URALIC

OSMO IKOLA and AULIS J. JOKI

Linguistics like all scholarly work is a matter of international interest. Thus in a paper like this one could treat Western Europe as a whole without any boundaries between countries. But in this respect there does not even exist a boundary between Western Europe on one hand and Eastern Europe or America on the other. But the starting point is geographical. We have chosen the alternative of dealing separately with the linguistic work done in different Western European countries. This choice has some disadvantages but, nevertheless, this arrangement seems to be the most appropriate. Although the linguistic discussion does not respect the boundaries of countries, there are certain principal trends, certain focuses within Uralic linguistics in each country. Since Uralic linguistics in the Soviet Union (Estonia included) and Hungary is out- side the present topic, Finland has quantitatively an indisputable leadership among the countries to be covered. Therefore we will start with Finland. The other countries where Uralic linguistics is carried on to a considerable extent will follow in geographi- cal order. After that the remaining countries will be briefly treated in an analogous order.

FINLAND

Organization of the Work

Chairs at universities. At the University of Helsinki a chair for Finnish language and literature was established in 1850 (the first professor was M. A. Castrón) and one for Finno-Ugric linguistics in 1892. At present there are five full professorships in the field: two for Finnish, one especially for Finnish onomastics, one for Balto-Finnic languages, and one for Finno-Ugric linguistics. Since World War I professors of Finnish have been E. N. Setálá, M. Rapóla, L. Hakulinen, P. Virtaranta, and Terho Itkonen (Virtaranta and Itkonen hold office at present). During the same period professors of Finno-Ugric linguistics have been Y. Wichmann, Y. H. Toivonen, P. Ravila, E. Itkonen and, at present, A.J. Joki. From 1938 L. Kettunen was professor of Balto-Finnic languages, and his successor is L. Posti. V.Nissilá has been professor of Finnish, especially onomastics, since 1969. Further, there is a professor of Finnish, R. E. Nirvi. 1694 OSMO IKOLA AND AULIS J. JOKI The second largest academic center for Uralic linguistics is the University of Turku. Since the foundation of this university (1920) there has been a professorship for Finnish and related languages. At this time there is one for Finnish and one for Finno- Ugric linguistics. Professors for Finnish and related languages have been H. Ojansuu, M. Rapola, N. Ikola, P. Ravila, and O. Ikola, who is professor of Finnish at present. M. Liimola has been professor of Finno-Ugric linguistics since 1964. In addition to the Finnish university there is a Swedish university in Turku, too, bearing the name Abo Academy. Since 1964 it has had a professor of Finnish language and literature, G. Karlsson. Besides the three universities mentioned so far, there are three new universities in Finland, and each of them has a chair for Finnish. At the Institute of Paedagogics of Jyvaskyla A. Penttila was professor of Finnish beginning 1936. In 1966 the Institute was made a university, and in the next year H. Leskinen succeeded Penttila as professor of Finnish. At the University of Tampere, P. Siro has been professor of Finnish since 1965. At the University of Oulu, P. Saukkonen was appointed professor of Finnish in 1967. Most of the Finnish universities have one or two associate professors of Finnish, and each of them has a department of Finnish. Additionally, the universities of Helsinki and Turku have departments of Finno-Ugric linguistics.

Institutes and archives. The most central of the many institutes and archives in the field of Finnish linguistics is the Dictionary Foundation (Sanakirjasaatio) in Helsinki. It was founded in 1916 and its principal task is to compile a complete dictionary of spoken Finnish dialects. At the same time the collection serves scholars as a dialect archive. At present, there are about six million slips with information on dialect expressions. The departments of Finnish in Turku and Jyvaskyla have microfilm copies of this collection. At present, T. Tuomi is the leader of the Dictionary Founda- tion. Beside the dialect dictionary, a dictionary of Old Literary Finnish is being prepared at the Dictionary Foundation, under the direction of M. Rapola. Since 1915 there has existed an organization for the collection and research of Finnish proper nouns, the present name of which is the Finnish Name Archive (Suomen nimiarkisto). The collection of place names contains at this time nearly one and a half million slips. V. Nissila is the director of the Archive. The Research Institute for Languages and Cultures Related to Finnish (Tutkimus- laitos Suomen suku) was established by E.N. Setala in 1930. Its primary aim is to compile an etymological dictionary of Finnish. Four volumes have appeared thus far (Toivonen, Itkonen, and Joki 1955-69). In addition, the Institute has also published in facsimile the Finnish-Swedish-Latin dictionary of Christfrid Ganander (1937-40), which was completed in 1787 but remained in manuscript until 1937. E. Itkonen is the head of the Institute. The most important linguistic task of the Department of Finnish at the University of Helsinki is the collection of morphological material from Finnish dialects. This URALIC 1695 work was started in 1967 under the direction of Terho Itkonen. At the Department of Finnish at the University of Turku, since 1967, syntactic material has been collected from Finnish dialects and prepared for computer work. This work is led by O. Ikola. The development of tape recorders has enabled us to record speech more effectively than before. For this aim a Finnish Record Archive (Suomert kielen nauhoitearkisto) was established in Helsinki in 1959, under the direction of P. Virtaranta. The goal is to record some thirty hours in each of the approximately 500 Finnish-speaking parishes in Finland. In 1969 more than a half of this task had been accomplished, in total about 11,200 hours of tape. In addition to the recordings of Finnish there are record- ings of about 1,200 hours of other Uralic languages. In addition, the Department of Finnish at the University of Turku has a considerable tape archive of Finnish dialects. There are approximately 2,500 hours of dialect recordings, primarily from Southwest Finland.

Societies and periodicals. The Finno-Ugric Society (Société Finno-ougrienne/Suoma- lais-ugrilainen Seura, founded in Helsinki, 1883) has done very important work in sending out scholars to different Uralic peoples. During several decades many lin- guists have worked preparing collections of materials for press, compiling dictionaries, etc., financed by the Society. The most important series of publications of the Finno- Ugric Society are the following: Journal de la Société Finno-ougrienne (Suomalais- ugrilaisen Seuran aikakauskirja), Mémoires de la Société Finno-ougrienne (Suomalais- ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia), Lexica Societatis Fenno-JJgricae, Hilfsmittel fur das Studium der finnisch-ugrischen Sprachen. Further, the journal Finnisch-ugrische For- schungen is closely associated with the Finno-Ugric Society. This journal contains papers written in the major world languages, while in the publication series mentioned above the use of Finnish is also allowed. Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura (The Finnish Literature Society, founded in Helsinki, 1831) is chiefly confined to the study of Finnish and Balto-Finnic linguistics, literature, and ethnology. Its series of publications Suomi has come out since 1841, mostly in Finnish with summaries in other languages. Another series of publications of the Society is Studia Fennica, which contains papers and studies written in French, English, or German. The Tietolipas series includes studies and academic textbooks on linguistic and related subjects. Kotikielen Seura (The Native Language Society, founded in Helsinki, 1876) publishes the review Virittàjâ which contains papers written in Finnish, but with summaries in other languages. Suomen Kielen Seura (The Finnish Language Society, founded in Turku, 1929) publishes a yearbook, Sananjalka. The articles are in Finnish with summaries in other languages.

Comparative and General Uralic Linguistics

General remarks. Before World War I a great deal of linguistic fieldwork was done. 1696 OSMO IKOLA AND AULIS J. JOKI Numerous Finnish scholars travelled among peoples speaking Finno-Ugric or Samoyed languages and collected material, especially from languages spoken in Russia. When after the Russian revolution such expeditions were no longer possible, with few exceptions, energies were concentrated on the preparation of these collections for the press. As a result, many scholarly dictionaries and dialect texts were completed and others are still under preparation. The publication of linguistic material has left its mark on the research work in the last decades. Another feature has been characteristic of Uralic linguistics in Finland between the two World Wars, and to some extent after World War II. In the beginning of the century and in the 1920s the Neogrammarian school dominated Uralic linguistics in Finland. One of the consequences was that scholars were more interested in historical phonology and etymology than in other areas, e.g. syntax, which were more or less neglected. Of course, the Neogrammarian school deserves great credit for creating a safe methodological base for linguistic research. Only after World War II did struc- tural linguistics gain more influence in Uralic linguistics in Finland. A pure struc- turalist linguistics never attained a very strong position in Finland, but influenced by this school, most linguists at present scrupulously consider the structure of the lan- guage. Even syntax is vividly studied. The synchronic study of language has made considerable progress. In the field of transformation theory some work has been done, but this theory has not become very popular in Finland thus far. Certainly, sporadic transformational explanations have been used in studies that are not completely trans- formational. In his introduction to the study of language E. Itkonen (1966) has taken a stand in regard to the different trends in linguistics. He illustrates his arguments with material drawn mainly from the Uralic languages.

Phonetics, phonology, and morphology. The phonetic transcription system compiled by E.N. Setala (published 1901 in the first volume of FUF, hence its name, the 'FUF- system') has been generally adopted for Uralic studies. Certain changes have been made by F. Aima (1933) and A. Sotavalta (1936). The most modern complete pre- sentation of the phonetic transcription of the Finno-Ugric languages was drawn up by A. Sovijarvi and R. Peltola (Sovijarvi and Peltola 1965). Since World War II — primarily for practical reasons — there has been a marked demand for a more simple transcription suitable for scholarly publications (Collinder 1958a; cf. Joki 1958, 1960). On the initiative of the Finno-Ugric Society an international committee was formed, and it has reached unanimous agreement on a simplified phonemic transcription of several Uralic languages. One of the focuses of interest within Uralic phonology has been the so-called con- sonant gradation, which occurs in the majority of Balto-Finnic languages, in Lapp, and Samoyed. Before World War I, E.N. Setala (1896, 1914) advanced an ingenious theory of gradation, according to which this phenomenon derived its origin from Proto-Uralic and had originally affected all medial consonants, and even vowels of the first and second syllables of the word. However, no present-day scholar considers URALIC 1697 the original gradation so expansive as Setala did, and probably most scholars think that Balto-Finnic gradation has no genetic connection with gradation in Samoyed. After World War I some linguists exaggerated the importance of gradation for his- torical phonology but, on the other hand, the gradation theory has given rise to many fruitful discussions. On the basis of Lapp, F. Aima (1919) expanded the gradation even beyond the limits set by Setala. Later he rejected this opinion. The most pronounced opponent of Setala's theory was L. Kettunen (1925b, 1936, 1947:39-49, etc.) who considered Balto-Finnic gradation a relatively recent phenomenon. Among the later investigators of this problem the following should be mentioned. Y. H. Toivonen (1950) cautiously advanced the hypothesis that Pre-Finnic consonant gradation could be ascribed to an early influence of Lapp. P. Ravila (1951,1960) rebuts this opinion. According to him, the gradation of Balto-Finnic and Lapp originated in Early Proto-Finnic. The source of the phenomenon was a general weakening of geminate stops in certain positions. According to L. Posti (1953:74-86), too, gradation only originated in Proto-Finnic. He considers the phenomenon to have been caused by a strong Germanic influence. But there are other prominent scholars, e.g. E. Itkonen (1953), who still consider it possible that the gradation is much older, because of the similarity with Samoyed consonant alternation. Except for the gradation, the main features of the history of the consonantism of the Uralic languages have been comparatively clear since World War I, even if many details still need to be investigated (cf. recently Decsy 1968, and, in certain connections, E. Itkonen's important contributions 1968c, 1969a). On the other hand, the history of vowels has long been veiled in obscurity. During and after World War II, this area of historical phonology became an important subject of research. T. Lehtisalo (1933) published the first general survey on the history of first syllable vowels in Uralic languages. In opposition to the German scholar W. Steinitz (see below), E. Itkonen (1946b, 1969b) stated that the Balto-Finnic languages and Lapp are in a key position concerning the history of Finno-Ugric vowels. As is generally known, these languages have preserved very old features, in other respects too. For a long time the vowel theory was a focus of the research work of E. Itkonen (1948,1949,1954,1969a and b). Among his other studies on Finno-Ugric phonology, an important paper on the accentuation (1955b) should be mentioned. In a further paper Itkonen (1962a) gave a synthesis of the phonological and morphological structure of Proto-Finno-Ugric. He has recently advanced a new and interesting theory on the origin of quantitative correlations in Uralic languages (E. Itkonen 1968c). As to comparative morphology, T. Lehtisalo (1936) published a study on the Uralic derivative suffixes. P. Ravila wrote a series of important studies on Finno-Ugric and Uralic morphology, viz. on the origin of the comparative suffix (1937), on the history of the inflection of the personal pronouns (1950), and of the origin of tense stems (1957b). He joined the scholars who have sought the origin of flectional and derivative suffixes in pronouns (1945a and b). 1698 OSMO IKOLA AND AULIS J. JOKI Study of vocabulary. Among E. N. Setälä's many and diverse publications etymologi- cal studies occupy a prominent position. During World War I he planned his etymo- logical dictionary of the Finnish language (1929b). The leading etymologist in Fin- land between the two World Wars and until his death in 1956 was Y.H. Toivonen, Setälä's student and assistant. Even in Toivonen's doctoral thesis, which dealt with the history of Finno-Ugric medial affricates (1927), the focus was the rich, etymologi- cally treated material. The bulk of his production consists of two long series of etymological papers (Toivonen 1917-56, 1922-53). In his papers he has given at least 800 etymologies. Many of his studies might be included in the category of Wörter und Sachen, i.e. he often was interested in the 'things' behind the words. In this article vocabulary studies will be treated in the paragraphs concerned with individual languages, even if an etymology often covers several languages.

Syntax. P. Ravila (1941) has written a study on the use of the number suffixes in the Uralic languages, which is one of the most important and stimulating contributions to our understanding of Uralic syntax. This study was followed by a shorter paper on the original structure of the Uralic sentence (1943). He has written the chapter on syntax in Collinder's handbooks (Collinder 1960, 1962, 1965b). According to Ravila, the dual and plural suffixes were originally attached only to the predicate but were later transferred to the subject as well. In the Uralic sentence, subordination was a leading principle. Even the subject was a qualifier of the predicate which was then of nominal character.

The original homeland and the affinities of Uralic. The question of ;he original home- land of the Finno-Ugric or the Uralic peoples has attracted scholars since the basic work of M. A. Castren. H. Paasonen (1923) in a study published posthumously con- cluded that the Proto-Finno-Ugric people lived in the neighborhood of the Ural Mountains, in relatively Northern latitudes. He based his conclusions on the so- called linguistic paleontology, as did Y.H. Toivonen (1952) who placed the Finno- Ugric original homeland in the Eastern part of the European territory of Russia. Approximately the same opinion has been dominant in Finland since the nineteenth century. K. Vilkuna (1949) disagreed with this opinion. Referring to archeological findings he stated that a Finno-Ugric population existed in the Balticum for much longer than most scholars assume. According to Vilkuna, it is not possible to postu- late an original homeland beyond the Baltic. The most recent discussion of this problem is that of E. Itkonen (1968a: 20-6), who, along with the Hungarian scholar P. Hajdü, admitted that the original territory of Uralic peoples possibly reached beyond the Ural Mountains. As did some other scholars, he thought that in former times these primitive tribes lived in a huge area between the Baltic and the Ural Mountains. This does not necessarily mean that the Uralians or Finno-Ugrians were the only habitants in this area; other tribes could easily have been hunting in the virgin forests of Northern Europe. URALIC 1699 Two prominent Finnish Altaists have taken a stand in regard to the possible affinity between Uralic and Altaic languages. G.J. Ramstedt (1947:20) takes a negative attitude, whereas M. Rasanen (1947, 1948, 1953, 1955, 1965) supports the affinity theory. He has proposed several new Ural-Altaic etymologies. Most Finnish scholars have been skeptical of, or have at least been critically reserved towards, the so-called Indo-Uralic hypothesis, i.e. that the Uralic and Indo-European languages share a common origin (cf. Ravila 1935b). J.J. Mikkola (1937) and E. Itkonen (1960a, 1961a, 1966,1968a), however, agree that the theory of common origin cannot be ruled out.

Balto-Finnic Linguistics

General remarks. Finnish (Suomi) is the native language of the vast majority of the population of Finland (92.4 percent in 1960), and the other Balto-Finnic languages are very closely related to it. It goes without saying that more research work has been done on Finnish and other Balto-Finnic languages than on the more remote lan- guages.

Dictionaries and publications of material. In the paragraph on Institutes and archives (see above) some unfinished lexicographical works have been mentioned. The most extensive of all existing Finnish dictionaries is the Modern Finnish dictionary (see Nykysuomen sanakirja 1951-61) which contains 4500 pages and approximately 200 thousand headings in six volumes. The archive collected for the editorial work is available to scholars. As to other Balto-Finnic languages, L. Kettunen (1938) compiled a Livonian dic- tionary with a grammatical introduction, and J. Kujola (1944) a dictionary of Lude dialects based on material collected by himself and others. For about a hundred years Karelian words have been systematically collected by Finnish scholars. The preparation of a large dictionary was started in 1930 and, after a long interruption caused by the war, the first volume appeared in 1968, edited by P. Virtaranta and others (see Karjalan kielen sanakirja 1968). Furthermore, scholarly dictionaries of Ingrian dialects (spoken in Ingermanland), Vepsian, and Kukkosi-dialect of Vote are under preparation. A large number of dialect texts of different Balto-Finnic languages adapted for linguistic use has been published. Certain publications contain Finnish dialect texts in phonetic transcription (Kettunen 1930-40:1, Ruoppila and Soutkari 1959, Kansan- kielen naytteita 1963-70), others in a broad transcription (Suomen kansan murrekirja 1940-45; Virtaranta 1947, 1950, 1953, 1964; Kortesalmi 1964). Many ample text collections of other Balto-Finnic languages have been issued in Finland: Karelian (Eino Leskinen 1932-36, Virtaranta 1958), Lude dialects (Ojansuu et al. 1934, Virtaranta 1963-64), Vepsian (Kettunen 1920-25, Kettunen and Siro 1935, Naytteita aanis- ja keskivepsan murteista 1951), Vote (Kettunen and Posti 1932), Livonian 1700 OSMO IKOLA AND AULIS J. JOKI (Kettunen 1925a, Naytteita liivin kielesta 1953), and a collection of texts of all Balto- Finnic languages but Finnish (Virtaranta 1967).

