphrodite nouns are.1..-fu and ;they are regular F Inouns, but their Arabic plurals 4.11.4 and 4.,Le.71:, respectively, are mascuiine Nouns like these are marked in the Glossary as follows. belief17, FL Ar. pl[arlayidJ L is Masc. Unit 27 faclidal asta.a. opinion n, F1. Ar pl[nazar1ySt1 is Masc. Unit 27 Inazer-10 4. Intermediate Pashto Unit 27: 4.c Workbook 139 Preview to Section 2: Conversation In this conversation, Theresa asks AmNn to give her an example of a problem that was solved with a Jirga.The incident AmEin talks about actually happened, some time ago in a village close to Kabul. Ward studu, The phrase 3 4, .1 is literally something like 'there was a good sufficiency in his arm'. Idiomatically, it means that the person in question had family to back him up. The word 415.11f refers to someone who has been put in jail (by the police), not someone who has been taken prisoner or hostage. The various people in Am3n's story were arrested and jailed by the local police, not taken prisoner by the other faction. Preview to Section 3: Reading This reading gives excerpts from a long article on the history of tha Afghan loge Jirga. Habibullah Raft is a Pashtun writer. The journal Qatam is published in Peshawar every two months, end includes articles in Pashto and Dari on the social sciences. The excerpts describe the first recorded Jirgas in the history of the Pashtuns (don't forget that all and only Pashtuns were called Afghans until the creation of the modern Afghan state) in the beginning of the 18th century. The 1922 Jirga mentioned in the reading in Section 1, in contrast, was the first loya Jirga including others besides Pashtuns. Preview to Section 4:Diversions The speaker in the landay is a woman, playfully complaining about her lover and threatening to convene a Jirga (in this case it might also have been nanawate) to solve her problem. The couplet from Khushal Khlin Khattak is part of a long poem in which the poet is urging Pashtuns to fight for their territory and rights against outside oppressors , Intermediate Pashto Unit 27:4g,,.?. Workbook 140 Unit 27 Exercises Exercise T I.Write the paragraph that your teacher dictates. Then create glossary entries for the new words In the paragraph, combining the glosses, grammatical information, transcriptions and Pashto words given below. The oaragraok The glossary Items: Glosses firammalta,1 info Trfinsarlo Ups gastric! actually n, 113 [drund) clia.,0 I firmness 717-Ft (ghara gharaw=1 415.5 Ij overturn, violate n, F3 jist1151 "SZffr punishment n, F3 (klakwSlayI 611-5-) 3 severe adj I [pa waqiyiit kg] vtorre phr. (sazSI .17 term, word phr. ftigort (5j1,5j5 Example. stone n, F IRiga) Intermediate Pashto Unit 27: Si.t Workbook 141 Exercise T2. Listen to the account, then answer the questions. 1. What does (43g1 SI,) probably mean in English? 2. -4711 usually mgans 'pull out or 'extract'. What is a better translation in the context of this passage? 3.Is the village still in existence? How do you know? 4.In earlier units 45A-. was translated as 'farm' What is a better translation for the word as it is used in the passage? 5 Why was a Jirga convened? Intermediate Pashto Unit 27: kr. Workbook 142 Exercise T3. Listen to the sentences, then use the information to finish the following sentences Att. 4.3 ,3 ,3 JJ . 