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Saami and Scandinavians in the Viking
Jurij K. Kusmenko Sámi and Scandinavians in the Viking Age Introduction Though we do not know exactly when Scandinavians and Sámi contact started, it is clear that in the time of the formation of the Scandinavian heathen culture and of the Scandinavian languages the Scandinavians and the Sámi were neighbors. Archeologists and historians continue to argue about the place of the original southern boarder of the Sámi on the Scandinavian peninsula and about the place of the most narrow cultural contact, but nobody doubts that the cultural contact between the Sámi and the Scandinavians before and during the Viking Age was very close. Such close contact could not but have left traces in the Sámi culture and in the Sámi languages. This influence concerned not only material culture but even folklore and religion, especially in the area of the Southern Sámi. We find here even names of gods borrowed from the Scandinavian tradition. Swedish and Norwegian missionaries mentioned such Southern Sámi gods such as Radien (cf. norw., sw. rå, rådare) , Veralden Olmai (<Veraldar goð, Frey), Ruona (Rana) (< Rán), Horagalles (< Þórkarl), Ruotta (Rota). In Lule Sámi we find no Scandinavian gods but Scandinavian names of gods such as Storjunkare (big ruler) and Lilljunkare (small ruler). In the Sámi languages we find about three thousand loan words from the Scandinavian languages and many of them were borrowed in the common Scandinavian period (550-1050), that is before and during the Viking Age (Qvigstad 1893; Sammallahti 1998, 128-129). The known Swedish Lapponist Wiklund said in 1898 »[...] Lapska innehåller nämligen en mycket stor mängd låneord från de nordiska språken, av vilka låneord de äldsta ovillkorligen måste vara lånade redan i urnordisk tid, dvs under tiden före ca 700 år efter Kristus. -
Izhorians: a Disappearing Ethnic Group Indigenous to the Leningrad Region
Acta Baltico-Slavica, 43 Warszawa 2019 DOI: 10.11649/abs.2019.010 Elena Fell Tomsk Polytechnic University Tomsk [email protected] https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7606-7696 Izhorians: A disappearing ethnic group indigenous to the Leningrad region This review article presents a concise overview of selected research findings rela- ted to various issues concerning the study of Izhorians, including works by A. I. Kir′ianen, A. V. Labudin and A. A. Samodurov (Кирьянен et al., 2017); A. I. Kir′ianen, (Кирьянен, 2016); N. Kuznetsova, E. Markus and M. Muslimov (Kuznetsova, Markus, & Muslimov, 2015); M. Muslimov (Муслимов, 2005); A. P. Chush′′ialova (Чушъялова, 2010); F. I. Rozhanskiĭ and E. B. Markus (Рожанский & Маркус, 2013); and V. I. Mirenkov (Миренков, 2000). The evolution of the term Izhorians The earliest confirmed record of Izhorians (also known as Ingrians), a Finno-Ugrian ethnic group native to the Leningrad region,1 appears in thirteenth-century Russian 1 Whilst the city of Leningrad became the city of Saint Petersburg in 1991, reverting to its pre-So- viet name, the Leningrad region (also known as the Leningrad oblast) retained its Soviet name after the collapse of the USSR. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 PL License (creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/pl/), which permits redistribution, commercial and non- -commercial, provided that the article is properly cited. © The Author(s) 2019. Publisher: Institute of Slavic Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences [Wydawca: Instytut Slawistyki Polskiej Akademii Nauk] Elena Fell Izhorians: A disappearing ethnic group indigenous to the Leningrad region chronicles, where, according to Chistiakov (Чистяков, 2006), “Izhora” people were mentioned as early as 1228. -
Inhalt Des 41. Bandes