Phonetics, phonology, and morphology. First we will mention three studies concerning the whole Balto-Finnic group of languages, or Proto-Finnic. A. Penttila (1926) wrote a treatise on Balto-Finnic accentology, where language psychology was applied. In a very interesting study L. Posti (1953) dealt with the changes of the Pre-Finnic con- sonant system in Proto-Finnic. According to him, these changes were due to Baltic and especially Germanic influence. He also dealt with the origin of consonant grada- tion, as was mentioned above. L. Kettunen (1960) published a survey on the charac- teristic features of the Balto-Finnic languages, except Finnish. In a doctoral thesis T. Sarkka (1969) examines an unproductive case, the so-called excessive, in the Balto- Finnic languages. Certain studies by Finnish phoneticians deal with special Finnish problems. A. Sovijarvi has treated e.g. the quality of Finnish vowels and nasals (1938), the principal phonetic features of Standard Finnish and Hungarian (1956), and word stress in Standard Finnish (1958). In his doctoral thesis K. Wiik (1965) compared Finnish and English vowels with special reference to the problems encountered by native speakers of Finnish learning English. K. Cannelin (1932) has written a thorough Finnish grammar, lacking only a section on syntax. A good descriptive and historical survey of the phonology and morphology of Standard Finnish was given by L. Hakulinen (1941-46, 1953-55, 1957-60, 1961). The largest Finnish grammar so far is that of A. Penttila (1957). The handbook of the Finnish language (Suomen kielen kasikirja 1968, ed. by O. Ikola) can also be men- tioned in this context. M. Sadeniemi (1949) elucidates the fundamentals of Finnish metrics in his doctoral thesis. Among the few applications of transformation theory to Finnish a mimeographed study on Finnish morphophonemics by K. Wiik (1967) is the most extensive. The phonology and morphology of Old Literary Finnish has been dealt with by several scholars. The best expert in the history of Literary Finnish is M. Rapola. Among other things, he published an extensive history of the phonology of Literary Finnish (1933) and a concise survey on Old Literary Finnish (1945) where vocabu- lary and syntax were also treated. Further, he wrote a treatise on the language usage of a seventeenth-century translator of statutes (1925). A. Penttila (1931a) worked with a Finnish manuscript from the sixteenth century. Phonological and morphological dialectology has been very popular among Fen- nists. L. Kettunen (1930-40) published a survey of all Finnish dialects with dialect texts and a dialect atlas (213 maps), a very extensive work for one man. M. Rapola has written a short survey of Finnish dialects (1947) and an extensive history of Finnish sounds (1966). Furthermore he published studies on the vowels of Finnish dialects (1919-20, 1922). P. Virtaranta (1959b) has accomplished a thorough and convincing treatise on the gradation of t in Finnish dialects, and Terho Itkonen (1966) URALIC 1701 has successfully applied structural principles in his monograph on the history of final k in Finnish. Many thorough and extensive monographs concerning the history of sounds in certain dialect areas have been published (N. Ikola 1925-31, E. Linden 1942-44, P. Yirtaranta 1946-57, V. Ruoppila 1955, A. Turunen 1959, H. Leskinen 1963). Much research work has been done in the field of the phonology of other Balto- Finnic languages. The most meritorious scholar of these languages was L. Kettunen who was an immensely diligent fieldworker and a prolific writer. He was acquainted with all spoken Balto-Finnic languages and he initiated the phonological investigation of Estonian. Among other things he worked out a history of sounds of Vote (1930), of South Vepsian (1922), and of Estonian (1929). L. Posti has written a history of the Livonian sound system (1942), and in numerous studies (e.g. 1938, 1947, 1950, 1958, 1965, 1968) he has paid special attention to the central questions of Balto-Finnic phonology. A. Turunen (1946-50) has written a history of sounds of the Lude dialects. An unusually exhaustive study of Vepsian phonetics (more than 900 pages) was pub- lished by E. A. Tunkelo (1946). A. Sovijarvi (1944) has written a phonetic and phono- logical treatise on an Ingrian dialect. Two shorter studies on the morphology of Balto- Finnic languages should be mentioned: one on personal endings of South Estonian dialects (N. Ikola 1931), and one on the nominal inflection of Vote (M. Airila 1934).

Study of vocabulary. A standard work on etymology is, of course, the etymological dictionary of Finnish (Toivonen, Itkonen, and Joki 1955-69) which was mentioned above. In addition, numerous papers and studies have been written on questions of etymology. The loan relations of Finnish have been the object of vivid research work. The first loanword monograph published in Finland was J.J. Mikkola's valuable study (1894) of the contacts between the Balto-Finnic and Slavic languages. The author published a second, carefully revised edition in 1938. As to the old Germanic borrowings, most work was done before the period covered in this paper (Setala etc.). T. E. Karsten, however, who was professor of Scandinavian philology, was a tireless investigator of older Germanic and newer Swedish loanwords (1934-38, 1943^14), but his studies were the object of a harsh criticism from Finno-Ugric linguists (e.g. Collinder 1935; 225-36). E. Ohmann, professor of Germanic philology, has written an important contribution on the question of the oldest Germanic loanwords in Finnish (1954). Referring mainly to the evidence of archeology he concludes that the oldest Germanic loanwords originated in Gothic (cf. Fromm, below). J. Kalima has, among other things, published a monograph on Baltic loanwords in Balto-Finnic languages (1936a) and one on Slavic loans (1952, 1956). His work on Baltic and Slavic borrowings has been continued by other scholars (e.g. E. Nieminen 1934, 1957, and V. Kiparsky 1948, 1952, 1969). As early as the 1890s E.N. Setala and H. Paasonen had clarified in con- siderable detail the oldest loanwords in Finnish and other Finno-Ugric languages 1702 OSMO IKOLA AND AULIS J. JOKI borrowed from Indo-European sources (e.g. Setala 1926, 1929a). This particular problem has also' been investigated by other scholars including Kalima (1936b) and Toivonen (1952). As to other questions of vocabulary, H. Ojansuu (1923) has published a treatise on Balto-Finnic pronouns, and Terho Itkonen (1957) on Finnish ski terminology. A. Turunen (1949) has compiled a dictionary of Kalevala, and V. Ruoppila (1967) has published a treatise on the distribution of words characteristic of the Kalevala in the Finnish dialects. T. Vuorela (1958) has compiled a dictionary of Finnish ethnographic words. A dictionary of Finnish military slang was compiled by S. Hamalainen (1963). The vocabulary of Old Literary Finnish and Early Modern Finnish has interested several scholars (e.g. M. Rapola 1928a, 1938b, 1941-45, 1942, 1950, 1956, 1960, 1962a; T. Metsikko 1951; P. Pajula 1955, 1960; O. Hormia 1961; T. Horila 1967). Several excellent treatises and papers on Finnish and Balto-Finnic semantics have been issued. M. Rapola (1928b, 1938a, etc.) dealt with Old Literary Finnish semantics in numerous studies and papers. L. Hakulinen (1933) published an interesting treatise on the semantic development of certain Finnish words of a meteorologic-affective nature. The semantic theory of Hans Sperber was applied in this study. In an onomasiological treatise V. Ruoppila (1943^7) dealt with the names of domestic animals in Finnish dialects. The principal works of R. E. Nirvi concern questions of onomasiology, too. He dealt with the phenomenon of word taboo in Balto-Finnic in the area of game and domestic animals (1944,1947a), and in other studies with kinship vocabulary (1952), and certain words connected with special customs and mythical ideas (1955-64). P. Siro (1949) dealt semantically with Balto-Finnic verbs which mean 'speak' or 'say'. M. Koski (1967-70) wrote a treatise on the Balto-Finnic word hiisi which often has different mythological meanings ('devil', 'holy forest', etc.).

Onomastics. Onomastics is a rather neglected field within Balto-Finnic linguistics. The first scholar to be mentioned during the period covered is H. Ojansuu (1920) who criticized earlier onomastic research in Finland. At present, the leading Finnish scholar in onomastics is V. Nissila who has published a treatise on place names in Southeast Finland (1939), a survey on the structure and development of Finnish place names (1962a), and numerous papers on themes in onomastics. He has also studied the village names in the old Lude area (1967). J. A. Lopmeri (earlier Meri) has written a treatise on place names in a Western area in Finland (1943-47), and L. Kettunen (1955) on Estonian place names.

Syntax. Until World War II little was done in the field of Balto-Finnic syntax; historical phonology was the focus of research work. However, after the last war, interest in syntax increased substantially. We start with those studies concerning the entire Balto-Finnic group or Proto- Finnic. E. A. Tunkelo (1908-20) has written a very thorough semantic analysis of the functions of the genitive in Proto-Finnic which at least partly belongs to the period URALIC 1703 covered here. The author used the methods and the terminology of the Swedish lin- guist A. Noreen. The same line was followed by W. Griinthal (1941) in his thesis on the nominative singular as object in Balto-Finnic languages. P. Saukkonen (1965-66) dealt with the very complicated use of Infinitives I and III in Balto-Finnic from the historical point of view. The textbook of E. N. Setala has long been the standard work on Finnish syntax. It has recently been corrected by M. Sadeniemi (Setala 1952). In his extensive Finnish grammar A. Penttila (1957) presented original theories of sentence analysis. The Finnish syntax by P. Siro (1964b) has been strongly influenced by structural linguistics in that he tries to avoid semantic criteria as far as possible. In The structure and development of the Finnish language, L. Hakulinen (1941-46, 1961) treated many central features of Finnish syntax from a synchronic as well as diachronic point of view. In Suomen kielen kasikirja Finnish syntax is treated synchronically by A. Alhoniemi (1968) and O. Ikola (1968b:261-315). The method adapted by Tunkelo and Griinthal has not been applied since World War II, when research work in Finnish syntax became more lively. Most scholars used a more flexible method, adapted to each particular question. In one treatise, O. Ikola (1949-50) investigated the use of tenses in Old Literary Finnish, compared with Modern Finnish usage. In another treatise (1960) he dealt with reported speech in Finnish synchronically as well as diachronically. A paper by Ikola opened a long discussion on the cases of the subject and on the congruence of subject and predicate in Finnish (Ikola 1954-57, 1961, 1962b; M. Sadeniemi 1955; A. Penttila 1955, 1956a and b; P. Siro 1957, 1960; G. Karlsson 1962, 1963). These problems have also been treated by some foreign scholars (N. Denison, W. Schlachter, and A. Sauvageot, see below). P. Siro (1956) applied formal logic in his study on the Finnish local cases. G. Karlsson (1957a) in his doctoral thesis dealt with certain Finnish local case adverbs which include the plural suffix. Also later he has treated the use of numbers (1960). P. Pulkkinen (1966) has written a treatise on asyndetic coordination in Finnish. As to the syntax of other Balto-Finnic languages, the most important treatise is the syntactic description of Vepsian by L. Kettunen (1943). A. Ojajarvi (1950) has studied the functions of cases in a dialect of Karelian. The studies of M. Airila (1933) and O. Ikola (1953a) on indirect discourse in Estonian and Livonian treat morphology as well.

Lapp Linguistics

Lapp (Saame) is spoken in North Finland, Sweden, Norway, and Russia. F. Aima started collecting Lapp material before World War I, and continued his work in the 1920s and 1930s. His word collection has not yet been published. T.I. Itkonen collected vocabulary of Lapp dialects, especially those spoken in Russia. He has published a collection of Skolt and Kola Lapp fairy tales (1931) and an excellent dictionary of the same Lapp dialects (1958a). E. Lagercrantz spent three and a half 1704 OSMO IKOLA AND AULIS J. JOKI years in Swedish and Norwegian Lappland. He compiled two dictionaries: one of the South Lapp Vefsen dialect (1926b), and a large dictionary of several Lapp dialects (1939). In addition he has published seven large volumes of Lapp folklore collected by himself (1957-66). P. Ravila (1931, 1934) has published two volumes of Lapp specimens. At present, E. Itkonen is preparing a dictionary of Inari Lapp on the basis of collections made by himself and others. The up-to-date etymological word index adds greatly to the importance and value of his Lapp chrestomathy (1960b). The position of Lapp wifhin the Uralic language family has been the subject of much scholarly discussion. E.N. Setala (1926:183) considered Lapp an independent language which originated in Proto-Finno-Ugric. As P. Ravila and Erkki Itkonen have stated, this opinion must be considered erroneous. In their view the Lapp and the Balto-Finnic languages have evolved from a common proto-language, Early Proto-Finnic. This split, probably about 500 B.C., into two branches, Proto-Lappic and Late Proto-Finnic. Modern Lapp dialects (or languages) descend from the former, from the latter the Balto-Finnic languages are derived (Ravila 1935a, 1957c; E. Itkonen 1955a, 1968a). Y.H. Toivonen's hypothesis (1950), later developed by Irene N. Sebestyen, that Lapp was originally a Samoyed language, has not won the support of leading Lapp scholars. Lapp phonology and morphology has been energetically studied in Finland. E. Lagercrantz (1923, 1926a, 1929) has written grammars of three Lapp dialects. In his doctoral thesis (1927) he applies explanations from language psychology. In a treatise on the quantity system of a Lapp dialect P. Ravila (1932) dealt with the crucial ques- tions of Lapp historical phonology. E. Itkonen (1939, 1946a) in two fundamental works on East Lapp dialects examined sound quality and quantity. Terho Itkonen (1956) has carefully described the vowel system of a dialect in Norwegian Lapp. Among the more recent studies, the morphological-historical treatise of M. Korhonen (1967) on the conjugation of Lapp is one of the most important.

Volga-Finnic Linguistics

A large quantity of material on the Mordvin language was collected by H. Paasonen, who before and after the turn of the century lived among the Mordvins for lengthy periods. He was able to publish only a small part of his collection. Later P. Ravila published four volumes (in total 2200 pp.) of Mordvin folklore, collected by Paasonen (see Mordwinische Volksdichtung 1938-47). A Mordvin dictionary based on Paasonen's collections is under preparation. Around the turn of the century Paasonen also col- lected material of Cheremis (Mari). Based on this material, P. Siro published a col- lection of texts (see Tscheremissische Texte 1939) and an East Cheremis dictionary (Paasonen 1948). Y. Wichmann (1931) published a study of Cheremis folklore which he had collected in the beginning of the century. Before and during World War I he had published texts from other Finno-Ugric languages. During World War II E. URALIC 1705 Itkonen collected Mordvin and Cheremis material from war prisoners, but it has not thus far appeared. A Cheremis dictionary based on the material of Paasonen and others is under preparation. Among the special studies on Mordvin a paper by P. Ravila (1929) should be mentioned, where he stated that certain features of the vowel system only originated in Mordvin, not in old ablaut alternations as Setala assumed. In a study on the Finno- Ugric vowel system E. Itkonen (1946b) took Mordvin as the starting point. Among the few contributions to Mordvin syntax a paper by P. Saukkonen (1964) on the use of infinitives may be mentioned. M. Rasanen (1920, 1923) has written a solid treatise on the Chuvash and another on the Tatar loanwords in Cheremis. In other connec- tions he has also produced some valuable etymological studies of the Volga-Finnic languages. E. Itkonen (1954) has published a large study on first syllable vowels in Cheremis and the Permic languages. He has also discussed the development of the system of conjugation in Cheremis (1962b). In recent years two dissertations on synchronic Cheremis syntax have appeared, one on the syntactical distribution of the genitive (E. Kangasmaa-Minn 1966-69) and another on the functions of certain local cases (A. Alhoniemi 1967). Worthy of comment is Kangasmaa-Minn's article (1969) on the relation of genitive and possessive adjectives in Cheremis..

Permic Linguistics

Y. Wichmann, a tireless fieldworker, collected and published Zyryan (Komi) and Votyak (Udmurt) material even before World War I. After Wichmann's death T. E. Uotila edited a Zyryan dictionary based on the material collected by Wichmann (see Syrjanischer Wortschatz nebst Hauptziigen der Formenlehre 1942). During World War II Uotila collected Zyryan and Votyak material from war prisoners. A Votyak dic- tionary, based on Wichmann's material, is under preparation. Before World War I Y. Wichmann was the best Finnish expert in Permic lan- guages. Between the two World Wars T.E. Uotila (1933) wrote a treatise on the history of consonants in the Permic languages, a study of great value. E. Itkonen (1951, 1954) has dealt with the history of vowels in the Permic languages. A thorough syntactic treatise on the functions of the infinitive forms in the Permic languages was worked out by G. Stipa (1960). He has attracted attention with his interesting exposi- tion of the origin of the orthographic system of ancient Zyryan (1961, 1963).

Ugric Linguistics

The Finnish expert in Vogul (Mansi) was A. Kannisto who at the beginning of the century lived among Voguls for five years. After his death, his disciple M. Liimola published six volumes of Vogul folklore, collected by Kannisto (see Wogulische 1706 OSMO IKOLA AND AULIS J. JOKI Volksdichtung 1951-63). Even a dictionary based on Kannisto's material is under preparation. Before and after the turn of the century H. Paasonen and K. F. Karja- lainen collected a large quantity of Ostyak (Hanty) material. From Paasonen's material a dictionary of certain Ostyak dialects was compiled by K. Donner (Paasonen 1926). On the basis of the material collected by Karjalainen, Y.H. Toivonen com- piled an extensive Ostyak dictionary (Karjalainen 1948). Grammatical notes by Karjalainen and Paasonen have been published in Finland by the Hungarian scholar E. Vertes (Karjalainen 1964, Vertes 1965). The great fieldworker Y. Wichmann also collected Hungarian material in Romania at the beginning of the century. A dialect dictionary based on this material was published by A. Kannisto together with the Hungarian B. Csiiry (Wichmann 1936). The linguistic production of Karjalainen falls into the period before World War I. A. Kannisto wrote important studies on Vogul vowels (1919, 1921a and b) and on Tatar loanwords in Vogul (1925). M. Liimola (1944, 1949, 1954, 1956, etc.) has published several valuable papers on historical Vogul phonology and morphology. His doctoral thesis dealt with the historical morphology of Vogul (1963). In numerous papers Liimola (1934-60, etc.) has presented more than 100 etymologies, for the most part concerning Vogul words. A worthy contribution to Finno-Ugric etymo- logical studies is the treatise by Y.H. Toivonen (1956) on Zyryan loanwords in Ostyak. I. Schellbach has published a study of interrogative clauses in Ostyak (1964). Special problems of the study of Hungarian have seldom been treated by Finnish scholars. Exceptions that should be mentioned are some Ugric etymologies by M. Liimola and a study of the lative in Hungarian by Y.H. Toivonen (1944b).