1 1-r1-.: rJL-U t.")L: VA-%_,Malt-g T 4..z. .3 .t.1 .c.La .t.1..0 L5 D i'iLd% Lz...;1-Lil L5J.,6 4tr ,3 j j.g....r.1 pc.; . Intermediate Pashto Unit 27: Si... Workbook 143 Exercise 4. The second paragraph in Section 3 is reproduced below with the exact spelling, spacing of letters and words, and typographical errors as it was published in the magazine. Without looking at Section 3, rewrite the passage with 'conventional' spelling and spacing. .11,14.6 416.1. sog Jr 43 myr.er 41 ssg ,0 J-L" 4-4 SE V Lwj tr5 wrc 4.3 sst jja ji jajtj:S 41. DJ1t.,4,-=sgt 41$1 JAI& Jjj-t4 1LII4.47: 4T5JLt0---LL,5.11,..3 z--1..y 1.ribua. t 4195 1 Intermediate Pashto Unit 27: .S.e. Workbook 144 Exercise 5.Group the following words into the appropriate categories z....." gt., I v7.7.. '5.,i 3 4...5 aI 31 0.3 ..,... 1..; '7°1:7'. it''' 45:-...* i .3 '11 ,=....e..a.. rh-rt L.514.....? a l.5 '1": VT°._J.3 ..1-1-1 a.., '7-7:.'"*.,"; Dad things good things: Int rmediate Pashto Unit 27: Workbook 145 Exercise 6,Review of 'Impersonal transitives". Rewrite the following sentences so that they reflect present or future time rather than the past 4.:166 sgS. 5 .pr4 1J, I 4t 41lJ L.: 3 . 47:Z)-/.4 cr971 L° I _I Lsr"? 4 rt-L Ia *J'aTIT:j jj 4.J J IS *.1-41 io-Y 4-; Le a 1 .o J .5 4.6 4.1 4,5SLskS 1 a 6-1-r-C-'3.,495Lit; Ji; src 4.31j 1..zi .v II ) Intermediate Pashto Unit 27: krt. Workbook 146 Exercise 7. Read the following passage, on the origins of the two kinds of jlrga , for information and review L. LYd/3 J1.1; J'e ii 3 4t yqg 1..t"'1. 3_tg_r!*.1."3 Agal. LIP 1j 4.'; 4:1 LTA I ul<.:1 ip) ill:: I41 rig t"..i1:" a 3 4"t utei4.5-4L.' la Jig) 0"" Let-e-ttI ..t; yrat--3 J1J-; J.a. Op J EIJJ 4; _70 cri.g*_)-t31.) 4.3 4t.(51'. Liz64 0-111.it; '30,-1' 1 44J.J 1 ,J-1"-. LT"17: 3 1:1":-+:3 41* ss. sg-e..t5 Lt. I1..15.: 43 4.1; 4.3 .3tr-Li IAA Ai:: 3 1. slg1 V 0 31j vi 4igg../1 -r5 ""g cSi-.1- k;) Lr.e. c)1.,t1 419g s_21.1 c)1:.1..4i I4..r yrS s$ .3 6:-',63 .1-2 jI ,J 401.1..., ,=_J 3.3.51.1.,0 4.;L historical background n, F 1.Ar. Pl. [sawaimiql,3,*.Ii... concrete ati]I fmushakh6s1 Aryan Brij 4 laryayll 0_2 studies n, F IAr pl. [mutlle7St) custom n, 11 2 IrawSJI domination n, Fl(salatS1, fsult614.1.L. independent Brij 1 [mustaqéll act phr [icidam kaw-=I Intermediate Pashto Unit 27: Workbook 147 Answers Exercise T I. The naragraDh: a 4-t,415 Lye 4 ss-La-r.j1 a yg ba...taii I 1.126.01 411.:, .3 0..314.7.-5ss.e. $14-1 at .p.r..5 -,-*t 44,r5 4 4.L L.)1J-CIS 13-- o_yo) L5JJ 4,..! i1L.).3,7e a)1. j_rt 0-51;4'5,1641":" .0.Prgjigjj The 91099 aru ite,me term, word n, F3 ItstilS] cl_16.0 actually phr. (pa waqiy6t kel sg5 severe adJ IfdrundI j punishment n, F3 EsazillI 3..0 firmness n, 1413klakwSlay] overturn, violate phr, igh5r:8 gharawL1 Av3La Exer .1se T2. I 'field' or 'plain' 2'dig' 3Yes, It isThe description of the location and inhabitants In the first paragraph, and the description of the new farms in the second paragraph, are int epresent tense 4'land' 5 To arrange for the digging of the 1rr1g8tion ditchit had to be a community effort Exercise 13. Something along the following lines: V %'" k.5 .5.7 S- I L U.3 I at 0.5Lz. 1.JeLLth 4:L.JI zlL. I L5 ir 475.5 tlak JL5 T 4t: it,17: itI-1U' ""al ..1463' j-:"C' .5 ..575 yre. L5-; Intermediate Pashto Unit 27: Workbook 148 y ÷..:3 cAl j . 