INHALT DES 41. BANDES ORIGINALIA Bíró, Bernadett: From nouns into nominalizers and even further – Gram- maticalization processes in Northern Mansi .................................... 1 Bíró, Bernadett – Katalin Sipöcz: Ditransitivity in the Mansi language from typological perspective ........................................................... 25 Budzisch, Josefina: Locative, existential and possessive sentences in Selkup dialects ................................................................................ 45 Däbritz, Chris Lasse: Zur Markierung von Numerus an Nomina in den samojedischen Sprachen – Synchronie und mögliche Implikationen für die Rekonstruktion des Protosamojedischen und des Proto- uralischen ........................................................................................ 63 de Smit, Merlijn: Insular Etymologies: Indo-European and substrate coastal terminology on Finnic and Saami ........................................ 103 Gusev, Valentin: On the etymology of auditive in Samoyedic .............. 131 Harder, Anja: Grammaticalization of spatial expressions in Central and Southern Selkup .............................................................................. 153 Kahrs, Ulrike: Historische Ereignisse als Konstituente der kollektiven Identität: der Multan-Fall und seine Bedeutung für die udmurtische Identität ........................................................................................... 175 Rozhanskiy, Fedor – Elena Markus: Negation in Soikkola Ingrian ....... 189 Wegener, Hannah: On annotating -
Locality, Neutrality, and Contrast: a New Resolution to the Votic Paradox
Locality, neutrality, and contrast: A new resolution to the Votic paradox Daniel Currie Hall, Saint Mary’s University nels 48 • háskóli íslands • október 2017 Outline 1 Introduction 2 The paradox illustrated 3 Theoretical questions 4 The contrastive status of /i/ 5 Proposal: A new resolution to the paradox 6 Consequences 1 Introduction 1.1 The language Votic (also Vod, Votian; endonym Vaďďa tšeeli or Vađđa ceeli; iso-639 code vot): Finland • Uralic ▶ Finno-Ugric ▶ Finnic ▶ Votic Helsinki • Spoken in western Russia (four villages in Leningrad ࢫ Oblast; Kuznetsova et al. 2015: 135) Gulf of Finland ࢝ · St. Petersburg ·· ࢫ Villages with Votic speakers • “The total number of Votic speakers now could be6to Tallinn 10” (Heinsoo & Kuusk 2011: 172). • “At present, Votic is almost never used as a means of Estonia Russia communication” (Kuznetsova et al. 2015: 137). Figure 1: Location of Votic 1.2 The paradox The Votic paradox, identified by Blumenfeld & Toivonen (2016): • /i/ is transparent to vowel place harmony (as in Finnish). ☛ This suggests that /i/ is not specified for place. • But /i/ conditions a front allophone of /l/. ☛ This suggests that /i/ is specified for place. Blumenfeld & Toivonen’s solution: • Place is specified on /i/, but it is not contrastive. • Non-contrastive features are ‘weak,’ and sometimes ignored (Calabrese 1995; Nevins 2010; Rhodes 2010). • Harmony applies only to contrastive specifications. • /l/ allophony is sensitive to all specifications. My proposal: • Place is contrastive on /i/ in Votic… • …but it is marked by a different feature from the one that participates in vowel harmony. d. c. hall locality, neutrality, and contrast nels 48 2 The paradox illustrated 2.1 Harmony Front–back vowel pairs participate in place harmony, which propagates from left to right: (1) Front stem + elative /-ssA/ (Ahlqvist 1856; Ariste 1968) a. -
Evolution of Voiceless Vowels in Two Finnic Varieties of Ingria
Natalia Kuznetsova [email protected] Daria Sidorkevitch [email protected] Institute for Linguistic Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences The rise and fall of voiceless vowels across Finnic varieties To date, no languages are known where a phonological contrast of voiced and voiceless vowels is incontrovertibly established, though it might exist in a handful of languages (Jakobson, Waugh 1987: 138–139; Ladefoged, Maddieson 1996: 315; Gordon 1998; Blevins 2004: 199–201). Voiceless vowels are typically very short and are usually ultimately lost, a fact that partly explains their typological rarity (Blevins 2004: 199). The vowel inventories of Finnic languages have not been previously famous for containing voiceless vowels. However, our recent field research has proven their existence in at least two Finnic varieties of Russia: the Lower Luga dialect of the Ingrian language in the vicinity of St. Petersburg and a mixed Ingrian/Finnish dialect of Western Siberia. Both dialects are severely endangered, each with less