Samoyed Linguistics Before and during World War I, K. Donner explored several Samoyed languages while living among the Siberian nomads. His Kamassian dictionary and texts were published by A.J. Joki (K. Donner 1944), and his material of Selkup is soon to be published. T. Lehtisalo specialized in Yurak and stayed among the speakers of this language before and during World War I. On the basis of his collections he has pub- lished a large selection of Yurak folk poetry (1947) and compiled an extensive Yurak- Samoyed dictionary (1956). In addition, Lehtisalo has published a large quantity of valuable Samoyed folklore and grammatical specimens collected by M.A. Castren (Samojedische Volksdichtung 1940, Samojedische Sprachmaterialien 1960). The second publication also draws to some extent on Lehtisalo's own collections of Yurak and Selkup. In a treatise Lehtisalo (1927) dealt with the first syllable vowels in Yurak. In numerous papers he has advanced etymologies of more than 100 Samoyed words (1928, etc.). A.J. Joki has written a treatise on the loanwords of Sayan Samoyed (1952), and also investigated possible Indo-Chinese elements (1946), phonological (1969) and morphological questions in Samoyed (1956, 1968). URALIC 1707

SWEDEN

Organization of the work

Since the nineteenth century, Sweden has been one of the most active sites of Finno- Ugric studies. At the University of Uppsala, K. B. Wiklund started lecturing on Finnish and Lapp in 1894. In 1905 he was appointed professor, and in 1931 his professorship was made a chair of Finno-Ugric linguistics. In 1933 Wiklund was succeeded as professor by B. Collinder, the latter in turn by B. Wickman in 1961. There is a Department of Finno-Ugric languages at the University of Uppsala. Since World War II, fieldwork has been concentrated mostly in the Institute for Dialect and Folklore Research, where recordings of Lapp and Finnish dialects (spoken in Sweden), manuscripts, vocabularies, etc., are available to scholars. At the University of Lund, lecturing on Finno-Ugric linguistics was begun in 1947 by J. Mágiste, former professor of Balto-Finnic languages at the University of Tartu, Estonia. In 1954 a Department of Finno-Ugric languages was established. Mágiste, who by then was a docent, retired in 1967, but in the same year a lecturership for Finno-Ugric linguistics (T. Skold) was founded. A second professorship in this field has existed in Stockholm for several years. In 1965 a Finnish scholar, O. Hormia, was appointed professor of Finnish language and culture. Since 1930 there has been a Department of Hungarian and since the begin- ning of the 1960s a Department of Finnish and Estonian. From 1906 to 1947 a journal, Le Monde Oriental (Revue des études orientales) which covered Finno-Ugric linguistics, was published in Uppsala. Since 1951 a mimeo- graphed series called Sprákliga bidrag, which contains, among other things, contribu- tions to Finno-Ugric linguistics, has been published in Lund by certain departments of the university. The Hungarian Institute of the University of Stockholm has published among other things important studies on various Uralic subjects in its series Acta Instituti Hungarici Universitatis Holmiensis.

Comparative and General Uralic Linguistics

In the field of comparative and general Uralic linguistics B. Collinder is the leading scholar in Sweden. He has dealt with most of the central questions in this domain and published three extensive handbooks. His doctoral thesis on the Finnish-Lapp alternation of quantity (Collinder 1929) is a valuable contribution to the problem of gradation the roots of which according to his later paper (1948a) go back as far as Proto-Uralic. Collinder (1942a) considers vowel harmony also to have originated in Proto-Finno-Ugric, probably in Proto-Uralic. Further, he has compiled an etymo- logical dictionary, entitled Fenno-Ugric vocabulary, which deals exclusively with those words that can be attributed to Common Uralic or Finno-Ugric (Collinder 1955). 1708 OSMO IKOLA AND AULIS J. JOKI This was the first of three handbooks, all written in English. The other two, Survey of the Uralic languages (1957) and Comparative grammar of the Uralic languages (1960), are very useful too. In several treatises and papers Collinder has treated the question of the possible relationship of Uralic to other languages. In his opinion, the assumption of a genetic affinity between Uralic and Indo-European is very likely, but it cannot be verified (1934, 1954b, 1964b, 1965a). As to the question of the Uralo-Altaic affinity, Collinder comes to a similar conclusion. On the basis of mathematical probability he states that the agreement between Uralic and Altaic cannot depend upon chance (1948b, 1952b, 1964b, 1965a). Furthermore, he has dealt with the relation of Uralic to the Yukaghir language. He concludes that there does exist a genetic affinity between these languages. If there is a relationship between Uralic on the one hand and Altaic and/or Indo- European on the other, it must be more remote than that between Uralic and Yuka- ghir (1940, 1955 :xii, 1958b, 1960:37, 1965a). J. Angere (Ankeria), a disciple of Collinder, compared the Uralic languages with the Chukchee language and came to the conclusion that the relation between Uralic and Chukchee is the same as that of Uralic, Altaic, and Indo-European with one another (1951:146). His doctoral thesis dealt with the Uralo-Yukaghir question (1956). In his opinion, Yukaghir is related to Uralic only if Altaic, Indo-European, and Chukchee are also related to Uralic. Bo Wickman, another disciple of Collinder, has written a treatise on the form of the object in the Uralic languages and dealt with Samoyed phonology and the Finno-Ugric vocalism (1955, 1958, 1962). V.Tauli, an Estonian-born scholar, has written a paper on the phonetic conditions of consonant gradation (1947) and one on outside contacts of the Uralic languages (1955). His treatise on structural tendencies in Uralic languages (1966b) is also interesting from the viewpoint of general linguistics. Some Swedish Indo-Germanists have shown interest in Uralic questions and have produced important work. Of special significance are H. Skold's studies of Ossete loanwords in Hungarian (1925, 1928). He has also supported the Uralic-Indo- European common origin theory and was the first scholar to use the term Indo-Uralic (1927). His son, T. Skold, has suggested that the Finno-Ugric languages may give support to the laryngeal theory (1959).

Lapp Linguistics

The Lapp language has traditionally been the principal interest of Uralic linguistics in Sweden owing to the fact that a considerable proportion of the Lapp population lives in Northern Sweden. Thus the fieldwork of Swedish Finno-Ugrists has been primarily directed toward Lapp. K. B. Wiklund was an outstanding fieldworker, and a very productive scholar, but the bulk of his work falls before the period to be covered here. He left behind him many unpublished manuscripts, among other things valuable URALIC 1709 vocabularies of South Lapp. B. Collinder has published a text collection and a voca- bulary of the Harjedalen dialect of South Lapp (1942b, 1943), and a dictionary of Lapp place names in Sweden (1964a). The most valuable result of the fieldwork of Swedish scholars concerning the Lapp language is a large dictionary of Lule Lapp in 5 volumes (Grundstrom 1946-54). It is based on the material collected by Wiklund, Collinder, and H. Grundstrom who compiled the work. Earlier, Grundstrom (1939) published a glossary to a very interesting Jokkmokk Lapp text. Collinder has written several studies and papers on Lapp linguistics, a phonology of the dialect of Gallivare and a morphological survey of the dialect of Jukkasjarvi (1938, 1949). Thus, if we include his doctoral thesis (1929), in which he dealt with East Lapp spoken in Finland and Russia and the Harjedalen texts and vocabulary (see above), he has published works on each Lapp dialect group. Collinder (1944, 1945b, 1954a) has also dealt with the interesting problem of the position of Lapp within the Finno-Ugric family. In opposition to the Finnish scholars P. Ravila and E. Itkonen (see above), he stated that Lapp cannot be shown to be more closely related to Finnish than to Mordvin and Cheremis. He does not, therefore, believe that a Finnish-Lapp protolanguage existed. As to the other students of Lapp in Sweden, I. Ruong, a Lapp by birth, has pub- lished an outstanding treatise on the Lapp system of verbal derivation (1943). G. Hasselbrink (1944) has written a thorough investigation of the phonology of a South Lapp dialect. T. Skold (1960, 1961) has dealt with the old Germanic loanwords in Lapp and Finnish, and N. Hansegard (1967) with recent Finnish loanwords in Juk- kasjarvi Lapp.

Balto-Finnic and Hungarian Linguistics

Within Balto-Finnic linguistics of central concern has been the question of the oldest Germanic loanwords in Balto-Finnic. B. Collinder (1932-41) has also taken part in this discussion. In his opinion there are a few Proto-Germanic but no Pre-Germanic loanwords in Balto-Finnic. Another Swedish scholar, E. Wahlberg (1963) has written a doctoral thesis on Finnish place names in North Sweden. In spite of the fact that there is a considerable Finnish-speaking population in Sweden, more numerous than the Lapp one, little has been done in the field of Balto- Finnic linguistics by native Swedish scholars. But during and after World War II, many scholars, some remarkable Finno-Ugrists among them, emigrated from Estonia and thus expanded the range of Uralic linguistics in Sweden. A. Saareste, formerly a professor of the Estonian language at the University of Tartu, began editing an Estonian dialect atlas (Saareste 1938^41) in Estonia and preparing an analogical dictionary of the Estonian language before the war. In Sweden he was able to finish these tasks. Saareste's atlas came out in a reduced form including 128 maps (Saareste 1955a). When Saareste died in 1964, the major part of his analogical dictionary had also been 1710 OSMO IKOLA AND AULIS J. JOKI published and the rest was in manuscript. At present only two of the total of 24 fascicles are missing. When the dictionary is completed, it will contain nearly 3000 pages in four volumes (Saareste 1958-63). Together with A. Raun, an Estonian-born linguist living in the U.S.A., A. Saareste has written an Introduction to Estonian linguistics (Raun and Saareste 1965). Another Estonian linguist, J. Magiste, who was mentioned above, has recorded and collected material from the remnants of the old Finnish-speaking population in Middle Scandinavia. Today the Finnish dialects spoken there for three centuries are extinct. As a result of these expeditions Magiste has published a text collection (1960) and a treatise on Finnish place names in this area (1966-70). Further, he has pub- lished Vote and Livonian texts recorded during the war (1959a, 1964) and a study on Old Russian loanwords in Estonian, especially in the old literary language (1962). A third Estonian linguist, V. Tauli, who also was mentioned above, has been most interested in questions of language planning and Uralic problems of a more general nature. He has also written a descriptive-analytical study on the phonological ten- dencies in Estonian (1956). J. Lotz, while working at the university of Stockholm, published — in addition to textbooks of Hungarian — a work on the structure of Hungarian (1939).

NORWAY

Organization of the Work

Norway has very old academic traditions in Finno-Ugric linguistics. At the University of Christiania (now Oslo) lecturing in Finno-Ugric languages commenced in 1847 and two decades later J. A. Friis was made professor of Lapp and Finnish. K. Nielsen became professor of Finno-Ugric languages in 1911 and, when he retired, K. Bergs- land was appointed professor in 1947. He still holds the chair. In addition, A. Nes- heim has been professor of Lapp language, history, and culture since 1959. In 1954 a Department of Finno-Ugric languages was established. The Library of the University has valuable manuscripts including Lapp material. The collections of J. Ovigstad deserve mention. The Lapp department of the Norwegian Folk Museum has record- ings of Lapp dialects and other material. From 1945 until 1955 a periodical called Studia Septentrionalia containing mostly studies on Lapp linguistics and ethnography, was published in Oslo. In the monograph series of the Institute for Comparative Research in Human Culture (Instituttet for Sammenlignende Kulturforskning, Oslo) many important volumes on Lapp linguistics have been issued.

Comparative and General Uralic Linguistics

Some Norwegian scholars have participated in the general discussions of Uralic URALIC 1711 linguistics and been interested in a comparative study in the strict sense of the word. A. Nesheim has made a major contribution to the analysis of the dual in Uralic languages (1942). He has also dealt with the consonant clusters in Finno-Ugric (1950) and some etymological problems (1951). K. Bergsland (1945) made an interesting contribution to the discussion on consonant gradation. He concluded that Lapp gradation did not originate in Common Lapp (cf. above, Ravila 1960). Furthermore, he has dealt with the question of the affinity between Uralic and Eskimo-Aleut (Bergsland 1959). According to him, the Eskimo-Uralic hypothesis is strengthened by recent studies but, as he says, 'the material presented in this paper by no means settles the question'.

Lapp Linguistics

Uralic research work in Norway has, with few exceptions, been directed to Lapp. This is easy to understand because approximately 20,000 Lapps, i.e. the majority of the whole Lapp population, live in Norway. A great fieldworker within Lapp linguistics is J.K. Qvigstad who was 103 years old when he died in 1957. He lived the major part of his life in the extreme North, in the small town Troms0, where he worked as the lecturer and principal of the Teachers' Training College. His first scholarly publication appeared in 1881 but in this paper we are only concerned with his second period of productivity, after 1920 during his retirement. He had already published Lapp texts in the nineteenth century. Soon after World War I extensive collections of Lapp folklore, approximately 2,500 pages, appeared (Qvigstad 1920, 1922, 1924, 1927-29). In two publications (1935, 1938) he registered 16,000 systematically collected Lapp place names. One of the greatest achievements in Uralic lexicography is the large Lapp dictionary of K. Nielsen (Nielsen and Nesheim 1932-62). During his lifetime the regular dic- tionary was published in three volumes, containing about 2,300 pages. A 'systematic part' and a supplement were completed by A. Nesheim. According to Qvigstad the stock of the words is as complete as a single research worker can collect from a language without a written literature. K. Bergsland (1943) has published a collection of R0ros Lapp texts. Material collections are by no means the only publications by J. K. Qvigstad. His paper on the Lapp dialects in Norway is among the most important (1925). In that paper, which is a synthesis of the research work of decades, he correctly divides the Norwegian Lapp dialects into groups. Furthermore, he has written studies on place names and related questions (1944). In K. Nielsen's research work the descriptive element was always predominant, in spite of his Neogrammarian training at the University of Helsinki. His Lapp textbook in three volumes (1926-29) includes the most comprehensive Lapp grammar written up to the present, texts, and a glossary. It has been said that Nielsen is the greatest author of handbooks and dictionaries in the history of Finno-Ugric linguistics. With several papers, Nielsen (1928, 1933, etc.) 1712 OSMO IKOLA AND AULIS J. JOKI contributed to the research on Lapp morphology and vocabulary. J. Beronka (1937- 40) wrote a study on the historical morphology of Lapp. A. Nesheim (1942) in his doctoral thesis dealt with the Lapp dual. This study con- tained a descriptive and an historical statement on the use and functions of dual suffixes in Lapp, but the author placed these phenomena in a wider context. In other studies he treated questions of Lapp morphology and vocabulary (1945, 1947). K. Bergsland (1942) has written a study on the structure of Lapp kinship terminology in relation to a Uralic background. His principal work in the Uralic field so far is the grammar of R0ros Lapp (1946) which is an attempt to describe the southernmost Lapp dialect of Norway by structuralistic methods.

Balto-Finnic Linguistics

Relatively little has been done in Norway in the sphere of Balto-Finnic linguistics. Two works of J. Beronka should however be mentioned here: a syntactic (1922) and a morphological (1925) study of certain Finnish dialects spoken in northern Norway. K. Bergsland (e.g. 1964a and b) has also published interesting papers on the problems of phonology and etymology in Balto-Finnic.

GERMANY

Organization of the Work

Between the two World Wars, scholarly study of Uralic languages was concentrated in Berlin. At the University of Berlin a professorship of Hungarian language and literature was established in 1916, and a Hungarian Department in the next year. The first professor was R. Gragger, a student of literature. His successor was J. von Farkas who after the war continued his work in Göttingen (see below). In addition, E. Lewy was professor of Finno-Ugric linguistics for a number of years. When the Humboldt- University was reopened in East Berlin in 1946, the Hungarian Department was changed into a Department of Finno-Ugric Languages. W. Steinitz became professor of Finno-Ugric linguistics and head of the department until his death in 1967. Béla Szent-Ivänyi has been professor of Hungarian language and literature since 1947. After World War II Göttingen became the principal center of Finno-Ugric studies in Western Germany. In 1946 von Farkas was appointed professor of Finno-Ugric philology, and he held this office until his death in 1958. A department of Finno-Ugric linguistics was also established. W. Schlachter is the successor of von Farkas. A third German university to have a professorship of Finno-Ugric linguistics is that of Munich. W. Schlachter lectured there from 1949 to 1959 first as a docent and later as a personal professor. Since 1963 H. Fromm, professor of Germanic philology, has also URALIC 1713 lectured on Finno-Ugric. In 1965 G. Ganschow became professor of Finno-Ugric linguistics, and in the same year, a Department of Finno-Ugric linguistics was estab- lished. At the University of Hamburg a Finno-Ugric Department has existed since 1953. P. Johansen, professor of history, was its head until his death in 1965. In the same year Gy. Decsy became an ausserplanmässiger professor and the head of the depart- ment. In addition, the University of Tübingen has had a Finnish Institute since 1957, as has the University of Münster since 1963. The first periodical in this field in Germany was Ungarische Jahrbücher which was published in Berlin from 1921 to 1943 in 23 volumes. It was affiliated with the Hun- garian Department of the University of Berlin. In 1952 von Farkas, then in Göttingen, continued the journal, under a new title Ural-Altaische Jahrbücher, which has appeared regularly since then. Besides the journal there is a series of monographs: Ungarische Bibliothek 1920-40 and Ural-Altaische Bibliothek from 1955. Upon von Farkas's initiative, in 1952 an international society, Societas Uralo-Altaica, was founded in Göttingen.

Comparative and General Uralic Linguistics

The active interest in Uralic languages shown by German scholars ever since the days of J. Grimm and L. Diefenbach continued after World War I. In addition to scholars of Finno-Ugric languages some Indo-Germanists have produced significant results in Uralic studies. E. Lewy, who lived in Ireland the last decades of his life, was interested not only in the general theory of language and the Indo-European languages, but also in Finno- Ugric linguistics, especially Volga-Finnic. In this context note the paper in which he dealt with the structure of several European languages, e.g. Finnish, Mordvin, Cheremis, Hungarian, and Yurak Samoyed (Lewy 1942). In his numerous papers Lewy has investigated Indo-Iranic loanwords in the Finno-Ugric languages (1961a). These loanwords were more profoundly treated by H. Jacobsohn (a disciple of Lewy) in his main work (1922) and in some shorter studies (e.g. 1933). Jacobsohn's work is to date the only large synthesis on Aryan and Finno-Ugric contacts. Of the scholars in the 1930s who supported the Uralic-Indo-European common origin theory H. Jensen (1936) and E. Rostek (1937) should be mentioned. K. Bouda has discussed the dual in Ob-Ugrian languages (1933) and endeavoured to make extensive word com- parisons. In these studies he has attempted to include in the Uralic family both Yukaghir and the languages of Northeast Siberia, and the Huave language in Mexico (Bouda 1940, 1952, 1964-65). Some of the papers of the versatile Indo-Germanist W. Krause (e.g. 1951, 1969) reveal personal insight into the Finno-Ugric languages. Of the scholars working mainly on Finno-Ugric problems A. Bussenius has written a significant study of stem-formation in Balto-Finnic (1939). W. Steinitz was a specialist in Ob-Ugric languages but he has also dealt with com- 1714 OSMO IKOLA AND AULIS J. JOKI parative Finno-Ugric phonology. The history of vowels has been his main interest. In his opinion, the best clue to the history of Finno-Ugric vocalism is to be found in Ostyak and Cheremis. In Proto-Finno-Ugric the opposition of full and reduced vowels was a central feature of vocalism (Steinitz 1944, 1947, 1963; cf. E. Itkonen, above). In other papers (1952,1968) Steinitz treated the history of the Finno-Ugric consonants (cf. E. Itkonen 1968c, 1969a). J. von Farkas started his career as a student of Hungarian literature, but turned to linguistics after World War II. His principal work in linguistics was on the historical Hungarian morphology (1952-55), where he also dealt with many crucial questions of Uralic morphology. W. Schlachter started his scholarly career in the field of Germanic and Indo-European linguistics, and continued as an investigator of Lapp, and also other branches of Finno-Ugric linguistics. He readily used explanations of language psychology, and has been mainly interested in syntactic problems. In this context, a study on borrowed adjectives in Finnish and Lapp should be mentioned, where he deals with the question of the growth of vocabulary in a new and interesting way (Schlachter 1962a). Gy. Decsy (1965) has published, among other things, an introduc- tion into Finno-Ugric linguistics. His polemic contribution (1968) has stimulated a far-reaching discussion on the essential problems of phonetics in Uralic languages (UAJb 41, 1969).