3 re" _)4 _rim) z_,i..411 a 41.L5 0,1 4.1.6 I 3L5 j.),* . . .3 4.. a...a. I v . .)--C:d 5 j5-1,z.1 AA; Exercise4. a .3..°('.,-;"3 se"?.--e' 3.9rA34'ts5-5Li.r1 '5 .0)7'1 4- 1:1,J,Cr.:S.)S3 E V L.: 0,"dyi4,s% 0-14;. 4J JL s.4.e. AL,4t0 JUL.w 4L; ji1 (rSim.) j..11.:1 y .A75 4; & Ijsszo j ja 1 j aJ1 J Ljt1 ss 3 41 4.57ci 0.) itail! ss.or jI j 1:8 4.5 3I 31 LS 0".L. j ';',11") t_r":.' ssg 4,5 4;'kI5J Exercise 5. Bad things Good things L5.3131 3 3 4gi_t1 L.`II"; J.! rtuj LJIJ,J r Intermediate Pashto Unit 27:4.c.j. Workbook 149 Exercise 5. ya. . 415 tj _I -1ja I '34'" 4"'" LI. .r IbIC. .T 4z, Le 3 _y-t ye. 46 1-C j (...7:U j.è 41. j J.& . "0i 4.1 A imbel .o LL.. 41 b.)a-;"6jaZ1.4.)/ bits. .LJ .415,5 0.1.5 4. . 414 JP1 .":".a. ..,j/4": S-gr JL; -5y .0.5;13 -,1;4*4j 4r95 Intermediate Pashto Unit 28: Workbook 150 Unit 213: jui Unit Overview The focus of this unit is on Pashtun village life. Sections 13 contain the short story ji.), /e.,about Pashtun life and the inequalities between the lives of the rich and the poor. Section 4, Diversions, is a humorous fabh/story about a donkey and an ox and their attempts to get out of work. Preview to Section 1:The Story Begins Before the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, the Afghan government's Ministry of Culture encouraged writers, musicians and artists by awarding yearly prizes to the best pieces of art in various division. This story, written by the Pashtun author of this textbook when he was a member of the Pashto Academy, was submitted to the Ministry's competition in 1958, and won first prize in the short story division. The story reflects the author's experiences when he was growing up. The story contains a number of words from other dialects of Pashto besides the author's native Kabul dialect, The author comments that he was one of the first generation to attend schools in which Pashto became the medium of instruction. The textbooks used in these schools were for the most part in the Kandahar dialect, and the author's vocabulary was expanded accordingly. He says that at the time he wrote the story, he still felt that these 'bookish' words had a certain cachet, and he used them for that reason. Now, he says, he does not consciously choose one dialect's word over another's. In this first part of the story, the author introduces the narrator, sets the scene and describes one of the characters. Cultural notes. The story is set in a village in the Kabul province. Roofs in that province are flat, and made of mud and clay; they must be shoveled in the winter to prevent damage from the weight of the snow and leaking as it melts. Shoveling the roof is one of the chores assigned to boys. The walls of the rooms in a kalg or smaller compound are usually built up about a foot or two higher than the flat roof, providing a low barrier.Snow on the roof has to be lifted over this barrier and dumped onto the ground below, either outside the )(all or between the rooms. The author remembers that sometimes after shoveling a roof and throwing the snow in the alleyway between rooms, there was so much piled-up snow in the alley he could walk from one roof to the other. Intermediate Pashto Unit 28: Workbook 151 The author's purpose, in his description of Rasul Kaka's clothes, was to show how poor the man was: his clothes were not only patched and ragged, they were not heavy enough to begin with for the cold weather. The implication is that Rasul Kaka has vv.