than 100 speakers remaining. They are also very much understudied, especially the Siberian variety. The latter is spoken by an ethnic group whose ancestors were expelled to the Omsk region of Western Siberia in 1803-1804 from exactly the area where the former variety has been traditionally spoken along with the local Ingrian Finnish dialects. At present, there is a unique opportunity to compare these extremely closely related dialects that have existed separately since 1804. While early research by Mägiste (1925: 82, 85) and Ariste (1965, 1969: 173) mentions voiceless vowels in Lower Luga Ingrian, they have been now attested in the Siberian variety for the first time. -
Angol-Magyar Nyelvészeti Szakszótár
PORKOLÁB - FEKETE ANGOL- MAGYAR NYELVÉSZETI SZAKSZÓTÁR SZERZŐI KIADÁS, PÉCS 2021 Porkoláb Ádám - Fekete Tamás Angol-magyar nyelvészeti szakszótár Szerzői kiadás Pécs, 2021 Összeállították, szerkesztették és tördelték: Porkoláb Ádám Fekete Tamás Borítóterv: Porkoláb Ádám A tördelés LaTeX rendszer szerint, az Overleaf online tördelőrendszerével készült. A felhasznált sablon Vel ([email protected]) munkája. https://www.latextemplates.com/template/dictionary A szótárhoz nyújtott segítő szándékú megjegyzéseket, hibajelentéseket, javaslatokat, illetve felajánlásokat a szótár hagyományos, nyomdai úton történő előállítására vonatkozóan az [email protected] illetve a [email protected] e-mail címekre várjuk. Köszönjük szépen! 1. kiadás Szerzői, elektronikus kiadás ISBN 978-615-01-1075-2 El˝oszóaz els˝okiadáshoz Üdvözöljük az Olvasót! Magyar nyelven már az érdekl˝od˝oközönség hozzáférhet német–magyar, orosz–magyar nyelvészeti szakszótárakhoz, ám a modern id˝ok tudományos világnyelvéhez, az angolhoz még nem készült nyelvészeti célú szak- szótár. Ennek a több évtizedes hiánynak a leküzdésére vállalkoztunk. A nyelvtudo- mány rohamos fejl˝odéseés differenciálódása tovább sürgette, hogy elkészítsük az els˝omagyar-angol és angol-magyar nyelvészeti szakszótárakat. Jelen kötetben a kétnyelv˝unyelvészeti szakszótárunk angol-magyar részét veheti kezébe az Olvasó. Tervünk azonban nem el˝odöknélküli vállalkozás: tudomásunk szerint két nyelvészeti csoport kísérelt meg a miénkhez hasonló angol-magyar nyelvészeti szakszótárat létrehozni. Az els˝opróbálkozás -
The Baltic Sea Region the Baltic Sea Region
TTHEHE BBALALTTICIC SSEAEA RREGIONEGION Cultures,Cultures, Politics,Politics, SocietiesSocieties EditorEditor WitoldWitold MaciejewskiMaciejewski A Baltic University Publication Language and 15 multilingual societies Sven Gustavsson 1. Language families and language groups In the Baltic area two language families have been in contact since prehistorical times, the Indo-European and the Uralic language families. Indo-European is represented by three linguistic branches, the Germanic, Baltic and Slavic groups, and Uralic by the Balto- Fennic branch and the Saami language(s). In addition, relatively early settlers in the area are the Tatars in Belarus (Belorussia, Byelorussia), Lithuania and Poland, and the Karaims in Lithuania and Poland who have partly kept their languages (of the Turko-Tataric language family) and the Roma (Gypsies) who speak various dialects of Romani or Romanes (an Indo- Iranian language). An enumeration gives an overview of great linguistic diversity in a relatively small area but this is not the full picture. The overview may be both simplified and complicated. Many of the languages mentioned above are small. Only Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, German, Finnish, Estonian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Russian, Belarusian (Belorussian, Byelorusian, Belarusian), Ukrainian and Polish count more than a million speakers, and these languages are the only ones able to fulfil the role of national languages. All the other languages are minority lan- guages, spoken by as few as 50–60 people up to as many as a hundred thousand. Some of them are near extinction, such as Votian, Livonian, Ingrian, the South Saami, and Lower Sorbian. 2. Language and dialect In defining a language it is never easy to draw a borderline between dialect and language. -
A New Resource for Finnic Languages: the Outcomes of the Ingrian Documentation Project