Balto-Finnic Linguistics

Some important contributions to Balto-Finnic linguistics have been made by German scholars. H. Fromm (1957-58) made a study of the oldest Germanic loanwords in Balto-Finnic. He comes to the conclusion that the oldest layer of loanwords was borrowed from the Goths but so early that there are no certain Gothic traces for identification. Further, Fromm (1958) has dealt with questions of Finnish word order. W. Schlachter (1958a, 1968:294—404) has shown an astonishing grasp of fine nuances in a foreign language in his study on the Finnish partitive and incongruence where he contributed to the discussion then current in Finland (see p. 1703 above, Ikola 1954-57, etc.). D.-E. Stoebke (1964) has written a doctoral thesis on the old Balto-Finnic personal names.

Lapp, Volga-Finnic, and Permic Linguistics

W. Schlachter received his training in Lapp linguistics, studying with B. Collinder in Uppsala. One result of his fieldwork was a dictionary of a South Lapp dialect (Schlachter 1958b). In a series of articles (1953-60) he dealt with the complicated passive syntax in Lapp. E. Lewy was especially interested in Mordvin and Cheremis. He has published Cheremis texts (1925-26), Erza Mordvin fairy tales (1931), and a grammar of a Cheremis dialect (1922). In several papers he has dealt with questions of Mordvin linguistics (1937, 1961b, 1965). URALIC 1715 One of the most important German contributions to Permic linguistics is a treatise by Schlachter (1960) on the possessive suffixes in Zyryan. He explains the well-known phenomenon that in several Finno-Ugric languages the possessive suffixes have both demonstrative and determinative functions. An interesting study on the Permic composition theory has been published by I. Batori (1969).

Ugric Linguistics

Ugric languages have been studied in Germany chiefly by W. Steinitz and his disciples. Steinitz lived in Leningrad in the 1930s and had an opportunity to collect linguistic and folklore material from the Ostyaks there. He managed to make an expedition to the territory inhabited by the Ostyaks in Siberia, and he has collected material from nearly all Ostyak dialects. At the beginning of World War II, while in Stockholm, he prepared his material for press (Steinitz 1939, 1941). Before his death, he started compiling a dialectological and etymological dictionary of Ostyak, only four fascicles of which have so far appeared (Steinitz 1966-70). Since his death, Steinitz's work has been carried on by a team organized by the German Academy of Sciences and Letters, headed by G. Sauer. The thorough works by Steinitz (1950a, 1955, 1960) on the history of the Ob-Ugric vocalism are a continuation of his studies on Finno-Ugric vocalism (see above). G. Ganschow and G. Sauer represent a group of younger German specialists in Ostyak. Ganschow (1965) has written a treatise on Ostyak verb derivation, and Sauer (1967) on nominal derivation. Ganschow has also clarified the history of nominal stems in Ugric languages (1968). The vowel system of literary Ostyak has been described by Gy. Decsy (1960). The study by J. von Farkas (1952-55) on historical Hungarian morphology was mentioned above. In his last works (1958a and b) he investigated a Hungarian lan- guage monument of the fifteenth century. W. Schlachter (1963, 1966a, e.g.) has also dealt with problems of Hungarian morphology and syntax.

FRANCE

Organization of the Work

The academic study of Uralic linguistics began in France in 1931, when a professor- ship for Finno-Ugric linguistics was established at the Ecole Nationale des Langues Orientales Vivantes in Paris. From that time A. Sauvageot held the chair until 1967 when he retired. At present J.-L. Moreau is taking care of the teaching of the Finno- Ugric languages. At the University of Paris (Sorbonne) a Finno-Ugric Department was founded in 1967. It is headed by J. Perrot, professor of comparative linguistics, 1716 OSMO IKOLA AND AULIS J. JOKI assisted by visiting professors of Hungarian and Finnish languages, literature, and culture. At present, Finnish and Hungarian are taught at the university. In 1964 ajournai for Finno-Ugric studies, Études Finno-Ougriennes, was started in Paris, at the initiative of A. Sauvageot.

Publications

A. Sauvageot is the most prominent French scholar of Finno-Ugric linguistics. In an early article (1924) he dealt with the Eskimo-Uralic hypothesis. Later he returned to this topic (1953); he considered their genetic affinity possible. In his doctoral thesis (1930) he treated the lexicological connections of Uralic and Altaic, supporting the Uralo-Altaic hypothesis. Side by side with his teaching activity, which has been con- centrated in the synchronic study of languages, Sauvageot (1946, 1951a and b) wrote his well-known descriptions of Finnish and Hungarian. Among his numerous papers on Finno-Ugric linguistics we will just mention the one where he examines the problem of the subject case in Finnish from the foreign learner's point of view (1962). Further- more, Sauvageot has done very valuable work in reviewing innumerable studies on Uralic linguistics in the Bulletin de la Société de Linguistique de Paris since 1919.

OTHER COUNTRIES

Denmark has a long tradition of Finno-Ugric linguistics. R. Rask lectured on Finno- Ugric languages as early as 1826, and all scholars of Uralic linguistics know the excellent work of V. Thomsen. His collected writings, in a revised edition (Thomsen 1919-31) include his pioneering work on German and Baltic loans in Balto-Finnic and Lapp. F. Ohrt lectured on Finno-Ugric languages in the 20s and 30s, and L.Hjelmslev from the 40s until 1963. There is no professorship for Finno-Ugric linguistics in Denmark. The Danish Indo-Germanist H. Pedersen has made a con- tribution to the discussion on the common origin of the Indo-European and Uralic languages (1933). His hypothesis of the so-called 'nostratic' community of languages — which also includes Uralic — has recently won the support of linguists in the U.S.A. and the USSR. Since W. Tomaschek's period (1870s) Austria has had several scholars who have made a remarkable contribution to the study of the earliest contact between Indo- European and Uralic languages. Scholars who have treated this theme include N. Jokl (1921), A. Nehring (1936), H. Kronasser (1948), and M. Mayrhofer (1956-). Interest in Hungarian language and culture has understandably had a long tradition in Austria. In The Netherlands Uralic linguistics is a relatively new field. The Hungarian language has been taught at the University of Utrecht since World War II by a docent URALIC 1717 (E. Hoekstra, A. Sivirsky). A.D. Kylstra (1961) wrote his doctoral thesis on the history of the Germanic-Finnic loanword research, in which he critically examines the research work done so far. He is professor of Germanic philology at the University of Groningen, but he also lectures on Finno-Ugric linguistics. He has also touched upon Frisian and Finnish medieval contacts in various connections. J. de Vries (1961) has produced remarkable work on ancient Scandinavian loanwords in Balto-Finnic and Lapp and also on apparent reverse loans. In Belgium Uralic research has not won any remarkable footing. Worth mention, however, is A. J. van Windekens' far-reaching word comparisons, e.g. his attempt to find Uralic elements in Tocharian (1962-63). He uses the term 'Uralic' in its widest sense to include the Chukchee-Kamchadal group, even Gilyak. In Great Britain research into the various branches of Uralic studies has generally depended on the personal interest of individual scholars. In recent years the teaching of Hungarian and Finnish has begun in some universities, in particular the University of London (G.F. Cushing, M. A. Branch). R.E. Burnham made the Finns and their language, and the Finno-Ugric languages in general, the subject of a short investiga- tion (1946). N. Denison's doctoral dissertation (1957) on the partitive in Finnish is an admirable contribution to a complicated problem. A. S. C. Ross has in various con- nections (e.g. 1940, 1958) shown deep acquaintance with Finno-Ugric problems. Among leading British specialists in Aryan languages T. Burrow has also shown inter- est in Uralic studies. As a scholar of Dravidian languages he has argued the common origin of these and the Uralic languages (1944; cf. Sebeok, J AOS 65.59-62, 1945; Joki 1947). Burrow's survey of Indo-Iranian andFinno-Ugrian (Burrow 1955:23-7) is a useful investigation of the central theme in question despite its index-like treatment and a number of errors. In Italy the interest in Uralic languages has been focused mostly on Hungarian. At the University of Rome there has been a chair for Hungarian studies since 1930, presently held by J. Balazs. In Bologna a chair for Hungarian language and literature existed from 1942 until 1962, held by I. Varady. In 1969 N. Minissi arranged for a chair of Finno-Ugric Studies at the Istituto Universitario Orientale of Naples, where a student can now choose Finnish or Hungarian as his degree subject. In this context we should perhaps mention the numerous lecturerships for Hun- garian, Finnish, and Estonian, at Western European universities, as well as universities not discussed in this paper. In principle such lecturerships serve practical language learning, but in some instances lectures on purely scholarly topics are also delivered.

CONCLUDING REMARKS

In this survey we have mentioned only what we believe to be the most essential of a vast number of publications. Our selection is of course open to debate. To briefly summarize the principal trends in Uralic linguistics in Western Europe 1718 OSMO IKOLA AND AULIS J. JOKI during the period covered: a considerable part of the linguistic work in this area has consisted of collecting and publishing new material from spoken Uralic languages, scholarly dictionaries included. Most of this research work has been directed toward dialects rather than literary languages. This is due to the fact that there are only three old literary languages with a truly national literature (viz. Hungarian, Finnish, and Estonian) within the Uralic family of languages. It goes without saying that these three literary languages have been the object of active study. Before World War II the overwhelming majority of research work concerned the history of languages. Beside diachronic studies, synchronic linguistics gained ground after the war. At present, the most important achievements of structural and transformational linguistics are now being taken into consideration, but few scholars write purely structuralistic or transformational studies. Among young linguists these theories are gaining in popu- larity.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

AALTO, PENTTI. 1963. Die jüngsten Theorien über die Urheimat der Indoeuropäer. SbFAW 1963.111-26. . 1969. Uralisch und Altaisch. UAJb 41.323-34. AHLMAN, ERIK. 1938. Über Adverbien. SFenn III/2. ÄIMÄ, FRANS. 1919. Astevaihtelututkielmia. MSFOu XLV. . 1933. Vorschläge zu Abänderungen der Transkription der finnisch-ugrischen Sprachen; Einige weitere Vorschläge betreffend die Transkription der finnisch- ugrischen Sprachen. JSFOu XLVI/3.66-87. . 1938. Yleisen fonetiikan oppikirja. SKST 208. AIRILA, M. 1924. Kielellisten ilmiöiden perustelemisesta. MSFOu LH. 15-26. . 1933. Viron kielen oratio obliqua'sta. Suomi V, 17/1. . 1934. Vatjan kielen taivutusoppi I. Nominien taivutus. Suomi V, 17/2. . 1940-52. Johdatusta kielen teoriaan. I (1940), II (1946), III (1952). Porvoo- Helsinki, Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö. ALANNE, V.S. 1956. Finnish-English dictionary/Suomalais-englantilainen sanakirja. 3rd ed., 1968. Porvoo, Werner Söderström Osakyhtiö. ALHONIEMI, ALHO. 1967. Über die Funktionen der Wohin-Kasus im Tscheremis- sischen. MSFOu 142. . 1968. Suomen kirjakielen luonteenomaiset piirteet. Suomen kielen käsikirja, ed. by Osmo Ikola, 83-102. Helsinki, Weilin + Göös. . 1970. Über die Form des zu Verbalnomina tretenden Objekts im Tscheremis- sischen. FUF XXXVIII. 1-136. ANGERE (ANKERIA), J. 1951. Das Verhältnis der tschuktschischen Sprachgruppe zu dem uralischen Sprachstamme. UUÄ 1951/9.109-50. . 1956. Die uralo-jukagirische Frage. Stockholm, Almqvist & Wikseil. . 1957. Über methodische Fragen der uralischen Sprachforschung. UUÄ 1957/12.1-18. URALIC 1719 Apuneuvoja suomalais-ugrilaisten kielten opintoja varten, see Hilfsmittel für das Studium der finnisch-ugrischen Sprachen. BÄTORI, ISTVÂN. 1969. Wortzusammensetzung und Stammformverbindung im Syr- jänischen mit Berücksichtigung des Wotjakischen. Ural-Altaische Bibliothek XVII. Wiesbaden. Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft, Volkskunde und Literaturforschung Wolfgang Steinitz zum 60. Geburtstag am 28. Februar 1965 dargebracht. Deutsche Akade- mie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, Veröffentlichungen der sprachwissenschaft- lichen Kommission 5. Berlin. BERGSLAND, KNUT. 1942. Det samiske slektskaps- og svogerskapsordsystem. NTS 13.148-98. . 1943. R0ros-samiske tekster. Nordnorske Samlinger utgitt av Etnografisk Museum 2.161-333. Oslo. . 1945. L'alternance consonantique date-t-elle du lapon commun? Studia Septentrionalia 2.1-53. . 1946. Roros-lappisk Grammatikk. ISK 43. . 1950a. Norwegian research on the language and folklore of the Lapps. Parti. Language. JRAI LXXX.79-88. . 1950b. Remarques sur les pronoms démonstratifs lapons. MSFOu XCVIII. 27-35. . 1959. The Eskimo-Uralic hypothesis. JSFOu 61/2. . 1964a. Suomen soihtu lapin valossa. Vir 1964.144-7. . 1964b. Suomen hiisi. Vir 1964.242-8. ——. 1968. The grouping of the Lapp dialects as a problem of historical linguistics. CSIFU 77-85. BERONKA, JOHAN. 1922. Syntaktiske iakttagelser fra de finske dialekter i Vads0 og Porsanger. Videnskapsselskapets Skrifter. II. Hist.-Filos. Klasse, 1921/10. Kristiania. . 1925. Iagttagelser fra orddannelses- og formlaeren i de finske dialekter i Vadso og Porsanger. Skrifter utgitt av Det Norske Videnskaps-Akademi i Oslo. II. Hist.-Filos. Klasse, 1925/1. Oslo. . 1937-40. Lappische Kasusstudien I-II. Oslo (Kristiania) Museums skrifter 2.55-226. Oslo. BOUDA, KARL. 1933. Der Dual des Obugrischen. JSFOu XLVII/2. . 1940. Die finnisch-ugrisch-samojedische Schicht des Jukagirischen. Unga- rische Jahrbücher 20.71-93. Berlin, Walter de Gruyter & Co. . 1952. Die Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse der tschuktschischen Sprachgruppe. Acta Salmanticensia, Filosofia y letras, 5/5. . 1960. Tschuktschisch und Uralisch. ZDMG 111.335-60. . 1964-65. Huavestudien I-II. EFOu 1.18-28, 11.167-75. . 1968. Giljakisch und Uralisch. Orbis XVII.459-66. BRANCH, M.A. 1966. Kaksi A. J. Sjögrenin omaelämäkerrallista teosta. Vir 1966. 1720 OSMO IKOLA AND AULIS J. JOKI 253-72. BURNHAM, R.E. 1946. Who are the Finns? London. BURROW, T. 1944. The body in Uralian and Dravidian. BSOAS IV. —. 1955. The Sanskrit language. 2nd ed., 1958. Glasgow, Faber and Faber. BUSSENIUS, ARNO. 1939. Zur ostseefinnischen Morphologie: Stammesalternation im Ostseefinnischen. Ungarische Bibliothek. I. Reihe 24. Berlin und Leipzig. CANNELIN, KNUT. 1932. Finska Sprâket. Helsingfors, Holger Schiidts förlag. CANNELIN, KNUT and AULIS, LAURI HIRVENSALO, and NILS HEDLUND. 1968. Finsk- svensk storordbok/Suomalais-ruotsalainen suursanakirja. Porvoo, Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö. CASTRÉN, M. A., see Samojedische Sprachmaterialien. , see also Samojedische Volksdichtung. COLLINDER, BJÖRN. 1929. Uber den finnisch-lappischen Quantitätswechsel I. UUÂ 1929, Filosofi, spräkvetenskap och historiska vetenskaper 1. . 1932-41. Die urgermanischen Lehnwörter im Finnischen. Skrifter utgivna av K. Humanistika Vetenskaps-Samfundet i Uppsala 28/1; 34/3. Uppsala-Leipzig. . 1934. Indo-uralisches Sprachgut. UUÂ 1934, Filosofi, spräkvetenskap och historiska vetenskaper 1. Uppsala. . 1935. Germanisch-finnische Lehnwortforschung und Geschichte der Wissen- schaft. FUF XXIII Anzeiger.225-37. . 1938. Lautlehre des waldlappischen Dialektes von Gällivare. MSFOu LXXIV. . 1940. Jukagirisch und Uralisch. UUÂ 1940/8. Uppsala-Leipzig. . 1942a. Das Alter der Vokalharmonie in den uralischen Sprachen. SprSUF 1940-42.85-114. . 1942b. Lappische Sprachproben aus Härjedalen. Uppsala. . 1943. Lappisches Wörterverzeichnis aus Härjedalen. UUÂ 1943/1. . 1944. A lapp nyelv hovatartozäsa. MNy 40.249-63. . 1945a. Indo-uralische Nachlese. UUA 1945/12.1-6. . 1945b. The affinities of Lapp. UUÂ 1945/12.129-43. . 1948a. Az uräli fokvâltakozâs. NyK 52.15-30. . 1948b. La parenté linguistique et le calcul des probabilités. UUÂ 1948/13.1- 24. . 1949. The Lappish dialect of Jukkasjärvi. Skrifter utgivna av K. Humanistiska Vetenskaps-Samfundet i Uppsala 37/3. Uppsala-Leipzig. . 1952a. Three degrees of quantity. SL V.28-43. . 1952b. Uralaltaisch. UAJb XXIV/3-4.1-26. . 1954a. Proto-Lappish and Samoyed. SprSUF 1952-54.93-118. . 1954b. Zur indo-uralischen Frage. SprSUF 1952-54.79-91. . 1955. Fenno-Ugric vocabulary. Stockholm, Almqvist & Wiksell. . 1957. Survey of the Uralic languages. 2nd ed., 1969. Stockholm, Almqvist & Wiksell. . 1958a. Ein vereinfachtes Transkriptionssystem. SprSUF 1955-57.69-104. URALIC 1721 . 1958b. Uralo-jukagirische Nachlese. SprSUF 1955-57.105-30. ——1959. Spräket. Inledning till det vetenskapliga spräkstudiet. Stockholm, Natur och Kultur. . 1960. Comparative grammar of the Uralic languages. Stockholm, Almqvist & Wiksell. . 1962. Introduktion till de uraliska spräken. Stockholm, Natur och Kultur. . 1964a. Ordbok till Sveriges lapska ortnamn. Uppsala, Kungl. Ortnamns- kommissionen. . 1964b. Sprachverwandtschaft und Wahrscheinlichkeit. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, Studia Uralica et Altaica Upsaliensia 1. Uppsala. . 1965a. Hat das Uralische Verwandte? ASLU 1/4. . 1965b. An introduction to the Uralic languages. Berkeley and Los Angeles. , see also Scandinavica et Fenno-Ugrica. Congressus internationalis Fenno-Ugristarum Budapestini habitus 20-24.IX.1960. 1963. Ed. by Gy. Ortutay. Budapest, Akademiai Kiadö. Congressus secundus internationalis Fenno-Ugristarum Helsingiae habitus 23-28. VIII. 1965, Pars I, Acta linguistica. 1968. Ed. by Paavo Ravila. Helsinki, Societas Fenno-Ugrica. CSÜRY, BÄLINT, and ARTTURI KANNISTO, see WICHMANN 1936. DECSY, GYULA. 1960. Das Vokalsystem der ostjakischen Schriftsprache. UAJb 32.164-74. . 1965. Einführung in die finnisch-ugrische Sprachwissenschaft. Wiesbaden, Otto Harrassowitz. . 1966. Yurak Chrestomathy. UAS 50. ——. 1968. Der gegenwärtige Stand der finnougrischen Lautforschung. Mittei- lungen der Societas Uralo-Altaica 2.7-74. Hamburg. . 1969a. Finnougrische Lautforschung. UAJb 41.33-75. . 1969b. Die Streitfragen der finnougrischen Lautforschung. UAJb 41.183-211. DENISON, NORMAN. 1957. The partitive in Finnish. AASF 108. DONNER, KAI. 1920. Über die anlautenden labialen Spiranten und Verschlusslaute im Samojedischen und Uralischen. MSFOu XLIX. . 1937. Verzeichnis der etymologisch behandelten finnischen Wörter. AASF XXXVI. (See also Erämetsä 1953.) —. 1944. Kamassisches Wörterbuch nebst Sprachproben und Hauptzügen der Grammatik. Ed. by A. J. Joki. LSFU VIII. —, see also PAASONEN 1926. ERÄMETSÄ, ELVI. 1953. Verzeichnis der etymologisch behandelten finnischen Wörter II (1933-50). AASF 77/1. (See also Donner 1937.) FARKAS, JULIUS VON. 1952-55. Bemerkungen zu der ungarischen historischen For- menlehre. UAJb XXIV/3-4.51-8, XXV.52-72, XXVI.37-60, XXVII.60-93. . 1958a. Der Münchener Kodex. I. Ural-Altaische Bibliothek 6. Wiesbaden. . 1958b. Zur Orthographie und Geschichte des Münchener Kodex. UAJb XXX. 167-82. 1722 OSMO IKOLA AND AULIS J. JOKI