-spped himself up in sverything he can find - with comical results -, and what he has been able to fird isn't much. Word sludg.The phrase nl.A. JILL 4.describes the way one has to walk through thigh-deep snow: picking one's krises up high so that one's feet clear the surface of the snow, rather than ploughing through it. The effect is humorous, and not particularly respectful of the Mullah. A 04 I is the drawstring that holds one's partug up. It's not supposed to show, and Rasul Kaka's using one to wrap his pantlegs and socks is a statement as to how desperate he really is The phrase4yij 6..-.).:S14a 4.. 45.11translates literally as 'since they are the nights and days of boyhood', and idiomatically as 'since these are my boyhood days' Preview to Section 2:The Story Continues In this part of the story, the heroine appears and is described, and the narrator observes her actions, ,Cultural notes. The term j"ji does not translate conveniently into English. Unmarried girls traditionally cut the hair growing along the sides of their faces short about chin length - and these locks of hair are jl . The Pashto word carries poetic, romantic meaning, as can be seen in the following landays: 1%751j *LI 4 40.176.-ir 4-1 4-141-) 4,545.4 [spine spogm6y ta sa khwla rSka pa taragmay ke de worbál khwlé ta ridzi na] Come into the silver moonlight and kiss me In the darkness your worbal blocks mg way. ,- ss 4.; J.,. 1; 1t Intermediate Pashto Unit 28: je Workbook 152 4.a. LA" t5 4.11"5. ste (more kochySno ta me wiirka tse tor worbill me de klgd6y shamal wahl-nal Mother, give me to a Kuchl That my black worbal will be blown by the wind of their tents The use of J,,P In the title of the story is an immediate indication that the story is about a girl, and that there Is something romantic going on The description of the girl and her clothes Is both provocative (the narrator, who the author says is about thirteen, is clearly smitten with the girl, who is a little older) and indicative of her extreme poverty. Spogmay has on the usual kamis and partug, but they ara worn and thread-bare, and not nearly heavy enough for the weather.Her partug is of a different style from that described in Unit 13: It is effectively a very full culotte with embroidered pantlegs ending just below her knees. It is gathered (voluminously) at the waist with a drawstring. "The narrator can see the girl's bare calves and arms because the partug doesn't cover them; he can catch glimpses of her thighs and breasts because the material is worn into holes in places _Word studu. The phrase c,LIJ4154.61; translates literally as 'almost completely naked but the Pashto phrase entails the wearing of a lot more clothes than its literal English translation. 