FEDOR ROZHANSKIY University of Tartu & Institute for Linguistic Studies RAS ELENA MARKUS University of Tartu & Institute of Linguistics RAS A new resource for Finnic languages: The outcomes of the Ingrian documentation project Abstract The report introduces a new digital resource on minor Finnic languages. This resource is the main outcome of the project “Documentation of Ingrian: collecting and analyzing fieldwork data and digitizing legacy materials” carried out by Fedor Rozhanskiy and Elena Markus at the University of Tartu in 2011–2013. The collected materials cover several minor Finnic languages with a special focus on varieties spoken in Western Ingria: the Soikkola, Lower Luga, and Heva dialects of Ingrian, the Lower Luga varieties of Votic, and Ingrian Finnish. The re source contains (a) legacy recordings of different genres made by previous researchers in 1968–2012; (b) new audio and video materials recorded mostly in 2011–2013 by the project partici pants; (c) transcriptions and translations into Russian and English synchronized with sound and video using the ELAN software. Altogether the resource presents 510 hours of audio recordings, 21 hours of video recordings, and 15 hours of ELAN annota tions. All media files in the resource are provided with detailed metadata specifying the place and time of the recording, sociolin guistic data about the speaker, the contents of the recording, and the access rights. The resource is available on the websites of the Endangered Languages Archive (London, UK) and the Archive of Estonian Dialects and Kindred Languages of the University of Tartu (Estonia). Multi lingual Finnic. Language contact and change. 303–326. -
The Grown-Up Siblings: History and Functions of Western Uralic *Kse
Rigina Ajanki University of Helsinki The grown-up siblings: history and functions of Western Uralic *kse In this paper, it is claimed that the case suffix *kse, known as translative, dates back to the Finnic-Mordvin proto language, where it functioned as a functive� It is illustrated using synchronic data from Finnic-Mordvin languages that the functions of *kse do not display an inherent feature of directionality ‘into’, or in other terms, lative� It is even possible that the suffix was neutral with respect to time stability, as it is in contemporary Erzya� Further, it is assumed that since the Northern Finnic languages have acquired a new stative case, the functive labelled essive *nA, formerly applied as an intralocal case, the functions of *kse have changed in these languages: *kse has become mainly the marker of a transformative, with an inherent feature of dynamicity� 1� Introduction 5�1� Translative with 2� Typological background: stative copula in Finnish: *kse as a functive similatives and functives 3� Translatives in the case systems 5�2� Finnish ditransitive of Finnic-Mordvin languages constructions displaying 3�1� The Finnish case translative-essive variation system revisited 5�3� Erzya and Finnish expressions 3�2� Functives as of order in translative non-verbal predicates 6� The developmental path 4� The emergence of *kse of translative *kse as a case suffix 7� The emergence of essive 5� The functions of *kse and its consequences for in contemporary the functions of *kse Finnic-Mordvin languages 1. Introduction The translative -
The Role of Consonants in Vowel Harmony
1 Chapter 2: The role of consonants in vowel harmony 2 Gunnar Ólafur Hansson To appear in The Oxford Handbook of Vowel 3 University of British Columbia Harmony, ed. by Nancy Ritter and Harry van 4 [email protected] der Hulst. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 5 NON-FINAL DRAFT (April 3, 2021) 6 2.1 Introduction 7 Vowel harmony is defined as a phonological process, or co-occurrence restriction, that requires 8 the vowels within some domain, such as the word, to share some property. Generally speaking, 9 consonants are thus taken to be irrelevant and inert in the manifestation of vowel harmony 10 patterns. Other things being equal, then, a consonant will neither undergo nor trigger assimilation 11 in the harmonic property, nor will intervening consonants affect (e.g. block) enforcement of the 12 harmony relation between a preceding and a following vowel. 