FROMM, HANS. 1957-58. Die ältesten germanischen Lehnwörter im Finnischen. ZDA LXXXVIII.81 -102, 211-40, 299-324. . 1958. Zur Stellung des Adverbs im Finnischen. UAJb XXX.35-67. FROMM, HANS, and MATTI SADENIEMI. 1956. Finnisches Elementarbuch I-II. Heidel- berg, Carl Winter Universitätsverlag. GANANDER, CHRISTFRID. 1937^40. Nytt Finskt Lexicon. I-III. Porvoo-Helsinki, Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö. GANSCHOW, GERHARD. 1965. Die Verbalbildung im Ostjakischen. Ural-Altaische Bibliothek XIII. Wiesbaden. . 1968. Zur Geschichte der Nominalstämme in den ugrischen Sprachen. CSIFU 134-45. . 1970. Wege zur Strukturbeschreibung des einfachen Satzes im Ostjakischen. Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen. Philologisch- Historische Klasse. Dritte Folge. Göttingen. GRUNDSTRÖM, HARALD. 1939. Lapsk-svensk-tysk ordbok tili Anta Pirak Jâhttee saamee viessoom. Skrifter utgivna av K. Humanistiska Vetenskaps-Samfundet i Uppsala 31/3. Uppsala. . 1946-54. Lulelappisches Wörterbuch. Schriften des Institutes für Mundarten und Volkskunde in Uppsala C/l. Uppsala. GRÜNTHAL, W. 1941. Itämerensuomalaisten kielten yksikön nominatiivi objektin edustajana aktiivin yhteydessä. SKST 218. HAGFORS, EDWIN. 1914. Dictionnaire français-finnois/Ranskalais-suomalainen sanakirja. SKST 136. 3rd ed., 1954. HAKULINEN, AULI, and Jussi OJANEN. 1970. Kielitieteen ja fonetiikan termino- logiaa. Tietolipas 66. HAKULINEN, LAURI. 1933. Über die semasiologische Entwicklung einiger meteoro- logisch-affektivischen Wortfamilien in den ostseefinnischen Sprachen. SFenn 1/2. . 1938. Finnisch luokka 'Klasse'. SFenn III/3. —-—. 1941-46. Suomen kielen rakenne ja kehitys 1 (1941), 11 (1946). 3rd ed., 1968. Helsinki, Kustannusosakeyhtiö Otava. . 1942-45. Lisiä meteorologis-affektisten sanueiden merkityksenkehityksen tuntemiseen. Vir 1942.256-67, 1945.198-200. . 1943. Agricolan kieli ja viro. (With a German summary.) Suomi 101.19-50. . 1953. Suomen verbistä piintyä ja eräistä sen synonyymeista. Vir 1953.256-68. . 1953-55. Razvitije i struktura finskogo jazyka I (1953), II (1955). Moskva, Izdatelstvo Inostrannoi Literatury. . 1956. Über die Lehnübersetzungen der finnischen Sprache. SbFAW 1955. 103-24. . 1957-60. Handbuch der finnischen Sprache. 1 (1957), 2 (1960). Wiesbaden, Otto Harrassowitz. . 1961. The structure and development of the Finnish language. UAS 3. URALIC 1723 . 1963. Vanha kirjasuomi ja viro. Vir 1963.227-37. . 1965. Über die Bezeichnungen für den Körper. SFenn XII.5-15. . 1969. Suomen sanaston käännöslainoja. SKST 293. , see also Verba docent. HAKULINEN, LAURI, OSMO IKOLA, and PAAVO RAVILA. 1967. Kirjoituksia suomen kielestä. Tietolipas 51. HÄMÄLÄINEN, SIMO. 1952. Über die pikanten Bestandteile im finnischen Militär- slang. SFenn VI/1. . 1963. Suomalainen sotilasslangi. Ensimmäinen osa. Sanasto. SKST 273. HANSEGÄRD, NILS ERIK. 1965. Sea Lappish and Mountain Lappish. JSFOu 66/6. . 1967. Recent Finnish loanwords in Jukkasjärvi Lappish. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, Studia Uralica et Altaica Upsaliensia 3. Uppsala. HASSELBRINK, GUSTAV. 1944. Vilhelminalapskans ljudlära. Uppsala. . 1965. Alternative analyses of the phonemic system in central South-Lappish. UAS 49. . 1968. Metaphonie als distinktives und redundantes Merkmal im Südlap- pischen. CSIFU 168-177. Hilfsmittel für das Studium der finnisch-ugrischen Sprachen/Apuneuvoja suomalais- ugrilaisten kielten opintoja varten. Suomalais-ugrilainen Seura. Helsinki. HIRVENSALO, LAURI. 1963. Deutsch-finnisches Wörterbuch/Saksalais-suomalainen sanakirja. 2nd ed., 1966. Porvoo, Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö. HIRVENSALO, LAURI, and NILS HEDLUND. 1960. Svenks-finsk ordbok/Ruotsalais- suomalainen sanakirja. 3rd ed., 1967. Porvoo, Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö. HORILA, TAPIO. 1967. 1800-luvun geologiset uudissanat Antero Vareliuksen kielessä. SKST 285. HORMIA, OSMO. 1961. Gananderin sanakirjan lähteet. SKST 271. . 1964. Über die fennougristischen Interessen von Olaus Rudbeck d. Ä. FUF XXXV. 1-43. IKOLA, NIILO. 1925-31. Ala-Satakunnan murteen äännehistoria I-II. AUTB, III/l; B/XV. . 1931. Eteläviron verbien persoonapäätteistä. Suomi V, 13/2. . 1946. Uber die pluralischen Genitivformen der persönlichen Pronomina in den westlichen Mundarten Finnlands. FUF XXIX. 149-59. IKOLA, OSMO. 1949-50. Tempustenjamodustenkäyttöensimmäisessäsuomalaisessa raamatussa verrattuna vanhempaan ja nykyiseen kieleen I-II. (With a German summary.) AUT B/XXXII; B/XXXIV. . 1953a. Viron ja liivin modus obliquuksen historiaa. (With a German sum- mary.) Suomi 106/4. -—. 1953b. Über das finnische Tempussystem. SL VII.7-32. . 1954-57. Suomen lauseopin ongelmia. Vir 1954.209-43, 1955.319-32, 1956. 334-53, 1957.287-97. . 1959. Eräistä suomen syntaktisista siirtymistä. Sananjalka 1.39-60. 1724 OSMO IKOLA AND AULIS J. JOKI . 1960. Das Referat in der finnischen Sprache. AASF 121. . 1961.^ Lauseopin kysymyksiä. Tietolipas 26. 2nd ed., 1964. . 1962a. Entwicklungszüge in der Ausbildung der finnischen Schriftsprache. UAJb XXXIV.8-19. . 1962b. Eräästä inkongruenssitapauksesta. Vir 1962.225-32. . 1962c. Lauseopillisia havaintoja Georg Müllerin virolaisten saarnojen (1600- 1606) kielestä. (With an English summary.) AUT B/82. . 1962d. Über eine stilistische Eigenheit des Schriftfinnischen im 17. Jahr- hundert. MSFOu 125.69-84. . 1963. Zur Geschichte der indirekten Rede in den ostseefinnischen Sprachen. CIFU 208-211. . 1968a.; Zum Objekt in den ostseefinnischen Sprachen. CSIFU 188-95. . 1968b. Suomen kielioppi ja oikeakielisyysopas. Suomen kielen käsikirja, ed. by Osmo Ikola, 103-315. Helsinki, Weilin + Göös. , see also Suomen kielen käsikirja. ITKONEN, ERKKI. 1939. Der ostlappische Vokalismus vom qualitativen Standpunkt aus. Mit besonderer Berücksichtigung des Inari- und Skoltlappischen. MSFOu LXXIX. . 1945. Onko kantasuomessa ollut keskivokaaleja? Vir 1945.158-82. . 1946a. Struktur und Entwicklung der ostlappischen Quantitätssysteme. MSFOu LXXXVIII. . 1946b. Zur Frage nach der Entwicklung des Vokalismus der ersten Silbe in den finnisch-ugrischen Sprachen, insbesondere im Morwinischen. FUF XXIX. 222-337. . 1948. Vokaalikombinaatiot ja vartalotyypit. Vir 1948.124-44. . 1949. Beiträge zur Geschichte der einsilbigen Wortstämme im Finnischen. FUF XXX. 1-54. . 1951. Permiläisen vokaali- ja painotusopin alalta. Vir 1951.440-52. . 1953. Kantasuomen äännehistoriaa. Vir 1953.306-8. . 1954. Zur Geschichte des Vokalismus der ersten Silbe im Tscheremissischen und in den permischen Sprachen. FUF XXXI. 149-345. . 1955a. Die Herkunft und Vorgeschichte der Lappen im Lichte der Sprach- wissenschaft. UAJb XXVII.32-44. . 1955b. Über die Betonungsverhältnisse in den finnisch-ugrischen Sprachen. ALH V.21-34. . 1960a. Die Vorgeschichte der Finnen aus der Perspektive eines Linguisten. UAJb XXXII.2-24. . 1960b. Lappische Chrestomathie mit grammatikalischem Abriss und Wörter- verzeichnis. Helsinki, Suomalais-ugrilainen Seura. . 1961a. Suomalais-ugrilaisen kielen-ja historiantutkimuksen alalta. Tietolipas 20. 2nd ed., 1966. •—-. 1961b. Gibt es im Ostseefinnischen Spuren eines Duals? SFenn IX/3. URALIC 1725

. 1962a. Die Laut- und Formenstruktur der finnisch-ugrischen Grundsprache. UAJb XXXIV. 187-210. . 1962b. Beobachtungen über die Entwicklung des tscheremissischen Kon- jugationssystems. MSFOu 125.85-125. . 1963. Uber den Genetiv and Partitiv in einigen Adverbien. CIFU 226-55. . 1966. Kieli ja sen tutkimus. Helsinki, Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö. . 1967. Eräiden latiivin ja prolatiivin päätteiden tarkastelua. Vir 1967.249-55. . 1968a. Suomen suvun esihistoria. Suomen kielen käsikiija, ed. by Osmo Ikola, 11-34. Helsinki, Weilin + Göös. . 1968b. Zur Frühgeschichte der lappischen und finnischen Lokalkasus. CSIFU 202-11. . 1968c. Über Alter und Entstehung der finnisch-ugrischen Quantitätskorrela- tion. NAWG 1968.201-8. . 1969a. Zur Wertung der finnisch-ugrischen Lautforschung. UAJb 41.76-111. . 1969b. Thesen und Antithesen in der finnisch-ugrischen Vokalforschung. UAJb 41.212-51. . 1969c. Über einige Formen der dritten Person in der lappischen Konjugation. FUF XXXVII.98-117. . 1970a. Betrachtungen zur zeitgenössischen Forschung der finnisch-ugrischen Laut- und Formenlehre. Soviet Fenno-Ugric Studies VI. 169-95. Tallinn. . 1970b. Bemerkungen über den Vokalismus der ersten Silbe von tschuwa- schischen Lehnwörtern in einigen finnisch-ugrischen Sprachen. FUF XXXVIII. 257-73. IKOLA, OSMO, and AULIS J. JOKI, see TOIVONEN, ITKONEN, and JOKI. ITKONEN, T.I. 1918-68. Lappalais-suomalaisia sanavertailuja. JSFOu XXXII/3; II MSFOu LVIII.26-56; III MSFOu 145.65-75. . 1931. Koltan-ja kuolanlappalaisia satuja. MSFOu LX. ——•. 1958a. Koltan- ja kuolanlapin sanakiija. Wörterbuch des Kolta- und Kola- lappischen I-II. LSFU XV. ——. 1958b. Über die skandinavischen Lehnwörter im Kolta- und Kolalappischen. JSFOu 60/5. ITKONEN, TERHO. 1956. Outakosken lapinmurteen vokaalisto. JSFOu 58/4. . 1957. Suomen kielen suksisanastoa. (With a German summary.) SKST 254. . 1962. Keidas. Erään maastotermin vaiheita. Suomi 110/1. . 1965. Über einige Sandhi-Erscheinungen im Finnmarklappischen, Finnischen und Finnlandschwedischen. FUF XXXV.218-63. . 1966. Proto-Finnic final consonants 1:1. MSFOu 138. . 1967. Yksipersoonaisten ilmausten pulmia. Vir 1967.293-311. . 1968. Einige Fragen der urfinnischen Laut- und Formengeschichte. CSIFU 212-21. . 1969. Zur Synchronie und Diachronie der ostfinnischen Palatalisation. SFenn XIV. 1-31. 1726 OSMO IKOLA AND AULIS J. JOKI