4.1.1.1 is an adjective meaning 'naked' or 'bare'; It occurs in the phrase t.IJ as well, .)1..1,is meaningless except in this phrase, where It contributes the notion 'completely' r['LI. .3 refers to the fifteenth of the lunar month, when the moon is full 4;15 .3 is a room with an 01 :In In it, usually used for cooking but also a warm place to be during the winter The popcorn shop in the story in Unit 25 was a 4; ISa lz Preview to Section 3:The Story Concludes In this secticn, the narrator mentally follows the girl into the room, and imagines what she does and what she is thinking about 4 , I ) .1 Intermediate Pashto Unit 28: Workbook 153 Cultural notes The narrator's phrase t ti jl 43,rt in the next to last paragraph doesn't tran3late conveniently: It carries the notion that Spogmay Is not capable of such thoughts. The author comments that the narrator considers himself more sophisticated (he has presumably been to school, whereas Spogmay has not), and therefore more able to perceive the inequalities he has imagined Spogmay thinking about. Word studg. ji.ar; translates most exactly as 'prop upright'; the narrator stuck his snow shovel into a snow bank. 'corn bread' is considered to be what you eat when you don't have and can't afford anything else. A 4:.L.oji;is a room in which there are ducts built into the floor which carry heat from a stove to the entire room The words 0_1.34P;',d 0.3.4both refer to being a foreigner, but do not necessarily entail going from one country to another. Spogmay's brothers have gone away to look for work, but have probably not gone farther than a different province. Preview to Section 4:Diversions The story in this section is one of a collection entitled [shekh chali1 tt-4 written by Sayid Masten Shah Gamgin, and published in Peshawar. 'Sheikh Chali' is a clever trickster in traditional Pashtun folklore. Intermediate Pashto Unit 2 0: jtjj j.t Workbook 154 Unit 2B Exercises Exercise T I.Listen to the story, then answer the questions NalIns Verbs kite /12(gugi parlinj L51).". fly der. tr.[jagaw=-) courtyard tl Irreg. [angál pullder. tr. [kas.;kawl ot..5 sole (of foot) F I[We)41.; step off der. int. [khan keg-I --..1)TS step 112 tom] rtg be confident der. Int. lcga klig-1-iv0314 Phrases Adjectivg start to fall phr, [pa 11ted6 sa--1- jarezr; upright adj 1[shakhit...t backwards phr. [pa shillU heart pounds phr. [zra drabég-1 . bj 1..0 415.Ji .T .1.1_,JJ UJ t ...ot4..LS. 4-"Z 4 au. 0 .4 Lha _3 J."' 4,197.1 Intermediate Pashto Unit 28: Lj.;jj Workbook 155 Exercise T2. Listen to the following statements about the story, and mark whether they are true or false True false Lae Falsa iraa Fallq 1 6 11 2. 7 12 3. 13 14 5. 10 15 Exercise 3.Give idiomatic English (be creative!) equivalents for the following phrases from the story. 4; J.$1,11 4,55_,4*-0 454'.1,-111-" 41. .ops 4;Cr"...6Jte L; I 41 0., 4,5-P*t LOJi JO 41 at if; J-13 .3 J 4,65 Ji; 3 "jj.5.5'"°44hS 47;k.5,./'e 4;4.t. r-6 Intermadiate Pashto Unit 25: cji" Workbook 156 .)(+0;.t z L3 4.:01L-4. 4J .IT YJL5 4:jiag tt I 1 0 45..01.1 L,. . Exercise 4.Give the Eastern dialect equivalent and the English translation for the following words from the storg EnglIsq Eastern dialect Other diajects JD Lst -21 L.r1 Intermediate Pashto Unit 28: jiij Workbook 157 Exercise 5. Rewrite the following paragraphs from the story In past tense .3 . 