13 This chapter examines the diverse ways in which indiviDual vowel harmony systems may 14 deviate from this default state of affairs. Consonants can be implicated in vowel harmony 15 systems in a variety of ways, and such cross-over effects can have implications for phonological 16 theory, informing theories of representation (e.g. distinctive feature theory, feature geometry, 17 underspecification theory) and of the formal mechanisms that are understood to be involved in 18 assimilation (e.g. feature spreading vs. agreement/copying, relations between segments vs. 19 syllable nuclei). 20 I begin by considering the possibility that consonants may themselves be undergoers of 21 vowel harmony, albeit only in a passive, allophonic sense (§2.2). -
Book of Abstracts
Congressus Duodecimus Internationalis Fenno-Ugristarum, Oulu 2015 Book of Abstracts Edited by Harri Mantila Jari Sivonen Sisko Brunni Kaisa Leinonen Santeri Palviainen University of Oulu, 2015 Oulun yliopisto, 2015 Photographs: © Oulun kaupunki ja Oulun yliopisto ISBN: 978-952-62-0851-0 Juvenes Print This book of abstracts contains all the abstracts of CIFU XII presentations that were accepted. Chapter 1 includes the abstracts of the plenary presentations, chapter 2 the abstracts of the general session papers and chapter 3 the abstracts of the papers submitted to the symposia. The abstracts are presented in alphabetical order by authors' last names except the plenary abstracts, which are in the order of their presentation in the Congress. The abstracts are in English. Titles in the language of presentation are given in brackets. We have retained the transliteration of the names from Cyrillic to Latin script as it was in the original papers. Table of Contents 1 Plenary presentations 7 2 Section presentations 19 3 Symposia 199 Symp. 1. Change of Finnic languages in a multilinguistic environment .......................................................................... 201 Symp. 2. Multilingual practices and code-switching in Finno-Ugric communities .......................................................................... 215 Symp. 3. From spoken Baltic-Finnic vernaculars to their national standardizations and new literary languages – cancelled ...... 233 Symp. 4. The syntax of Samoyedic and Ob-Ugric languages ...... 233 Symp. 5. The development -
Non-Autonomous Accusative Case in Estonian*
Non-autonomous accusative case in Estonian* Mark Norris In Estonian, some objects of verbs show an alternation in case-marking that seems to be conditioned by morphological number: genitive when singular, nominative when plural. According to traditional descriptions (Erelt et al. 1993, 2000) and some recent research (Miljan & Cann 2013), these objects are genitive/nominative syntactically and morphologically. This paper argues against this approach, proposing instead that these cases are the morphological realization of a non-autonomous syntactic ac- cusative case, on the basis of two novel arguments. First, although isolated words in the language have no unique accusative form, the pseudopartitive construction does exhibit a unique form in would-be accusative contexts. Second, the genitive form of the inanimate relative pronoun (mille) can be replaced by nominative/unmarked mis, but only when it is in an object position. Though it has been proposed in the liter- ature that Estonian has an accusative case (Hiietam 2003, 2005, Caha 2009), neither of these arguments has been discussed, and they provide compelling morphosyntac- tic evidence in favor of the proposal. Possible paths to an analysis of the accusative’s pervasive syncretism are discussed in the amework of Distributed Morphology. It is proposed that an analysis making use of Impoverishment is superior to one with- out. The investigation here constitutes an additional case study in the divide between syntactic case and morphological case (Deal 2016, Goddard 1982, Legate 2008, 2014, Spencer 2006). Keywords: Estonian, case, syncretism, pseudopartitives, Impoverishment 1 Introduction In Estonian, some objects of verbs show an alternation in case-marking that seems to be conditioned by morphological number.