. 1970. Ovatko äänteenmuutokset vähittäisiä vai harppauksellisia? Vir 1970. 411-38. JACOBSOHN, HERMANN. 1922. Arier und Ugrofinnen. Göttingen, Vandenhoek & Ruprecht. . 1927. Religiöse Termini des Arischen in den ostfinnischen Sprachen. KZ 54. 191-212. . 1933. Zu den ältesten arischen Lehnwörtern in den finnisch-ugrischen Sprachen. MSFOu LXVII. 136^7. JÄNES, HENNO. 1966. Eesti keel. Seile ehitus, areng ja ortoloogia. San Francisco, Eesti Kirjanduse Komitee. JENSEN, HANS. 1936. Indogermanisch und Uralisch. Germanen und Indogermanen. Festschrift für Hermann Hirt, 11.171-81. Heidelberg. JOKI, AULIS J. 1946. Indochinesische Lehnwörter im Samojedischen. FUF XXIX. 202-21. . 1947. Dravidatko kielisukulaisiamme? Vir 1947.380-5. . 1952. Die Lehnwörter des Sajansamojedischen. MSFOu 103. . 1956. Eine Untersuchung über das Objekt in den uralischen Sprachen. FUF XXXII Anzeiger. 1-41. . 1959. Die phonetische und lautgeschichtliche Erforschung der finnisch- ugrischen Sprachen in den Jahren 1941-1955. Phonetica 4.151-60. . 1960. Fragen der finnisch-ugrischen Transkription. JSFOu 65/2. . 1962. Finnischugrisches im Ossetischen? MSFOu 125.147-70. . 1964. Der wandernde Apfel. SO 28/12. . 1965. Kielisukulaisuuskysymyksiä. Vir 1965.352-8. . 1968. Uber den Dual im Selkupischen. CSIFU 222-6. . 1969. Die samojedischen Sprachen und die finnisch-ugrische Vokalforschung. UAJb 41.155-63. , see also DONNER 1944. JOKL, NORBERT. 1921. Das Finnisch-ugrische als Erkenntnisquelle für die ältere idg. Sprachgeschichte. Krakow. Juhlakirja Paavo Siron täyttäessä 60 vuotta 2.8.1969. 1969. Acta Universitatis Tamperensis A/26. Tampere. KALIMA, JALO. 1927. Syrjänisches Lehngut im Russischen. FUF XVIII.1-56. . 1929. Zur Herkunft der slavischen Lehnwörter im Ostseefinnischen. ZSlPh VI. 154-72. . 1936a. Itämerensuomalaisten kielten balttilaiset lainasanat. SKST 202. . 1936b. Über die indoiranischen und baltischen Lehnwörter der ostseefinni- schen Sprachen. Germanen und Indogermanen. Festschrift für Hermann Hirt, 11.199-214. Heidelberg. . 1952. Slaavilaisperäinen sanastomme. SKST 243. . 1956. Die slavischen Lehnwörter im Ostseefinnischen. Berlin, Otto Harras- sowitz. URALIC 1727 KALLIOINEN, VILHO. 1965. Les fonctions de L'intonation et la phrase interrogative enfinnois. EFOu 11.107-22. KANGASMAA-MINN, EEVA. 1966-69. The syntactical distribution of the Cheremis genitive I-II. MSFOu 139; MSFOu 146. . 1968. The category of the adnominal genitive in Cheremis. CSIFU 235-8. . 1969. Über die Beziehungen zwischen Genitiv und Possessivadjektiv im Tscheremissischen. FUF XXXVII.71-88. KANNISTO, ARTTURI. 1919. Zur Geschichte des Vokalismus der ersten Silbe im Wogulischen vom qualitativen Standpunkt. MSFOu XLVI. . 1921a. Die Vokalharmonie im Wogulischen. FUF XIV.41-81. . 1921b. Über einige wogulisch-ostjakische Vokalentsprechungsverhältnisse. FUF XIV.30-41. . 1925. Die tatarischen Lehnwörter im Wogulischen. FUF XVII. 1-264. Kansankielen näytteitä. 1963-70. Sananjalka 5.227-49, 6.187-212, 7.163-82, 8.193- 216, 9.233-60, 12.159-82. KARJALAINEN, K.F. 1948. Ostjakisches Wörterbuch. Ed. by Y. H. Toivonen. LSFUX. . 1964. Grammatikalische Aufzeichnungen aus ostjakischen Mundarten. Ed. by E. V6rtes. MSFOu 128. Karjalan kielen sanakirja I. 1968. Ed. by Pertti Virtaranta, et al. LSFU XVI/1. KARLSSON, GÖRAN. 1957a. Suomen kielen nukuksissa ja hereillä- tyyppiset paikal- lissija-adverbit. SKST 250. . 1957b. Objektets kasus i nufinskt normalspräk i nekande eller därmed jäm- förbar sats. Acta Academiae Aboensis, Humaniora XXIII/3. . 1960. Numerustutkielmia. Tietolipas 19. -. 1962. Über den Numerus des finnischen Prädikats in Existentialsätzen mit pluralischem Nominativsubjekt. MSFOu 125.195-217. . 1963. Suomen kielen subjekti- ja predikaattikysymyksiä. Vir 1963.40-57. . 1964. Äldre genuina ord och läneelement i nufinsk penning- bank- betalnings- och kredit-terminologi. Acta Academiae Aboensis, Humaniora XXVIII/2. Abo. KARSTEN, T.E. 1934-38. Beröringar mellan svenskt och finskt folkspräk i Finland med särskild hänsyn tili Österbotten. Folkmälsstudier II.3-133, IV.433-541, V. 177-220. Helsingfors. . 1943—44. Finnar och germaner. Folkmälsstudier IX-X. Helsingfors. KATARA, PEKKA. 1925. Finnisch-deutsches Wörterbuch/Suomalais-saksalainen sanakirja. 4th ed., 1964. Porvoo-Helsinki, Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö. KETTUNEN, LAURI. 1920-25. Näytteitä etelävepsästä I-II. Suomi IV/18, V/4. . 1922. Löunavepsa häälik-ajalugu I-II. Acta et Commentationes Universitatis Dorpatensis B, II/2, B, III/4. Tartu. . 1925a. Untersuchung über die livische Sprache I. Acta et Commentationes Universitatis Dorpatensis B, VIII/3. Tartu. . 1925b. Eräitä erimielisyyksiä tieteemme kysymyksissä. Vir 1925.63-74, 108- 18, 141-9. 1728 OSMO IKOLA AND AULIS J. JOKI . 1929. Eestin kielen äännehistoria. 2nd ed. SKST 156. 3rd ed., 1962. . 1930. Vatjan kielen äännehistoria. 2nd ed. SKST 185. . 1930-40. Suomen murteet I (1930), II (1930), III/A-B (1940). SKST 188. . 1936. Gab es Stufenwechsel im Urfinnischen. NyK 50.170-83. . 1938. Livisches Wörterbuch mit grammatischer Einleitung. LSFU Y. . 1940. Karjalaisen heimon ja 'karjalan kielen' iästä ja alkuperästä. Vir 1940. 129-44, 281-304. . 1943. Vepsän murteiden lauseopillinen tutkimus. MSFOu LXXXVI. . 1947. Hauptzüge der livischen Laut-und Formengeschichte. Helsinki, Suo- malais-ugrilainen Seura. . 1953. Über die Wortfolge im Finnischen und Urfinnischen. AASF 81/3. . 1955. Etymologische Untersuchung über estnische Ortsnamen. AASF 90/1. . 1956. Die Herkunft des Terminativs, Genitivs, Instruktivs und Komitativs. AASF 98/2. . 1958. Eesti-soome sönaraamat/Eestiläis-suomalainen sanakirja. SKST 256. . 1960. Suomen lähisukukielten luonteenomaiset piirteet. MSFOu 119. KETTUNEN, LAURI, and LAURI POSTI. 1932. Näytteitä vatjan kielestä. MSFOu LXIII. KETTUNEN, LAURI, and PAAVO SIRO. 1935. Näytteitä vepsän murteista. MSFOu LXX. Kielen opissa. 1957. Tutkielmia kielitieteen alalta. Ed. by Toivo Vuorela. Tietolipos 9. 2nd ed., 1966. KIPARSKY, V. 1948. Chronologie des relations slavobaltiques et slavofinnoises. RES1 XXIV.29-47. . 1952a. The earliest contacts of the Russians with the Finns and Balts. OS1P 111.67-79. . 1952b. L'histoire du morse. AASF 73/3. . 1956. Suomalais-slaavilaisten kosketuksien ajoituksesta. Vir 1956.71-82. . 1962. Wie haben die Ostseefinnen die Slaven kennen gelernt? MSFOu 125. 223-30. . 1969. Gibt es finno-ugrisches Substrat im Slavischen? AASF 153/4. KORHONEN, MIRKO. 1967. Die Konjugation im Lappischen I. MSFOu 143. . 1969. Die Entstehung der morphologischen Methode im Lappischen. FUF XXXVII.203-362. KORTESALMI, J. JUHANI. 1964. Yanha Kuusamo kertoo. SKST 278. KOSKI, MAUNO. 1967-70. Itämerensuomalaisten kielten hiisi-sanue I-II. AUTC/5; AUT C/7. KRAUSE, WOLFGANG. 1951. Zur Frage nach dem nichtindogermanischen Substrat des Tocharischen. KZ 69.185-203. . 1969. Zur Herkunft von finn. runo 'Lied'. FUF XXXVII.91-7. KRONASSER, H. 1948. Zur Verwandtschaft zwischen Finnisch-Ugrisch und Indo- germanisch. Frühgeschichte und Sprachwissenschaft, hrsg. von W. Brandenstein, 162-85. Wien. KUJOLA, JUHO. 1944. Lyydiläismurteiden sanakirja. LSFU IX. URALIC 1729

KYLSTRA, A.D. 1961. Geschichte der germanisch-finnischen Lehnwortforschung. Studia Germanica IV. Assen. . 1967a. Zu den mittelalterlichen frisischen Spuren in Finnland. UAJb 39.5-18. . 1967b. Zur Substratforschung. Orbis XVI. 101-21. KYRÖLÄ, VÄINÖ, see Näytteitä liivin kielestä. LAGERCRANTZ, ELIEL. 1923. Sprachlehre des Südlappischen nach der Mundart von Weisen. Kristiania Etnografiske Museum, Bulletin 1. Kristiania. . 1926a. Sprachlehre des Westlappischen nach der Mundart von Arjeplog. MSFOu LV. . 1926b. Wörterbuch des Südlappischen nach der Mundart von Wefsen. ISK IV. . 1927. Strukturtypen und Gestaltwechsel im Lappischen. MSFOu LVII. . 1929. Sprachlehre des Nordlappischen nach den seelappischen Mundarten. Oslo Etnografiske Museum, Bulletin 3. Oslo. . 1939. Lappischer Wortschatz. LSFU VT. . 1957-66. Lappische Volksdichtung I-VII. MSFOu 112, 115, 117, 120, 124, 126, 141. LAUROSELA, Jussi. 1922. Foneettinen tutkimus Etelä-Pohjanmaan murteesta. Suomi V, 1/1. LAVOTHA, ÖDÖN. 1967. Studien zu dem ungarischen Potentialsuffix hat/het. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. Studia Uralica et Altaica Upsaliensia 4. Uppsala. LEHTISALO, T. 1927. Über den Vokalismus der ersten Silbe im Juraksamojedischen. MSFOu LVI. . 1928. Uralische Etymologien. MSFOu LVIII. 119-37. . 1933. Zur Geschichte des Vokalismus der ersten Silbe im Uralischen vom qualitativen Standpunkt aus. FUF XXI.5-55. . 1936. Über die primären ururalischen Ableitungssuffixe. MSFOu LXXII. . 1947. Juraksamojedische Volksdichtung. MSFOu XC. . 1956. Juraksamojedisches Wörterbuch. LSFU XIII. , see also Samojedische Sprachmaterialien. , see also Samojedische Volksdichtung. LEHTONEN, JAAKKO. 1970. Aspects of quantity in Standard Finnish. Studia Philo- logica Jyväskyläensia VT. Jyväskylä. LESKINEN, EINO. 1932-36. Kaijalan kielen näytteitä I-III. SKST 193. . 1933. Tulemajärven murteen vokalismi. Suomi V, 15/4. LESKINEN, HEIKKI. 1963. Luoteis-Laatokan murteiden äännehistoria I. SKST 275. . 1966. Die Konstruktionstypus anna ~ laske + finite Verbform in den osfi. Sprachen und im Lappischen. JSFOu 67/5. LEWY, ERNST. 1922. Tscheremissische Grammatik. Darstellung einer wiesentschere- missischen Mundart. Leipzig. . 1925-26. Tscheremissische Texte I-II. Hannover. . 1931. Mordwinische Märchen in erzjanischem Dialekte. Leipzig. 1730 OSMO IKOLA AND AULIS J. JOKI . 1937. Zur Betonung des Erzämordwinischen im Satze. FUF XXIV.232^5. . 1942. Der Bau der europäischen Sprachen. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, 48 C/2. Dublin. . 1961a. Kleine Schriften. Berlin, Akademie-Verlag. . 1961b. Zur Betonung des Erdzja-Mordwinischen von Orkino. SbDAW 1961/1. Berlin. . 1965. Kurze Betrachtung des Erdzja-Mordwinischen. UAJb 36.136-53. LIIMOLA, MATTI. 1934-68. Etymologische Bemerkungen. FUF XXII. 168-75; XXVI. 80-9, 198-210; XXVIII.77-90; XXIX.168-78; XXXI.104-23, 346-61; XXXII. 226-64; XXXIII.326-50; MSFOu 145.133-8. . 1944. Zu den wogulischen Personalpronomina. FUF XXVIII.20-56. . 1949. Wogulische Ableitungssuffixe. FUF XXX.248-72. . 1954. Zur wogulischen Etymologie und Formenlehre. JSFOu 57/1. . 1956. Zur wogulischen Formenlehre. JSFOu 58/3. . 1963. Zur historischen Formenlehre des Wogulischen I. MSFOu 127. , see also Wogulische Volksdichtung. LILJEBLAD, TAHVO. 1932. Tunkuan murteen konsonantismi. Suomi V, 13/3. LINDÜN, EEVA. 1942-44. Kaakkois-Hämeen murteiden äännehistoria I-II. SKST 219. LOPMERI (MERI), J. A. 1943^7. Vanhan Vehmaan kihlakunnan pitäjien ja kylien nimet I-II. SKST 220. LÖTZ, JÄNOS. 1939. Das ungarische Sprachsystem. Stockholm, Ungarisches Institut. MÄGISTE, JULIUS. 1953-62. Ostseefinnische und wolgafinnische etymologische Be- trachtungen. Commentationes Balticae I (1953). 107-40, VIII-IX/4 (1962). Bonn, Baltisches Forschungsinstitut. . 1959a. Woten erzählen. MSFOu 118. . 1959b. Lisiä viron kielen historiaan. Acta Academiae Paedagogicae Jyväs- kyläensis XVII.27-59. . 1960. Vermlannin sammuvaa savoa. SKST 265. . 1962. Äldre ryska länord i estniskan särskilt i detgamlaestniskaskriftspräket. LUÄ, N.F., Avd. 1, Ed. 55, Nr. 1. . 1964. Liiviläisiä tekstejä. SKST 276. . 1966-70. Värmlandsfinska ortnamn I-III. Societas Seientiarum Fennica, Com- mentationes Humanarum Litterarum XXXV, 1 (1966), 2 (1968), 3 (1970). Hel- singfors-Helsinki. . 1970. Vanhan kirjaviron kysymyksiä. Tietolipas 64. MAYRHOFER, MANFRED. 1956—. Kurzgefasstes etymologisches Wörterbuch des Alt- indischen I-. Heidelberg. Memoria saecularis E.N. Setälä 27.11.1964. MSFOu 135. MERI, ARVO, see LOPMERI, J. A. METSIKKÖ, TAIMI. 1951. Kirjasuomen opetus-ja koulusanastoa Agricolasta vuoden 1866 kansakouluasetukseen. SKST 242. URALIC 1731

MEY, JACOB LOUIS. 1960. La catégorie du nombre en finnois moderne. Travaux du Cercle linguistique de Copenhague, Vol. XIII. Copenhague. MIKKOLA, J.J. 1894. Berührungen zwischen den westfinnischen und slavischen Sprachen I. MSFOu VIII. . 1937. Finnisch-Ugrisch und Indoeuropäisch. Mélanges — Jacques van Gin- neken. Paris 1937.135-9. . 1938. Die älteren Berührungen zwischen Ostseefinnisch und Russisch MSFOu LXXV. MINN, see KANGASMAA-MINN. Monumenta Lingvae Fennicae/Suomen kielen muistomerkkejä. 1893-1930. SKST 82:1 (1893), II/l (1905), II/2 (1930), III/l (1926), III/2 (1926). Mordwinische Volksdichtung I-IV. 1938-47. Texts collected by H. Paasonen, ed. by Paavo Ravila. MSFOu LXXVII, LXXXI, LXXXIV, XCI. NAERT, PIERRE. 1964-68. Contacts lexicaux entre le tokharien et ses voisins non- indoeuropéens. Orbis XIII.253-9, XIV. 528^*5, XVII. 506-8. Näytteitä äänis- ja keskivepsän murteista. 1951. Texts collected by E.N. Setälä and J. H. Kala, ed. by E. A. Tunkelo and Reino Peltola. MSFOu 100. Näytteitä liivin kielestä. 1953. Texts collected by E.N. Setälä, ed. by Väinö Kyrölä. MSFOu 106. NEHRING, ALFONS. 1936. Studien zur indogermanischen Kultur und Urheimat. Wiener Beiträge zur Kulturgeschichte und Linguistik IV.7-226. Wien. NESHEIM, ASBJÖRN. 1942. Der lappische Dualis mit Berücksichtigung finnisch- ugrischer und indoeuropäischer Verhältnisse. Oslo. . 1945. 'Koaffikset' n i den lappiske possessive deklinasjon. Studia Septen- trionalia 2.149-75. . 1947. Lappisk fiske og fisketerminologi. Studia Septentrionalia 3.69-210. . 1950. On the question of consonant combinations in Finno-Ugrian. MSFOu XCVIII. 165-88. . 1951. Finnish hiisi and lappish siVdâ. FUF XXX.292-302. NIELSEN, KONRAD. 1926-29. Laerebok i lappisk I-III. Oslo, A.W. Braggers Bok- trykkeris Forlag. . 1928. Partitiv i Finnmark-lappisk. Troms0 Museums Skrifter 2.168-78. Troms0. . 1933. A note on the origin of attributive forms in Lapp. MSFOu LXVII. 296-307. NIELSEN, KONRAD, and ASBJÖRN NESHEIM. 1932-62. Lapp dictionary based on the dialects of Polmak, Karasjok, and Kautokeino I-V. ISK XVII/1-5. Oslo. NIEMINEN, EINO. 1934. Der Stammauslaut der ins Urfinnische entlehnten baltischen ä-feminina und die Herkunftsfrage. FUF XXII. 5-66. . 1957. Über einige Eigenschaften der baltischen Sprache, die sich in den ältes- ten baltischen Lehnwörtern der ostseefinnischen Sprachen abspiegelt. SbFAW 1956.185-206. 1732 OSMO IKOLA AND AULIS J. JOKI