44 419S -4 41.L5.3 75.5 kr51-.4-! Ye"-P5aLf (57-411 L5erf L.a Lt11,LL j1tit;j 41t.541 4.5.K:, 031j.e. vL; S -3 i);.0; 315 (5 1è L.i *L;I:r1-,"41.7C.t;JJ JJ4 t14:f J1 4'. 4'1 4, a .L5.13,1 c.>. 4-11-1se. 01-11.-1-1 4.)e.41 .T 1 p: Vt-1 4,7-4." 4 LI a ji.;is4.5.2.1.3 ot,j1 4_LIT: jLe 0,5 1.;" 4 4.7.5.):11. 404.1i1 ..."1:S e. J1J..1 ji Jiit 0.1-.:11LT-4 ,L,-0-6.3a ye.Di-" Intermediate Pashto Unit 28: J.! Workbook 158 3 Ozir-l_tli. 4:5 '1.)1-15 41..,r:J1L.5":;ii."-: 31J J1 c5p-5 l.5-Y-Cla L3 4.5-11 ss; Exercise 6.Order the following events In the story. 0,75J i"^.-P-tr°°* 41* OU s5" J1-t1 J,,s J-relsstJLi; tTi../j1j A-Ch 4,50` s5./t) & 4-1 454V-9-;" . j 45 J 415 j .6,75 4.11 4.7-c LS IS ji .L1 j 0,; L.14 se.J.)-t-r* z I_4 j N.S. .3 j.r. Ow) _ _ s5; 4.)14: 4:; jjI, id A j.11. .75..)iii)e j (Sig I7 & s9.5 j",11/' . 4.1...K..t rtl die"gi 40:5 jjli 47; 4;SSI; '5 4j Intermediate Pashto Unit 26: Workbook 159 Exercise 7. The first part of the story in Section 4 has been reproduced below. Rewrite it with 'conventional' spacing end punctuation. 1113 4541-1_041.41L54 il s5.Ln:J. 6.0.04-tLitjØZ r.,2-Ciraidl(-663 4r 6:5 Id) Cla4'465-)14-21 4"r je.jinC. J./6./:' 4.1 V 1.3 ,1:f sr- -JL" 4 V L5".14 4)"11". Intermediate Pashto Unit 28: j, Workbook 160 Answers Exercise T 1. ./.15 jI L.5.,5 4 c)1_,1,,53Js a. 4i.5.5 .T j.rIif 3,:j1j.) Lt 4.t 414. c.4 L53 J.1 J.)4-r 0-1 te. I_te ° Exercise12. True False True False False 1 6 2 ____x____ 7 x_ 3 4 g 5 10 Exercise 3. 'I looked around' JJ,1 t19S. :4 4; 'the full moon' 6 . 'the situation didn't stay like -*;TSkrs; LI4"0:1-6Jtv4 M4 41 this very long' would go hungry 4.! jLJ .t that night' 'fingers stiff from the cold' 'the chattering of (her) teeth' (174 I ) 3 'she got lost in thought' 4,5 Lit; .r5-i3 'a full stomach' ..ti At.* 41SI 'money begets money' 'I have nothing to say' 'bubbling on the stove' 1;; 47; 5...,-;1".4;8 . 11 'mg train of thought was interrupted' sr2 aL. 3 . I 01 I II Workbook 161 Intermediate Pashto Unit 28: jtjj 43J 't 'to myself' ..yao 1:44 5 44:1 t5 . 'otherwise' 41.5 V.3jt..? Ss .o 'the field across which the 3 '4-19_5_71 4;9 city road lay' Exercise4. English Eastern dialect Other dialgcts, 'spread' 'neighbor' 'wind' 'open' J.1319 'cotton' t 'yesterday' Sr! 4.5e.I.,, 'traveler, foreigner' ji l,.... 'God' 'stone' op..: a 'summer' Exercise 5. 1.5.31 . .101.5,4 ...t.;.1.1 ciL 4 1S LA, 45 I ..":"A J1S 415 .3.1..).; 3 1.51.5 " JJ4 tt-.'J1 4./ 4-tb, 415-115 ssie .3 i.e. 4-11 " (51-1-elit 4J:1. J1 yJ 4e 41 . I ifa 4.0 j.ot0.S*j c)Lt j 4:<-1-.4.40. c1511 ie. _)-; 1 _3 ss7:'t 91 (75 4.,;" 1/4.5-re j;L ,r, j J..: jJ -OLT' j9 91 -1-1119 t'a krs-:.' 1" 11 I r INI 1 I Intermediate Pashto Unit 28: ).? Workbook 162 ss;i5 AJI-1:" '5/-'4'1.4 3 1J yt ji c$J.L. j ratb 4S.1.; 4 4.1., sgl sg; .t5 cid sf.I.3 s5A.6 Exercise 6. a4..z. 5L J 4,145 40 tea 'J175 J1E1 41-4-2 jzp:" L J 4.1 j...1 4.5a. .3 3 1.! _V-- a.04 A 4 4.7.S. 4.1 LS 4.1 s6; 1 1_ j '3 A.,'str'i,i-r"4J J Jty-ctrg _ . I_4 1.5 A ss; 1 J01- ..)"1. 151.5 t .,r5.3 i) J.9-/prt, 1-515 at-id 0 t-r`.°src JjIj Jr-rtiJ ..lrito .75..; .3Li I1..5.1J 3 _ 1 47, rat j1,..S...1 . j %,,U,41 4.er ie+ As. 45 1 Exercise 7. _t it ay... A 7: J1 j 4 J1 La A Ls!. .54e.). 4-1).54-d J.:" _ta J1 4rW 112* tj4. 41.° 3 .51 f5J.,r"; iLLA. 4.t. j A r1,1 4 a 4.1.-&.7: LLJ L4 41 4.4 4.t.4.. L7 j1 147.