NIRVI, R.E. 1932. Suistamon keskusmurteen vokalismi. SuomiV, 13/4. . 1944. Sanankieltoja ja niihin liittyviä kielenilmiöitä itämerensuomalaisissa kielissä. SKST223. . 1946-50. Sanahistorialüsia huomioita. Vir 1946.217-25, 381-5; 1948.243-50; 1950.101-6. . 1947a. Die Erscheinung des Tabu als wortgeschichtlicher Faktor. SFenn V/3. . 1947b. Passiivimuotojen aktiivistumisesta. Suomi 104/4. . 1950. Eräistä likaa ja rikkaa merkitsevien sanojen käyttötavoista. Vir 1950. 398-424. . 1952. Synonyymitutkimuksia sukulaisnimistön alalia. (With a German sum- mary.) Suomi 106/1. Helsinki. . 1955-64. Sanojaja käyttäytymistä. Sanahistorialüsia tutkimuksia I-II. (With a German summary.) Suomi 107/1, 111/1. Helsinki. . 1961. Die Stellung der ingrischen Dialekte. SbFAW 1960.133-65. . 1968. Pahat virmat. MSFOu 145.151-68. NISSILÄ, VILJO. 1939. Vuoksen paikannimistö I. SKST 214. . 1951. Eräs alasaksalainen henkilönnimityyppi Suomessa. Vir 1951.347-65. . 1954. Syntymäpaikkaa ja -yhteisöä ilmaisevia sanoja nimistössämme. Vir 1954.246-87. . 1956. Slaavilaisia aineksia nimistössämme. Vir 1956.49-70. . 1962a. Suomalaista nimistöntutkimusta. SKST 272. . 1962b. Karjalan nimestä. Vir 1962.345-67. . 1967. Die Dorfnamen des alten lüdischen Gebietes. MSFOu 144. Nykysuomen sanakirja I-VI. 1951-61. Ed. by Matti Sadeniemi, et al. Porvoo- Helsinki, Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura. ÖHMANN, EMIL. 1954. Die ältesten germanischen Lehnwörter im Finnischen. NAWG 1954/2. OJAJÄRVI, AULIS. 1950. Sijojen merkitystehtävistä Itä-Karjalan Maaselän murteissa. MSFOu XCVII. OJANSUU, HEIKKI. 1920. Suomalaista paikannimitutkimusta I. Turku. . 1923. Itämerensuomalaisten kielten pronominioppia. AUT B, 1/3. OJANSUU, HEIKKI, KUJOLAJUHO, JALO KALIMA, and LAURI KETTUNEN. 1934. Lyydiläisiä kielennäytteitä. MSFOu LXIX. ORTUTAY GY., see Congressus internationalis ... PAASONEN, H. 1923. Beiträge zur Aufhellung der Frage nach der Urheimat der fin- nisch-ugrischen Völker. AUT B, 1/5. . 1926. Ostjakisches Wörterbuch nach den Dialekten an der Konda und am Jugan. Ed. by Kai Donner. LSFU II. . 1948. Ost-tscheremissisches Wörterbuch. Ed. by Paavo Siro. LSFU XI. , see also Mordwinische Volksdichtung. , see also Tscheremissische Texte. , see also V£RTES. URALIC 1733

PAJULA, PAAVO. 1955. Ensimmäinen lainsuomennos. SKST 246. . 1960. Suomalaisen lakikielen historia pääpiirteittäin. Porvoo-Helsinki, Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö. PATAJOKI, SELMA. 1944. Havaintoja Jämsän murteen olo- ja tulosijojen käytöstä. Suomi 103/1. PEDERSEN, HOLGER. 1933. Zur Frage nach der Urverwandtschaft des Indoeuro- päischen mit dem Ugrofinnischen. MSFOu LXVII.308-25. PELTOLA, REINO. 1965. Über den Ursprung des Segels und seine Benennung bei den Urfinnen. SFenn XII.28-57. PENTTILÄ, AARNI. 1926. Suomen ja sen lähimpien sukukielten painotusoppia. AUT B, III/2. . 1930. Suomen attribuutista. Suomi V/10.260-86. . 1931a. Upsalan suomenkielisen evankeliumikirjan fragmentin kielestä. Suomi V/13. Helsinki. . 1931b. Yuoden 1836n Uusien virsien kieliasu ja Kustaa Renvall. AUTB/XVI. . 1954. Ns. yksipersoonaisista verbeistä. Vir 1954.97-122. . 1955. Myöntölauseen subjektin totaalisuudesta ja partiaalisuudesta. Vir 1955. 148-61. . 1956a. Subjektin totaalisuudesta ja partiaalisuudesta. Vir 1956.28-49. . 1956b. Vieläkin subjektin totaalisuuden ja partiaalisuuden seikoista. Vir 1956.353-63. . 1957. Suomen kielioppi. 2nd ed., 1963. Porvoo-Helsinki, Werner Söder- ström Osakeyhtiö. . 1958-62. Intonaatiotutkimuksia 1-2 (Vir 1958.1-18), 3 (Verba docent.442-8), 4 (Vir 1961.14-19), 6 (Vir 1962.233-6). PENTTILÄ, AARNE, and LAURI POSTI. 1941. Über die steigende und sog. Stossintona- tion im Livischen. FUF XXVII.235-72. PERRET, JEAN-LOUIS, and TAUNO NURMELA. 1944. Dictionnaire finnois-français/ Suomalais-ranskalainen sanakirja. SKST 226. PERROT, JEAN. 1964. Préverbes et aspect en hongrois, I. EFOu 1.54-65. PETERSSON, HERBERT. 1921. Studien über die indogermanische Heteroklisie. Skrifter utgivna av Vetenskaps-Societeten i Lund 1. Lund. POHJANVALO, PEKKA. 1947-50. Salmin murteen sanakirja/Dictionnaire du dialecte de Salmi (1947). Tâydennysosa/Supplément (1950). SKST 233. POSTI, LAURI. 1938. Über den Stufenwechsel im Wepsischen. FUF XXVI. 1-25. . 1942. Grundzüge der livischen Lautgeschichte. MSFOu LXXXV. . 1945. Itämerensuomalaisten kielten passiivin tunnusten suhteesta. Vir 1945. 355-68. . 1947. Kantasuomen äännehistorian kysymyksiä. Vir 1947.248-53. . 1948. Till frâgan om brytning och omljud. SprSUF 1946-48.39-59. . 1950. On quantity in Estonian. JSFOu LIV/2. . 1953. From Pre-Finnic to Late Proto-Finnic. FUF XXXI. 1-91. 1734 OSMO IKOLA AND AULIS J. JOKI . 1958. Zur Geschichte des Wandels k > ts im Wotischen. JSFOu 60/8. . 1963. Fragen der ostseefinnischen Verbalflexion. CIFU 216-25. . 1965. Kann Lautwandel durch fremden Einfluss verursacht werden? SFenn XII.78-85. . 1968. Über das Quantitätssystem im Estnischen. CSIFU 408-18. PULKKINEN, PAAVO. 1966. Asyndeettinen rinnastus suomen kielessä. SKST 281. . 1968. Supistumaverbien imperfektityypit karjala-aunuksessa. Suomi 113/2. QVIGSTAD, J. K. 1920. Lappischer Aberglaube. Oslo (Kristiania) Etnografiske Museums skrifter 1/2. Oslo. . 1922. Lappische Sprichwörter und Rätsel. Oslo (Kristiania) Etnografiske Museums skrifter 1/3. Oslo. . 1924. Lappische Erzählungen aus Hatfjelldalen. Oslo (Kristiania) Etno- grafiske Museums skrifter 1/4. Oslo. . 1925. Die lappischen Dialekte in Norwegen. Oslo (Kristiania) Etnografiske Museums skrifter 1/1.1-20. Oslo. . 1927-29. Lappiske eventyr og sagn I-IV. ISK 3, 10, 12, 15. . 1935. De lappiske stedsnavn i Troms fylke. ISK 28. . 1938. De lappiske stedsnavn i Finnmark og Nordland fylker. ISK 33. . 1944. De lappiske appellative stedsnavn. ISK 42. RAMSTEDT, G. J. 1947. The relation of the Altaic languages to other language groups. JSFOu LIII/1.15-26. RAPOLA, MARTTI. 1919-20. Kantasuomalaiset pääpainottomain tavujen i-loppuiset diftongit suomen murteissa. Suomi IV/17. . 1922. Pääpainottomain tavujen a- ja ä-loppuiset vokaaliyhtymät suomen murteissa. AUT B, 1/4. . 1925. Äännehistoriallinen tutkimus Abraham Kollaniuksen lainsuomennosten kielestä. Suomi V/5. . 1928a. Vanhan kirjasuomen toimi johdannaisineen. AUT B/VI. . 1928b. Vanhan kirjasuomen tarkoittaa sanan merkityksistä. Vir 1928.128-33. . 1933. Suomen kirjakielen historia pääpiirteittäin I. SKST 197. 2nd ed., 1965. . 1938a. Suomen kielen jalo sanan merkityshistoriaa. AUT B/XXII. . 1938b. Ane. Vir 1938.417-34. . 1941-45. Lisiä kirjasuomen sanaston historiaan. Vir 1941.34-47, 300-13; 1942.139-48; 1943.15-30, 290-300; 1944.340-48; 1945.128-48. . 1942. Eräistä kirjan käsitepiiriin liittyvistä nimityksistä vanhassa kirjasuo- messa. Suomi 101.141-97. ——. 1945. Vanha kiijasuomi. Tietolipas 1. 3rd ed., 1969. . 1947. Johdatus suomen murteisiin. Tietolipas 2. 2nd ed., 1961. . 1950. Das finnische kuri in der älteren Schriftsprache. MSFOu XCVIII.153- 63. . 1956. Antti Wikmanin sanakirja. (With a German summary.) Suomi 107/3. . 1960. Sanojemme ensiesiintymiä Agricolasta Yrjö Koskiseen. Tietolipas 22. URALIC 1735 . 1962a. Agricolan apajalla. Tietolipas 28. ——. 1962b. Kielen kuvastimessa. Sana- ja tyylihistoriallisia tutkielmia kirjasuomen aiheista. Porvoo-Helsinki, Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö. . 1963. Henrik Hoffman. Puristinen kielenkorjaaja. Suomi 110/3. . 1966. Suomen kielen äännehistorian luennot. SKST 283. . 1967. Suomenkielinen proosa Ruotsin vallan aikana. Tietolipas 49. RÄSÄNEN, MARTTI. 1920. Die tschuwassischen Lehnwörter im Tscheremissischen. MSFOu XLVIII. . 1923. Die tatarischen Lehnwörter im Tscheremissischen. MSFOu L. . 1947. Uralilais-altailaisia sanavertailuja. Vir 1947.162-73. . 1948. Uralilais-altailaisesta kielisukulaisuudesta. SuSuomi 1948.215-20. . 1953. Uralaltaische Forschungen. UAJb XXV. 19-27. . 1955. Uralaltaische Wortforschungen. SO XVIII/3. . 1965. Über die ural-altaische Sprachverwandtschaft. SbFAW 1963.61-72. . 1969. Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen. LSFU XVII/1. RAUN, ALO, and A. SAARESTE. 1965. Introduction to Estonian linguistics. Ural- Altaische Bibliothek XII. Wiesbaden. RAVILA, PAAVO. 1929. Über eine doppelte Vertretung des urfinnischwolgaischen a der nichtersten Silbe im Mordwinischen. FUF XX.83-120. . 1931. Ruijanlappalaisia kielennäytteitä Petsamosta ja Etelä-Varangista. MSFOu LXI. . 1932. Das Quantitätssystem des seelappischen Dialektes von Maattivuono. MSFOu LXII. . 1934. Reste lappischen Volksglaubens. MSFOu LXVIII. . 1935a. Die Stellung des Lappischen innerhalb der finnisch-ugrischen Sprach- familie. FUF XXIII.20-65. . 1935b. Die indouralische Frage. FUF XXIII Anz. 238-45. . 1937. Über das finnisch-ugrische Komparativsuflix. FUF XXIV.29-58. . 1938. Über die Entstehung des tscheremissischen Konjugationssystems. FUF XXV. 1-25. . 1941. Über die Verwendung der Numeruszeichen in den uralischen Sprachen. FUF XXVII. 1-136. . 1943. Uralilaisen lauseen alkuperäisestä rakenteesta. Vir 1943.247-63. — . 1945a. Nomen verbale suomalais-ugrilaisissa kielissä. Vir 1945.148-58. . 1945b. Suomalais-ugrilaisten kielten taivutuksen historiaa. Vir 1945.314-26. . 1946. Johdatus kielihistoriaan. Tietolipas 3. 2nd ed., 1961. . 1948. Om konjugationens uppkomst i de uraliska Spraken. Kungl. Humanis- tiska Vetenskaps-Samfundet i Uppsala, Ärsbok 1948.58-64. Uppsala. . 1950. Zur Geschichte der Deklination der Personalpronomina in den ura- lischen Sprachen. MSFOu XCVII.311-23. . 1951. Astevaihtelun arvoitus. Vir 1951.292-300. 1736 OSMO IKOLA AND AULIS J. JOKI . 1957a. Die Wortklassen, mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der uralischen Sprachen. JSFOu 59/3. . 1957b. Über die Tempusstammbildung der finnisch-ugrischen Sprachen. JFSOu 59/4. . 1957c. Lappalaisten ja lapin kielen ongelmia. SuSuomi 1957.465-9. . 1960. Probleme des Stufenwechsels im Lappischen. FUF XXXIII.285-325. . 1962. Quantity and phonemic analysis. PICPS 4.490-3. . 1963. Zur Geschichte des finnisch-ugrischen Nominalsatzes. CIFU 70-2. . 1967. Totuus ja metodi. Kielitieteellisiä esseitä. Porvoo-Helsinki, Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö. . 1968. Die Stellung der finnisch-ugrischen Forschung. JSFOu 69/1. , see also Congressus secundus ... , see also Mordwinische Volksdichtung. Ross, ALAN S. C. 1940. The Terfinnas and Beormas of Ohthere. Leeds. . 1958. Etymology. 2nd ed., 1962. London. ROSTEK, ELISABETH. 1937. Die ältesten Beziehungen des uralischen Sprachstammes zum Indogermanischen. Wörter und Sachen XVIII.89-136. Heidelberg. RUONG, ISRAEL. 1943. Lappische Verbalableitung dargestellt auf Grundlage des Pitelappischen. Uppsala. RUOPPILA, VEIKKO. 1943^7. Kotieläintennimityksetsuomenmurteissal-II. SKST222. . 1955. Äyrämöismurteiden äännehistoria. SKST 245. . 1962. Bildliche Ausdrücke für einen mürrischen Menschen. MSFOu 125 469-84. . 1967. Kalevala ja kansankieli. SKST 284. RUOPPILA, VEIKKO, and PENTTI SOUTKARI. 1959. Suomalainen murrelukemisto. SKST 261. RYTKÖNEN, AHTI. 1940. Eräiden itämerensuomen im-sanojen historiaa. Jyväskylä. . 1949. Äänenjäljittely ja pikkulasten jokeltelu sanastoa luovana tekijänä eräiden esimerkkien valossa. (With a German summary.) Acta Academiae Paedagogicae Jyväskyläensis V. SAARESTE, ANDRUS. 1938-41. Atlas des parlers estoniens/Eesti murdeatlas, I-II. Tartu, Eesti Kirjanduse Selts. . 1952-59. Kaunis emakeel. I (1952) Lund, Eesti Kirjanike Kooperatiiv, II (1959) Stockholm, Kirjastus Vaba Eesti. . 1953a. L'estonien litteraire et les dialectes. Orbis II/2.322-35. . 1953b. Länsi-Viron sanaston suhteesta suomen kieleen. (With a French summary.) Suomi 106/3. . 1955a. Petit atlas des parlers estoniens/Väike eesti murdeatlas. Uppsala. . 1955b. Kielenmuutosten leviämisen ja leviämisrajojen luonteesta Virossa. Vir 1955.18-41. . 1958-63. Dictionnaire analogique de la langue estonienne/Eesti keele möiste- line sönaraamat, I-IV. Stockholm, Vaba Eesti. URALIC 1737

SADENIEMI, MATTI. 1949. Metriikkamme perusteet. (With a German summary.) SKST 236. . 1950. Totaalisesta ja partiaalisesta predikatiivista. Vir 1950.46-53. . 1955. Subjektin totaalisuudesta ja partiaalisuudesta. Vir 1955.10-18. , see also Nykysuomen sanakirja. Samojedische Sprachmaterialien. 1960. Collected by M. A. Castrén and T. Lehtisalo, ed. by T. Lehtisalo. MSFOu 122. Samojedische Volksdichtung. 1940. Texts collected by M.A. Castrén, ed. by T. Lehtisalo. MSFOu LXXXIII. SÄRKKÄ, TAUNO. 1969. Itämerensuomalaisten kielten eksessiivi. SKST 291. SAUER, GERT. 1967. Die Nominalbildung im Ostjakischen. Finnisch-ugrische Studien V. Berlin, Akademie-Verlag. SAUKKONEN, PAULI. 1964. Die Verwendung des nominativischen und illativischen Infinitivs im Mordwinischen. FUF XXXV.88-115. . 1965-66. Itämerensuomalaisten kielten tulosijainfinitiivirakenteiden historiaa I-II. MSFOu 137, 140. . 1967. Svaa-analyysi savolais-ja kaakkoismurteiden rajalta. Suomi 111/4. SAUVAGEOT, AURÉLIEN. 1924. Eskimo et Ouralien. JSAm XVI.279-316. . 1930. Recherches sur le vocabulaire des langues ouralo-altaïques. Paris. . 1932-37. Dictionnaire général français-hongrois et hongrois-français/Francia- magyar és magyar-francia nagy kéziszôtâr, I-II. 2nd ed., 1942. Budapest, Dante könyvkiadö. . 1946. Esquisse de la langue finnoise. Paris. . 1951a. Esquisse de la langue hongroise. Paris. . 1951b. La structure de la langue hongroise. Paris. . 1953. Caractère ouraloïde du verbe eskimo. BSL XLIX.107-21. . 1956. A propos de la parenté ouralienne. UAJb 28.145-50. . 1962. La nature du sujet dans les syntagmas prédicatifs en finnois suomi. FUF XXXIV. 121-43. . 1968. Le problème des postpositions en ouralien. EFOu V.73-93. Scandinavica et Fenno-Ugrica. 1954. Studier tillägnade Björn Collinder den 22 juli 1954. Stockholm, Almqvist & Wiksell. SCHELLBACH, INGRID. 1964. Struktur und Funktion der ostjakischen Fragesätze. FUF XXXV.44-74. SCHLACHTER, WOLFGANG. 1953-60. Lappische Passivsyntax. UAJb XXV. 179-208, XXVI. 149-71, XXIX.2-32, XXXII.25-64. . 1958a. Partitiv und Inkongruenz beim Subjekt im Finnischen. FUF XXXIII. 3-95. . 1958b. Wörterbuch des Waldlappendialektes von Mala und Texte zur Ethno- graphie. LSFUXIV. . 1959. Die Wortfolge im finnischen Schaltsatz. Verba docent 309-26. . 1960. Studien zum Possesivsuffix des Syrjänischen. Finnisch-ugrische Studien III. Berlin, Akademie-Verlag. 1738 OSMO IKOLA AND AULIS J. JOKI . 1962a. Studien zum Wachstum des Wortschatzes an skandinavischen und finnischen Lehnadjektiva. MSS, Beiheft A. . 1962b. Zum Problem des Nominativs in den finnisch-ugrischen Sprachen. MSFOu 125.493-521. . 1963. 'Az én häzam'. CIFU 121-71. . 1965. Der Gebrauch des Duals im Malâlappischen. Beiträge zur Sprachwissen- schaft — Wolfgang Steinitz — dargebracht. . 1966a. Zur Geschichte der Frequentativa im Ungarischen. NAWG 1966/4. . 1966b. Der Agens-Illativ beim Passiv des Lappischen. NAWG 1966/9. . 1967. Beobachtungen an den Frequentativa des Wiener Kodex. Nyelvtudo- mänyi Értekezések 58.177-91. . 1968. Arbeiten zur Strukturbezogenen Grammatik. Ed. by Björn Collinder, Hans Fromm, and Gerhard Ganschow. München, Wilhelm Fink Verlag. , see also Symposion über Syntax ... SCHRÄDER, F. O. 1925. Dravidisch und Uralisch. Zeitschrift für Indologie und Iranistik 3.81-112. SETÄLÄ, E.N. 1896. Über Quantitätswechsel im Finnisch-Ugrischen. JSFOuXIV/3. . 1901. Über die transskription der finnisch-ugrischen sprachen. FUF 1.15-52. . 1914. Über Art, Umfang und Alter des Stufenwechsels im Finnisch-ugrischen und Samojedischen. FUF XII Anzeiger. 1-128. . 1926. Suomensukuisten kansojen esihistoria. Suomen suku 1.120-89. Hel- sinki, Kustannusosakeyhtiö Otava. . 1929a. Contacts entre finno-ougrienne et indo-européen. JSFOuXLIII. 58-78. . 1929b. Le Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue finnoise et 'Etymologicum magnum fenno-ugricum'. JSFOu XLIII. 144-54. . 1952. Suomen kielen lauseoppi. 13th ed., revised by Matti Sadeniemi. 15th ed., 1966. Helsinki, Kustannusosakeyhtiö Otava. , see also Memoria saecularis E. N. Setälä. , see also Näytteitä liivin kielestä. SETÄLÄ, E.N., and J.H. KALA, see Näytteitä äänis- ja keskivepsän murteista. SETÄLÄ, E.N., and MATTI SADENIEMI. 1966. Suomen kielioppi. (17th ed. of E.N. Setälä, Suomen kielioppi.) Helsinki, Kustannusosakeyhtiö Otava. SIRO, PAAVO. 1943. Jaolliset ja jaottomat substantiivit. Vir 1943.276-90. . 1949. Puhumista merkitsevät verbit itämerensuomalaisissa kielissä. MSFOu XCIII. . 1956. Die finnischen Lokalkasus als Bestimmungen des Verbums. AUT B/57. . 1957. Suomen kielen subjektista kielen rakenteen osana. Vir 1957.181-90. . 1960. Suomen yksinäislauseen perustavia ongelmia. Sananjalka 2.36-51. . 1964a. On the fundamentals of sentence structure. PICL 9.161-5. . 1964b. Suomen kielen lauseoppi. Helsinki, Tietosanakirja Oy. , see also Juhlakirja Paavo Siron ... , see also PAASONEN 1948. URALIC 1739 , see also Tscheremissische Texte. SKÖLD, HANNES. 1925. Die ossetischen Lehnwörter im Ungarischen. LUÄ 20/4. . 1927. Indo-uralisch. FUF XVIII.216-31. . 1928. Ungarisch und Tagaurisch. FUF XIX Anzeiger. 1-12. SKÖLD, TRYGGVE. 1959. Drei finnische Wörter und die Laryngaltheorie. KZ 76. 27-42. . 1960. Einige germanische Lehnwörter im Lappischen und Finnischen. UUÄ 1960/2. . 1961. Die Kriterien der urnordischen Lehnwörter im Lappischen I. Uppsala, Institutionen för nordiska spräk vid Uppsala Universitet. SOTAVALTA, ARVO. 1936. Ehdotuksia suomalais-ugrilaisen kielitieteellisen trans- skriptiojärjestelmän kehittämiseksi. Vir 1936.340-59. SOVIJÄRVI, ANTTI. 1938. Die gehaltenen, geflüsterten und gesungenen Vokale und Nasale der finnischen Sprache. AASF XLIV/2. . 1944. Foneettis-äännehistoriallinen tutkimus Soikkolan inkeroismurteesta. (With a German summary.) Suomi 103/2. Helsinki. . 1953. Beobachtungen zur reichsschwedischen und finnlandsschwedischen Intonation. SbFAW 1952.73-86. . 1956. Über die phonetischen Hauptzüge der finnischen und der ungarischen Hochsprache. Ural-Altaische Bibliothek II. Wiesbaden. . 1958. Alustavia mittaushavaintoja suomen yleiskielen sanapainosta. Vir 1958.351-65. . 1966. Suomen yleiskielen foneemien luontaisista vastakohtapiirteistä. Vir 1966.189-96. SOVIJÄRVI, ANTTI, and REINO PELTOLA. 1965. Suomalais-ugrilainen tarkekirjoitus. Publicationes Instituti Phonetici Universitatis Helsingiensis, 9. Helsinki. STEINITZ, WOLFGANG. 1939. Ostjakische Volksdichtung und Erzählungen aus zwei Dialekten. 1. Commentationes Litterarum Societatis Esthonicae 31. Tartu. . 1941. Ostjakische Volksdichtung und Erzählungen 2. Stockholm. ——. 1944. Geschichte des finnisch-ugrischen Vokalismus. Acta Instituti Hungarici Universitatis Holmiensis B/2. 2nd ed., 1964. Berlin, Akademie-Verlag. . 1947. Vokalsysteme und Vokalgeschichte der finnisch-ugrischen Sprachen. ZPhon 1.32-40. . 1950a. Geschichte des ostjakischen Vokalismus. Berlin, Akademie-Verlag. . 1950b. Ostjakische Grammatik und Chrestomathie. Leipzig, Otto Harrassowitz. . 1952. Geschichte des finnisch-ugrischen Konsonantismus. Acta Instituti Hungarici Universitatis Holmiensis B/I. 15-39. . 1955. Geschichte des wogulischen Vokalismus. Finnisch-ugrische Studien II. Berlin, Akademie-Verlag. . 1960. Einige Kapitel aus der Ob-ugrischen Vokalgeschichte. Forschen und Wirken. Festschrift zur 150-Jahr-Feier der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 111.335-48. 1740 OSMO IKOLA AND AULIS J. JOKI . 1963. Zur finnisch-ugrischen Vokalgeschichte. CIFU 52-9. . 1964. Zur Periodisierung der alten baltischen und germanischen Lehnwörter im Finnischen. Wiss. Z. Humboldt-Univ. Berlin, Ges.-Sprachw. R. XIII (1964). 335-9. . 1966-70. Dialektologisches und etymologisches Wörterbuch der ostjakischen Sprache, 1-4. Berlin, Akademie-Verlag. . 1968. Die Konsonantenquantität im Finnougrischen. CSIFU 502-8. , see also Beiträge zur ... STIPA, GÜNTER. 1960. Funktionen der Nominalformen des Verbs in den permischen Sprachen. MSFOu 121. . 1961. Der Ursprung der permischen Schrift. ZDMG 110.342-65. . 1962. Impersonale Ausdrucksformen. MSFOu 125.577-92. . 1963. Der Ursprung der permischen Schrift. CIFU 281-7. STOEBKE, DETLEF-ECKHARD. 1964. Die alten ostseefinnischen Personennamen im Rahmen eines urfinnischen Namensystems. Hamburg, Leibniz-Verlag. STOEBKE, RENATE. 1968. Die Verhältniswörter in den ostseefinnischen Sprachen. UAS 93. STRENG, ADOLF V. 1933. Latinalais-suomalainen sanakirja. SKST 196. 2nd ed., 1955. Suomen kansan murrekiija. 1940-45. Länsimurteet(1940). Itämurteet(1945). Sana- kirjasäätiön toimituksia III-IV. Porvoo-Helsinki. Suomen kielen käsikirja. 1968. Ed. by Osmo Ikola. Helsinki, Weilin + Göös. Suomen kielen muistomerkkejä, see Monumenta Lingvae Fennicae. Suomen murteiden sanakirja. Koevihko. 1970. Ed. by Tuomo Tuomi, et al. Symposion über Syntax der uralischen Sprachen 15.-18. Juli 1969 in Reinhausen bei Göttingen. 1970. Ed. by Wolfgang Schlachter. Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen. Philologisch-Historische Klasse. Dritte Folge. Göttingen. Syrjänischer Wortschatz nebst Hauptzügen der Formenlehre. 1942. Collected by Yrjö Wichmann, ed. by T.E. Uotila. LSFU VII. TAULI, VALTER. 1947. Astmevahelduse tekkimise foneetilised tingimused. Vir 1947. 174-81. . 1952. On the origin of the Estonian stage shift. Annales Societatis Litterarum Estonicae in Svecia I (1945-49).32-50. . 1955. On foreign contacts of the Uralic languages. UAJb XXVII.7-31. . 1956. Phonological tendencies in Estonian. Dan. Hist. Filol. Medd. 36/1. Copenhagen. . 1966a. On quantity and stress in Estonian. AL IX/2. . 1966b. Structural tendencies in Uralic languages. UAS 17. THOMSEN, VILH. 1919-31. Samlede Afhandlinger I-IV. Kebenhavn. TOIVONEN, Y.H. 1917-56. Etymologisia huomioita, 1-133. Vir 1917-56. -—•. 1922-53. Wortgeschichtliche Streifzüge, 1-189. FUF XV-XXXI. URALIC 1741 . 1927. Zur Geschichte der finnisch-ugrischen inlautenden Affrikaten. FUF XIX. 1-270. . 1944a. Türkische Lehnwörter im Ostjakischen. JSFOu LII/6. . 1944b. Zur Vorgeschichte des ungarischen Lativs. FUF XXVIII.9-19. . 1946. Zur Geschichte einiger finnisch-ugrischer Vokale. FUF XXIX.160-7. . 1950. Zum Problem des Protolappischen. SbFAW 1949.161-89. . 1952. Zur Frage der finnisch-ugrischen Urheimat. JSFOu 56/1. . 1955. Sana sanasta kaksi parhaasta. Porvoo-Helsinki, Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö. . 1956. Über die syrjänischen Lehnwörter im Ostjakischen. FUF XXXII. 1-69. , see also KARJALAINEN 1948. TOIVONEN, Y.H., ERKKI ITKONEN, and AULIS J.JOKI. 1955-69. Suomen kielen ety- mologinen sanakirja I-IV. LSFU XII. 1-4. Tscheremissische Texte. 1939. Texts collected by H. Paasonen, ed. by Paavo Siro. MSFOu LXXVIII. TUNKELO, E. A. 1908-20. Alkusuomen genitiivin funktsioista 1/1-2. SKST 120. . 1938a. Vepsänkielen astevaihteluttomuudesta. Suomi V, 20/1. . 1938b. Pääpainottoman lyhyen ja pitkän i:n vaihtelusta Itämeren-suomalai- sissa kielissä. Suomi V, 20/2. . 1946. Vepsän kielen äännehistoria. SKST 228. . 1952. Inkeroismurteiston asemasta. Suomi 106/2. TUNKELO, E. A., and REINO PELTOLA, see Näytteitä äänis-ja keskivepsän murteista. TUOMI, TUOMO, see Suomen murteiden sanakirja. TUOMIKOSKI, AUNE, and ANNA SLÖÖR. 1939. English-Finnish Dictionary/Englan- tilais-suomalainen sanakirja. SKST 212. 4th ed., 1964. TUOMIKOSKI, R. 1969. Asemoisilmaustemme luokittelusta. Suomi 114/4. TURUNEN, AIMO. 1946-50. Lyydiläismurteiden äännehistoria I-II. MSFOu LXXXIX, XCIX. . 1949. Kalevalan sanakirja. SKST 235. . 1959. Itäisten savolaismurteiden äännehistoria. SKST 253. UESSON, ANTS-MICHAEL. 1970. On linguistic affinity. The Indo-Uralic problem. Malmö. UIBOPUU, VALEV. 1970. Similarkomparative Konstruktionen im Finnischen und Estnischen insbesondere in der modernen Schriftsprache. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. Studia Uralica et Altaica Upsaliensia 5. Uppsala. UoTiLA,iT. E. 1933. Zur Geschichte des Konsonantismus in den permischen Spra- chen. MSFOu LXV. . 1938. Syrjänische Chrestomathie mit grammatikalischem Abriss und etymo- logischem Wörterverzeichnis. Helsinki, Suomalais-ugrilainen Seura. , see also Syrjänischer Wortschatz ... VAHROS, IGOR. 1959. Venäjän genetiivi ja suomen partitiivi eritoten objektin ja subjektin kaasuksina. SKST 263.269-87. . 1966. Suur-Novgorodin patvaska. Vir 1966.121-8. 1742 OSMO IKOLA AND AULIS J. JOKI

VASMER, MAX. 1934-35. Beiträge zur historischen Völkerkunde Osteuropas. II (Die ehemalige Ausbreitung der Westönnen in den heutigen slavischen Ländern), III (Merja und Tscheremissen). Sitzungsber. der Preussischen Akademie der Wissen- schaften. Philos.-hist. Klasse 1934.351-440, 1935.507-94. VEENKER, WOLFGANG. 1967. Die Frage des finnougrischen Substrats in der russi- schen Sprache. UAS 82. Verbadocent. 1959. JuhlakirjaLauri Hakulisen 60-vuotispäiväksi 6.10.1959. SKST 263. VIRTES, EDITH. 1965. Ostjakische grammatikalische Aufzeichnungen nach den Dia- lekten an der Konda und am Jugan von H. Paasonen. JSFOu 66/2. , see also KARJALAINEN 1964. VILKUNA, KUSTAA. 1928. Nivalan murteen äänneoppia. Suomi V, 6/3. . 1949. När kommo östersjöfinnarna tili Baltikum? Folk-Liv 1948-49.15^13. Stockholm. . 1969. Kainuu-Kvänland ett finsk-norsk-svenskt problem. Acta Academiae Regiae Gustavi Adolphi XLVI. Uppsala. VIRTARANTA, PERTTI. 1946-57. Länsiyläsatakuntalaisten murteiden äännehistoria I-II. SKST 230, 251. . 1947. Vanha kansa muistelee. Porvoo-Helsinki, Werner Söderström Osa- keyhtiö. -. 1950. Hämeen kansa muistelee. Porvoo-Helsinki, Werner Söderström Osa- keyhtiö. 1953. Sana ei sammaloidu. Porvoo-Helsinki, Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö. . 1958. Vienan kansa muistelee. Porvoo-Helsinki, Werner Söderström Osa- keyhtiö. . 1959a. Eräästä karjalais-vepsäläisestä kollektiivijohtimesta. Verba docent 403-22. . 1959b. Pääpainollisen tavun jälkeisen soinnillisen dentaalispirantin edustus suomen murteissa. (With a German summary.) SKST 252. . 1962. Über die Partikeln auf -Ii in den ostseefi. Sprachen. MSFOu 125. 625-69. . 1963-64. Lyydiläisiä tekstejä I-III. MSFOu 129, 130, 131. 1964. Suomen kansa muistelee. Näytteitä suomen kielen vanhoista kansan- murteista. Porvoo-Helsinki, Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö. . 1967. Lähisukukielten lukemisto. SKST 287. —•—. 1968. Über das Sammeln von finnischem und finnisch-ugrischem Sprachgut in Finnland nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg. CSIFU 575-86. , see also Karjalan kielen sanakirja. VÖRK, LEHO. 1966. Viron kielen ääntämys. Studia philologica Jyväskyläensia II. Jyväskylä. VRIES, JAN DE. 1961. Altnordisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. Leiden, E.J. Brill. VUORELA, Toivo. 1958. Kansatieteen sanasto. Tietolipas 13. 2nd ed., 1964. URALIC 1743 , see also Kielen opissa. WAGNER, HEINRICH. 1963. Altindisch niska- 'goldener Halsschmuck' und der mord- winische Himmelsgott Nischke-pas. MSS 16.95-115. . 1967. Indogermanisch -kwe im Finnisch-Ugrischen? MSS 20.67-92. WAHLB ERG, ERIC. 1963. Finska ortnamn i Norra Sverige. Tornedalica Nr. 2 Uppsala. . 1964. Des textes finnois en patois du Tornedalen. Svenska landsmàl och svenskt folkliv B/64. Stockholm. WICHMANN, YRJÖ. 1923. Tscheremissische Texte mit Wörterverzeichnis und gram- matikalischem Abriss. 2nd ed., 1953. Helsinki, Suomalais-ugrilainen Seura. . 1931. Volksdichtung und Volksbräuche der Tscheremissen. MSFOu LIX. . 1936. Wörterbuch des ungarischen Moldauer Nordcsangö- und des Hétfaluer Csängödialektes nebst grammatikalischen Aufzeichnungen und Texten aus dem Nordcsängödialekt. Ed. by Bälint Csüry and Artturi Kannisto. LSFU IV. , see also Syrjänischer Wortschatz ... WICKMAN, Bo. 1955. The form of the object in the Uralic languages. Uppsala. . 1958. Bemerkungen zur jurakischen Lautlehre. FUF XXXIII.96-130. . 1959a. Swedish contributions to Lapp linguistics. JRAI 89/11.149-53. . 1959b. Die lappischen Nomina auf Nom. Sing. -es. Acta Academiae Paedago- gicae Jyväskyläensis XVII.60-94. . 1960. Some problems concerning metaphony, especially in Livonian. SprSUF 1958-60.25-48. . 1962. Some remarks on the problem of Fenno-Ugric vocalism. MSFOu 125. 671-9. . 1965. Svensk-ungersk ordbok. Stockholm, Ungerska Institutet vid Stock- holms Universitet. . 1969. Die Verwandtschaft des Finnougrischen mit anderen Sprachen. UAJb XLI.310-16. WIIK, KALEVI. 1965. Finnish and English vowels. AUT B/94. . 1967. Suomen kielen morfofonemiikkaa. Publications of the Phonetics Department of the University of Turku, 3 (mimeographed). Turku. 1 WIKLUND, K.B. 1924. Zur Frage vom germ, ë in den Lehnwörtern im Finnischen und Lappischen. Streitberg-Festgabe, 418-29. Leipzig, Markert Petters Verlag. . 1928. Das lappische Verbaladverbium und einige andere Kasus des Verbal- stammes. Festskrift til Rektor J. Qvigstad, 316-53. Oslo, Troms0 museum. WINDEKENS, A. J. VAN. 1962-63. Éléments ouraliens en tokharien. Orbis XI.600-12; X1I.250-2, 484-92. Wogulische Volksdichtung. 1951-63. Texts collected by Artturi Kannisto, ed. by Matti Liimola, I-IV. MSFOu 101, 109, 111, 114, 116, 134.